Theorist Cha Key Concepts Psychotherapy

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Sigmund F RE UD 2 Levels of mental life Application of psychoanalytic theory

Psychoanalysis Unconscious Freuds Early Therapeutic Technique

o Phylogenetic endowment Freuds later therapeutic technique
Preconscious Dream analysis
Conscious
Freudian Slips
Provinces of the mind
Id - (Pleasure)
Ego (Balance)
Superego (Perfection)
Dynamics of personality
Drives
Sex
Aggression
Anxiety
Defense mechanism
Repression
Denial
Undoing
Reaction formation
Fixation
Regression
Introjection
Projection
Displacement
Sublimation
Intellectualization
Rationalization
Stages of development
Infantile period
o Oral phase
o Anal phase
o Phallic Phase
Male Oedipus Complex
Castration complex
Castration Anxiety
Female Oedipus Complex
Penis envy
Latency Period
Genital period
Maturity
Alfred ADLE R 3 FINAL STATEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY The Adlerian theory suggests that psychopathology, a mental or behavioral
1. The one dynamic force behind peoples behavior is the striving for success disorder, results from lack of courage, exaggerated feelings of inferiority, and
Indiv idual Psychology underdeveloped social interest.
or superiority.
2. Peoples subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality Enhance ones courage
3. Personality is unified and self-consistent. Lessen feelings of inferiority
4. The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social Encourage social interest
interest.
Everybody can accomplish everything.
5. Personality is unified and self-consistent.
6. The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social (With the exception set by heredity.)
interest. What people do with what they have is more important than what they have.
WHAT DISTINGUISHES THIS THEORY FROM ALL OTHER THEORIES?
1. Behavior is goal oriented PURPOSIV E NE SS Adler believed that a warm, nurturing attitude by the therapist would help the
2. Humans are fundamentally social, with a desire to belong and having a patient to expand their social interest to each of the three problems of life:
place of value as an equal human being SOCIAL INTE RE ST Sexual love
3. And the individual is indivisible and functions with unity of personality
Friendship
HOLISM
People are motivated by mostly social influences and by their striving for Occupation
superiority or success. Adler innovated a method of therapy with problem children by treating them in
STRUCTURE front of an audience of parents, teachers, and health professionals.
AGGRESSION Adler didnt blame the parents for a childs misbehavior he instead worked to
MASCULINE PROTEST win the parents confidence and to persuade them to change their attitudes
toward the child.
STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY
STRIVING FOR SUCCESS
DEVELOPMENT
CREATIVE POWER
STYLE OF LIFE
The tennets of Adlerian theory:
1. The one dynamic force behind peoples behavior is the striving for success
or superiority.
STRIVING FORCE AS COMPENSATION
Two general avenues of striving:
Striving for Personal Superiority
Striving for Success

2. Peoples subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality.

FICTIONALISM

PHYSICAL INFERIORITIES
3. Personality is unified and self-consistent.
ORGAN DIALECT
Unconscious
Conscious
4. The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social
interest.
Social Interest
GEMEINSCHAFTSGEFUHL
IDEAL MOTHER
IDEAL FATHER
5. The self-consistent personality structure develops into a persons style of life.
STYLE OF LIFE
Psychologically unhealthy individuals
Psychologically healthy individuals
3 major problems in life
Neighborly love
Sexual love
Occupation
6. Style of life is molded by peoples creative power.
Creative power
FREE INDIVIDUAL
THREE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS WHICH CAN LEAD TO ABNORMALITY:
Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies
Pampered Style of Life
 Neglected Style of life
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES:
EXCUSES
AGGRESSION
o DEPRECIATION
o ACCUSATION
o SELF-ACCUSATION
WITHDRAWAL
o MOVING BACKWARD
o STANDING STILL
o HESITATING
o CONSTRUCTING OBSTACLES

