Unit 2

Word Definition
Addition Rules
La mayora de las palabras en Ingls han sido creadas a travs de la
combinacin de morfemas como prefijos y sufijos con palabras base y races
de palabras.
Si los alumnos comprenden como funciona este proceso combinatorio,
poseern una de las llaves ms importantes y necesarias para el aprendizaje
de vocabulario.

Antes de mostrarte las tablas de Prefijos y Sufijos ms comunes en Ingls,

te sugiero vayas a este enlace para estudiar algunas normas de adicin.

Root Practice
Icono IDevice Identificando Palabras Raz - Root Words
Presiona este link para que ejercites Root Words.

Algunas palabras raz tienen por si misma su significado. Averigualo con este
juego de pareo. Debes seleccionar el significado de las palabras a la izquierda
entre los vocablos a la derecha presionando en los puntos.
Reading 2: Affixes - Afijos
Affix
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Look up affix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word.

Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like
English plural -s and past tense -ed. They are bound morphemes by definition;
prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes. Affixation is, thus, the linguistic
process speakers use to form new words (neologisms) by adding morphemes
(affixes) at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end
(suffixation) of words.
Contents
 1 Positional categories of affixes

2 Lexical affixes

3 Orthographic affixes

4 See also

5 References

6 Bibliography

7 External links
Positional categories of affixes
Affixes are divided into several categories, depending on their position with
reference to the stem. Prefix and suffix are extremely common terms. Infix and
circumfix are less so, as they are not important in European languages. The
other terms are uncommon.
Categories of affixes
Affix Example Schema Description
Appears at the front
Prefix un-do prefix-stem
of a stem
Appears at the back
Suffix/Postfix look-ing stem-suffix
of a stem
Appears within a
stem common in
Infix saxomaphone stinfixem
Borneo-Philippines
languages
One portion appears
at the front of a stem,
Circumfix ascattered circumfixstemcircumfix
and the other at the
rear
Links two stems
Interfix speed-o-meter stema-interfix-stemb together in a
compound
Incorporates a
reduplicated portion
of a stem
Duplifix teeny~weeny stem~duplifix
(may occur in front, at
the rear, or within the
stem)
Transfix Maltese: kiteb stransfixtetransfixm A discontinuous affix
 "he wrote"
that interleaves within
(compare root
a discontinuous stem
ktb "write")
Changes a segment
Simulfix mouse mice
of a stem
Changes a
produce (noun)
Suprafix suprasegmental
produce (verb)
phoneme of a stem
Alabama: tipli
"break up" The elision of a
Disfix stm
(compare root portion of a stem
tipasli "break")
Prefix and suffix may be subsumed under the term adfix in contrast to infix.
In transcription, for example in the third column in the chart above, simple
affixes such as prefixes and suffixes are shown connected to the stem with
hyphens. Affixes which disrupt the stem, or which themselves are
discontinuous, are often marked off with angle brackets. Reduplication is often
shown with a tilde.
Lexical affixes
Lexical affixes (or semantic affixes) are bound elements that appear as affixes,
but function as incorporated nouns within verbs and as elements of compound
nouns. In other words, they are similar to word roots/stems in function but
similar to affixes in form. Although similar to incorporated nouns, lexical affixes
differ in that they never occur as freestanding nouns, i.e. they always appear as
affixes.
Lexical affixes are relatively rare. The Wakashan, Salishan, and Chimakuan
languages all have lexical suffixes the presence of these is an areal feature
of the Pacific Northwest of the North America.
The lexical suffixes of these languages often show little to no resemblance to
free nouns with similar meanings. Compare the lexical suffixes and free nouns
of Northern Straits Saanich written in the Saanich orthography and in
Americanist notation:
Lexical Suffix Noun
-o, -a "person" ,etleww telx "person"
-nt -net "day" siel skil "day"
-sen -sn "foot, lower leg" sxene, sxxn "foot, lower leg"
-wtww -ewwtx "building, house, campsite" ,,le el "house"
Lexical suffixes when compared with free nouns often have a more generic or
general meaning. For instance, one of these languages may have a lexical
suffix that means water in a general sense, but it may not have any noun
equivalent referring to water in general and instead have several nouns with a
more specific meaning (such "saltwater", "whitewater", etc.). In other cases, the
lexical suffixes have become grammaticalized to various degrees.
Some linguists have claimed that these lexical suffixes provide only adverbial or
adjectival notions to verbs. Other linguists disagree arguing that they may
additionally be syntactic arguments just as free nouns are and thus equating
lexical suffixes with incorporated nouns. Gerdts (2003) gives examples of lexical
suffixes in the Halkomelem language (the word order here is Verb Subject
Object):
VERB SUBJ OBJ
(1) ni ak-t-s seni qeq
"the woman washed the baby"

