Licensed Copy: Sheffield Uriversity, Unversity of Shatfild, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BS! Code of practice for Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids BS 8007:1987Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2008, Uncontrolled Copy, (¢) BSI Committees responsible for this British Standard ‘the preparation ofthis British Standard waa enlroted by the Ci [ngiecrag and Building Steuctuees Standards Committe (CSB) 0 ‘Technical Commitee CSIGO, pon whith the alling boii ware sree Depaomat of the Bavtonment (Property Services Agency) Tnatttin af Cit Boies Tntttin of Stewtural Bngineors Water AsthritesAstcitonLicensed Copy: Sheffield University, Univesity of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (¢) BSI BS 80071987 Contents Conmitons wponeibio Foreword ‘Sestion 1. General LL Soxpe 12 Wold ofappieton 18 Symbols 14. Oparetiona efoty 15 Statutory roguiemonts Page Tide ot cover 21 Design objectives 22 Structra design 23 Loads 24 Analysis of walls and junctions 265 Sitecondions 27 Design fe and sevinality 28 Specieation 29 Oporatioal seit emsifertions ection 3. Design and detailing: enfrexd conse 31 Gener 22 Design Section 4 Donign ad dataling rooted conete a {13 Cylinviea prestresod concrete structures 4A_Othor prestroseod concrete stuetuos Section 6. Design detailing and workmanship offs 51 Geno 52 Typero aint 33) Moveneat ota BA Constrution joints 5.6. Tempore open sections 536. dointein ground slab 27 Joints in walla 5A_Tonts in rote Seton 6. Coneete speiotion and materiale 31 Gener SA Materials 3. Mix proportions 3a Workantiy 48 Buster fia af oneote 36. Blinding yor 37_Paeums id mortar Secion T-Spocifcation and workmanship: wiafbrement 11 Genel 12 Special enforcement 2 2 3 4 5 1Licensed Copy: Sheffield Unversity, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontroied Copy. (c) BSI Section & Speciation and workmanship: pestreesing tendons Page 81. Genel 18 ‘Section 8 epeetion and sting oth atroctare 91 Genent 19 92 Tetirg ofetrveturs 8 293 Testis of woe ao ‘Appendix ACalelation of aime rntormea, Sack specng od ‘cack when latin to tenperatore and mate oft 0 ‘Appendix Calculation oerack width in mature concrete % ‘Appendix CJeinting materials a ‘Aspens DBingranhy a0 Figur 6.1 — amples of ovement nts 6 Figure A.1— Sutfcn sone walls and suspended sabe a Figure A2— Surface ses round elabe 2 Figure A3— Restraint sor fo various wall andlor lab placing sequences 2% ‘able 5.1 — Allowable stn streams i dies ot Hexaral tension fr servis it sates ® ‘able 51 — Design option or contol of thermal contraction and teattined dinkage ry ‘Table Al — Factor fo the elelation of minimum reinforcement for track dltvbution and crack spacing a ‘Table A2— Typieal values of fr OPC enerete, where more particule infomation not aia Py ‘Tale AS —Inluene a lab proportions onthe senteline estat Gator 26 ablations refereed to Taide Bak coerLicensed Copy: Sheffield University, Unversity of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS s007:1987 Foreword ‘This British Standard has boon peoperod undo ho dnvetion of tho Ci Bngiering and Bulding Structures Standards Comic. eeeplices BS 8957, which swith Following the withdrawal of CP 114 the lernativo method of doin allowed in 1 5337 haa boon omit in this Dish Senna Sond, th withdrawal a {GP 110 and eplcement by BS8110 have lo sth updating of this one to align wth BS 8120, One important change thatthe rack width oguatons have ‘on mie to align with the recommendations of HS 8110 an now neue ‘Suck wath eqution or dire! tonston Other changes inl a mor ogc ‘Seangement of jective and general eomondations for desig, the ‘troduction of rstraint factor, the introduction af recommendations oe ally pestewed meets etrutares, proved Tecrmendatons font, ‘dating guidance on jointing materi, an elaboration of te ‘Heommendatons fr coneret and winforement Gnchdingepeia ‘Bnfoeement) anda revision oho inpection td stingveeormendation® fr Te the Gt ie in. Bish Standard cv nginering design de the dong ‘Breonmmened to conser operational ane and ta provide sppropitaly a the ‘aig ange "Chushoon assumed nto draingothiseode hat he deignolguid-etaining ‘infec and grossed concrete strctoes i ontustod to charared ellor "sruturalenginonrsexperanee nthe usaf infor epestensed coneele, fea ets onatoetion screed out under the dieetion «competent “This ade, which in ype 1 dasign code, ha been prepare by Tonics Committe enssting ofcharered engineers nominatod by tho ganrations ‘prone oe the back coves). The members of the Dai Panel, convoned ‘pre Insiuton af tracural Engineer wore a Slows MeRD Anchor BS, CBag, PI Strat B, FICE (Chairman MeAH Allon MA Cantab), Ss, C Bag, FI Strut B, FICE ofesaoe B P Hughes B Seng), D 8, PRD, C Bag, P Strat B, MICE MeD W Quinton B S(Eng), C Bag, FUStrust 8, PCR Mr EH Thorpe C Bag, MI Strut Me RJ W Mile B Se Secrary "Tha wor ofthe Daftng Panel was oersen by the Steering Group from the ‘Tiehnieal Cmte, whose memborinldd the following. MrCJ Brans M A(Cantab), ng, FLStraetB, FICE, FIWIES Chaieman Mr HB Gould CBng, P1 Struct B, FICE eI? Millar Be, € Bag, MICE eK Rowe Cling, MICH, FBIM, MIWES. PerecLicensed Copy: Sheffield Unversity, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy. (c) BSI ‘A Beish Standard docs not purpot to include all he neces provisions @ ‘eateuct, User of Batish Standards are responsible for their caret appiclon Compliance with « British Standard doos not of self confer immunity ‘rom legal sbligatons Summary of pages ‘hie document eomprics a front coer an inside fot cover, ages tov pagos Ito 0am nee hat coer and a back ee. ‘This standad haw heen updated (copyright date) and may have had thine ent coverLicensed Copy: Sheffield Uriversity, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2008, Uncontrolled Capy, (c) BS! Section 1. General 1.1 Seope "Tie Beso Standaed provides recommendations ‘irthe disign and eonsteton of warmalreintoreed find posteoed concrete seuctutes weed the ‘Snlalnment or exclusion aqueous gui. The {eem"Tiguld? in thiseode neler ay contained eluded aquoods lige but xcudesageremve Tiuide"The ade dacs nt cover dea pipes ‘pela lined eruchres orth damp procding of tema, The wernt erature ewan hee or the satel at contains ocexlades the Ig nd Includes ea, reurveiry and ater vos standard alos partelarly to UK to dasign iter paren ofthe mold tho Absgner shold take sonan foal enditin arial variations nce ad the poaiity fenrthquae, which have nt bron conse Sot ‘Usonditions. Consierton has eon sient the ore field at abun! trperatures oat temperatures pt spproninatly 3 C uch amare fend in swimming pone nd ities osommendation ae given for stores in ‘agree sls and for structure nana ible to Inavelien mado fr the fet o way dynamic ‘or for hee of fomaton onthe src, ad the dsignr should tefortospeiaet arate {eeinfomation 1.3 Symbols or th purpoes ofthe Brtch Standard the fins even in BS 81101-1985 ap 1.4 Operational safety “The code ints commendations fr design to 15 Statutory requirements Designers shoud heck gompliance with ny statutory rogicementa®Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Shefield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 80071987 Section 2. Design: objectives and general recommendations 2.1 Design objectives "The puryoo of dain a the achiovement of azeptaeprbebilitcs chat te stature bing Assgood will net bosom unt in anyway fo the toe foe which ts intended. Ths eepovides fore Tiethod f design based on imi state philosophy that genealy in accordanco with fe motes tmployed in BS 8110, Setar elements that ae ot par of te liquid ealuingctuetre sould be ‘eslgnodineccedance with BS 8110 2.2 Structural design 2.2.1 Limit state recommendations "The dvign ofthe whole structure andall individual ‘embers ould ben eeorance wth he enmmendatins given In BS 8110 as maid by {Rerecommendationsafthisco, hrm allsvant lites arconidred the designshosld endo sn adequate degroo af fly and earocobiliy, Ieiermenmmended tha the size ofthecement and {ie amount of einforooment ae arsed an the Bais of to carionbity rel with iit state tnd tha oth init stato, soluing Uh ats Timi reton are ohockes. 22.2 Ultimate lit states (LS) ‘The pata safety fo retain guid ads ‘ould be taken ne Ll given in Table 21 a [88 5110-1108 frond combsnatoes and 2 ad te fr load combination 3, apprepriats 22:3 Seevicoaility limit states (5LS) 22.81 Gover Tae pata afty Story fel Tends shout been asaya pid 83.80 158 5110.28, 22.8.2 Maton. A structure subject. {roendnaterpreute should bo designed to resist AstaGon The deadwght ofthe emp structure wrth any anchoring deviee should pve at [or of ot easton 1 agalnt up prossures tsi enmetruction ain erie. factor of 1 oul be aod only where the maxiaus ‘rounder lel canbe assossed acataly Sherine he ftr ahold be asd by tho Assignee ‘The uli maybe reduced bY: 2) povidng ftv drvnag fo event fenton permit: proving prosaure ait dvins discharging ints the ysl (whore te entyofexteral troundwator is copia. 