Carl J UNG 4 LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE 4 basic approaches to therapy representing 4 developmental stages in the
1. PSYCHE history of psychotherapy
Analytical Psychology
2. Conscious o CONFESSION
3. Personal Unconscious - Effective for patients who merely have a need to share their secrets.
4. Collective Unconscious o INTERPRETATION, EXPLANATION, & ELUCIDATION
ARCHETYPES - Used by Freud
Instincts distinguished ` - The patient brings to surface certain contents of the unconscious
a. Persona which the therapist clarifies
- Learning the origins of the problems
b. Shadow
o EDUCATION
c. Anima
- An approach adopted by Adler
d. Animus
- Incorporation of insights into ones personality in order to adapt to
e. Great Mother
social environment
f. Wise Old Man - Includes the education of patients as social beings
g. Hero - Often leaves patients merely socially well adjusted
h. Self TRANSFORMATION
Development An interplay between therapist and patient leads to change
that move beyond adaptation to environment and towards
Childhood Early morning sun
self-realization
1. Anarchic Phase
Purpose
2. Monarchic Phase
- To help neurotic patients become healthy and to encourage people
3. Dualistic Phase to work independently toward self-realization.

Youth Mornign sun | puberty middle life Jung sought to achieve this purpose by using dream analysis and active
imagination:
Middle life Afternoon sun | 35-40 yo
1. To help patients discover personal and collective unconscious material
Old age evening sun | goal of life
2. To balance these unconscious images with their conscious attitude
SELF-REALIZATION
 DYNAMICS Transference
CAUSALITY AND TELEOLOGY - A natural concomitant to patients revelation of highly personal
- Freud causality information.
- Adler teleology Countertransference
- Jung both and must be balance - A therapists feelings toward the patient.
Progression
Regression
Both essential
Psychological types
Attitudes
o Introversion
o Extraversion
Function
o Thinking
o Feeling valuing
o Sensing
o Intuiting
Melanie Reizes K LE IN 5 Klein Freud Anne Freud

Object Relations Theory Emphasis Consistent Biologically - Resistive to the notion of childhood psychoanalysis
pattern Of based - Claimed that young children could not profit from psychoanalytic
interpersonal therapy
relationships drives
Melanie Klein
Control Maternal: Paternal: Power - BELIEVED: both disturbed and healthy children should be
Intimacy and And control psychoanalyzed
nurture
DISTURBED CHILDREN
Prime motive of Human contact Sexual Pleasure - Therapeutic Prophylactic
human And
behavior relatedness HEALTHY CHILDREN
- Treatment Analysis
Aim Reduce tension Achieve
Pleasure FREUDIAN DREAM ANALYSIS & FREE ASSOCIATION

- BELIEF: Young children express unconscious and conscious wishes

Psychic Life of the Infant
through play therapy
Phantasies
AIM
o Good breast
- reduce depressive anxieties and persecutory fears and to mitigate the
o Bad breast
harshness of internalized objects
Fantasy
Procedure
Objects
- Re-experience early emotions and fantasies, with the therapist pointing
Positions
out differences between reality and fantasy, between conscious and
o Paranoid-Schizoid Position unconscious
o Depressive Position CONNECTION MADE
Psychic Defense Mechanisms
- Less persecuted by internalized objects
Introjection
- Reduced depressive anxiety
Projection
- Project previously frightening internal objects into the outer world
Splitting

Projective Identification
Internalizations

Ego
Superego
Oedipus Complex
o Female
o Male
o
Karen HORNE Y 6 Introduction to Psychoanalytic Social Theory - to help patients grow in the direction of self-realization
Horney and Freud Compared - constructive friendliness
Psychoanalytic Social
Theory 1.) - free association
therapeutic practice.
- dream analysis
2.) Objected to Freuds ideas on feminine psychology.
3.) Psychoanalysis should emphasize the importance of cultural - self-realization
influences.
FREUD - Pessimistic (innate instincts & stagnation of personality)
KAREN - Optimistic (cultural forces that can change)
The Impact of Culture
The Importance of Childhood Experiences
Basic hostility
Repressed hostility
Basic anxiety
Basic hostility

