03 - WS2006 Mori P

ACECC workshop on Harmonization of Design
Codes in the Asian Region

Nov. 4, 2006, Taipei, Taiwan
Development of ISO23469 - Seismic

Action for Designing Geotechnical
Works-, and its follow-up project
Shinichiro Mori
Ehime University
Note: ACECC stands for Asian Civil Engineering Coordinating Council
ACECC workshop on Harmonization of Design Codes in Asian Region, Nov 4, 2006, Taipei Shinichiro Mori
Contents of todays presentation
ISO23469- Seismic actions on geotechnical works
and related issues
- ISO/TC98
- ISO3010 Seismic action on structures
- History of development of ISO23469
- Features of ISO23469
- Follow-up project of ISO23469
- Harmonization of design code in the globe
ISO/TC98
Bases for design of structures
buildings and civil engineering works
Established in 1961
Secretariat : Polish Committee for Standardization
Members: 22 P-members and 35 observers
(one member or observer from each country)
Main tasks
SC1: terminology and symbols
SC2: reliability of structures ISO2394
SC3: loads, forces and other actions on structures
including seismic actions on structures and geotechnical works
ISO3010
Bases for design of structures -
Seismic actions on structures
Scope
This International Standard specifies principles of
evaluating seismic actions for the seismic design
of buildings, towers, chimneys, and similar structures.
Someof
Most ofthe
the principles
principles are
canapplicable
be referredalso
to for
to the
dummy design of structures such as bridges, dams,
seismic
harbour installations, tunnels, fuel storage tanks, chemical
plants, conventional power plants, etc. (in(changed
WD in 1997)
in 1998)
Necessity of new IS for civil works
Seismic actions on superstructures of bridges and
buildings come from same mechanism.
Buried structures, Soil structures, Foundations
Mechanism distinctions from buildings are soil-structure

interaction, soil displacement.
Seismic actions on geotechnical works
ISO23469
Bases for design of structures- Seismic
actions for designing geotechnical works
Scope
This International Standard provides
guidelines for specifying seismic actions
for designing geotechnical works, including
buried structures (e.g. buried tunnels, box culverts, pipelines, and
underground storage facilities), foundations (e.g. shallow and
deep foundations, and underground diaphragm walls), retaining
walls (e.g. soil retaining and quay walls), pile-supported wharves
and piers, earth structures (e.g. earth and rockfill dams and
embankments), gravity dams, landfill and waste sites.
History of development of ISO23469
-Seismic actions for designing geotechnical works
Dec., 1998 Application of ISO3010 on civil works was avoided
May, 2000 Establishment of International SC in Earthquake
Committee in JSCE
May, 2001 Proposal of NWI from Japan at TC98 meeting
Feb., 2002 Establishment of TC98/SC3/WG10 by Prof. Iai as
Convener; after that, 9 WG10-meetings were held
3 of the 9 meetings in conjunction with TC98 meetings
Feb., 2005 DIS successfully obtained 100% approval votes
, so it was automatically approved as IS.
Satisfactory accomplishment within 3 years as per rule.
Nov., 2005 This International Standard was published.
As a result, Japanese experiences after Kobe earthquake and US
experiences after Northridge were reflected to the principles of this
IS as well as European ones.
Establishment of WG for ISO23469 and
invitation of related liaisons
Establishment of WG10 with 18 international experts
including 8 Europeans, 6 Asians, 3 North Americans and 1
Oceanic
Invitation of some members as liaisons with

CEN/TC250/SC8 and ISSMGE/TC4
Organization of the nationwide reviewers group in USA
Continuous and strong support from Japanese domestic WG

and responses from academic and experienced practicing
people in Japan.
Basic policy of development of ISO23469
To provide guidelines for experienced practicing

engineers and code writers
To provide only principles, no specific method
To provide new methodologies that might lead the-state-

of-practice to be developed over next decades in a global
scale
To basically cover current design codes in the world
Basic stance for development of ISO23469
To presume well-experienced practitioners as users
To make it work throughout the next decade
To consider balance with ISO3010
To put stress on Soil-Structure Interaction
To cover well-used design methods
Not to exclude newly developed technique
Not to describe the detail of modelling
Not to provide choice of methods and models
Features of WG activity during development
WG activity was transparent and open.
- WG10 Website installation
- All minutes of meetings and all WD on the Web
- Some meetings extended to any participants of academic
conferences held in conjunction with WG meetings
Participation through correspondence also worked well.

