3G

Mobile Communication
Fundamentals
Evolution of GSM and UMTS
UMTS Air Interface

WCDMA FDD
DL Centre Frequency = DL UARFCN 5
DL Frequency Band = DL Centre Frequency 2.5MHz
UL Frequency Band = DL Frequency Band - 190MHz
UL UARFCN = UL Centre Frequency * 5
WCDMA FDD Technology
WCDMA Technology
Background
Channel Concepts
WCDMA Physical Layer
Frame Structure
Spreading Codes

Spreading means increasing the

signal bandwidth.
Spreading includes two
operations:
Channelization (increases signal
bandwidth) - using orthogonal
codes
Scrambling (does not affect the
signal bandwidth) - using pseudo-
noise codes
DL Spreading & Multiplexing
Spreading

Spreading Function is
Multiplication (*)
i.e. N-XOR gate
with 1 -1 notation.
Channelization
Channelization codes are orthogonal codes, based on Orthogonal Variable Spreading
Factor (OVSF) technique.
The codes are fully orthogonal, i.e., they do not interfere with each other, only if the
codes are time synchronized.
Thus, channelization codes can separate the transmissions from a single source.
In the downlink, it can separate different users within one cell/sector.
Limited orthogonal codes must be reused in every cell.

Problem: Interference if two cells use the same code.

Solution: Scrambling codes to reduce inter-base-station interference

In the uplink, it can only separate the physical channels/services of one user because
the mobiles are not synchronised in time.
It is possible that two mobiles are using the same codes.
In order to separate different users in the uplink, scrambling codes are used.
The channelization codes are picked from the code tree as shown in next slide.
One code tree is used with one scrambling code on top of the tree.
If C4(0)is used, no codes from its sub-tree can be used C8(0,1), C16(0~3),etc., and
also C2(0), C1(0) as well.
Spreading Factors

Service DL UL
SF SF
Voice 128 256
Video (CS-64) 32 64
R99 Data (PS-64) 32 64
R99 Data (PS-128) 16 32
R99 Data (PS-384) 8 16
HSDPA 16
HSUPA 4 or 2
Control Channels 256
Scrambling
In the scrambling process the code sequence is multiplied with a
pseudorandom scrambling code.
The scrambling code can be a long code (a Gold code with 10ms
period) or a short code (S(2) code).
In the downlink scrambling codes are used to reduce the inter-base-
station interference. Typically, each Node-B has only one scrambling
code for UEs to separate base stations.
Since a code tree under one scrambling code is used by all users in
its cell, proper code management is needed.
In the uplink scrambling codes are used to separate the terminals
(UE s).
Power Density
RAKE Receiver
Soft Handover
Measurements & Events
Intra Freq Event applications
Thank You!
Kasheera Gamith.
20th April 2011.

Reference,