HYDRAULIGS

EXPERIMENT 3.1 HEAD LOSS IN PIPES DUE TO FRICTION

Experiment 3.1.1 Fluid Friction in a Smooth Bore

OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between head loss due to

fluid friction and velocity forflow of water through

pipes and to confirm the head loss predicted by a pipe

friction equation.

APPARATUS Hydraulics Bench, Fluid Friction Apparatus, stop

watch, measuring cYlinder

-- THEORY
of flow may exist in a pipe'
Professor osborne Reynolds demonstrated that two types
;
1. Laminar flow at low velocities where h oc v

2. Turbulent flow at higher velocities where h a v

These two types of
Where h is the head loss due to friction and u is the fluid velocity'
between h
flow are separated by a transition phase where no definite relationship

and u exists

--

loglul

Figure 5.1 Graphs of h versus u and log h versus log u show

these zones

54

re
 Furthermore, for a circular pipe flowing full, the head loss due to friction may be

calculated from the formula:

4fl-u2 ),Lu2
-h--of- Equation 5.1

/ 2ed 2ed

of the
Where L is the length of the pipe between tapping, d is the internal diameter

pipe, u is the mean velocity of water through the pipe in m/s, g is the acceleration due
of
to gravity in m/s2 and f is pipe friction coefficient. Note that the American equivalent

the British term f is l. where ?u = 4t.

The Reynolds' number, Re, can be found using the following equation:
-J
'Re ovd Equation 5.2
p

I Whire p is the molecular viscosity (1.15 x10-3 Ns/m2 at 15'C) and p is the density

(999 kgim3 at 15"C).

I
Having established the value of Reynolds' number for flow in the
pipe, the value of f

may be determined using a Moody diagram, a simplified version of which

is shown
t
I below.

Use Equafion 5.7 to determine the theoretical head loss'

55
 5

Turbulent flow
Laminar rlow
,.x H +-dg1,*.*
0.08 0.050oil
0.u7 0.04000
0.03000
0.06
7 0.02000
0.05

0.01 000
0.04

D 0.00500
E o03
C
.e
'=
L

0.80001
't08,000,000

Figure 5.2 MoodY Diagram

TASK
pipe
head loss due to fluid friction for both
students are required to determine the
with the predicted by using a pipe friction
(smooth and roughed pipes) and compare

equation. All results must bb tabulated'

PROCEDURE

l.Fillthepipenetworkwithwater.openandclosethevalvestoobtainflowsof
water through the PiPe'
by altering the flow using the control
2. Take readings at several different flow rates

valveonthesystem(tenreadingsissuggestedtomakeagoodheadflowcurve).

3. Take the flow rates reading'

using the portable pressure meter (Digitron)'
4. Measure head loss between tapping
pipes'
Obtain readings on all smooth test

5'Repeatthewholeprocedureswithroughenedpipeandestimatetheroughened

factor, k/d, where k is given as 0'001Smm'

56
DISCUSSION

1. Plot a graph h versus u for each size of pipe. ldentify laminar, transition and

turbufent zenes on graphs.

2, Pfot a graBh oJ log h versus u for each size of pipe. Determine the slope of the

straight line to flnd n.

3, EEtimate the velue of Reynolds number (Re = pud/p) at the start and finish of the

transltlon phage, These trrvg values of Re are called the upper and lower critical

veloeltles.

4. Compare the values of head loss determined by calculation with those measured
I
using the manometer.
.

* n r" assumed that the molecular viscosity p is 1.15 x 1O3 Ns/m2 at 15T and
the density p is g99 kilmt at 15t.

57
 Eg op
on F-O
---L
= d)
d -- .c,

g$ E EEgE

E6
oo'
=o er o
*J N l.o
^*<lbo
riEs E
:66 <lN
(g{,
(,:E

->
Eo 6
L
Lil /^\
tr

I LLO
.L d ,*>E6'

o.
od
64
5ts o
&.
,l+
>rq
t-aE

o cvlb
!5
o E slH

o
oti
.9Eu
oE E
o
o
g o
3o
o
t
E
tr

o + lo (o t- @ o) o N (a
(l)I z r N cr)

fil
al
e. 8l
iEl
3, el
u u)l

58
 I'
gEa -) ;E
sgE EO
E,E E'* lro 6
*>E
{sLt. o
uc)

sl:
o$ oQ
to
--LL f o
T g,E 36
E lr6PE
o-a

<Jl
f I l
o-l

o
E
ol*
vlH
E

g
E

o
6 .' t,
I

=s
o
IL
E

il
E
o
z r N (f) + rr) (o F* co o) o N -!z
ot c{j
.s)
il o)
d"l -
=l
(l)I
CI
i(,, E
o
ol C
cl C
o)
o
.C
ot o)
ol
=t
o J
o- o
qt tr t
 EXPERIMENT 3.2 HEAD LOSS IN PIPES DUE TO FITTINGS,

SUDDEN EXPANSION & CONTRAGTIONS

/ OBJECTIVE To determine the head loss associated with flow of

water through standard fittings used in plumbing

installations.

To compare the K theory value and K calculated value'

APPARATUS Hydraulics Bench, Fluid Friction Apparatus, Stop

Watch, Measuring cylinder

Fitting and valves that are available for test (numbers in brackets refer to the diagram

in page 57).

THEORY

Head .loss in pipe fittings is proportional to the velocity head of the fluid flowing

through the fitting:

-u_L_ Ku2
Equation 5.3
2g

Where

K is the fitting 'loss factor',

u is the mean velocity of water through the pipe in m/s

1,

g is the acceleration due to gravity in m/s2.

Flow control valve is a pipe fitting which has an adjustable 'K'factor. The minimum

value of 'K' and the relationship between stem movement and 'K' factor are important

in selecting a valve for an application.

TASK

Students are required to determine the head loss associated with flow of water

through standard fittings used in plumbing installations. All results must be tabulated.

60
PROCEDURE
flows
1. Fill the network with water. Open and close the appropriate valves to obtain

of water through the required fitting.

Z. Take readings at several different flow rates.by altering the flow using the control

valve on the sYstem.

3. Take the flow rates reading.

Measure differential head between tapping on each fits using the

portable
4.
pressure meter (Digitron) on all smooth pipe'

5. Repeat the whole procedures with roughened pipe and estimate the roughehed
Y

factor, k/d, where k is given as 0'0015mm'

nisulrs
Smooth Pipe

NO,
m'/s m'.is '.::l::t*##
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Rouqhened PiPe

NO.
m"Is m"rs :i r,i:'t-f
tt $i:;:..,,.
:.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

6l
 Velocify .Measured Fitting
Pipe
Flow rate Head Loss Factor
NO. Q
Diameter
dl ',u ,h
K
m mrs mHzO mHzO
m"Is
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
?- 12.
13
4Q u
2 h
)o hv
ndz

Note.- confirm that K is a constant for each fitting over the range of test flow
rates.

PlotagraphofKfactor,againstvalveopeningforeachtestvalve.Notethe
differences in characteristics'

62