CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION

India is a developing country and India is an agricultural country.

About two- third of the population is depending upon agriculture. A major

portion of population lives below poverty line. So, almost all political

parties in India today are showing concern about the quality of the life of

the weaker section of society and avocation the need to improve the

existing condition. Eradication of rural poverty has also become a major

part of programmed at national level. During the last 50 years.

The statically information is available on poverty, population

growth education, health services and life expectancy in rural areas over

the last 40 years. It is easy to prove that there has been considerable

improvement in the quality of life of rural population. However if one

looks the absolute figures in terms of increase in rural poverty the poverty

has been so much deep rooted in centuries. Unless fundamental causes

are removed with dedicated effort, the rural masses will go in to the peril.

Even though efforts

have been reducing rural unemployment, the government of India has

implemented several employment schemes

NATURE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA

1
 While treating the problem of unemployment India, we need to

distinguish between the nature of unemployment in rural India and that in

urban India.

(i) Rural unemployment

In the rural areas, increasing population implies an increasing

pressure on land. This pressure on land has resulted in an increase in the

number of agriculturist, and this has contributed to the problem of

unutilized labor or disguised unemployment in the agricultural sector.

Larger lab our force accumulates around primary occupations and

the general inelasticity of occupational structure also prevents any large

movement away form these, in periods of slack demand. This leads to

seasonal unemployment also.

ii) Urban unemployment

Urban unemployment is largely the off - shoot of ruralwake of

introductionof capitalist system of forming, and in the face of increasing

pressure of population on lands, a massexodus of population from rural

areas to urban areas keeps ontaking place.

2
 Table 1.1

Dimensions of unemployment by gender and rural - urban

location, India 2011 - 2012 and 2014 - 2015

Panel A : current daily status unemployment rates

Rural Rural Urban Urban

males Females males females

76 68 80 125
2014 - 2015
92 88 92 118
2011 2012
higher secondary and above graduate and
Segment
Above

2005- 2010- 2005- 2010-

2009 2014 2009 2014

Rural males 109 89 154 127

Rural females 263 224 343 55

Urban males 89 86 84 86

Urban females 227 183 223 183

Source: secondary data

3
 RECENT TRENDS IN UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA

In respect of current daily status of unemployment particularly of

the intermittent variety, the rate appears to be larger in rural areas than in

urban areas.

Table 1.2

unemployment rates

Status Rural Urban

Male Female Total Male Female total

usual Principal

status current 24 22 23 46 89 53

weekly status 41 45 46 57 90 64

current daily 90 93 91 81 117 88

Satus

Source: secondary data

4
IndianEconomy, J.K.Chopra, &B.R.Mohanty. (P.E.75)

Unemployment rates (number of persons or person day)

unemployment per 1000 persons {or person's day})

The unemployment rate went up during the period of 2011 to 2012.

On the basis of current daily status (unemployed on an average in the

reference week) during the reference period,unemployment rate male

increased from 5.6 percent to 9.0 in rural areas and from 6.7 percent to

8.1 percent in urban areas.

Table 1.3

Unemployment Rates* for 60th Round (2009-2010) And 70th

Round
Round(January - June
Male2013) at the NSSO (all India)
Female
Usual CWS CDS Usual CWS CDS
RURAL

70th(2013) 44 67 110 42 65 113

76
6th(2009-10) 40 50 34 50 76

URBAN
70 (2013) 66 77 101 109 110 137

60th (2009-10) 65 72 87 103 104 125

Source: secondary data

*Indian Economy,J.K.Chopra, &B R Mohanthy. (P.E.76)

5
 SECTORAL POLICY INITIATIVES FOR OPENING UP NEW
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITES

The estimates of employment and unemployment rate of the tenth

plan's base year 2011 - 2012 are given in the above Table. The estimates

of unemployment for the year of2011 2012 have been given around

34085 million persons years (defined on CDS basis) when the

unemployment rate went up around 9.21 percent. It also provides as 35.29

million person years.

Table 1.4

Employment Scenario from 8 per cent Growth per annum and

Extrapolated Industrial Structure.

Employment growth over 10th plan per annum.

