Strength of Rock and Rock Masses___________
by Evert Hoek
One of the ma jor problems in designing under-
ground openings is that of estimating the
strength and deformation properties of the insitu
rock mass. In the case of jointed rock masses, an
evaluation of these properties presents formi-
dable theoretical and experimental problems. .:.
However, since this question is of fundamental
importance in almost all major designs involving
excavations in rock, it is essential that some
attempt be made to estimate these strength and
deformation properties and that these estimates
should be as realistic and reliable as possible.
Definition Of the Problem
Table I illustrates the range of problems to be
considered. Understanding the behaviour of
jointed rock masses requires a study of the intact
rock material and of the individual discontinuity
surfaces which go together to make up the sys-
tem. Depending upon the number, orientation
and nature of the discontinuities, the intact rock
pieces will translate, rotate or crush in response to
stresses imposed upon the rock mass. Since a
large number of possible combinations of block
shapes and sizes exist, it is obviously necessary to
find any behavioural trends which are common
to all of these combinations. The establishment
objective in this paper.
Before embarking upon a study of the individ-
ual components and of the system as a whole, it
is necessary to set down some basic definitions.
.:. Intact rock refers to the infractured blocks
which occur between structural discontinu-
ities in a typical rock mass. These pieces may
range from a few millimeters to several metres
in size and their behaviour is generally elastic
and isotropic. For most hard igneous and
metamorphic rocks failure can be classified as
.: .
Masses__________
brittle, which implies a sudden reduction in
strength when a limiting stress level is
exceeded. Weak sedimentary rocks may fail in
a more ductile manner, in which there is little
or no strength reduction when a limiting
stress level is reached. Viscoelastic or time-
dependent behaviour is not usually consid-
ered to be significant unless one is dealing
with evaporites such as salt or potash. The
mechanical properties of these viscoelastic
materials are not dealt with in this paper.
.:. Joints are a particular type of geological discon-
tenuity, but the term tends to be used generi-
Consulting Engineer, 412-2150 West Broadway, Vancouver, B.C.
Canada, V6K 4L9, Fax: I-604-222-3732.
Extract from a book entitled Support ofUnderground Excavations in Hard
Rock by E. Hock, P.K. Kaiser and W.F. Bawden. See page 15.
4
Cally in rock mechanics and usually covers all
types of structural weakness. The shear
strength of such structural weakness planes is
dealt with in publications by Barton and his
co-workers (1973, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1990).
Strength, in the context of this discussion,
refers to the maximum stress level which can
be carried by a specimen. The presentation of
rock strength data and its incorporation into
a failure criterion depends upon the prefer-
ence of the individual and upon the end use
for which the criterion is intended. In dealing
with gravity-driven wedge failure problems,
where limit equilibrium methods of analyses
are used, the most useful failure criterion is
one which expresses the shear strength in
terms of the effective normal stress, acting
across a particular weakness plane or shear
zone. On the other hand, when analysing the
stability of underground excavations in
medium to high stress regimes, the response
of the rock to the principal stresses acting
upon each element is of paramount interest.
Consequently, for the underground excava-
tion engineer, a plot of triaxial test data, in
terms of the major principal stress at failure
versus minimum principal stress, is the most
Masses___________
Cally in rock mechanics and usually covers all
types of structural weakness. The shear strength
of such structural weakness planes is dealt with
in publications by Barton and his co-workers
(1973, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1990).
Strength, in the context of this discussion,
refers to the maximum stress level which can
be carried by a specimen. The presentation of
rock strength data and its incorporation into a
failure criterion depends upon the preference
of the individual and upon the end use for
which the criterion is intended. In dealing
with gravity-driven wedge failure problems,
where limit equilibrium methods of analyses
are used, the most useful failure criterion is
one which expresses the shear strength in
terms of the effective normal stress, acting
across a particular weakness plane or shear
zone. On the other hand, when analysing the
M
stability of underground excavations in
medium to high stress regimes, the response
of the rock to the principal stresses acting
upon each element is of paramount interest.