International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol.

1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

Evaluation of Performance And Emission Characteristics Of Biodiesel

Derived from Diary Scum oil on a Computerized C.I Engine

S.R.Tilak1#,Dr.K.Chandrashekara2,H.Yogish2
1
Assistant Professor,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sapthagiri College of
Engineering,Bengaluru-560057
2
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sree Jayachamarajendra College of
Engineering,Mysore-570006

Abstract

The potential of using dairy waste scum as a feed stock for bio-diesel production was
investigated.Experiments carried out by using diary waste scum as the raw material to produce
biodiesel by using transesterification process .The various properties such as flash point pour
point calorific value kinematic viscoscity compared with ASTM biodiesel standards.Experiments
conducted using the fuel blends of B10, B30, B40, B60, and B80 and for 100% diesel and 100%
bio-diesel and its comparison of brake thermal efficiency, brake power and brake specific fuel
consumption for the various blends were made with diesel with an engine speed of
1500rpmPresent study shows that B40 blend of dairy scum oil have a better performance
characteristics compared to diesel oil and better emission characteristics of blend B10 compared
to diesel oil The present analysis confirms that bio-diesel from dairy waste scum is quit suitable
as an alternative to petroleum diesel . This new way for using dairy waste scum reduces the cost
of production of bio-diesel and the problem related to the disposal of Dairy scum.
Keywords: Dairy scum oil, Biodiesel, Transesterification

I Introduction:
Biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines is becoming increasingly important due to
diminishing petroleum reserves and the environmental consequences of exhaust gases from
petroleum-fuelled engines. As a future prospective fuel, biodiesel has to compete economically
with petroleum diesel fuels. The availability and sustainability of sufficient supplies of less
expensive feedstock will be a crucial determinant delivering a competitive biodiesel to the
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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

commercial filling stations. Annual production of milk in India is 150 million tons per year.
Thousands of large dairies are engaged in handling this milk across the country. Raw chilled
milk of cows and buffalos are standardized into market milk and milk products such as Butter,
Ghee, Cream, Peda, Panner, Cheese, Yoghurt, Ice cream and other products. Large dairies are
handling number of equipments for processing, handling, storage, packing and transportation of
milk and milk products. Enormous quantities of water are used for housekeeping, sterilizing and
washing equipments, during this process residual butter and related fat which are washed and get
collected in effluent treatment plant as a scum. Scum is a less dense floating solid mass usually
formed by a mixture fat, lipids, proteins, packing materials etc. A large dairy, which processes 5
lakh liters of milk per day, will produce approximately 200350 kgs of effluent scum per day,
which makes it difficult to dispose. Most of the dairies dispose this scum in solid waste disposal
site or by incinerating. By doing so, it is economically wasteful and generates pollutants. Further,
scum causes direct as well as indirect operational difficulties for effluent treatment. Dairy Waste
scum was collected from effluent area and scum oil is extracted from it. Scum oil transestrified
produce biodiesel which have fuel properties such as kinematic viscoscity flash point similar to
biodiesel ASTM standards. In the present study, scum oil methyl ester was considered as a
potential alternative fuel for an computerized compression ignition engine. Main aim of this
study is to investigate the engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a
diesel engine fuelled with scum oil and its diesel blends compared to those of standard diesel.

II.Materials and methodology

Waste dairy scum oil were collected and treated. Methanol and sodium hydroxide were
purchased from chemical laboratories. Because of its high viscosity and low volatility, the direct
use of feed stock in diesel engine can cause problems including : high carbon deposits, scuffing
of engine liner, injection nozzle failure, and gum formation, lubricating oil thickening and high
cloud and pour points. In order to avoid these problems the feedstock is chemically modified to
its derivatives which have properties more similar to petro-diesel. The free fatty acid and
triglycerides contained in the oil are reduced to fatty acid alkyl esters. Two stage
transesterification process is used for the production of bio-diesel.