Repressed hostility

Basic anxiety
4 defense against basic anxiety
1.) Affection
2.) Submissiveness
3.) Power, prestige or possession
4.) Withdrawal
Compulsive drives
Neurotic needs
1. The neurotic need for affection and approval
2. The neurotic need for a powerful partner
3. The neurotic need to restrict one's life within narrow borders
4. The neurotic need for power
5. The neurotic need to exploit others
6. The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige
7. The neurotic need for personal admiration
8. The neurotic need for ambition and personal achievement
9. The neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence
10. The neurotic need for perfection
NEUROTIC TRENDS
Basic conflict
Moving Toward People
Moving Against People
Moving Away From People
 Intrapsychic Conflicts
Idealized self-image
Sense of identity
Compliant people
Aggressive people
Detached people
3 aspects:
Neurotic search for glory
Neurotic claims
Neurotic pride
Self-hatred
Feminine Psychology
Erich F ROMM 7 Fromms basic assumptions Aim of therapy: Patients to come to know themselves
most basic assumption Without knowledge of ourselves, we cannot know any other person or
Hum anistic Psychoanalysis
thing
Individual personality Patients come to therapy seeking satisfaction of their basic human needs
Free association
only in the light of human history Dream analysis
HUMAN DILEMMA
o Dream symbols are not universal
human ability to reason o Patients are asked to associate their dreams
- Blessing
- Curse
existential dichotomies
- Life and death
- Humans are capable of conceptualizing the goal of complete self-
realization, but we also are aware that life is too short to reach that
goal.
- People are ultimately alone, yet we cannot tolerate isolation.
Human Needs (Existential Needs)
Relatedness
o SUBMISSION
o POWER
o LOVE
- Care
- Responsibility
- Respect / knowledge
Transcendence
o Creating
o Destroying
Rootedness
o Productive strategy
o nonProductive strategy o (fixation)
o Incestuous Desires/Feelings

sense of identity

frame of orientation

the burden of freedom

Basic Anxiety

Mechanisms of Escape

o Authoritarianism
- masochism
- sadism
o destructiveness
o Conformity

Positive freedom

Character orientations

nonproductive orientations

o receptive
o exploitative
o hoarding

o marketing

productive orientation

o Productive love - biophilia

o Productive thinking
Personality Disorders

Necrophilia

Malignant narcissism

Incestuous Symbiosis

Syndrome of decay
 Syndrome of growth

Erik E RIK SON 8 Ego PSYCHOHISTORY

3 interrelated aspects of ego: - the study of individual and collective life with the combined methods of
Post-Freudian Theory
1. Body ego psychoanalysis and history
2. Ego ideal PLAY CONSTRUCTION
3. Ego identity - Used toys to construct elongated objects
Societys influence - Girls arrange toys in low and peaceful scenes
Inborn capacities & society
CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
Pseudospecies
- Limited free choice
Epigenetic principle
- Motivated by past experiences
Stages of Development
- Either conscious or unconscious
- Syntonic
- Dystonic - Both optimism and uniqueness of individuals

- Basic strength
- Core pathology
- psychosocial stages
- multiplicity
- identity crisis

stage Psychosexual Mode Psychosocial Crisis Basic Strength Core Pathology

1 Oral-Sensory Mode Basic Trust HOPE Withdrawal
Infancy vs
Basic Mistrust
2 Anal-Urethral- Autonomy WILL Compulsion
Early Muscular Mode vs
Childhood Shame & Doubt
2-3 y. o.
3 Genital-Locomotor Initiative PURPOSE Inhibition
Play Age Mode vs
3-5 y. o. Guilt
4 Latency Industry COMPETENCE Inertia
School Age vs
6-13 y. o. Inferiority
5 Puberty Identity FIDELITY Role
ADOLESCENCE vs repudiation
Identity confusion
6 Genitality INTIMACY LOVE Exclusivity
Young vs
Adulthood ISOLATION
19-30
7 Procreativity GENERATIVITY CARE Rejectivity
Adulthood vs
31 - 60 STAGNATION
8 Generalized INTEGRITY WISDOM Disdain
Old Age Sensuality vs
DESPAIR
9
Very old age
(Was not
finished)
Abraham MASLOW 9 Views on Motivation - Aim : Embrace B-values
1. Holistic approach to motivation - Free dependence from others
Holistic-Dynam ic Theory
2. Motivation is usually complex - Interpersonal process
3. People are continually motivated by one need or another
- Healthy relationship between client and therapist
4. All people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs
- Satisfy love and belongingness need
5. Needs can be arranged on a hierarchy
Hierarchy of needs
Conative need
Self-actualization