22.33 Cracking. Fo the purpon f dfn tho Soviombltyersk within sae, tho maim (Toi eine eck wie forthe expo ‘oulone defined in 273 chou taken tobe the 8) Reinforced conctte. Tho maximum design ‘face esc width for ect tension and ‘exuro or rsteaiped tamporstre and mvsbure sit are 1) sevoo or vry severe exposure: 0.2mm; 2) criti seated appearance: 0.1 mm 1b Pretresed conte, Bnet forth special ‘ecommenaton fo the dongn a clinical bretremoleruture ano 43th tenis tose ‘n't eaneote shouldbe limited fr prostresed oneet strtare in weneéaney with the ‘eoummenatons of 238-42 of BS 8110-1 Avtaticalydoteminate member nominally Subjstd oan prestrening should be oumed fe have e shnimum scantily of renting f 20m 08 Lic Ch veel Eileen nthe plane of ending whichever Ione Far telly indaerminat teture, ‘cluding lindetclprestreel structures thle ‘imum comity recommendation canbe ‘The required expoour onions forthe surfacos of allmembore sould be lery dofned wt he catet tthe dengn prose and cach mombordesignad in ‘tsodance withthe cack width i sate ‘ecomendations nthe ein, Gsidence on sumptions aod methods that may be ‘od fr ealeuatngsrck widths ar given in 26 lint appends And 8 st ah ight i i ay ht ewLicensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Shefeld, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (e) BSI Sootion 2 BS 8007:1987 2.2.84 Defletion. The rsammendatons for anesotve depth ration given n BS 8110 11955. Shri tohorsontal momtors creying uniermly ‘nti oad, For nantover wal which tapers “iformly away fom the support ad which i factr shoul be applied tho above ration ithe thienos at the tp iss than 0. times the theknos atthe boa, Thi eduction fasta sa be sumod vay linearly atweon LD and 0.78 Inhore tho thicknoss at tho top varios Entwoen 0.0and time he iene atthe atom In adam allowance shold be mae or {ho sigifeanteddtoal defection which osers at ho topo the wall tn ration ithe presse ‘lstibution unde the fa i angles rwory ‘symmetry rapeni. Limits for defertions ‘el normally be theo for non igid-rtaining FReuctures sno only n exgptional erernstanoss tilldefcctans be mor nse with sopra to Fosboard drainage or recistbution fed, otaning walls shale bacil n even lay around the srutur, the thickness of te tyes ‘ine speci by the da enerOvereompection jean vo the wall shoul be avoided othorvie Inep ferential defnsios(andsiing oe walt ‘Alleaat 7 % the ligula should be coined ‘tportanent when eniouating deflections 2.3 Loads All structures req torstain liquide should bo nod for oth tho fll damp anions, od tho assumption rgertingthe arangemont of Tending auld such ano one the mon eri ‘feta, Pariulratvntion sould bo pa te roel ding and overtaraing guid lands should allow fr the actus deity of {hceanlinedlgu dl porte traaient ‘nditons sg suapendod or deposited alt or git ‘ohese appropriate Por lamate lt state unditons,lgld aves sould be taken tothe tape wale auming tt the gus outlet ae blacked or serviceability mit tate conditions the Iii level should be taken othe working top [iui level the veiw level me appeopeitsbo sorking conditions Allowance should be made for hoofs af any tuvoro wl pressures on wall scoring to the ‘impaction endir surcharge a th sl tthe ‘mdition ofthe structure dueng conetrucon ad Ingorvin. No vba shou bo given or bnetlal ‘il proseare ofc on tha wells ofcotainment| Sivucrues nthe fill condition "Thormal expansion ‘tarot shouldbe minnie by refective gavel or ‘therpreseton againat solr vadiaon. Amexamye fa cite adverse loading effet vce when {hormel expansion of oa rcs the walls of an tmpty strate into tho asrovndig back. {hs eae the paso sil presury onthe walls ay be limitd by insertion ofa thicknes of compresabl and durable material anor by Drovfing siding jut between the top ofthe wall, fad the undetaie ofthe ro This can eller a femmprary fee cling nt that ent eat ita ‘od orpiad sonneston unt sive gravel or ‘ter sler protective materi plaoad onthe sel, fr pormanenti lding jant of assed imine ‘cto. Movement ofa roo! may seu also whare there are substantial variations inthe timpertare athe contained guid Whore» rat ily fonneted to wal this may lead to addins Tent nth wall that should bo onsdered nthe Asgh Barth covering on race ons mayb taken as doud fod, but do account shouldbe taken ‘feanstraction lauds fom plant apd heaped earth, Which may exued the intended dig loud 24 Analysis of walls and junctions "The iui preanure om plane walle maybe rset Iya coubitaion fhoctanstal and verGeal bending ‘oments An ameatsent shonld be made ofthe proportions ft prensa eit by being Fomenta inthe verted tod orional plane, ‘Allowanes shoul ls be made fo the oct of ‘lect tension in walls induced by eral tion in ‘sannt walle Relfbrenent shouldbe proved to ‘sist herizotal bending momenta a ll corners ‘here wall ae ily ned. (ylinvia tructur may be entrusted with 2 ‘ed, pinned or sliding aint between the wale ad the fndatin sin, Aliowanee sbuuld be made fr {ho celled oxurl seins and hop tension Sesion shoal be checked for hear rss.Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, Unversity of Sheffels, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 80071987 Section 2 2.5 Site conditions 25.1 Ground movement (Ground movement lang to deplasmont and aching of iquld-retaning structures may enue Severe leakage, Ths designer should erefore onside the poo of pola ls ming fad other conditions giving ist oandation fonaitons whore th bering seta lave varying Agiessoteompresnbility. When t isnot pase to “ro sites where such condition ram, the Atsignor should onsdor adopting ane or-mre of the {ohowing measures 4) diving the whol tractor ia mallee “ampartsete inorder to roduce the kly ‘Eifel movement ia cach conpartioet; providing specialy designed joints in the suerte to alias overeat © using postrossing tochniqus oct a 2 Snfouard gaint crackin {providing exible tions in vin pias, areas, provitinga format foundation ice any hoo fr om found movement D proving underloe drainage to prevent opi presoures on ones nd wall bane thar groundoate sot caldera in tho Unger example, where only oe compartment ‘fa trocompartmentsteuciuve fled and leakage ecu ‘Other measures may aio be neeosary depending fn the priced degre of eubeidons 25:2 Aggronaive sols and chemical ‘eterioration Chemical anaes of te sul end greandvats are ‘sential Whore aggressive substance ‘Sapte Somme wats containing dasfed oe iron dose natural ads alts may bo ‘tagreeive, and it wll be novesary fo take special prsrutions Dialed ata may chine serious {stenntion in he conerete and erosion of the ‘heck Reference should be made to 62 0f BBS 8110-1080 eoooring concrete spond to ‘ulpate or ther aac o sussptte to ‘Sstanoo In eter nd mere serous conditions a Inpermesbe protective cting ofa stable Bituminous or ther eompition mae used onthe ‘sree ofthe nacre 2.6 Causes and control of eracking 28.1 Applied loading offects Dire feral enson in the conerete asin fom applied eters servis lad fom temperature gradients duet ooar radiation, ot fom the containment of gee a temperature hove ambient, may caun racking in the concrete ‘The limitation af eraking om applied loading is ent with in 2.33.8 andi he sppropent design fectlons Crack wth arising rom Max a ‘Kiet tenon in mature coctets maybe clelated Senate in pends B. 2.62 Temperature and mofntare effects 2.6.21 Origine, Change inthe tmporatro of tho fneree al veinorcment and inthe mature ental of the eonerete cae disensonal hanges ‘which felt internally av extraaly ny rack Tieconerte The distbuton snd width fh tracks ets be sotolled by relurcerent, gather ‘rah the provan of mvecnent nts, nh nase, ie 202, tomporatureand moteur changss {inl methode fr thelr contain alaton to the articula pralme of iga-reaining rts fre considered, supplements nfemation gen nbs snioa tase, Heats evolved as comonthydtos, and the {enperatare wire fra dy move ae easing fini thon fall towarde ambient. Cracking aeually ‘nous a thi tte wil tho eoetete Sil weak ‘Sthecquent omer ambiont emportures and oot metre when the soneree i mate wll ope thea eras, hough the las of moire at tho fteiceundoroxtornal deyng conditions usually low Astrcture buen the summer bt net iodo lange sraeture sanding empty wil ieoutjced to gronter drop etemporattre thas thestme stracture filed Structures constantly fll land protected rom eimai eects oy eat ‘roo shading or relive eaten wl ave 2 temperature nor tha of the lquid stared "The designe shoul allow fr bth the pests wp ‘temperature below tha peak temperature sing fom the eat of hydration and cho manu dying, that can be expected, easing ia mind the cot of faye in construction and af eontions that may ‘rout when ructuce ace eptid for maintenanceLicensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (¢) BSI Seetion 2 BS 800751987 26.22 Methods of contra Cracking miig om structures ean be controll by reinfrcoment, by rotors, br moveront antsy temporary open feetins lowed with ubeowent shorting or Epecombinntionfthew methods Cackingerang ffom minor uneven sttonent may alo te tontroled bythe proviin af moveroent ints and tgrreintrcement or prest-va ane 23.1. Tender to eininie and ert eecking that my esl om lemperature cd moiature change a the ateutur ite desisabl toe Ue flowing taco ‘tho maximum tomperature and moisture ‘hangos duing consti by. 1) axing agentes having low medium lft of thermal expaniion aad sven 2) sing he minimus coment contnt Siaistnt with Use mguiveeate fr {Tabi sud hor necbasey,rsulphate 8) using cementa with lower raten of est cretion, ‘0 ecping connote ko drying out ua the Steuetre filled sr ancbacd, 1 avoidngthormal ebck or oer rapid cooing ft ecanerete nfs, restraint tn epson and contraction by the rovison a movement nt ae 83) estate rom adjacent etions of to work hy Ung plannod sequence of construction ae temporary open etn 8.5 4) leaizd cracking wihin a particular membor botweon movement nish using reinfrcoment ate oft ling wi gui (oo ‘thormalehock causody flings oostructue veith a warm gid or veo vores 26.23 Reiforconent to control retained Shrinkage