VERB+LEX.SUFF SUBJ
(2) ni k-y seni
"the woman baby-washed"
In sentence (1), the verb "wash" is akts where ak- is the root and -t
and -s are inflectional suffixes. The subject "the woman" is seni and the
object "the baby" is qeq. In this sentence, "the baby" is a free noun. (The ni
here is an auxiliary, which can be ignored for explanatory purposes.)
In sentence (2), "baby" does not appear as a free noun. Instead it appears as
the lexical suffix -y which is affixed to the verb root k- (which has changed
slightly in pronunciation, but this can also be ignored here). Note how the lexical
suffix is neither "the baby" (definite) nor "a baby" (indefinite); such referential
changes are routine with incorporated nouns.
Orthographic affixes
In orthography, the terms for affixes may be used for the smaller elements of
conjunct characters. For example, Maya glyphs are generally compounds of a
main sign and smaller affixes joined at its margins. These are called prefixes,
superfixes, postfixes, and subfixes according to their position to the left, on top,
to the right, or at the bottom of the main glyph. A small glyph placed inside
another is called an infix.[1] Similar terminology is found with the conjunct
consonants of the Indic alphabets. For example, the Tibetan alphabet utilizes
prefix, suffix, superfix, and subfix consonant letters.[2]
Prefixes - Prefijos
Prefixes
A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning.
This is a list of the most common prefixes in English, together with their basic
meaning and some examples. You can find more detail or precision for each
prefix in any good dictionary. The origins of words are extremely complicated.
You should use this list as a guide only, to help you understand possible
meanings. But be very careful, because often what appears to be a prefix is not
a prefix at all. Note also that this list does not include elements like "auto-" or "
bio-", because these are "combining forms", not prefixes.

Prefix Meaning Examples

a- also an- not, without atheist, anaemic

a- to, towards aside, aback

in the process of, in a-hunting, aglow

a particular state

a- of anew

completely abashed

ab- also abs- away, from abdicate, abstract

ad- also a-, movement to, advance, adulterate, adjunct,

ac-, af-, ag- change into, ascend, affiliate, affirm, aggravate,
al-, an-, addition or increase alleviate, annotate, apprehend,
ap-, at- as-, arrive, assemble, attend
at-

ante- before, preceding antecedent, ante-room

anti- also ant- opposing, against, anti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax,

the opposite Antarctic

be- all over, all around bespatter, beset

completely bewitch, bemuse

having, covered bejewelled

Suffixes - Sufijos

What is a suffix?
A suffix is a word ending. It is a group of letters you can add to the end of
a root word*. e.g. walking, helpful

*A root word stands on its own as a word, but you can make new words
from it by adding beginnings (prefixes) and endings (suffixes).
For example, 'comfort' is a root word. By adding the prefix 'dis' and the
suffix 'able' you can make new words such as 'discomfort' and
'comfortable'.

Adding suffixes to words can change or add to their meaning, but most
importantly they show how a word will be used in a sentence and what
part of speech (e.g. noun, verb, adjective) the word belongs to.

e.g. If you want to use the root word 'talk' in the following sentence:
I was (talk) to Samina.
You need to add the suffix 'ing' so that the word 'talk' makes better sense
grammatically:
"I was talking to Samina".
There are various suffixes we use. Probably the most common are 'ed'
and 'ing'.
Here are some other suffixes and examples.

Suffix Example Suffix Example

ed walk + ed = ness happy + ness =

walked happiness

ing say + ing = saying al accident + al =

accidental

er tall + er = taller ary imagine + ary =

imaginary

tion educate + tion = able accept + able =

education acceptable

sion divide + sion = ly love + ly = lovely

division

cian music + cian = ment excite + ment =

musician excitement
 Suffix Example Suffix Example

fully hope + fully = ful help + ful + helpful

hopefully

est large + est = y ease + y = easy

largest

NB: Adding a suffix to some root words will change the spelling of the
new word.
There are some spelling rules to help you learn why and when this happens.
Exercise: Suffixes
(See related pages)

Directions: Refer to the following lists of suffixes as you complete the exercise that
follows.

1. Suffixes that indicate nouns

These mean state of, condition of , or quality of what the base word indicates:

Suffix Example
-ance, -ence reliance (rely), dependence (depend)
-dom freedom (free)
-hood adulthood (adult)
-ity, -y maturity (mature), honesty (honest)
-ive relative (relate)
-ment retirement (retire)
-ness kindness (kind)
-ship friendship (friend)
-tion, -sion, -ion isolation (isolate), suspension (suspend)
-tude solitude (solitary)

These mean a person who does what the root indicates:

-er, -or reader (read), inventor (invent)

-ist soloist (solo)

2. Suffixes that indicate verbs and mean to make (what the base word indicates)

Suffix Example
-ate automate (automatic)
-ify liquefy (liquid)
-ize socialize (social)
-en cheapen (cheap)

3. Suffixes that indicate adjectives

These suffixes mean full of what the base word indicates:

Suffix Example
-ful colorful (color)
-ous, -ious joyous (joy)
-ate fortune (fortune)
-y roomy (room)

These suffixes mean relating to or pertaining to (what the base word indicates):

Suffix Example
-al musical (music)
-ic comic (comedy)
-ish childish (child)
-ive corrective (correct)
Other adjective suffixes:
Suffix Example
able to be or do
-able , -ible reasonable (reason); sensible (sense)
(whatever the root says)
-less without homeless (home)
4. Other helpful suffixes
-ly , -ily like, in the manner of friendly (friend), sloppily (sloppy)
(creates an adverb)
study or science
biology, psychology
-ology (of whatever the root says)
-ism philosophy or belief terrorism, communism
(in whatever the root says)

Synonyms
A synonym is a word that means the same as another word, or more or less
the same. If a word is slightly different, it is a near-synonym.
EG: 'Movie' is a synonym of 'film'. In this example the former is more common in
American English and the latter in British English.
Definition:
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another.
eg: 'fat' is an antonym of 'thin'
More examples of antonyms:
Antonyms made by adding the prefix un-
likely / unlikely
able / unable
fortunate / unfortunate
Antonyms made by adding the prefix non-
entity / nonentity
conformist / nonconformist
Antonyms made by adding the prefix in-
tolerant / intolerant
discreet / indiscreet
decent / indecent