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Introduction
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections Structural design of bolted connections
Typology and
technology Typology and technology
Behaviour under
loading Behaviour under loading
Experimental
research Experimental research
Design concepts
Design concepts
2
CTU in Prague
Examples of bolted connections
Objectives
Introduction
Bolted Connection in horizontal Glass Beams
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
F. Wellershoff
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
4
CTU in Prague
Practical examples
Objectives
Bolted Connection in horizontal glass beams
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
5
CTU in Prague
Examples of bolted connections
Objectives
Bolted connection in vertical fins
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Experimental
direct contact
Design concepts
Detail A
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Introduction
Experimental
research
Design concepts
1,52mm thick
round polished PVB interlayer
edge hole
142mm nylatron
bush 15mm toughened
glass
1mm thick vulcanised ground and
cellulose fibre gaskets arrissed hole
12mm, steel 28mm
plate, 180mm
12
CTU in Prague
Examples of bolted connections
Objectives
Bolted connection in glass bridges
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
13
CTU in Prague
Examples of bolted connections
Objectives
Bolted connection in glass bridges
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
14
CTU in Prague
Examples of bolted connections
Objectives
Bolted connection in glass bridges
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
15
CTU in Prague
Structural design of bolted connections
Objectives
Stress Analysis with FE-Methods
Introduction
Structural design
of bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
16
CTU in Prague
Structural design of bolted connections
Objectives
Kravis Center, LA (Gartner, 2011)
Introduction
Structural design
of bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Structural design
of bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
18
CTU in Prague
Structural design of bolted connections
Objectives
Stress Analysis with FE-Methods
Introduction
Structural design
0.9 X
of bolted X
Y
Y
connections Z
Z
Typology and
technology Spannungen
1,+ [kN /cm 2]
140.0
Behaviour under 2.33
loading 2.01
80.0
50.0
1.69
Experimental 1.37
research 1.04
0.72
Design concepts 0.40
0.08
-0.25
-0.57
-0.89
4 8.90
48.9 1
48.90
48.91
34.25
-1.21 191.0
34.25
34.26 3 4.26
Max : 2.33 146.0
Min : -1.21
10.1 6
10.16 1 0.6610 .16
10.66
80.0
10.66
10.6610.16
50.0
8.74
7.51 7.51
8.74 7.51
8.74 8.74 7.51
8 .74 8 .74
40.24
40.25 4040.2
.24 5
146.0
57.68
57.68 57.68
57.68
19
CTU in Prague
Structural design of bolted connections
Objectives
Introduction
Detail tests of the connection force
resistance
Structural design
of bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
20
CTU in Prague
Structural design of bolted connections
Objectives
Introduction
Structural design
of bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
F. Wellershoff F. Wellershoff
21
CTU in Prague
Structural design of bolted connections
Objectives
Introduction
Detail tests of the connection
force resistance
Structural design
of bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
Test Breakage force of glass layer Max. force Safety coefficient 1)
loading
sample
Experimental
research
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
F. Wellershoff
F. Wellershoff
23
CTU in Prague
Typology and technology
Objectives
Great number of point fittings on market
Introduction
3D-glass connectors
24
CTU in Prague
Typology and technology
Objectives
Introduction
Hole shapes
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology cylindrical hole conical hole undercut hole
Behaviour under
loading
no universally accepted rules for positioning or dimensioning of drilled holes
Experimental
research hole diameter at least glass thickness, preferable twice of the glass thickness
Design concepts
A 2T
A edge distance
B distance between holes (from hole
DT DT edge to hole edge)
C distance to corner
B 2T
D hole diameter
T glass thickness
C 6T
A 2T
Experimental
research
Design concepts
fibre
washers
steel
steel
washer
washer
liner
26
CTU in Prague
Typology and technology
Objectives
Simple countersunk bolt bolt head is flush with glazing
Introduction
liners enhance the in-plane load capacity
Structural design of
bolted little provision for rotation of the glass relative to the fixing under
connections
applied out-of plane loads
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
steel
washer
fibre
washer
27
CTU in Prague
Typology and technology
Objectives
Bolted connection with steel splices
Introduction bearing or friction bolts (bolts are tightened to a specific torque in
Structural design of order to achieve a friction connection)
bolted increased contact area and wider load spread provide high load
connections
carrying capacity
Typology and
technology
steel
washer
plate plate
28
CTU in Prague
Typology and technology
Objectives
Bearing bolt connection with steel splices
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections
stress concentrations around the bolt
hole necessity of tempered or heat
Typology and strengthened glass
technology
29
CTU in Prague
Typology and technology
Objectives
Friction bolt connection with steel splices