Esteem

Love & belongingness

Safety

Physiological

Other categories of needs

Aesthetic needs
Cognitive needs
Neurotic needs
General discussion of needs
- low level need satisfied = emergence of next level need
- May emerge gradually
- Simultaneous motivation of needs
Reverse order of needs
Unmotivated behavior
Expressive behavior
Coping behavior
Deprivation of needs
Instinctoid nature of needs
Instinctoid needs Noninstinctoid needs

- Frustration of need - Frustration of need

pathology no pathology
- Persistent - Temporary
- For psychological - Not prereq for
health health
- Species-specific
- Can be molded,
inhibited, or altered
by environmental
influences
- Many needs are
weaker than
cultural forces

Criteria for self-actualization

- They were free from psychopathology
- Self-actualizing people had progressed through the hierarchy of needs
- Embrace the B-values
- Fulfilled their needs to grow, to develop, & to increasingly become what
they are capable of becoming
Values of Self-actualizers
B-values
- Being values
1. Truth
2. Goodness
3. Beauty
4. Wholeness / the transcendence of dichotomies
5. Aliveness / spontaneity
6. Uniqueness
7. Perfection
 8. Completion
9. Justice & order
10. Simplicity
11. Richness / totality
12. Effortlessness
13. Playfulness / humor
14. Self-sufficiency / autonomy
Characteristics of self-actualizing people
- We all have the potential to be self-actualizing people
- Satisfy other needs
- Embrace B-values
1. More efficient perception of reality
2. Accepting of self, others, and nature
3. Spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness
4. Problem-centering
5. The need for privacy
6. Autonomy
7. Continued freshness of appreciation
8. The peak experience
9. Gemeinschaftsgefhl
10. Profound Interpersonal Relations
11. The democratic character Structure
12. Discrimination Between means and ends
13. Philosophical sense of humor
14. Creativeness)
15. Resistance to enculturation
Love, Sex, and Self-actualization
Self-actualizer
The Jonah Complex
Carl ROGE RS 10 If-then framework CONDITIONS
Basic Assumptions COUNSELOR CONGRUENCE
Person-Centered Theory
- Formative Tendency UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
- Actualizing Tendency
EMPATHIC LISTENING
o Self- actualization
PROCESS
o Esteem
Stage 1
o Love and belongingness
- Unwillingness to communicate anything about oneself.
o Safety
o Physiological - They do not recognize any problems and refuse to own any personal
feelings or emotions.
o Maintenance
Stage 2
o Enhancement
Psychological growth requirements: - Clients become slightly less rigid.

1. Congruence - Clients may talk about personal feelings as if such feelings were objective
phenomena.
2. Unconditional Positive Regard
3. Empathy Stage 3

The Self and Self-Actualization - Clients freely talk about themselves more, still as an object.
Actualization Tendency - Talk about feelings and emotions in the past or future tense and avoid
Self subsystems present feelings.

Self-concept - Deny individual responsibility for most of their decisions.

