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A prostyle temple is a temple that has columns only at the front, while
an amphiprostyle temple has columns at the front and the rear.
Temples with a peripteral
arrangement (from the Greek
meaning "wing) have a single
line of columns arranged all
around the exterior of the temple
building.
Dipteral temples simply have a double row
of columns surrounding the building.
One of the more unusual plans is
the tholos, a temple with a circular
ground plan; famous examples are
attested at the sanctuary of Apollo
in Delphi and the sanctuary of
Asclepius at Epidauros.
Temple Architecture; Introduction
The number of columns is always
even to allow the location of the
entrance in the center; temples
with odd number of columns are
uncommon
Temples with 2 columns in front
are diastyle, 4-tetrastyle, 6-
hexastyle, 8-octastyle and 10-
decastyle
Greek temples usually have twice
the number of columns in front
plus one by the side; A hexastyle
temple =six columns in front &
thirteen on side
Temple Architecture; Introduction
The temple always faced east so
that the rising sun would light the
statues inside
Temples were designed to be
admired from the outside rather
than used
The Greek temple is believed to
originate from the Mycenaean
megaron
From the megaron, it went
through several stages of
evolution as shown in the
diagram
By 500 BC, the final form of the
Greek temple had emerged
Temple Architecture
Doric Temple
The Doric temple is based
on the Doric order
Both the Doric order and
temple went through a
simultaneous process of
evolution
The Basilica at Paestum
550 BC is an example of
early Doric temple
It was built during the
archaic period of Greek
civilization
Temple Architecture
Doric Temple
The columns on the front
are 9, while on the sides
they are 18
The Doric columns appear
heavy in comparison with
later temples
The columns have a bulge,
pointing to the practice of
optical correction or
entasis by the time of its
construction
The capitals are also huge,
heavy and very wide
Doric Temple
Temple of Aphaia at Aegina
The Temple of Aphaia at
Aegina 490 BC is a later
temple than the Basilica
at Paestum
Temple of Aphaia is
much less heavy than
Paestum
The entablature is less
thick
The columns are slimmer
with less entasis or bulge
The capitals are also
smaller
Doric Temple
Temple of Aphaia at Aegina
This temple is hexastyle but
has only 12 flanking columns-
early temple
The interior columns are
divided into a row of two
columns separated by an
architrave
This allowed the designers to
avoid using columns with a
large diameter
The temple has triangular
pediment on n the Eastern
and Western sides decorated
with stories from Greek myths
Doric Temples
Temple of Hera Argiva at Paestum
The Temple of Hera Argiva
(or Neptune) at Paestum
460 BC was built later than
the Temple of Aphaia
It is one of the best
preserved of all Greek
temples
It is more mature in its
proportions than all the
others examined
The columns are 8.8 meters
high and about 4.3 times
their lower diameter
Doric Temples
Temple of Hera Argiva at Paestum
The temple is hexastyle but
with 24 columns on its flank
It also has a double row of
columns in the interior, and
divided into two separated
by a stone architrave
The most perfect of the
Doric temples is the
Parthenon; We will examine
this temple later
Ionic Temples
Introduction
Ionic temples were built using
the Ionic order
The most famous of the Ionic
temples is the temple of
Artemis at Ephesus
It was considered one of the
seven wonders of the ancient
World
It was commissioned by
Alexander the Great and was
believed to have been built
and destroyed several times
Unfortunately the temple has
not survived to the present
time
Ionic Temples
Introduction
There are also
uncertainties about its
arrangement in plan
The temple stands on a
platform 2.7 meters high
It had 36 columns in its
front and they had an
additional relief sculpture
at the base
The best surviving Ionic
temples is the Temple of
Athena located at the
Acropolis at Athens
Corinthian Temples
Introduction
The Corinthian order was not
widely used during the Greek
period
Earliest known example is
inside the 5th century
Temple of Apollo at Bassae.
The temple of Olympian
Zeus in Athens was in the
Corinthian order
The column was constructed
in 131 A.D. well after the
Roman conquest of Greece
The Corinthian order became
very popular during the
Roman period.
Civic Architecture
Introduction
During the Hellenistic period Greeks became
very fascinated by civic buildings
Treatments once reserved for temples and the
gods, were gradually extended to civic and
government buildings.
The Agora or market place also became very
important in Greek cities.
The theater and council chamber are
examples of civic buildings found in every Greek
city
Greek Theatre
Why did it take from 2000 BC until 534 BC
for civilization to go from Passion Plays
to Theatre?
The belief in the ability of human beings to
make significant decisions contrasted
sharply with the beliefs of earlier societies
that people are pawns of supernatural
forces
thespis
The City Dionysia Festival
'City Dionysia', a festival of entertainment held
in honor of the god Dionysus.
satyr plays
Communal Involvement
The entire city would be in attendance.
