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Work-function tuning of
graphene
Fermi level closer to the valence band edge of the HTL can
improve electrostatics
Mo
O
C
7.0
graphene-Mo
graphene-O
6.5
Work Function (eV)
6.0
5.5 Exp
5.0
4.5
4.0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
MoO3 thickness (nm)
UV Photoelectron spectroscopy exp. are consistent with Mo-terminated layers
(electronegativity of Mo: 2.15 eV electronegativity of O: 3.44 eV)
qm ~2 vF2 vph
2
1
ac = 2
4Dac KB T
qm vF2 !op 1
op = 2
2Dop Nop
12
310 4
10
12
210
12
110
3
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 12 12 12
# of MoO3 layers 210 410 610
-2
charge in graphene (cm )
Increasing the MoO3 thickness is beneficial both for the WF (better
efficiency) and the sheet resistance [ITO ~ 200/square]
Giuseppe Iannaccone University of Pisa
Investigated issues
Work-function tuning of
graphene
P3HT
Our experiments
Giuseppe Iannaccone University of Pisa
= 3.2%
PTB7
Perovskite
Work-function tuning of
graphene
ONLY IF
Acknowledgment:
EC FP7 project GO-NEXTS
Exp:
Liang,
Our
Adv. Mat.
exp 22, E135
2010
Exp:
You,
ACS Nano
8, 1674
2014 Calibrated parameters:
WI (exciton generation region)
Mobility of electrons and holes
LUMOA-HOMOD
Giuseppe Iannaccone University of Pisa
Optimization method of a OSC with grating architecture
Poisson equation:
( ) = q ( p n )
LDon
Continuity equation:
CT State D+ + A- P (E) = *
P ( E ) f (a)da
0
(e-h pair) (free carriers)
kr kd ( E ) =
3Rn, p Ebind K BT
e 1+ b +
b 2 b3 b 4
+ + +
4 a 3 3 18 180
kf
b = q 3 E / (8 K B2T 2 )
R ( n, p) = q ( n + p ) np /
DA
(ground state) L.J.A. Koster PRB 2005 (Univ.
Groningen)
Charge generation
term: Exciton recombination term:
kf
Gn, p ( nex ) =
{ 0
n
(1 P ( E )) ex
x Wint
elsewhere
1
Rex = ( kd ( E ) + k f ) nex R ( n, p)
4