and thermal movement rocking. Te freemen refered to 6.2.2 toconteel fackinganing rom restrained erinkage and thermal movement shouldbe pled in al abe (tors, wall ros) a neat tho sua of te ‘smereia as cmstent with the queen or ‘over, Preston slabs could be provided with Feinfircomont nang ator diection n hich {hore io cgntcant pees "The rinforoement shold be cnet in accordance with 8.3 and appends A Hacopt a ‘rood form open 3a Table Bland 3 he [tout of einfomentin each oftwadinesions {eh ande within ach sac soe shld not {Etplan grade 00 reinforcement: In wallslat oe {han 200 sm in thicken he cleat amon of ‘inkreasnat may all bn pase inane fnon For {round sib ene han 300mm hk oe A), he {cleat enforcement should bplaved wat {he upper surface as posiia consi withthe ‘nominal over. Bar spacings sould gonerlly not ‘ised 300mm rte thieknoss of the ston ‘whtever nthe leaner Where welded bee ny “en bn spacings sould not exe 1 nea the [Sknas ofthe soon 2.7 Design life and serviceability 22.1.General “The ifs oa completed structs depend on the Aural of ts components Fora cnet Aesgned structure and yod- quality atrial ae srorkmanabi the design of thestrutare auld Behctween a0 genes end 60 year Some ‘Sinspnents af the struc each a jointing ‘atrial havea shorter is than the strctaral ‘anata and may fequite renewal doing te it of ‘Re wtruture, hgh a caning With 5-488 ansLicensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Section 2 27.2 Maintenance and operation The completed structure should be impacted regularly. The dsigner should prove Ube user ‘nd stating the roommenedrequeny ef sch ‘Seaminalin ofthe cone for erclng lesage, ‘Strfce deterioration apd sctloment Particular Stsntion shoul be pa to any ua stain ha ‘Bight intents sensi the ceacement Ay {nfs shoud then be corected Noreen joints Should becleaned andthe at materiale sepa ‘he deignr should also prepare a echoule of| prscautlna te taken by the oe in dee Drove the steucture boing damaged orth design Ife shortened during use The schedule shoud be ‘eluded in the commissioning decumentaton. For the purposes f thie code, oth fa of a ‘qu containing or igedxcading acta ‘ember, opther with ay intra vals and Colne fa containment structure, 0 tbe ‘nidored a abject never exposure a defined. in'hae of HS 8110-11888, ‘Surfin sujacte to very erere expe a Assign fora maximum design enc with ‘fmm lve 2233) and core vee and mie ‘BS8110-11985, as well 2 and 3. ‘Wher sgaiseanteMarscene ad caning ofthe ‘sfc ofthe structure woul be considered abe Uaeplabe the recommendations ential snothetc appearance shoul be saticied Geo 223), 2.14 Durability ‘Tha recmmendation inthis nde fo covet nceta grade, coment content, maximum foo Wtercement fli snd tha moan of esuting ow ‘eemcablyof Ue conrete are tended Yo meat th drat commendations tht sreespond feneally with te resammendation in Table 3.40f| BBS6110-11085 fr avers exposure ee 83). Consideration should be ven tothe effet of the Tui to ie seared onthe dub ofa the ‘atril ofwoneeucio,e.conerte Feinarement or preatrcsing tel a eiting ‘atsil thi eopeialy pertinent to procs Hguide ard some sewage ffuont, ltough the Tatler are usualy detent in xen and no partially ageeoive, Sila eoncldeation ppl to groundwater (ec 2.62). Atntion also ean to the pony of cel attack, Specialy onthe ling material ‘The prtetin abrdod by tho specie oor and ‘oeretly designed an ill compactodconeree mix Is atictory for the majority oenaructions, but hare extended design ies equred fora races, consideration maybe given neeasing tho eomont content Ge the next pargeaphy, Ingwoesing co eter eo 27.6) oF wing epoca einfercomont (567.3). ‘concrete mix with a nena coment contnt ‘nil pov extra provcin fo the rinbcerent, Tota higher cement content wl enase more heat of Nydsaion nod require ears vlafrcment in staedance with appundic A 2:2. Impermeability ofthe concrete ‘The concrete should have low permeability. This ie ‘mortem ately fre da lst on aka tad als Hecaueiisone of the aa tors Snucneing durbiliy, esletance to locking, ‘hom tack rosin, araavon, frst darago Sad the protection fom coroson ofembeddod tel ‘The commendations in thi code far eonerete ‘mies, aggeagatn, mini coment content tok ‘Meongth,curng and admits generally anse Se edoquataly impormableconree, bute ‘Senta tha complote compaction without Segrogation i oalsad om eto. In om caso an {nereased coment and Wate content may be onure complete compaction wihout eons the Satrfeement ratio but in ace sould the Taximam exes conten be exenede. ‘Alternately, adequate workebity maybe ‘ehiovedy using lower watvcement ratio forthe Same coment content: for ths s Watorreducog ‘gent employed.LUcensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontelled Copy, (e) BSI Sootion 2 BS S007:1987 22.6 Cover ‘The nominal cover of esr forall ate including straps inks sheathing and pacersshoabe not Tes than 40min A rear cover mae neceary ata fc in contact wih aggressive sd (oe 25.) or abjet to erosion or abrasion If the neal over i ineteaed, crac whe wil nour, pecalyMlesural snd dimes tenon crack i ‘ettons ea than 00 hi In thin sctions where tis not posible to fsehicws 40 mm oa, a labor eomontcotont (Goo 27.4 ar pocal tinfcement e072) may bo ‘hed fo ge a nema dost ie, 28 Specification ‘The digne should conser the flowing tome ‘then preparing theapeciteation fo the trace sues Ut the design anurans fr bt ‘aleriale and workmanahip are alized ding 9) imonsional tlerans fo one 1) dimensional toloranes for placing Feinfrcoment and pressing tendons: ©) echo fr ensuing the quality of the ‘coneata nthe trun ara oth ‘comeiuent material aad of batching, cng 4) achomo for ensuring the quality ofth tel ‘einfoncomont and prestosing tonton {the portions and details ofall construction and 1 the roqurements for tho tat Maula Fotontion a exclusion, sd any pesod dusing ‘which autogenous heals permianble For the purpoes of his coe this cla placer £3 of BS B10 F885. 2.9 Operational safety considerations 29.1 Statutory safety requirements "The designer should take asnunt ofthe afty raulzements appropeiao to to eonseuction and ‘peration ofthe stature fed hy the ‘Selsty Hastie [The equines alibi on ose fom Heath nd Safty 120. Provision for accent Tnendoced structures the provision of acse or personnal required for inmpection, cleaning ad {eitng AC lea wo aoe tree should be provided at oposite onde ofthe structure and at feast ong in each compartment Th hatch sbould Leaf auficton sie tenable personnel wearing (600 mm 900m), at shouldbe poole toleck the hates in both the open an lead estins Tho dsiger shoul le conaier ‘raving cones eaira whe aetna i ited fn larg guid compartment that a deeper than 26 m. Tes protrabo to provi plain Under an area teh Metal lads, where rowed, auld bon veordanoe wit class Ao [BS'4211 and walkways shoul be in stsndaans ‘oth 8 8505"). Stp iron in aodance with [BS 572 should te provided wher appeal 2.98 Ventilation “Harman explosion eae ay alec closed stratus, and provision chou be ade {adequate venison taht any posable Alngerous accumulations to acptae level. 2.9.4 Toxte materia “Tore material boul no be wd except whens hi oy exit onl fora sbor pov paLicensed Copy: Sheffield University, Unversity of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (e) BSI Section &. Design and detailing: reinforced concrete 8.1 General “Thin seton pes methods of analy hat wilin general ener that te ‘ectumendatione is scion 2 reihred nd design 3.2 Design 82:1 Basis of design Desig and detailing in relator eosrte should be ineccordane withthe rnormmeadslons given action of BS 8110-11086, excep that 1) eoferonas to sution 2 therein could be reat Inconjuncon with cocton 2 ofthe ea, whe tas precedence 1) the design timate anchorage ond trea forhorizota aren sections im dec! ena ‘Stained fom a4 of BS 8110 L195 ©) maximum design crack width should be falelatd in aceordanes with 82.2 of Ulseade, forthe exposure condition dosed in 2.78 and (otha its sven in 2283 {9.8.1.2 (bain of enim fr reid cone) [BSBI10-11985 does nt appl: *) forthe deaign of at slab ro th ntisients forthe implied method given a 72.7 of [HSB110-11085 may alo be sed fr aa at the werviceablity nut stat, proved thatthe ‘Mice cous head drat a of the ‘eximum stn permite, bused on the shotaet pan feng ints Us clus 1) 8.42.3 Goins) of BS 8110-1985 rplacd by feeton Sa this cle: 19.83 (rin cre nling Tt 3.40 1) 3.8.41 (exposure conditions: gonoea of, [BSBI10-11085 replaced by 2.75 1) 8.125 (minimum areas of reinforcement in ‘erb)of BS 8110-1: 1988 ito be red is ‘oniuncionwith#.62.3 and appesdie A 3.2.2 Ceack widths Method ocateulatng crack width ae giv in fppendie A (which covers tho eneaaton of ‘minimum rinforeomont, crack pacing and crock ‘athe in vlan to vaperature and mastre ct) and appendix B (which dserbo to falelaton ofreck widen mature concrete) The “sleulatd eral iat eat eack wath tht hax ‘an acceptable prebability of ot beng exceeded. An ‘eashnal wider ereck na completed structure Should not necessarily bo regard as evidenoe of txcesveloel damage unlss oor facts uch 25 Feakago or appearanso, canta ts acpi. (Compliance with he roommondatins for ‘maximum design surfs cack width fr each lane ‘exponure given in 22.3 may be asheved by broiling edequate enforenment st sible atings trois the appropriate testes. The ‘infrcoent provided to ental erncking aang ‘Bom diret tension ithe inmate corse ray ‘ogned a ming th whsle separ ofthe ‘nfrcoment sequied to contra cracking sing ‘om dace and foaral tenons the aise once, Calsultons