2002-
2004 2005 2010 2015
2003

Labour Force 336.75 340.82 373.36 373.03 403.52

Employment
(unemployment 7.32 8.26 9.21 9.79 10.63
Rate)

No.of
26.58 30.70 40.85 40.47 48.01
unemployed

Source: secondary data

*Indian Economy, J.K.Chopra, &B.R.Mohanthy. (P.E.76)

6
 Table 1.5

Average Annual Growth in Enterprises and Employment in 2012

as Compared to 2006 (Excluding Crop Production and
Plantation)

Growth in enterprises Growth in

S.N State / ( per cent) employment ( per cent)
o. UTs
Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban combined
Andhra
1 3.57 3.35 4.78 3.05 1.32 2.40
Pradesh
Arunachal
2 3.65 7.08 4.74 3.07 6.02 4.17
Pradesh
3 Assam 6.62 6.46 6.57 2.8 6.02 3.19
4 Bihar 4.50 .50 3.07 1.79 -1.77 .27
5 Chattishgar 3.24 2.64 3.06 3.82 1.19 2.78
6 Goa 1.75 1.75 2.08 2.99 0.88 1.87
7 Gujarat 3.11 3.77 1.79 1.27 1.48 1.39
8 Haryana 9.68 3.46 6.50 8.80 2.40 1.39
Himachal
9 2.73 2.60 2.71 2.54 1.13 2.09
Pradesh
Jammu &
10 7.64 4.06 5.99 7.65 6.08 6.82
Kashmir
11 Jharkhand 3.44 2.41 3.02 0.66 -1.21 -0.32
12 Kerala 4.78 2.49 3.91 2.69 0.91 1.86
13 Karnataka 7.93 12.33 8.93 4.21 8.08 5.39
Madhya
14 1.74 1.40 1.58 1.69 0.54 1.04
Pradesh
15 Maharashtra 4.95 3.86 4.41 3.29 0.91 1.79
16 Manipur 4.46 2.92 3.76 3.24 3.02 4.12
17 Mehalaya 6.48 5.05 5.98 5.05 4.96 2.15
18 Mizoram 8.40 10.39 9.60 4.96 5.25 4.15
19 Nagaland 6.05 1.22 3.64 1.95 2.12 5.32
20 Orissa 3.02 3.26 3.07 2.54 8.08 2.36

7
 21 Punjab 7.34 4.80 5.91 5.19 5.02 3.12
22 Rajasthan 4.15 2.69 3.57 3.44 8.02 6.32
23 Sikkim 8.39 1.16 5.83 6.41 2.30 1.12
24 TamilNadu 9.96 6.43 8.49 5.43 2.85 3.52
25 Tripura 9.85 6.37 8.79 5.84 12.5 4.12
26 Uttar Pradesh 7.07 3.14 5.14 4.98 2.36 8.52
27 Uttaranchal 7.72 7.72 4.16 7.06 1.23 5.23
28 West Bengal 4.77 4.77 2.90 1.70 4.23 7.12
- -
29 A&NIslands -6.16 -1.36 4.52 2.35
6.16 3.90
15.5 15.5 12.1
30 Chandigarh 7.46 4.21 4.21
7 7 1
31 D&NHaveli 8.65 8.65 12.31 7.56 2.30 5.63
13.6 15.3
32 Daman& Diu 1.45 7.85 5.63 7.82
4 2
- -
33 Delhi -0.91 1.36 4.32 7.25
0.91 2.26
34 Lakshadweep 1.80 1.80 -5.02 3.53 8.23 6.32
35 Pondicherry 3.37 3.37 2.22 3.83 7.34 12.05
All India 5.53 3.17 4.80 3.33 1.68 2.49
Source: secondary data

NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE SCHEME

(NREGS)
The launching of national rural employment grantee scheme

(NREGS) on the February 2, 2009 to provide enhanced lived hood

security for the poor in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of

guaranteed wages employment in every financial year to every household

adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work constituted a major

milestone in the social sector in 2008-09

8
 Allocation of Rs.14, 300crores for rural employment in 2012-

13with Rs.11, 300 crores under SREG act and 3,000 crores under SGRY,

more funds to provide according to the needs is in budget 2012 - 13.

EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT
Higher rate un-employment among youth is very serious problem.

This creates a great sense of frustration among young persons as well as

their families. Moreover the jobs they expect relate to education and

qualifications.

Unemployment Rates ( per cent) Among Youth

Year Secondary Education All Types of
&Above technical Education
Rural Urban Combine Rural Urban Combined
d
1993 20.4 (2.5) 30.0 (10.7) 20.7 (4.2)
25.0 23.9 24.4

1997- 15.9 (3.8) 16.6 (12.1) 16.2 (5.4)

98 24.0 20.7 22.1

2003- 17.0 (2.9) 20.8 (10.8) 18.5 (4.6)

04 27.3

2009- 29.0 25.9 (11.2) 14.8 (5.4)

10 (3.7) 18.3

12.5 24.5 23.7

22.8
Source secondary data

Note :-

9
 Technical education comprises of additional diplomas or

certificates in agriculture, engineering/technology, medicine, crafts and

other subject. Youth refers to the age group, 15-29 Figures in parentheses

show the unemployment rate among youth as a whole

Poverty in India

Poverty at the national level is estimate as the weighted average at

state -wise poverty levels. The poverty ratio is estimates from the state-

specific poverty lines and the distribution of persons by expenditure

groups obtained from the XSS data on consumption expenditure.