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

To optimize the amount of NaOH and methanol samples were prepared by varying the amount of
NaOH and methanol by keeping all the other parameters constant. Sodium methoxide solution
was prepared by dissolving NaOH pellets in methanol. Experiments were carried at different
reaction time by keeping all other parameters constant in order to optimize the reaction time. The
physical and chemical properties of dairy scum bio-diesel were measured. The calorific value
was measured by Bomb Calorimeter, the viscosity was measured by Cannon Pensky Viscometer,
the flash and fire point were determined by Pensky-Martens apparatus by closed cup method.
The conversion of waste dairy scum oil into methyl ester can be accomplished by
Transesterification process. The property of waste dairy scum bio-diesel is as shown in the table

Physico- Biodiesel Biodiesel from Units below.

chemical limit dairy scum
properties ASTM
1.Kinamatic 2.5-6 4.07 cSt Table 1. Properties of Waste
viscosity Dairy Scum Bio-diesel
0
2.Flash point 100-170 86 to 96 c
0
3.Cloud point -5 to 17 13 c
0
4.Pour point -15 to 16 10 c
5.Calorific 40 37.89 MJ/kg
value

Engine Specifications:
Type : four stoke
Make : Kirloskar AV-1
Bore : 80 mm
Stroke : 110 mm
Swept volume : 553 cc
Cylinder capacity : 624.19 cc
Dynamometer : Electrical, Swinging Field Resistive Loading
Cylinder pressure: By Piezo Sensor,
Range : 500 psi
Compression ratio : 16:1 to 25:1
Rated power : 3.75 KW @ 1500 RPM

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

Loading type :Direct current generator,

Voltage : 140V,
Max current 23Amp
Torque, Fuel Flow :By transducers and Digital Sensors
Cooling system : Water cooled

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The tests were conducted for 0% load to 100% load condition for 5 blends (B10, B30, B40, B60,
and B80) and for 100% diesel and 100% bio-diesel and its comparison of brake thermal
efficiency, brake power and brake specific fuel consumption for the various blends were made
with diesel. Emission tests were also conducted by a certified testing machine. Emission check
for carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) were conducted and
compared with that of diesel.

Brake Thermal Efficiency

Fig. 1. Variation of BTE v/s Load

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

Brake Thermal Efficiency: From the fig the BTE of B40 is (37.8%) for petro diesel BTE is
(36.8%). BTE of B40 is higher than diesel and blends of bio-diesel. The BTE for B10, B30,
B60, B80, and B100 is 36.16, 35.09, 34.36, 34.75, and 34.33 respectively. With increase in load
the brake thermal efficiency improves. This is due to the spray form during the injection and
improved atomization and this may due to reduction in heat losses at higher load. As the brake
power increases the heat generated in the cylinder increases, and hence, the thermal efficiency
increases. Reduction in BTE with the increase in biodiesel percentage in the fuel blends due to
the decrease in calorific value of fuel blend.

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

Fig. 2 Variation of BSFC v/s Load

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption: From the fig the BSFC of B40 is (0.343kg/kw-h) for petro
diesel BSFC is (0.304kg/kw-h). The BSFC for B10, B30, B60, B80, and B100 is 0.3337, 0.3375,
0.3490, 0.3433 and 0.348 respectively. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was found
to be lowest for diesel and tend to increase a little with the blends. The BSFC is more with higher
blends of biodiesel. This is because of lower heating value and higher viscosity of the blends as
compared to petro diesel.

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

Carbondioxide

Fig. 3 Variation of CO2 v/s Load

The carbon dioxide emission from the diesel engine with different blends is shown in the figure.
The CO2 for Diesel, B10, B30, B40, B60, B80, and B100 is 1.9, 1.3, 1.7, 1.5, 1.3, 1.4 and 2
respectively. Its quantity increases with increase in the load conditions for diesel and also for the
blends, blend B10 emits low emissions compared to diesel. This is due to the fact that biodiesel
in general is a low carbon fuel and as lower elemental carbon to hydrogen ratio than diesel.