fr the diferent oes ould ecard outa fallow 4) Diet tension in immature cone. Tho eet hom retained shrinkage and jon movement shal be aaeeed Inaesodance with appendie A 1 Direct tosian in mature cones The rac ‘wie for reinoreedconcate members in ‘Siocted o tsndanes wth append Her they maybe deemed be staactory the steel ‘oem eerie eontione des ot eee the Spprepiat value in Table Tensen saul ffom reason moremnt of mature sonerels ‘shouldbe neared in cmrdance withLUcensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Section 3 BS s007:1987 ©) Resurol tension in. mat coneree, The crack ‘rte sould he nase in aeardnnce with {ppondti Bor they mas be dered to be ‘tistnctoy Ifthe steal resi service {oitons devs not exted te appropiate value {Table 34, The oqatons in ppendia B apy pei tomembeesinpuresxure and diet tension When aclumn other member ‘ject combined Losual end ogee ‘treats, cmbined feral and tense stuesos th alulatod faxes sald be ‘ote tallow forthe dive strain tele ‘stimating ee crack wath ‘Table 3.1 Allowable ates tresses in ‘rector feaural tension for Seevleeability Ht state = Nw ‘im lox 5 100 loz ns, 190 are rote und aol eseLicensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Shefeld, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 8007:1987 Section 4. Design and detailing: prestressed concrete 4.1 General “Thi section gives mathoeofenlysis and design ‘hat will gener ensure that prestresse ener strictures the recommendations in 4.2 Basis of design Design should bein aoorance wih be ecmmendations given nsvton [HS110-11985oxoupt where thon are variance ‘vith th apes recommendation fis Sade T= ert enigma prereset meres {nexposute conditions as dain in 3.2.3 ontrled bythe concrete tension atone ee ‘evs navonitons, ut theultimate i tate ‘hol be ches 4.8 Cylindrical prestressed concrete siructures ‘Te special commendations fr the desig of {slide coerce strates pressed ‘tela coumterentily are a flows 1) The jacking foe in the circumferential Tendooe should no exceed 75 eo ‘haracloritic strength 1) The principal eompreivostrosn the femme should not ceed Of ‘The temporry verte moment advo bythe ‘reumforentia prestreingopraion nthe Darilly steed condition shoulda be ‘roniderd Te nana vue othe url ‘Steen ine veri icin from thin onan tay be astumed to be namely equal {00.3 timer the dreumfretialcampresive ‘tooo, Weve ta tenis wou ‘acoed LONimm! thr the verte resteoes should bo inerenaed a he cewumbeen ‘reeee shoul be bul up i stage, with cach “tage nvelving a progreiveappleation of restroom one ond of the elit. 4 When to struesure ill here should Ho n> "estan eoaon inthe one nthe ‘reunfucetial dirtier allowance fr all Tossn of pretros anon iho aeeumption thatthe top and battom edges of ho wall fre ofall, ©) The bending moments in tho vata dztion Shoal be aaron on the bas ofa rseain ‘qual tonoralto that provided ty a pinned fap, whon tho fot of to walle roo sid. thar ease whore siding at the oto he walls [prevent th moments in the verteleretion Should be strand for the aetual dgres of estat at the wal foo The ens sos ing fom vorigal mowonts shoul not ‘rowed LO Ninn 1 Wher thesiructure sto beemptind and illad at frewont intoral, or perhaps ft empty fr 8 Prolonged perl, the strecte shoul be ‘ougoed aa that here resid anion in the onerte at any pint when the tact e fatter empty restrain wire may be placed outside the wa provided chat ti protsted with paoumetie mata [lsweve industrial area or ea hoe, wher thre a pony of corrosive penotation a the fvering anerte, the cables shoul preforaybe placed within the walls and qoute. Nos ontod Tendong may be used provided that they and their steko a alogetely prota grat Crlindroaoonerato structures which ase prostresed ereumerentnly and reine ‘ovialy bold comply gener nth te Teoommendation of thin eauas except Ut 43.9 tay bewlaged alo tensile acoso ‘xseding 1 N/mm Tho design for the vertical Teinforemont shou be im aesrdance with testion 3 4.4 Othor prestressed concrete siructures (Clas 3 presteemed concrete structures aa defined in.2.8420fBS6110-110985 should be designed in ‘ontdanor with 42 and 43 Ia aden, the ‘minal cover abou aay the very ver apoeue sondittne given in Table 4 of 1HS110-11985, and shoud be ot han 40 mmLicensed Copy: Sheffield Uriversty, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (¢) BSI Bs 800731987 Section 5. Design, detailing and workmanship of joints 5a General Sint in iguid-otaining tecture are tomporary tr pormanent disetinuitis st scion, and may a formed or indo ‘Tha section doses the ypes oi that may be required and gies remnendaton fo he ‘sig and construction The pe of ant a ttate in Fgune 8 and ae intend he Aingramati doting material are onsieeed in Sppendie C ints may be use, in asancion with a fcereopondng peopetin of enforcement to ontrlthe berets cack wide ang om Shingo abd thermal henge to wikia axeptable ins, 5.2 Types of joints ‘Amoremont joint (0 6. is intended to ‘coommadnt aacivemovament between adoning paris structure, speci provision bing mae Joainain the wate ightaaa ef th ont Movemontjints maybe athe lowing types. 8) Expansion joint. Taian na rata to ‘movement andnintenddtonccommodatscichor ‘apunsion or sontracdoe ft enerets, 1) Complete contraction joint Tia also haa 0 eatin 0 movements ltended to Somommedat onl enti f the net, © Partial contraction jont This provides tome Festi uti intended to nooommds ome ‘Serastion ofthe sone 4) Hinged join. Tae awe wo stevtural ‘embers to tate rave a oneanate with ‘inal eat ©) Sting joint, Tip alls two structural ‘membern fait lata one aneeher with ‘minima een ‘Acontruetion jit (ve 9.) eint in to enero introduce fr eonrenieno in conetrustion, ‘Meaauros as akon to achove subeqesnt fentinsty with provi for father lating 5.3 Movement joints 5.31 Nocd for movomen: joints ‘Structures should boprovided with movement joints {eletive and soonomie mean cannot thera be {akon to void unaccptablsercking Reged ‘Should be pai to the ondions of erurtaren a fervis. Tnslevatd strctaen where rata i Sal ovemont oat may al be egused, "Tha ik oerackng bcaute of oerllomperstare fad shrinkage eft may be duced by ing {ho change in tamprtture to whieh tha arate Iscubjocted, a dicaeol in 2.62 ‘The storage of warm quidem atthe provision ‘expansion its as ma an usted Yo! lab estalnaon fre contraction or expansion ofthe ‘structure shoul ie mune ne doar posible With Jong wal bass or slabs Eauded sor below ron love ratalntacan be reduced by Uo provision of tli ager. am be provide by fori he Steuctuve ona lat aad mth ayer ose concrete With itepoation af some material o brs the, Und sod feltate movement provide that tien [erat avumed nthe doign to reiting ‘Structures os pls ourdatione sould be designed tohave aiding ayer between he foundations at the supecstsucture or hn rstesin provided by Uno pile should be coined in the design ‘An oer of eating cabs that gives temporary fre ‘gos in wo irstion tight alos wil el. ‘educa the rotiint ofc contention a the {8.2 Design and detailing of movement joints {58.2.1 Goura.All movement jite shoo be Atesigoed to accommaaterepsted movement ofthe ‘tractre without los of iid Pe jon sould be signet suit the character of the material taille (eve appenix Cand should also provide forthe exdusion of gat and bes Cat wea provant th cleing othe lt. Liga prone on thojoin shoul be adaquetaly raid. Detaing st place win tho jit change directa ce Intorects with etothor ait eho be nomptcatad 5.3.2.2 Bepanion join tan expnoaon jolt there ‘complete discontinuity both eifooement sd nee. Am intial gp shuld ts provided bene ‘joining part oth strata to acon the fapunsion or sontraction ofthe stustte ‘Watertops, unt lesan jint oun ‘ompount ae ental. Design of the joints a to incorporating suracs isnot precuded aad may sometimes be 58.2. Complete contraction nia A complete intact ont howe i corplets dasa ‘otk reinfreement and corte, Craking i he ‘lining part of he stare contol bythe ‘Spacing ofthe its andthe corresponding aust frenfrcement required ta tennant movement taLicensed Copy: Sheffield Unversity, University of Shaffld, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Section 5 ‘rack Indust ate oss) ores th doth the eoneec etion by atleast 25 Tn ho lator han the estes to intial eontaetn ofthe Sonetetoexartad by the duced ease section ofthe Sencrto at tho joints cmall and mas bo nog, ‘Waterstope are escatinl s aja cal ‘ontpounde where debris may ata th nts. ‘Transforofchou aoe he oat canbe achoved by {he ue of del bes with ne endothe dowel fee roadie $3.24 Partial contraction joint. A disineton is Dati entaction ont nth ws both pe fave disontinity nthe enest, aarti 55.25 Hinged joint A hinge jit ia joint that teanamite vu and shearing foes, bu permite fotation with mia etal Rage ot may tn formed eithr iy completely oparnting the two Semen, placing one came in guove in the ‘her or by essing the reinvent athe une fhe two element: cher eas the {etation ofan lene wilt tranaor marten to eather {8.26 siding jin A sliding join hs complete Aiscotinlty In beth reinforcement ad eonerete fndelloweelative mosoment in thoplano ofthe JainTh setae ofthe coer an the ower fomponent sould te fat wad soa eo tat. ‘movement ent retin ode prevent Bonding botween theo ens x xparatingayer or Ingo of suitable mata shouldbe provided to allow movement to tae pac. 53.8 Spacing of movement joints ‘Tho provision of movment joints anc thoi spacing 3 dapondent on the design philosophy adopted, {i whether fo llom for or restrain rrinkage and thermal