Group of similarly
costumed men
Civic Architecture
Council Chamber Bouleterion, Miletus
The Bouleterion is where the
Boule or council of the city
state met
It was a covered chamber
fitted with banks of seats like
a theater
The example shown is from
the city of Miletus
Similar buildings were found
in every Greek or Hellenistic
city
End of Lecture
Greek City Planning and
Design
Greek City Planning and Design
Planning and Design Principles
The ancient Greek civilization had established
principles for planning and designing cities
City form were of two types
Old cities such as Athens had irregular street
plans reflecting their gradual organic
development
New cities, especially colonial cities established
during the Hellenistic period, had a grid-iron
street plan
Certain things were common among cities
Greek City Planning and Design
Planning and Design Principles
Towns had fixed boundaries and some were
protected by fortifications
Much of the town was devoted to public use
The Greek City was usually divided into three
parts; the acropolis, the agora and the town.
Site planning and design was centered on the
appreciation of buildings from the outside.
The location of buildings was therefore such that
it could command a good view to it.
Greek City Planning and Design
The Acropolis
The Acropolis was the city of temples
It is the location where all the major temples of a
city are located
It was built to glorify the gods
Greeks considered high places to be important &
sacred
The Acropolis were usually located on the highest
ground
Other public buildings such as gymnasia, stadia,
and theaters were generally regarded as part of
religious rituals
They are normally found attached on lower
ground to the hills of the Acropolis
Greek City Planning and Design
The Agora
The Agora was the most important gathering place in a
Greek city
It started as an open area where the council of the city
met to take decisions
With time buildings were constructed to define and
enclose the space
It also transformed into a place for combined social,
commercial and political activities
It emerged as the heart of Greek intellectual life and
discourse.
It was usually located on a flat ground for ease of
communication
It was placed to be easily accessible from all directions
In many cities, it is also located close to the Acropolis
Greek City Planning and Design
The Town
The town was where the people lived
This was the domain of women, who did
not have any public role
Early Greek towns had an irregular street
pattern, resulting from its organic growth
Later Hellenistic towns such as Prienne
had a formal rectilinear pattern
The town was made up of only residential
houses
Greek City Planning and Design
The Town
Houses were usually constructed of mud
bricks
Houses were of the courtyard type, with
rooms arranged around a courtyard
Houses vary according to standing in the
society
Houses of poor people were very simple
compared to the house of the rich, which
had more rooms and better finishing
Greek Architecture in Athens
Architecture, Planning & Design
Athens is a very good example of a typical
ancient Greek city
The city has the three components of acropolis,
agora and town found in a Greek city
The Acropolis and Agora in Athens also have
some of the best examples of ancient Greek
architecture
We will examine the Acropolis and Agora in
Athens to understand Greek architecture,
planning and city design.
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Acropolis in Athens
The acropolis in Athens was a
religious precinct located on
one of the hills of the city.
The Earliest versions of the
Buildings in the Acropolis
existed until 480 BC
In 480 BC, the Persians under
Xerxes burnt Athens and the
Acropolis to the ground
Not long after that the Greeks
defeated the Persians
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Acropolis in Athens
The Acropolis in Athens was
rebuilt in about 450 BC
The rebuilding of the Acropolis
was begun by Pericles, the wise
statesman who ruled from 460
BC to 429 BC
Pericles commissioned artist
and architects to build a new city
of temples to glorify the gods
The acropolis combined Doric
orders and ionic orders in a
perfect composition in four
buildings; the Propylea, the
Parthenon, the Erechtheumn,
and the temple of Nike.
Greek Architecture in Athens
Acropolis Athens
The best example of Greek
emphasis on visualization in
design and site planning is
seen at the Acropolis at
Athens
All the buildings on the
Acropolis are designed to be
seen than use
All the temples on the
Acropolis are place at an
angle that enables them to be
seen on two sides
If a building cannot see be
from two sides, it is
completely hidden
Greek Architecture in Athens
Acropolis Athens
From the entry at the
Propylae, a visitor has a
view of all the prominent
buildings in the Acropolis
Buildings are also position
at a distance that ensures
the appreciation of their
details
The central axis of view
from the propylae is left
free of building for a view
into the country side
Greek Architecture in Athens
Propylae
The propylae is the entrance to the
Acropolis
It was built around 437 B.C by
Mnesicles
The image highlights what is
currently left of the propylae
To reach the acropolis, people had
to enter through the center section
of the propylae
The two wings on either side were
never finished
The columns on the outside of the
propylae were Doric
The columns in the interior were
however Ionic
Greek Architecture in Athens
Propylae
Explanation for this is found in the
proportions of the Doric and Ionic
columns
If the Doric order were used in the
interior, the height of the roof would
make its diameter very large
To overcome this difficult, the designers
used the Ionic column which is much
slender than the Doric column
Inside the propylae was a library and
picture gallery with a place for people to
read and rest
In times of peace, the gates of the
propylae were usually left wide open
When an enemy threatened, the
wooden doors of the propylae were
closed and there was no other access to
the acropolis
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Parthenon
The Parthenon was the
most prominent building
on the Athenian
Acropolis
It was designed by
Ictinus and Callicrates in
447 BC
The Parthenon is the
most perfect Doric
temple ever built.