Fig. 4 Variation of CO v/s Load

Carbon monoxide: The CO for Diesel, B10, B30, B40, B60, B80, and B100 is 0.03, 0.01, 0.03,
0.03, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.03 respectively. It is seen that the CO concentration is lower compared to

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

diesel for the blend B10. The CO emission was constant with increasing load. Higher the load,
richer the air-fuel mixture and thus less availability of oxygen due to less air. At lower loads, CO
emissions are minimized and are close to that of diesel.

Fig. 5 Variation of HC v/s Load

Hydrocarbon: Figure indicates hydrocarbon emission trends for diesel and blends at different
load. The HC for Diesel, B10, B30, B40, B60, B80, and B100 is 34, 10, 35, 16, 9, 11 and 19
respectively. As the cetane number of ester based fuel is higher than diesel, it exhibits shorter
delay period and results in better combustion. Therefore, oxygen content and cetane number of
the blends leads to lower hydro carbon emissions as compare to diesel. Its least for the blend
B10.

Fig. 6 Variation of NOx v/s Load

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 1 (January 2017)
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Nitrogen oxide: The NOx for Diesel, B10, B30, B40, B60, B80, and B100 is 304, 145, 196, 180,
148, 186 and 303 respectively. It can be seen that the decreasing proportion of biodiesel in the
blends was found to decrease NOx (Nitrogen oxide) emissions, when compared with that of pure
diesel. This could be attributed to the increased exhaust gas temperatures and the fact that
biodiesel had some oxygen content in it which facilitated NOx (Nitrogen oxide) formation. In
general, the Nitrogen oxide concentration varies linearly with the load of the engine. As the load
increases, the overall fuel-air ratio increases resulting in an increase in the average gas
temperature in the combustion chamber and hence NOx (Nitrogen oxide) formation, which is
sensitive to temperature increase.

IV Conclusion:

The results of the investigations carried out in this project work, described in detail in the
previous chapter are briefly summarized as concluding remarks below:
1. After the exhaustive study of all the Mix of Dairy waste scum and mineral diesel the
optimized Mix and Blend obtained as B40.
2. After trans-esterification of dairy scum oil the kinematic viscosity, specific gravity is
reduced and calorific value, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency is
improved.
3. The diesel engine performed satisfactorily with biodiesel as fuel, so that the methyl esters
of dairy scum oil and diesel blend can be used as an alternative fuel in existing diesel
engine without any modification in the system.
4. For B10, B20, B30, B40 and B50 fuel blends, for B30 the BTE was 27.82% and for
diesel is 26.89 % at full load condition and it is improved by 3.45 % over diesel fuel .
5. BSFC for B40 blend is less than all the other blends for all operating conditions and less
than diesel fuel, for B40 0.304 and for diesel is 0.342 and it is improved over diesel.
6 . The NOx emission for blend B10 is lower than diesel and also other bio-diesel blends
percentage reduction of NOx is 40.68.
Based on the exhaustive engine tests, it could be concluded that the blends of ME-mixed with
diesel fuel up to 50% by volume could replace the plain diesel for running the existing diesel
engine without any modifications and 40% blend of dairy scum oil ester at full load condition
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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

with diesel fuel was found to be the best blend in regard to performance and emission
characteristics compared to all other blends considered. Also it could be concluded that the
biodiesel reduces the environmental impacts of transportation, reduce the dependence on crude
oil imports and offer business possibilities to agricultural enterprises for periods of excess
agricultural production. Finally it could be concluded that the blends of B40 and B10 dairy
scum oil Methyl Ester with diesel are found to be a potential alternative fuel to diesel fuel. Since
its physical properties are close to those of diesel fuel which is also a renewable source of energy
and it can be right solution for India

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149

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