contention in mals and slate At one txrame, the dvignor may exoriz sol by pviding substantial amount ofrenforcement in Fhe form ot smal dismeter barat ce spacing tithe mowrment ant A the ober extreme, he einer may novi cel snend mower ‘minforemen, Between ico extzenem contra ‘nay be exon by varying the rin cement and ‘compensated for by ua increase in the proportion of ‘einfrement required, ‘immaried in Table 8.1 a flows 8) le option £ (design for ful estat) vo fonteatin joint are provided within the aevs ‘designed for continu, and erack widths and Spatng ate contllad by the aafrcoment ‘Coratriction ona bec part the cack pattern and have sma crack with 1) option 3dasin for partial restraine) ‘racking is contelled by te renforeomet, but {he jet pacing ie seh that somo of the daly ‘ind aeaonal movement the mata sb oF ‘Structural member ae acoomesatd tthe Joie, so teducing the amount of movement to Be “tcommadatad at the cracks botwoen the jain ©) In option 3 (design for fod of oven) ‘raking cmtrled bythe proximal af the Joints witha moderate mount a enticement ‘racked section to the adjacent movement jot fnifcant cracking betwen the ace. "he options give in Table 6.1 are cnsdored in terms of horioatal movement, but vera! ‘oe area lowe 1 Tipo for haizntal cracks to oc at any fre tang vrcal ond bees a the ‘hange in hore estrant with expect to bite Forays of ny eight the vers ‘rena st ial a, a 2) Tho vertical rstrait exerted ona newly east ay att vertical coairntion jt maybe ‘shuned to develop ata depth of rom the fee top aura, Thu dig or food of ‘morement option 3) maybe used for he verti Feinfrcementin the top 24 matali Design or peti eatraint (oon le appropriate or ‘etl sel blow thi dope "Tha chi of design impose disitine on roetraction Its dsb to sehieve mings, ron though the nid rcs ny be ego fa ‘vainly. Cracks rising from thermal contretion {nu wot supported on solimea may minimised vom prevent the roo sia x not ly > tho waa during sonsteustin 2Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2008, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Section 5 BS s007:1987 5.4 Construction joints ‘The potions af ontcucton joints should bo pecled bythe denigner se ndeted om the Ani Ihre anon nits to eee any ‘pected pasion oto ae atonal joints the roposedpastons shouldbe agend withthe totgner Pl sructural comin assumed in design at ‘onstrcsion Joint. Raafocement i fly ‘elinuous eto the ant and theconereeetakon {oous ney monolthicns posible. Cracking in {he conte membee aes rom ll thermal sn Teale contelled bythe us a afrement, “The designer shold epeiy the flowing ‘Taeconcreteat tho jit shouldbe bonded with hat fulinequesty placed ngnina witha povson fee rtiva movernent tne the tw, Concrete ‘ould at be allowed ta run to ftesedge, ad ‘ert ents shuld he formed gust end. Perticlar ate should bo taken whe forming the ‘The srfae of the ist your shouldbe roughened Incrauco the bond slzeagth and to prove agerers Inge: With oeaoatal joint, he int surfs lould be roughened, without dnerbing he esse ‘egrogate particles, ky apraying the ont sure, ftpprenimatly 2 hod hafter the mest placed, {thin spray of watar andor basking with ures, oeical ont an be tonto simian those ofaretsrderon the stop end ie authorae, to nable the jit surfane to Barone ar he apenas Boea removed. ‘Table 6.1 —Design options for control of thermal contraction and restrained shrinkage Tie) ea oven eat pain Sei Comene 1 [Cantinuows for | Nojent, bat expansion inte at wide | Minimum of | Uae mall ae futlrestaint |epacings may bedesablesnwallsand pu barat low Pls iat ae not protect fro soa heat, racing lenin or where the contained ii ih tat eubjcted os natetantal ampere ratios wal in range exces oa | Senicotinaoas |») Completa joints, 15m ama |e lean oe paral ') Atrnats partial and completa joints [ert se bt es restraint (hy interpolation, = 11.25 m sea than in (0 Pata joints, 7.5.0 ention 1 [3 [lass mowemont | —s) Compote joint, in metre BB ae (Resi he Joint pacing or Join epacing freedom of xaset oroptina 5 8) oven anda) ) Altarate partial and oop joints, 9 Parti jointsLicensed Copy: Sheffield Unversity, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2008, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI fhe joint eure ono oaghoned wnt tho ancrato has hardoed, tho larger wget. ures oct the surfice should bo ped by Expableting by appling a sealing hammer oe ‘the mechanical devie, Powerfalbanners shuld oe be wed ae they may damage o&delodge ‘grote pation oo reducing, ate than Ineransing the eapecty af tho nt to transfor tress Gare sould be akon tha toot surface ‘Seloun immediately btbre the fesheontoe i place gaat Te ay nod to be dampened prior {ote nw eons being plas, to vent ‘xcoave las of mix Watorint ie by aboorpton. Devel cre eho be taken inthe pleco af wt conrte clas othe jit to nan that thas fan edoguato fines conten ands fl compacted find dons, eis aot neces to oouporate ‘watrstpe in propery consttuted cnsruction Jase 5.5 Temporary open sections hor tract continuity i roger in the fal srustre (eg the wall sf ecanulr ta the [tol of rnfoenment ried to oleae ‘hormal fects maybe sedated by ths use of temporary epen setions "The width ofthe open ection betweon adjacent panels sould be no renter than 1000 mm ropes formed contttion joints sould bo roe at each end ofthe tomporety open ection {nth the longue efreemant fom cack sijaont pave laping in his rw. Provided thatthe alate pane ai the criteria faroption 3) of Table. 1, onythe fet Ty, te temperature fal de to sonanalvarsions (eh) de sneered when devine Sufficient ine shouldbe allowed forall the aly {thermal movement to take place bef te open ‘ecto ated 5.6 Joints in ground slabs ‘Tho Noor of stewtaro maybe designed to permit thormal contraction and shrinkage br msi 100 en pivetyleng sos breve ‘Panta maybe cast single bye in ager ar vith nue ints Alternatively the Nooe may be designed fully ‘steinedagastchinkago snd armel Contraction and shoul be ee eet ont the binding one Proquonty, in lang structures the Noes designe ts serosa continuous spe with teanaerse Induon emplts contraction janes provid taut that eracking osu in predetermined Psitos. Langtadal ane betoon ths sips hou om complete conteeton jot, 5.7 Joints in walls Walle maybe designed a fly restrained aginat {ermal contraction and avinage cc the estrints may be reduced by providing movement Joint acoeance wih Table. 1 ‘Where the walls dosigned tobe monalithie with be 18a inageally wth, the slab. Tho bight of the ‘er shoud bo tous 5 mm to enable the net [ertormwoe to tightly unt avo fake of ferment rout fom tho newly deposited corte ‘Thejant in thin ponitionwllba a enon int fant althoigh its rsommonded that wall panel ft cst nano any nocecry extra hotel Joints willbe constuction ent TInvalloto citeuarsruture, on fhe predominant xen oe the gid pena a Feseontal hoop tension er truzcural dsign purpose the hviontal ‘einforeoment shoul be completly continuous at ‘retells conta watestp auld be weed. ‘ogotha with sealing compounds on bth ao ‘whother omit eng atom le mad toachiove 5.8 Joints In roots oof sa are generally designe fat slabs, in ‘whishene al ntvir intr howl beconatetion [pinteso thatthe sla tsteulurlly onal {Edt thera fects aod eubeequest temperstue fics should be consered. Rea, een those vere by ae may be subjected to large thermal ‘Songe than che wale ad or but fhe ots nt onnesed nolo tothe wall he ubecquent emperatare lfte may be diverardal (Gervclfocement to contra creking based oaly tthe alla tmperature between che hyaraton peak and ambient (20 A). Jinan in oof koe reaped with chow sm he tall to avoid the posalityafsympathetic {reking Me nal eonnection betwen the rot and ‘la shoald note made uot ho roofs nalts. TEhorever, prvi in ade by rocana fs aieg joint fr movement between the raf and ale, frespondence ofthe ainsi ess important.BS 8007:1987 8a (0) “Ado paenueaun “eo9z Aen eUeUS 30 As4oMUN “usienun pjowous :Adoo pasueorLicensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Shaffld, 22 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 800781987 Section 6. Concrete: specification and materials 6.1 General ‘This section ives methods o pain. producing an asescing eoncote fr eomphinns that wil jer enrae thn the stongt, darby and Innormeabiity willbe edoguato for id rtaining truesures, Th eoommendatons in ssion 6 of 'BS8110-11985 apply encot whore tho are ‘mended by thi odo 6.2 Materials 621 Coments, ground granulated Digstturnace slags (ets) and alverisetuel ashen (ofa) ‘Theso azo tobe used us specif in 61.2 of [BSB110-11985 oxopt that for normal uso the target mean proporon a gb shld ot ‘coed 60%. Th appion bo onded ements (6.1.2.1) and combinations made atthe Inisr (61.24 a). The target mean proportion of Da shoud aotexend 355 an stato in BS BL. 6:22 Apgregates ‘Aanregates tobe ued should comply wih either ‘onsuted in acrrdanoe with BS 81221975, tonealy no preater than 3 6.8 Mix proportions ‘The minimum coment content shouldbe 325 yn ‘Ninanimum watereenent aio of 03 ould be eat exopl when Portland pulverielfel aa tment combination ot ndinary Portland ferment and fa is ae, when te rater Sonhould be 050, The 28 ay ears cuve ‘eongthahould note fee than $6 mm nd the “cree should be dase a grad C208. ahr bo noted tht thin clasiation amo in ‘cordance vith BS 811, us higher 38dey trengte may, with some types tnd proportions of fonattuent metal, oud to ado high none contents A reduction in the wtelerment tbo may be aemved by tho we of aster or rinred concrete the cement cent ehould sot exceed ster 00 hf of ordinry Poa mon orcomentscotaining gabe or 40 ka? ‘nhor cements containing pt ave wed. For rotresd concrete the msgs coment gontent ‘ay be peed 500 ls e359 ka spectively. 