It was lighter and more
graceful than previous
temples
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Parthenon
It also embodies the
perfection of the Greek
system of proportioning
The proportions of the
Parthenon are based
on the proportions of a
man, which is seven to
one
The ideal human body
was seven heads tall
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Parthenon
The Parthenon is an octastyle
temple with 8 columns in front
and 17 columns by its side
In the Parthenon we also find
the best example of the
application of entasis
The Parthenon had two rooms
in plan; the treasury, which is
most often empty and the
naos or inner sanctuary
An ivory gold statue of
Athena, 11 meters tall carved
by Phidas once stood in the
noas or inner sanctuary of the
Parthenon
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Parthenon
The statue reached the
wooden roof of the temple
Parts of the inside and outside
of the Parthenon were once
painted
The inside of the temple was
often not used
Processions and ceremonies
were held outside
The temples alter was placed
on the Eastern side
During the Christian period,
the Parthenon was used as a
church
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Parthenon
Later the Turks converted it
into a Mosque
In 1687, the Turks used it to
store ammunition and when
they were attacked by the
Venetians, it exploded
The images shows what
remains of it
In 1801 An English man
gathered the broken pieces
and shipped them to the
British museum in England
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Erectheum
The erechtheum is located at
the point of a mythical fight
between Poseidon and
Athena for the possession of
Athens
Athena is believed to have
won the fight and so Athens
was named after her
The erechtheum was named
after Erechtheus, the
legendary king of Athens,
whose mother was the
goddess of the earth and
whose father was the fire god
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Erectheum
He was brought up by
Athena and is believed
to have judged the fight
between Poseidon and
Athena
The shape of the
erechtheum is not a
perfect rectangular and
it does not have a
colonnade surrounding
it
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Erectheum
Two porches spring out from the
core rectangle of the temple at
different levels
A small porch faces the Parthenon
This has columns in the shape of a
woman called caryatid
The caryatids are linked to a
historical story
The caryatids are a people who
lived in Asia minor
They were believed to have fought
with the Persians against the
Greeks
When the Greeks won, they
destroyed the cities of the caryatids
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Erectheum
They killed all the men and
brought back the women as
slaves
For revenge the Greeks copied
the Caryatid slave women in
stone and forced them to carry
the roof the Erechtheum for all
time
The weight of the roof is carried
from the top of the head of the
caryatid through their leg
A larger porch on the northern
side has ionic columns
The ionic columns have all the
characteristics of the Ionic
order
Greek Architecture in Athens
Temple of Nike
Just beside the propylae
is the Temple of Athena
Nike, meaning victorious
Athena
It was built around 420
BC and was designed by
Callicrates during the
Peloponnesian wars
The Athenians
worshipped Athena Nike
in the hope of victory
Greek Architecture in Athens
Temple of Nike
This is an ionic temple
It had a pediment that
no longer exist
The temple has an
entrance of four ionic
columns on two sides
The temple looks the
same from the front
and back
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Agora
The Agora in Athens was a
space used for social,
commercial and political
activities
The Agora at Athens was
located at the base of the
hill of the Acropolis
Civic and religious
buildings were
progressively erected
around the perimeter of the
Agora space
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Agora
Of all the buildings, the
stoa was the most
important
Stoas were useful
buildings in the context of
the Agora
They provided shelter
and served for many
other purposes
They also served to
embellish the boundary of
the Agora
Panathenaic
Way
Through the Architectural form of a structure, Architect can channel the
movement of people through purposeful routes of movement & points of
pause , influencing the nature of their responses
It occur every year - & in an especially rich manner every four years as
a major event in civic life of Athens.
This procession took place along a clearly marked route extending from
the Dipylon Gate at the city wall across Athens & up the slopes of
Acropolis to the culminating point, the statue of goddess Athena.
Goddess
Athena.
the
Dipylon
Gate
https://www.google.co.in/search
Panathenaic
Procession
This route was used by the citizens of Athens every day of their lives for
a multiplicity of purposes.
Its use must always have raised association with the brilliant & beautiful
procession all of them had witnessed since childhood.
From the time of its first beginning in archaic days, the panathenaic
procession & the sensations of those taking part in it gave the central
theme to the development of Athens.
There was the simplicity of the single central movement system through
the city..there was the understanding of value of memory & of response
to forms.
It served both as
Panathenaic the sacred way &
way was far also as the main
street of Athens.
more than a
478-339 B.C.
city street.
338-86 B.C.
It was the central
spine along which the
principal mercantile,
industrial, & political
activities which made
up life of city
86 B.C.287 A.D.
www.slideshare.com
Hippodamus & Miletus.
In the later part of 5th century B.C., Hippodamus, an architect from
Miletus, advocated an outstanding theory in the history of town
planning by applying GRID IRON pattern of road layout.