- Constructive comments from members and reviewers
and consideration on them into revise of draft at all steps
Contents of ISO23469
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
5 Principles and procedure
6 Evaluation of earthquake ground motions,
ground failure, and fault displacements
7 Procedure for specifying seismic actions
8 Seismic actions for equivalent static analysis
9 Seismic actions for dynamic analysis
Collapse of highway embankment during
Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake in 2004
Just after the event After repair

14 months was needed all the damage were completely repaired.
Heavy deformational damage to tunnel
during 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake
Displacement
u1
Tunnel
u2
Kizawa road tunnel Estimated mechanism

Horizontal
displacement
20cm Damage to pile due to
horizontal displacement in
liquefied ground during
1993 Hokkaido Nansei-oki
earthquake
Keywords
Pile foundation
Inclination Liquefaction
10 deg.
Displacement
Diameter 40cm Soil-structure interaction
Damage to a gravity dam due to fault displacement with 7.5m
of relative displacement during 1999 Chi-chi earthquake
7.5 m
Primary issues for specifying seismic actions
Clause 5
Seismic actions for designing geotec hnical works Clause 6
Evaluation of earthquake ground m otions, ground failure, and fault displacements
Seismic hazard analysis
Site response analysis and assessment of liquefac tion potential
Spatial variation
Fault displacements, ground failure, and other geotechnic al hazards
Paraseism ic influences
Clause 7
Specifying seism ic ac tions
Clause 8
Equivalent static analysis
Sim plified equivalent static analysis

Seism ic actions from a superstructure
Seism ic actions without spatial variation
Annex A of ISO23469
Seism ic actions with spatial variation
Seism ic earth and hydro-dynamic pressures
Seism ic actions on soil and structure masses
Effects of soil liquefaction and induced ground displacement
Effects of fault displacements
Detailed equivalent static analysis

Seismic actions for a seismic coefficient approach
Effects of soil liquefaction and induced ground displacem ent
Clause 9
Dynamic analysis
Simplified dynamic analysis
Seismic actions from a superstructure
Seismic actions without spatial variation
Seismic actions with spatial variation
Seismic actions on soil and structure masses
Effects of soil liquefac tion and induced ground displacement
Detailed dynamic analysis
Seismic actions for a soil-structure system
Effects of soil liquefaction and induced ground displacem ent
Informative Annexes 1-7 of 14
Annex A Primary issues for specifying seismic actions
Annex B Upper crustal rock, firm ground, and local soil
deposit
Annex C Design situations for combination of actions
Annex D Seismic hazard analysis and earthquake ground
motions
Annex E Site response analysis
Annex F Spatial variation of earthquake ground motion
Annex G Assessment of liquefaction
Informative Annexes 8-14 of 14
Annex H Seismic actions defined for various models of
geotechnical works
Annex I Soil-structure interaction for designing deep
foundations: phase for inertial and kinematic
interactions
Annex J Limitations in the conventional method and
emerging trend for evaluating active earth pressure
Annex K Effects of liquefaction considered in various
models of geotechnical works
Annex L Evaluation of other induced effects
Annex M Concepts of response control and protection
Annex N Interdependence of geotechnical and structure
designs
Features of ISO23469
- Introduction of site specific design
- Design philosophy for extreme event
- Modeling of soil-structure interaction
- Consideration of spatial variation of seismic
motion
- Recommendation of coupled analysis for SSI
- Stimulating discussions including option
Two stage determination of seismic
actions on geotechnical works
Stage 1
- Evaluation of basic variables for seismic action
- Reference ground motion, associated phenomena
Stage 2
- Determination of seismic action based on basic variables
- Important role of SSI
Flowchart for specifying seismic actions
Stage 1 (Clause 6) Stage 2 (Clause 7)
Probabilistic or deterministic Select type of analysis

approaches
Select model and method of analysis
Specify performance criteria
Perform geotechnical characterisation

Reference earthquake motions
Evaluate seismic actions
Two-stage determination is adopted.

Simulated seismic intensity map when
historically largest earthquake in Japan is
supposed to occur
Deterministic approach is adequate
for evaluating extremely low
probability event.
http://www.bousai.go.jp/chubou/9/zuhyou_2-2.pdf
Methods for site response analysis
a) Empirical b) Site-specific c) Site-specific simplified d) Site-specific detailed

analysis simplified analysis dynamic analysis dynamic analysis
Stimulating discussions
As an option, the owners or authorities in charge of the
geotechnical works may decide at their own risk to
perform no explicit seismic design, or to perform the
minimum design required by applicable codes, if the
consequence of a failure is very low.
This statement was proposed by Japan for developing

countries from the viewpoints of vulnerability and
reparability. It had been controversial. It was
eventually deleted.
Should this statement have been involved or not?
Classification of types of analyses based
on model of soil-structure interaction
Hydro-
dynamic Inertia Earth
pressure force pressure
Sea Sea
Caisson Caisson
Seabed Seabed
Firm ground Firm ground

Earthquake motions
a) Simplified model b) Detailed model

Model of analysis for caisson quay walls for example
Simplified: Seismic action modeled on local system

Detailed: Seismic action evaluated in global system
Classification of analysis
Equivalent static Dynamic

Clause 8 Clause 9
Simplified Simplified
Simplified equivalent static dynamic
8.1 9.1
Detailed
Detailed dynamic
Detailed equivalent static
9.2
8.2
Based on combination of type of analysis and modeling of SSI
Different models of analysis
(Retaining walls)
Inclination Lateral
Hydro-dynamic pressure 4.1 Displacement
3.5 m
Horizontal component of inertia force Vertical Displacement 1.5 m +4.0 m
Seismic earth pressure
-36.0 m
Gravity + Vertical component of inertia forcea
a see H.1
Simplified equivalent static Detailed dynamic