o Perceived self =/= organismic self Stage 4

Ideal self - They begin to talk of deep feelings but not ones presently felt.
Awareness - Accept more freedom and responsibility than they did in stage 3.
Levels of Awareness - Allow themselves to become involved in a relationship with the therapist.
Ignored / denied
 Accurately Symbolized Stage 5
Distorted - They have begun to undergo significant change and growth.
Denial of Positive Experiences - They begin to make their own decisions and to accept responsibility for
Becoming a Person their choices.
Barriers to Psychological Health Stage 6
Conditions of Worth - They have begun to undergo significant change and growth.
o External evaluations - They begin to make their own decisions and to accept responsibility for
Incongruence their choices.
o Vulnerability Stage 7
o Anxiety and Threat - They become fully functioning "persons of tomorrow"
Anxiety and Threat
- They become congruent, possess unconditional positive self-regard, and
Defensiveness are able to be loving and empathic toward others.
o Distortion Theoretical Explanation for Therapeutic Change
o Denial - They are freed to listen to themselves more accurately.
Disorganization
- To have empathy for their own feelings.
- Their perceived self becomes more congruent with their organismic
experiences.
OUTCOMES
- Congruent client who is less defensive and more open to experience.
- Become more realistic.
- They become more accepting of others, make fewer demands, and simply
allow others to be themselves.
Person of Tomorrow
Rollo MAY 11 BACKGROUND OF EXISTENTIALISM - Should make people more human; that is, helping them expand their
EXISTENTIALISM consciousness so that they will be in a better position to make choices
Existential Psychology
- that existence take precedence over essence - The purpose is to set people free
- existentialists oppose the artificial split between subject and object. - Must be concerned with helping people experience their existence, and
- search for meaning in their lives. that relieving symptoms are merely a by-product of that experience

- each of us is responsible for who we are and what we will become. Existential therapists:
- most take an antitheoretical position, believing that theories tend to Must establish a one-to-one relationship that enables patients to become
objectify people more aware of themselves and live more fully in their own worlds
Basic Concepts Have empathy for the patients experience and is open to the patients
Being in the world subjective world
o DASEIN Our task is to be guide, friend, and interpreter to persons on their
o simultaneous modes in their being in the world journeys through their private hells and purgatories... Our patients often,
toward the end, are understandably frightened by the possibility of
Umwelt
freely deciding for themselves...
Mitwelt
May was more likely to ask questions, to delve into a patients early
Eigenwelt
childhood, and to suggest possible meanings of current behavior
Nonbeing
The Case of Philip
Anxiety
Normal Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety
Guilt
Forms of ontological guilt
Umwelt
Mitwelt
Eigenwelt
Intentionality
Care, Love, and Will
Will vs wish
Personality Types
 Neo-Puritan - will & x wish
Infantile - wish & x will
Creative - will & wish
Union of love and will
Forms of love
Sex
Eros
Philia
Agape
Freedom and destiny
Freedom
Existential Freedom
Essential Freedom
Destiny
The power of myth
Myths
The Oedipus myth
Birth
Separation or exile from parents and home
Sexual union with one parent and hostility toward the other
Assertion of independence and the search for identity
Death
Gordon ALLPORT 12 What is Personality?
- Dynamic Organization
Psychology of The
Indiv idual - Psychophysical
- determine
- characteristic
- behavior and thought
What is the Role of Conscious Motivation?
What are the Characteristics of a Healthy Individual?
- Proactive Behavior
- Six Criteria for the Mature Personality
o Extension of sense of self
o Warm relating of self to others
o Emotional security or Self-acceptance
o Realistic perception of their environment
o Insight and Humor
o Unifying principle of life
structure of personality
Personal Disposition
Common Traits
Levels of Personal Dispositions
Cardinal Dispositions
Central Dispositions
Secondary Dispositions
motivational stylistic dispositions
Motivational dispositions
stylistic dispositions
Proprium
non-propriate behaviors
Motivation
propriate striving
 Peripheral motives
A Theory of Motivation
Functional Autonomy
4 Requirements of an Adequate Theory of Motivation
1. will acknowledge the contemporaneity of motives.
2. It will be a pluralistic theory allowing for motives of many types.
3. It will ascribe dynamic force to cognitive processes.
4. will allow for the concrete uniqueness of motives.
LEVELS OF FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY
Perseverative Functional Autonomy
Propriate Functional Autonomy
Criterion for Functional Autonomy
- A present motive is functionally autonomous to the extent that it seeks new
goals