Introduction
30
CTU in Prague
Typology and technology
Objectives
Bolted connections with steel splices
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
32
CTU in Prague
Behaviour under loading
Objectives
Stress distribution around the hole
Introduction
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
34
CTU in Prague
Experimental research
Objectives
Research and concepts
Introduction
Structural design of Example of original beam with a splice connection and the
bolted
connections
isolated detail
Typology and
technology
Ioad q
Belastung qd
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Isolated Beispiel
Detail fr
to be
tested bauteilhnlichen
in laboratory
Ausschnittsversuch
35
CTU in Prague
Experimental research
Objectives
Bolted Connection Tests RWTH Aachen
Introduction
Steel plate
Behaviour under Load F
200
loading Load F
Load introduction material
Experimental
research
Side view:
600
200
Design concepts
Steel bolt Glass bore hole
25 35 (cylindrical) Steel bolt
Steel plate
Glass sample
e
200
600 * 400
e = 0 / 4 / 5 / 6 cm
[ mm ]
400
200 200
36
CTU in Prague
Experimental research
Objectives
Bolted Connection Tests RWTH Aachen
Introduction
37
CTU in Prague
Experimental research
Objectives
Bolted Connection Tests RWTH Aachen
Introduction
loading epple
80
in [kN]
5610
at failure
Experimental
70 epple
research
Bruchkraft
Glasmrtel
60
Design concepts
Maximal force
50
gemessene
40
30
20
d = 10 mm
10 d = 15 mm
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Versuchsnummer
Number of test
38
CTU in Prague
Experimental research
Objectives
Application of photoelastic method - CTU in Prague
Introduction
F F
Structural design of
bolted
Steel
connections splice
Typology and
technology
Design concepts
Testing
machine
F F
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Numerical study comparison with experiments
40
CTU in Prague
Design Concepts
Objectives
Design Formula
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted K Pd
connections ,max,d k1 k 2 k 3 k 4 k 5 1,2 2,2 m d
bm d0 t
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
42
CTU in Prague
Design Concepts
Objectives
Introduction
Factor Km to consider load balance at multiple bore holes
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
43
CTU in Prague
Design Concepts
Objectives
Introduction
Factor Km to consider load balance at multiple bore holes
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Experimental
research
Design concepts
44
CTU in Prague
Design Concepts
Objectives
Factors for design and production parameters
Introduction
Typology and
technology
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Design formula is not applicable for bm < 3 d0
45
CTU in Prague
Design Concepts
Objectives
Factors for design and production parameters
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Factor to consider little bore hole distances p1
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading
Factor to consider offset in laminated glass
Experimental
research
Design concepts
46
CTU in Prague
Design Concepts
Objectives
Example: Splice connection in the point of zero shear load
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections glass panels
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
steel
loading
splices
Experimental
research
Design concepts
Characteristic bending moment
MEk = 2.3 kNm
Bolted
connection
Baitinger M., 2009
47
CTU in Prague
Design Concepts
Objectives
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections geometric parameters factors
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading centric load
Experimental
research
Design concepts
48
CTU in Prague
Design Concepts
Objectives
Determination of Pd:
Introduction
Structural design of
bolted
connections
Typology and
technology
Behaviour under
loading Determination of trequired:
Experimental
research
Design concepts
49
CTU in Prague
References
Educational pack of COSTActin TU0905 Structural Glass - Novel design methods and next generation
products
TECHEN, H.
Fgetechnik fr den konstruktiven Glasbau, Institut fr Statik, TU Darmstadt, PhD 1997.
WELLERSHOFF, F.; SEDLACEK, G.
Glass Pavilion Rheinbach Stability of Glass Columns; Proceedings of the Glass Processing Days 2003,
page 316-318.
MOCIBOB, D.
Glass Panel under Shear Loading - Use of Glass Envelopes in Building Stabilization, EPFL Lausanne,
PhD 2008.
VENCL, R., ELIASOVA, M.
Bolted Connections of Glass Structures by means of Two Holes In-line. In: proceedings Challenging
Glass, Conference on Architectural and Structural Applications of Glass, Faculty of Architecture, Delft
University of Technology, May 2008, s. 279 284, IOS Press, ISBN 978-1-58603-866-3.
VENCL, R., ELIASOVA, M., NETUSIL, M.
Connections of Glass Structures by Used Shear Bolts in a Row. In: proceedings Eurosteel 2008
Volume A, 5th European Conference on Steel and Composite Structures, Graz, Austria, 3rd 5th
September 2008, ECCS, s. 923 -928, 2008, ISBN 92-0147-000-90.
BAITINGER, M.
Zur Bemessung von SL-belasteten Anschlssen im konstruktiven Glasbau, RWTH Aachen, PhD 2009.
WELLERSHOFF, F., SENDELBACH, M.; SCHMITT, F.
Glass Colunms and Glass Beams Projects of 2010, engineered transparency at glastec 2010.
Conference Proceedings, page 349- 357.
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CTU in Prague
Thank you
for your kind attention
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