(Seismic coefficient method) (FEM using effective stress approach)
Seismic actions
with spatial variation
Seismic actions for simplified equivalent static
(1A) and detailed dynamic analyses (2A)
ct ure
n d s tr u
rgr ou
und e
u b e -like
rt
el- o
Tu nn
nt Ground surface
pla c em e
d d is
Subgrade reaction spring a ic g r o un
seis m Tunnel - or tube-like
sv ers e (a) Transverse actions underground structure
a
The subgrade reaction springs may Tra n Lumped mass
be assumed rigid for underground
structure with a small cross section
such as pipelines. t ur e Equivalent springs
s tr uc
r ou n d
u n derg
t ub e-like
e l- o r
T unn
nt
c em e
d d is pla Lum ped mass-equivalent spring system
g r o un idealises the local soil deposit
s mic Firm ground
Interface shear spring al s ei
itud in (b) Longitudinal actions
Lon g
a) Simplified e.s. model b) Detailed dyn. model

Annex H, H.5 Tube-like underground structures
History of follow-up project
Development of ISO 23469 was finalized in Paris meeting
in February 2005.
Development of Technical Report on design examples

was suggested as a follow-up project in Paris meeting.
The proposal of the Preliminary Work Item developing

the TR was submitted and approved in Ottawa meeting
in October 2005.
WG10 has been discussing scope and contents of New

Work Item aimed at being proposed at Berlin meeting
in November 2006.
Scope of NWI
Providing design examples for use of ISO23469
Publishing design examples of geotechnical works

based on ISO23469 in the form of a Technical
Report (TR)
ISO23469 provides only principles, so it is

difficult to design by only using this standard.
Design examples can demonstrate how to use it.
Design example of pile foundation of
PC tank for LNG (1)
Tank and foundation Detailed dynamic model
Design example of pile foundation of
PC tank for LNG (2)
- 2D-FEM
- Axial symmetric FEM
- 3D-FEM
Policy of collection of design examples
- Demonstrating how to use this ISO for practicing engineers and
code writers by showing design examples based on ISO23469
- Based on documents published or to be published
- Having important things need to be covered
- Focusing evaluation of reference earthquake ground motion
should be documented in detailed as a common issue
- Having combination of simplified and detailed analyses
- Description should be cared in terms of conformity with
requirement and recommendation in ISO23469.
- Having stress on methodologies recommended by WG
- Describing not only seismic actions, but also performance criteria
and design of superstructure
Overall check on conformity
Check sheet of design example in terms of conformity with ISO23469
Items ISO23469
Serviceability
Performance objectives Safety 5.1.2
Others
Serviceability 5.1.3
Reference earthquake motions Safety 6.1
Others 6.2
Serviceability
Safety
Perfomance criteria 5.1.4
Others
Design working life
Site response analysis and assessment of liquefaction Type of analysis Reason*
6.3
potential Outline of analysis
Type of analysis Reason*
Spatial variation of earthquake ground motions 6.4
Outline of analysis
Fault displacements and other geotecnical hazards Outline of evaluation 6.5
Paraseismic influences Outline of evaluation 6.6
Type of analysis Reason* 7
Seismic actions on geotechnical works Outline of analysis 8
Performance criteria parameters 9
Overall conformity with ISO23469
*Reason for choosing the type of analysis
Convenient for comparison among examples
Harmonization of design code in the globe
What is important is to have common terminology,

to exchange information, to share our problems.
Harmonization in the world should be achieved, so

Asian regions having diverse countries should
be involved more actively.
Thank you.

03 - WS2006 Mori P

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ACECC workshop on Harmonization of Design

Codes in the Asian Region

Development of ISO23469 - Seismic

Mechanism distinctions from buildings are soil-structure

Invitation of some members as liaisons with

Organization of the nationwide reviewers group in USA

Continuous and strong support from Japanese domestic WG

To provide guidelines for experienced practicing

To provide only principles, no specific method

To provide new methodologies that might lead the-state-

To basically cover current design codes in the world

Participation through correspondence also worked well.

Just after the event After repair

Kizawa road tunnel Estimated mechanism

Sim plified equivalent static analysis

Detailed equivalent static analysis

Probabilistic or deterministic Select type of analysis

Specify performance criteria

Perform geotechnical characterisation

Evaluate seismic actions

Two-stage determination is adopted.

a) Empirical b) Site-specific c) Site-specific simplified d) Site-specific detailed

This statement was proposed by Japan for developing

Firm ground Firm ground

a) Simplified model b) Detailed model

Simplified: Seismic action modeled on local system

Equivalent static Dynamic

Based on combination of type of analysis and modeling of SSI

Seismic earth pressure

Simplified equivalent static Detailed dynamic

a) Simplified e.s. model b) Detailed dyn. model

Development of Technical Report on design examples

The proposal of the Preliminary Work Item developing

WG10 has been discussing scope and contents of New

Publishing design examples of geotechnical works

ISO23469 provides only principles, so it is

Tank and foundation Detailed dynamic model

What is important is to have common terminology,

Harmonization in the world should be achieved, so

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