64 Workability "The workability ofthe cone should be specifod Jneaton tote equipment and msthods sed without mgrogtin, ally nmpaeted, sero al reinforcement tendons and dts and mpletely ls the farmworkers {priant toensare that fallsompaction ncbined, inthe irniyofeonstrton ad movement jt, tmbeidod water bi tendon snakoragn, pies, 465 Surface finish of concrete ‘The type ofsurface finish toe given to any mombor wil dapend omits positon in tho steuerure te ‘xgonute, whether or notte to yee an apptiod {insh and the properties of tho qui ob eed. "The rcorimendations in 10 of BS 8130-11988, anol. ember wil emai racked. tx eoommended, {horfre, that ay tombe that tobe Doi an type of nish thn fondo mnie he ‘fot fay nara ng 6.6 Blinding layer ‘Wher walle or foes ae founded onthe ground sercaed ayer fplainconcrato no estan 7 mm Thk shoal o placed ona tho ground, ‘iopatins wes than ht used nthe remainder ‘ofthe structure, but not weaker than grade C20 38 ‘dren n Table 2 of BS 110-11985. Where xpored the sonerete should nat be weaker tha {rode C25, and if meceesy, a ulate ening oe 6.7 Pneumatically applied mortar The paeumat pation of maar ina ecit ‘poration an shoul ba earl ton ‘iperionnd operators. The designer shoul aon a fat spatcation withthe contactor fr materials ‘nx popartiono, mixing placing equipment and ‘tine toe an work commenLicensed Copy: Sheffield Unversity, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrlled Copy, (c) BSI BS 80071987 Section 7. Specification and workmanship: reinforcement 7.1 General “The provision of eetin TofS 8110-:1986 apply. Bar veinbrement in nozondance with he peferied Fang ons gem in BS U4 shold be td 1.2 Special reinforcement pa Cenar terial 71.21 Galvanized reinforcement may be asumod forthe design tht the bond srandfabrieirornment ma behitdip sttenath of dofrmed bar types and 9s in amordanos with BS 729, Toe flected by hop sine conting or epoy oatng. ‘minimum cotngthicknos shouldbe 8 tm. NOPR. Negus on be even a sepia 112.2 Bpowy coated reinforcement Reinbrosment may bo epoxy powder coated with the eating bonded by an intonation ‘proses ti coontal thatthe eating proces Undertaken ntact contin, sb aa there m0 [British Sandan, ASTM £77SIA70 #4 thou be compli with es minimam, in respec teLicensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 29 January 2008, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BS! Bs 8007:1987 Section 8. Specification and workmanship: prestressing tendons 8.1 General Prosresing tandons shold omply vith the ‘esommeneations in ssion 8 of BS 810-1 1855,Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 3 Janusry 2003, Uncontroled Copy, (c) BSI Section 9. Inspection and testing of the structure 9.1 General Tnpection and twting of ruetres choad be ‘ated out naccordance vith 2.8 Testing bast tightness mould bo in sonmdanes with 9 and 83 9.2 Testing of structures Poratestoflguid setntios, tho structure shouldbe ‘leaned nd nally filed the normal mans Inv with the epeced id (seal wate at tiem rate af ot gear Usa 2 24 ‘Whom fiat od the uit evel sould be ‘alnalned by th edo of frthor igi fw sian oro wine tation and atone Sealing tae plac. Tho stilling paid m e"tdap fora maximum dsan sack with {f0-1 nm or21 dae for0.2 mm or greater AMtor the Sabllaing perad the leva the iq sufaco ‘Should be secorded t 24 interval for att pri ft day, During this Fy test pole tho ftal permis deop in lve, ter allowing fe ‘raporation and vain ould no essed ftthe average water dpi of to fall an, 10mm te another peed amouat [Notwithstanding the stiictery completion of he {ost anyevidonos of seopase of the liquid to the ‘outside foo of he iqutsinng walls shoud be Speciation Any noowary remedial treatment of {he conte eek or ots shold where nein, be cari ut rom he gu ace, ‘hon rrp nngis applied oh leakage ate cack it should havo daquateRexblity and ‘nav no reaction with he stored ig Should the struct nt stn the 7-day teat then ‘stn the completion of he remit work about evofilad and if poms let ae» eter sblzing pera forthe tot of T days duration "Should then be undertaken in aeordante with thin clave 9.8 Testing of roofs "The rol of igui- retaining structures should bo swateright and eboud, whore practabl, be tasted {completion by odin the ra wth water to 8 ‘nim depth of 25 sm for Deh longer if ‘eclfad. Whore It ipractiabl,beeuse cet {Beer otherwise to contain 28 mn depth ot trae the ru bould have water applied by 8 ‘ticuous howe or penile hoo lw of water over the fart Ina than Gh Inet Iecomidered salefaetary io la or damp ‘aici show onthe oft. Should the vet not Eatin itor of theo tt, then fer tho ‘impletion af the vernedal work Ie should bo feet in aesordance with this clause, The of Inston nd eoversng sould be cpt e000 ‘portale sabafoctry tatingBs 800731987 Licensed Copy: Sheffield Unversity, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Appendix A Calculation of minimum, reinforcement,” erack spacing and cerack widths in relation to ‘temperature and moisture effects Al General ‘The design prosauresgven in A. and A are Appropriate to long continuous wal Door or rat abe the” com anton, Reorens shold be ‘nade ob. fr medientions tale seco hen cosidering the Sntraduction movement Joins Ad considers hick ection A conaere {terial eeatoin factors aod ther aplication to thin soctone ubjeat to varying degre eters estan Finally, A roo to pect Moratuce eeanding facto other han dag a have a "gaan efueace onthe degree thor snd ‘uate elke ‘A Mininoum reinforcement Dire tansion cracking rom thermal movement ue he same mechanism aa That of feural racking Aller the formation afm tal ereck, ll {hte race are inftucnoed by the ‘elnficemens Provided tha the ficoncesent Srao ec primary rack dono el, the (rection of the concrete tbat siden of erack ‘ees etna by Ue enforce Once it ‘steained cntacton reaches the tse stain ‘apa of tha conerata, a ferthor ck may Bo {Bitte Tevolre th fete the rairement nthe eaching paces oineraae he umber af ‘racks stove Uneven inthe primary caching ‘ater, butall of he cracks both pracy and ‘Sandy ate os conolled wth ‘To be offetiv in distributing erackrg th amount ateetnfrcomoat provided noods to bee fast ae {ret ae that gen by tho equation et fey where ‘incon eto lal oC gre ‘tbe concrete sation, eqtied ta “itbate he racking "ames section” Seng the race sone given sa Fgae ‘Alsnd Figure As ithe direct ene strength fhe Jmmatureconeret sully taken a he fgect 3 dayr a 16 Nina bor trade CBN) fa yt characteratistoength ofthe ‘einforment as given in Tale 3.1 of BSpri0-18 AS Crack spacing ‘When eulfiientreinfrosment i provided ta Ateibute cracking Use kly maim op ‘ck aque ve by th eatin ing of eens a where {g_tnthe ratio ofthe tense trongth ofthe soneroo (tthe average bond atone Uf) between enerete and ste (ste Table A. lo tho size ofeach velnoreing bar inthe ste aio bad on the ares of furlice anes oe Figuse Aland Figwe A). or squatemesh fbr reinforment in whieh te ‘aye assumed that 20% of the mas for in the min wires tena ach welded interaction tvthin the tend development lenge ‘Th tart Ler-eana where hyo tho mumbo of wolded intrsctons trithin the longth fy adi normaly 2 oem or immature concrete 2 tha valuo offal may taken as unity fr pai round bars and two thirds for detirmed (ype 2 burs, shown in Table ALicensed Copy: Sheffield University, Unversity of Shaffld, 23 January 2008, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 80071987 "Table A.1— Factors for the calculation of minimum reinforcement for crack distetbution ‘an erack spacing in immature conttethormal mavamant deminan’) Conard aaa Tal “ fhotoninon® | eatin ae lonorr 8s i oar At tt hear Oy thee hep nie abr i = Figure A aJanuary 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI a Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sete, BS 8007:1987 ‘he wid of ly developed cen arin om Seutetclion in estate walla ad eb nay be whore ‘eg the ctimatel maxim ack width: Shur the cetimat ikoly maximum creck © inthe lfesive strain and iobtained elec (00% 10-9) whats ain he efit evikinge tin, nthe eta etal seal tation Shormat eters Forimmatue concrete the cofcen of thermal ‘Stayton, wit nected eeny tin Gricha ‘Seay Miah ie tnatare cones, ay be en an Ghetnlfof the va fo ature once igure A.2 — Surface zones: ground slabs For walle apd slabs exposed to ormal UKs, cnions, the shrinkage stain lw is asset ‘rep stains general laa than 100 10° {thou oe hl of theultimate concrete tenia ea) elas high srikage aggregate te oad (Gee 268. Hone the val fry fo coking fo rien fom the peak hydration temperature may ‘penacumed tobe whore inthe coofintof thermal expansion of is tho fl in temperature botweon the hydration peak and ambient “Aernativey the above mabe enarseed ak gaa ROT,Licensed Copy: Sheffield Unversity, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontroled Copy. (c) BSI theresa, beng therein omen i i te ane Sheena ako ‘Ronnie Sentai el tein ‘ROT mc pet ‘Now giant) red tn pcr Ages cnt nica reed ee ae a Riitodibstrapca be, ‘piel vale fF, US coating sing OPC Priel LS ne seapesamanat ‘Soul aes nti arp ‘ian gles rote. tn alo a2 TCU PY oe t ma wtho 2 genera marine Siem ‘mite eile dint eft nthe (eens tts ine xle Sarge Pree et dry noting, tay od entail ther ‘Bovey bad oats he OBE wast elstvape teal cing oe oon Sc hut et we ‘ete AS ced nt on SNORT dled gear fsa he irrational nes panes hmetaaettn ae show atau iginsean al wet het mgr el hh el Sa tat ee ‘corres ae a ‘ie onprctieSoor cae be etre occ eatin Tha sald ner water mena tesa eae ling Sopcast eis ‘STEIN aga tal us SASS SSASSSSS ie san oases The mtimam ed mesinm coment nin sua tao mist tam art so BS 8007:1987 Inadditon tothe tamporaure fall thor can boa ‘veh fll i omporatare, boca of Seasonal ‘aration, Tho consequent tora eontacions ‘eur inthe matare concrete fr wich the factors eatelting cracking behaviour are sustantaly ‘malfed. Tho ratio oth tna erength ofthe fenereto to tho avarago bond strength, aly = fypretaly wer for mature canrta tn tion, tho resteuint along the bac ofthe momber tone 0 bemuch more ulform and es sszeptiboto stress "isrs, since considorable shear vsstanco canbe Arveopod wong teenie Jongh oo Although prsise data ar not available for these ‘Mies rensnsble estat toner that the fren intavedace th eximated contraction by bal How the valueof wen when aking tn addons ‘Seana temperate Elita aoount given by gay tue aE, +P) “Thus in on of eaten facto, the val of for Imatr cnereta with rgd extornlrstrain an tleobo taken as 0.65, Itmoverent ints asindiated {option 2 and Sot Tablet are provided, then the ‘beequont tonperatur fall Ty need not be ‘rosidore eo also A), provided tha tho stool bas Bom reduc by 50% at pata eontracion jens ‘AA Internsl retraint in thik sections For thick sections, majo causes ofceacking aro the Aierenes intemperate that deveoy bates the “urfce sone andthe ar ofthe anton (Goo 884.1 9 of BS 8110-21986), The thickness of nets that canbe conidered within he heervtions ave indicated tha he one thickness fr > 600 mm in Figure Acland Figur Az are appropiate for thick scion, and {he pecadur for entulating harm erck onal "einoreoment in thik netinats then the same a Frthin ectonsUniversity of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, BS 80071987 information fe net wvaiab tise ‘cae hm! ES a i sae tata a 25 a is a 00 ee 36 “ las as 00 rs ae 2 49 oe 100 |e fae a 6 es wort tommane co pm reo hai ‘isthe men temper ‘A Rxternal restraint factors isi oxterl estat may be talon 850 ot (he etal external vats berate titernal feop ference was made in to movement Jolnts thet great reduce the rd eornal ‘eatrin sumed for eontinuoue wal, However, {hare are thor situations when he tautned txornal estan factor ean be lo than 0 ‘Simo typical tuations for ths vstonsoubjctd (entra restraint ar ustrsted it Pgure A fn allow for any Dental intaral restraint [Noe that no thermal racking ike to scar ror sab ‘owns the ineeasing orto emerson, he ‘igo fo.a maim of 5 9824 m fom tho ree ‘ge, Noo tha racing eam ox ae te en if tees infuenr surh pipes cour win this. m Tenet of wal or sit. However, i ot than 2 uy bed on the surface mn, provided thd thew ae mostvios sere mason it ay be "esuned tthe fro nd of he mse nove inwards without recingp there R=O5. ‘Whore thins only a temporary ee ese an @ ubsoquent hy est ana ho egy he Larger Festi fcor forte gbwequent be shows Darenthone in Figuee AS and shoul be came ‘The restraint within a wal o for panel depends no only on te lation within the lab but eso ob {tho proportions ofthe lb, Tab ASshows how ho ctrl acne vary botweoneppaite oes one Fico and ono fod (efor a wall slab te bso. ation i the fixe olgo und tho top oto Ie tho fro ot.Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, Unversity of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS s007:1987 tre C2 stg)Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheila, 23 January 2008, Uncontrolled Copy, () BSI ‘om the contreline restraint factor ae ara . fe |e Pe tte a eee a ‘namo blinding cmeete a the scasonal {Sraperatue aration Ty may be aes ag the toign retin fucor f= 0.ba1 the midlongt, {ero longtn ard aver, and it my bo aud to ‘ey wniformy rm 05 ta seo at ond ‘A. Specialist litoratare ‘Aummary of he factors hat hey proven ‘ontal enlyags thermal cencking, any f whic ‘root within the control ofthe sane sad which ‘ould tao nt aemuat the pee, {Bron in Tabi 10 of CIRIA rept 9 (3). Appendix B. Calculation of erack widths in mature concrete BL Symbols or eh purposes ofthis appendix the flowing symbols el 12" ditance tram te comprossien fc tothe pint at which the rack wih being leaated Aistanc from the point consered to the ‘Mitac ofthe aero longiedial bo sronof tension reife 1 with of the eto th ani of the minim ever othe tenon tel sltactive depth moval of slats of he rinforcement lean fun erack with depth ofthe neutral aie aq sverag tein at the lve wine tho ‘racking blag condor 4 siuin ath level considered? os ‘Simca between ack 2 Atseesment of rack widths in flexure Provided that the sexi nthe tonson ‘oinfrcomont sited 0. andthe seein tho eneet sited e046, the dosign surface ‘rack wiht should not excued he appropri value ttvon n 2238.8 and may bo cael from fanaton © whore ie ano in acurdanc with BS. Bs Average strain in lexuro “The average tain at the lvl wher cracking is Trang comer ie enone by enlcuating Ine Srpatent strain asing characteristic lands ad ‘ermalelasithory Where Nerarelspredarinant [itsome tension ext atte section the dap of the neutral a hold bo aunt. The calntaed fpparont sia oi then ajsted tote nto Stout the ifening fet ofthe oncate betoon ‘ache eq Te vlc of the efeng fle maybe saved om Be, and B.A Stifoning effec of concrete in exe ‘The sttbning tfc ofthe conereto may be essed by ducting from the apparent tain a vale tated fam equation @ o ora limiting dig surfs crac width 0.2 mm r= nt'-2" BA ora limiting design surf excl with f 0. mim: o on at ® "The ciffening efoto should nt be Interpolated ov extrapolated aed eppy only fr the crack width sated 5 Acsontment of crack widths in direct Proved tha the sexi in the renforsoment it Timed v0 the desi crack width sould not nce the appropriate vlan given in 22:3 and tay be ened fom equation (3) 2%Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, Univesity of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy. (c) BSI BS 8007:1987 whore eg assed in acardance wih B6. 16 Avorago strain in dvect tonsion ‘The average ssi ie ames by calelatng tho i ehaactentic lads and ‘nm late Cory. The called spent tran fa thon adjusted to ake int cron he, tifening ella te canals between eal Te alu ofthe iting eff: may Be nse om 8 1. Stifoning offect of omerete in direct tension ‘The tifening fc ofthasoncsate may be nssaced ly deducting fm the apperent stent vals ‘ane from equation Fora limiting Senin sunfane rack width f 02 mms 20 aA, or aimitng design suri crack width of0.1 mm on "The tfening ec acon shold not be ‘nepal xray a arly yr te © Appendix C, Jointing materials 160 "The its deterted in wntonS require the wa of ‘ambinalion of ting materia which may bo ‘dase ax int fos; Dy watestops: © pint sealing compounds Gluing rine ‘whore equa). "Those material ar nsoesble noe the Tui rotaiing eructre nas bea commissioned ‘unl the atractoe i talon oto oT dang ‘wos fo teas marae nin shou ake ite ‘count the porformanes charetristcs both {naieeually nd in combination, and he ‘eatitons and ditt of ane to them should {hen nt poor a dongnod, Une ofthe Brnepal problems with ones taming entinuousysatitttory adhesion botweon joint fcaling compounds an the eonsot surfaces ietween which they are toprovid iui-ight sal Joint ealingeompousde cannot be expected to provide aliquid-tght ea for ma then a Proportion ofthe if of be structure, and traterstope should always bo provided in movement When propristary materials or product aro woe, therecommendadonsofthe manufacture shouldbe falowed Jit materiale shold be capable of conatig repetad moveet wast ‘ot be displaced by dud premar Th meter Should remain eft mer the who ngs of {eoypeature td hums conidered For ‘ramp, ey shouldnt hey aly in hot ‘weather neither shold they bese rit when (eld The materials choad be neluble ad dele ‘nd nt change unduly by evaporation of wlvent of lastiiers, or. exposed portions, should hey bo "lee by expomar ta ight. Depending onthe pplication, they may ned to be non toe an ens and rst chemal and bolo Sliack, Base af handing woof applestion or festallation are impertant, snd the ae of onting ‘tthe coneret net to the rink Dotaing a places there teint changes dtetion a intorscta oer jot sould so be unduly omit ‘Scalanta, une otharwis specie i thin cad, sould comply with BS 6218. “ont Biller aco wed in expansion inte ae Iuerated inset "They conse of emprossibie ‘et or step materi fied tothe ea the Iratpluced conto and aglnat which the ‘toonplced cone ear They provide Use Ital eoparation between ths fice ofthe conorote and comprose unter the predetermined expansion ftom each fae a the concrete tienen hat {ha lt filer atcomnnadaes Ue cmpronton thou trensfering appreciable oad sro the ‘move apart. Sincs the percentage expansion or entesction ofthe fle is nversely prepertonal fhe nial with ofthe pint there an ata Inuaing 3 wide jt ‘The usefulness of joint filo ie ineeased if the ‘ata yemrins contact with oth fas of the nt throughout ine movement, Theis important ing tho jit filer used ass suppor to the ot fesling compos which i asaly foabsing id Only sonsotting and non abuosbent matrinle ‘shouldbe used a joa ere,Bs 80071987 Waterate are preformed ati of durable ‘mpermeable material that ate wholly o partly ‘bees the onerte during cnet. Thay ‘re loan sun jnts i the struc to provide pete! uli eal during the Whole geo ft navement, Waersope a ually Prontay lowe with dearsoed peforaase ‘Rattteriis in aseedane