Processes that are not Functionally Autonomous

Biological drives: Eating, breathing, sleeping
Motive directly linked to the reduction of basic drives
Reflex actions such as eye blink
Constitutional equipment namely, physique, intelligence and
temperament
Habits in the process of being formed
Patterns of behavior that require primary reinforcement
Sublimations that can be tied to childhood sexual desires
Some neurotic or pathological symptoms
The Study of the Individual
Morphogenic Science
Hans Jurgen E YSE NCK 14 Criteria for Identifying Factors

Biologically Based Factor Psychometric Evidence for the factors existence must be established
Theory Must possess heritability and must fit an established genetic mode
Must make sense from a theoretical view: deductive method of
investigation
Must possess social relevance
Hierarchy of Behavior Organization

Dimensions of Personality
Three Personality Dimensions
Four Criteria for Identifying Personality Dimension:
1. Strong Psychometric evidence exist for each, especially Factors E and N
2. For each of these three superfactors there are strong biological base
3. It make sense theoretically
4. Related to such social issues as drug use, sexual behaviors, criminality.
Extraversion (extraversion/ introversion)
NEUROTICISM (neuroticism/ stable)
PSYCHOTICISM (psychoticism/ superego)
Measuring personality
Eysenck evolved 4 personality inventories that measures his superfactors:
- The Maudsley personality inventory
- Eysenck personality inventory
- Eysenck personality questionnaire
- Eysenck personality questionnaire revised
Biological bases of personality
Personality as a predictor
Personality and behavior
Personality and disease
Albert BANDURA 17 Learning The ultimate goal of social cognitive therapy is self-regulation
Observational learning Levels of Therapy
Social Cognitiv e Theory
Modeling 1. instigation of some changes in behavior
Processes governing observational learning
2. generalization of specic changes
1. Attention
3. maintenance of those changes by preventing relapse
2. Representation
Basic Treatment Approaches
3. Behavioral Production
1. Overt or Vicarious Modeling
4. Motivation
Enactive learning 2. Covert or Cognitive Modeling

Consequences as a response 3. Enactive Mastery

Triadic reciprocal causation

Behavior
External environment
Person
Chance Encounters
Fortuitous Events
Human agency
Core Features
- Intentionality
- Forethought
- Self-reactiveness
- Self-reflection
Self-efficacy
What Contributes to Self-Efficacy?
Mastery Experiences - PAST PERFORMANCES
Social Modeling
Social Persuasion
Physical and Emotional States
Proxy Agency
Collective Efficacy
Techniques for Measuring Collective Efficacy
Several factors that can undermine collective efficacy
Self-Regulation
External Factors in Self-Regulation
Internal Factors in Self-Regulation
Self-Observation
 Judgmental Process
Self-Reaction
Self-Regulation through Moral Agency
Two aspects of moral agency:
1. doing no harm to people
2. proactively helping people
Selective activation
Disengagement of Internal Control
4 Mechanisms
1. Redene the behavior
2. Disregard or Distort the Consequences of Behavior
3. Dehumanize or Blame the Victims
4. Displace or Diuse Responsibility
Dysfunctional Behavior
Depression
Phobias
Aggression
o Five common reasons for aggressing:
1. enjoys inicting injury on the victim
2. avoid or counter the aversive consequences of aggression by
others
3. receives injury or harm for not behaving aggressively
4. lives up to their personal standards of conduct by their
aggressive behavior
5. observes others receiving rewards for aggressive acts or
punishment for nonaggressive behavior
George K E LLY 19 Kellys philosophical position The rep test
Person as a scientist Repertory grid
Psychology of Personal
Constructs Scientist as a person
Constructing alternativism
Personal constructs
Basic postulate
Supporting corollaries
1. Construction corollary similarities among events
2. Individuality corollary differences among people
3. Organization corollary relationships among constructs
4. Dichotomy corollary dichotomy of constructs
5. Choice corollary choices between dichotomies
6. Range corollary range of convenience
7. Experience corollary experience and learning
8. Modulation corollary adaptation to experience | permeability
9. Fragmentation corollary incompatible constructs
10. Commonality corollary similarities among people
11. Sociality corollary social processes
Core role
Applications
Abnormal development
4 common elements is most human disturbances
Threat
Fear
Anxiety
Guilt