with BS 6202. When ‘peciied, waterstops sould be apprepeat to the ‘equired design performance. ‘The diferent applications of watesp ae Aoeribod in een 6 and lusteted igure. Te ececlal that the conto pao sound te watrstepiwelleompetel and that the ataratp be fod end maintained fey in Dusltion ttl the eaneet placings eompeted and re cnerets hae et Waters may be divided ina for tgories The frst atm, koown asthe ental aly, e Dail cntrcton inthe contra bal in ited eros tho jon, adhe ain watery sot paral Yo the wat ustce othe toneete tral Phere aid lb o wing stench end ie {Spe of wataratn, hich made of abbr Sambi pases such ne PVE. Th dete of the tralerstop fom the nesveat exposed cnerte fe ‘ould tte love han hl the wih of he ‘eatorstap Tho second eatogory issinliae othe ist “nogoy bat haemo contra ub Teese ilar ‘manor to otegny one, et should sed on fonteuction,patialconraction and wasteuction Joints The thi eatgory,consiting a surface feperofwatertp, snail deed he undersides ‘feonrete sabe and nomatimes om the oer ace al tall that are bacled. "hens wataratope ace st Inta the mcs of the sncete cach se at forma Tho ae alo ed with central ‘nck nding tongue for adel contention Joines To eure goo compaction of te conerote fesint the water stp shuld based ta base of Binding enneets or frre The we of ae ‘ratortip insomtinen apes st eateuction Joinee The typefwaterstp ious Forma or ‘loro fee pases such aa PVC. The uel {atogory ofwatertp Seg type and is oped ‘nen, in onstruction unten ovement se Tiveded a ent but «peeve wtertop i eure poeta the prensre afte conned [quid a na peeaure ppoline Such watretps ar ‘oualy fad fom copper or tel rp. 2 Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffild, 29 Janusry 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (e) BS! forchweoninaty ofthe materi eens aroma Joints and patcalaely junctions btn Morand ‘all jetms, Tho erect procoture for making the ‘inning mts om isu hot fe ute wee. {or PVG, valennznd or poked sleeve joints or "ber and ed or wold lap joint for copper or ‘oo neds tobe aepte,Inertctions and special Junctions such thos ha rie botmoea eer fand PVC shouldbe prfabriats, ‘Mata waterstops canbe lapped instead of welded provided that the gay between thom 6 mm greater tne epeled sce ofthe cone seereats Surfaco atoretops ould bo usnd ely insituations ‘whore there sfiont pressure rm to out {Seneuo that tha watrstayromalnsin poston, CA Joint sealing compound ‘eae matariala or sealants) are impormeable Avett material that ae required to provide Iigulight coal by aden to the conerte {Hhroughout the ange afin movement. The alin performance i ebtaine by pernanent {doin of tho sulin eompound to the conte Sich ldo oho jit ony, and most aan should ‘oappliedineonitions ofconpetdrynese und ‘leanne, Theo ave ont soaing compounds that “ro prolueed for applaton wo sacs that ne not Ary The rowmmondation of tho manctactrer ‘tould be owed to encute that te ealing ompoind ate apoio’ corms o adequately ‘roparod urtces Ie neconsny that the ornereat {ho cnertseachide ofthojoint are eouentaly east ‘5 deaied with impoemeonble once fo avd Watar bypassing the sala through the eonerets BS 6213-1082 provide guidance o poe of ‘ratrocioal wlan and en tele ection and ‘Severtapplicton, ao enabling ape Soc appropriately from Tae af tha stendae, ‘Thin tablish man ype of sealant tele ‘Talli forthe diferent ype font ia a oy of gud otining return Table and ‘etions 6nd 7 oF BS 213.1082 gv eine on the method of aplistion a the sant Table 2 provides an expected servos i forthe various Fypen with an notion that 20 year oe ‘eecnable eximem,allbough i fvourtbe ‘onan longer servis fle may bo tadLicensed Copy: Sheffield University, Unversity of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS s007:1987 In lat joint, tho soeling sompound i usualy spplied in cane frre in the nora he ners long the line of te jt The staal ‘mini wth wl depea on the ko harntorice ofthe material Ta aoe nt of he "apnnsion ype, he sean in pportad byte int for Nor nts retention af the sealant ie Seinod by gravity and in many cave sealing ean Te dlayed unt jst before thestractre put int See, 0 thatthe aman of oat opening jens too exommodata smal Te hinder compet ting the sealing eompourd ior Jont demande sna lr percentage xtartion Inthe material ‘Vertical juts in walle chou be primed where Issey ad then sealed on the guar wit ulant that i usually pressured by gum or knife Into the profane chase. The sealants shoal have ron slamping properties ad great extnaity "he long orm portman of jot eling mpound depands on its formulation, tho ‘workmanship with which is pepared and applied {evel nthe creumeanon of the steutare ‘real unio vo dapendon the cling mpd FErligui ightos in tho lng termand that dou beprovided bythe watortop. The sealing mpout ould maintain aia the fc thee aed ‘roca the ingress of any hard bjt that couldLicensed Copy: Sheffield Unversity, University of Sheffield, 23 January 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 987 Appendix D. Bibliography August 1971. HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE, Entry into confined space, Guidanoe not GS, June 1950 HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE, Osepational eosure lnis, Guidance noe RH 4085, pri 198, 2 HUGHES, BP. Conta of thermal and shrinkage cracking in restrained reinforced concrete was, ‘Tocca nat, CHA, London 1090 S-HAREISON, TA. Barly-age thermal crack contol in onerete Repor no. 91, CTR, London 198) 4, HUGHES, BP. stimination of hrinhoge and cracking no water-etainingsrutur, Technical note 36, CREA, London 1971, Further reading 5 WATER AUTHORITIES ASSOCIATION, Ci! engincering specification fo the water Inst, Bd odio, 1885 6. ANCHOR, RD. and HUGHES, BP. Guide lo BS 8007, Inetitation of Stuetral Engineers, London (to be published, {LANCHOR, RD. Design of guid retaining conerete structures, Surrey Univesity Pres, Glasgow 1981, CUMIVE, Articles and substances fr use at work, Guidance noe 08 8, A ‘ens e0, University of Sheffield, 3 January 2003, Uncontrlled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: Sheffield Universit BS 8007:1087 Publications referred to 18S 729, Speci fo La ip gotaized coatingson iron a totic BS 812, Petng agaregte, HS 812°, Mithade for determination of phyical proper, BS BRE, Spica for garegnts from natural sours for ones BS 1047, Specification forair-coled Blastfurace slag agargate for use in onto. 3572, Speieation foraces fing for chimneys and otha high structure in conerete or brickwork. BS 802, Paloerzed fal rh 18838021, Speciation for pulerized fuel ash for se a cementitious comgonent in srutural concrete 1B3 4211, Specification or lnders for permanent aces to chimney, other high structures ile and bins BS 4449, Specifeatin or ot alld ste! bors forthe enforcement of snerte, [BS 4464, Speiieation oreld worked stl bar for the einforooment of core BS 4489, Speification oss fabric fo the enforcement of concrete 11S 6906, Stairs, ladders ond wells, [BS 5305-3, Code of practi for the design of industrial type star, parmanant lddre and walk. [BS 6215, Guide sltion af onsrutional sealants, BS 6899, Specation forground granulated blaifurnac slg for se with Portland cement, BS 6744, Specification formset tans te! bir forthe enforcement of conrte BS 8110, Structural ue ofconcrte, 'BS 810.1, Code of prt for dasign and contruction. [BS 81102, Cade of prt or api eroumstances PD 61, The preparation of Brit Standards for building and ci engineering [PD 65011, Guide othe type of Bish Standard, Ui ain, relationship, contnt and appiation.® ASTM ATTWATT5M.84 Sprfcation for apo cote relforcing sel bar, 01.04 Amavisan Soi for ‘eating ond MaterialePRodeiphaa 264 [NOTH Sahin tr ne oon eyLicensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 23 Janusry 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ‘30 Chiewick gs Ra lees BSI — British Standards Institution [sls the ndepndent atonal by esponsbe for greparing ish Standards. [rela he Uae on sands Earp st ot eee eve es {oor Haya Chae Revisions ‘ih Sanu ae update y smn or eis, Uf Hei Stra ‘to me sre hat they posses att nario oro ti tho casa a Blo move de quay of our procs and ences, We ‘aul erate ayer fan ncctacy aay we sing i ‘Both Sanda woul Ilr the Setar ofthe ecealeomlce espana, {hey of wich ante oun on te be ot coe eC 5001000 ‘ston 00, ‘Bs ofan menor an nid pdting service cll PLUS wich enstwes hat ‘bers anomaly rece the et ons of standards ‘Buying standards ‘esa Satna a fn standard pubeations shoul be ‘reso aor Sere Te BoM 90. Fe 0 8980701 In epee fo der forneraionltanda BS pay ost the BS {tpl foe dat ae Dn pulsed Hes Sans, dss terse romested [tpl wie age of iefomaton on maton, Buopean and tration ‘Sara toh its arya ts Tefal Tel to Exporters Service. Vos ‘Befectonc information tou eso ae wich ve ets on al a ‘duets nd ers, Conte th nation Care es 00) 8000711 Subse mabe of Sr kept wp to date wth stands devaprats and ‘er sbetantin ont on pel ro fan Fore {ese ander beset Merersp Ads Te S08 TH, Fac 00 7101, Copyrignt (ony sul Spats Salo hae he copy inthe UK of {he publi ofthe barton stanchion tons. ecg spre. ‘ser he Cop, eign nd ten Act 0S no extent a be ak See ins etal ter ranted ny ao yay onrs sacra hoc roar eho wit etn ein Ro BSL ‘Thi oe no rch he ie dhe cose inpatient ‘ocesr eal sich a bol an a, pe ot ae deat tthe ‘fas ato be wed foray ter pron tan nglerentation Ue Ue pie ‘wat poms of BA tbe ete. permis ae, ets ay inde ray payrons or easing ‘pearl Deland aie can be ed tne Cog Mage ‘on wao om