Following is the publication of the bhagwati committee report in

1973. The government took the following measures to provide

employment and alleviate under employment.

Rural work program

Marginal frames and agriculture laborers.
Small farmer's development agencies.
Integrated Dry land agriculture development
Agro-service centers.
Area development scheme.
Crash programmers for rural employment

Employment guarantee scheme of Maharashtra.

Maharashtra government introduced the employment guarantee

scheme (EGS) in 1972.the scheme was the first of its kind to give

recognition to the right to work enshrined in theconstitution. It embodied

10
a commitment by the state to provide work to persons who comes

forward to offer labor.

The main objectives of the schemes were;

(a) To provide gainful and productive employment to

anindividual in approved rural works which raise the productivity JO' of

the economy.

(b) The work undertaken work should be produced durable

community assets in the area.

(c) productive work of labor -intensive nature like minor

irrigations, water and soil conservation, bounding , canalexcavation, land

development afforestation,etc. should be undertaken.

(d) The work should be implemented departmentally and not

through contractors so that at least 60 percent of the work experxliture is

incurred on to workers and 40 percent in the from of material, equipment,

supervision or experts and administrative service.

The scheme was intended to provide employment guarantee in

rural areas only. The guarantee was restricted to provision of unskilled

manual work and is limited to adults, i.e., men and women over 18 years

at age. The participants were to be given no choice of work and were

expect to accept work which may be offered to them.

National Rural Employment Programme.

11
 The food for work programmed was restructured and renamed as

national rural employment programme (NREP) from October. 1980. This

is being implemented as centrally sponsored programme with 50 percent

central assistance. Additional employment of the 300-400 million man

days per year for the unemployed and underemployed is envisaged under

the NREP. Besides this the NREP aims to create community assets for

strengthening rural village tanks minor irrigation work, rural roads,

school and balwade building Panchayathars etc.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

India is the second most population country in the world. The rate

of growth of population is high in India. But industrial growth is not in

consonant to the growth of population. Hence, unemployment is the

perennial problem in our country.The problem is so acute in rural India.

Various employment programmes have been launched by the govt. of

India during the past, several decades but in vain. Hence to provide

employment particularly to the rural masses, NREGA was passed and

implemented from January 06 onwards. statements have been published

in the print media about the result of NREGA. To know the real position,.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To know the profile of study area.

To study the income and expenditure national rural employment.

12
 To assess the employment opportunities available through NREGA

in the study area

METHODOLOGY.

This study is having the primary objectives of assessing

implementation of NREGA, 2012 in Thiruvali village(Sirkaliunion)

For the purpose of this study survey method has been adopted. To

those who are employed under this scheme, 100 samples have been

chosen for collecting the relevant information. The primary and

secondary data were used for this study. A well-structured schedule was

prepared and the schedule was administered to the sample respondents.

For collecting the secondary data, Published records have referred. Also

the records of concerned village panchayat are used.

Direct interview method is adapted to the sample respondents for

collecting necessary information. The collected data have been properly

tabulated and suitable interpretation has been given. Percentagesalso have

been employed for better understanding.

Period of study: The present study covers a period of three yearsfrom

2011 to 2014

LIMITATION

1.The study only to Thiruvali Panchayth Union Since the scheme

was in existence only from January 2014.

13
 2.The review of study is limited to three years only (i.e.,) from

2011 to 2014.

PERIOD OF STUDY

2011 2014 has been selected as study period.

CHAPTER SCHEMES

Chapter I

The first chapter deals with the design of the study area.

Chapter II

Second chapters deals with the study area profile

Chapter III

The third chapter list out the important provision and features of

the act.

Chapter IV

The fourth chapter describes income, expenditure. and saving of

the sample respondents

Chapter V

The last chapter attempts to makes findings and suggestions

14
 CHAPTER-II

PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

LOCATION AND AREA

Thiruvali village located in Sirkali Taluk of Nagai District. The

total area of the village is 140 hectares of which the area under Nanjaiis

97 hectares and Punjaiis 43 hectares from the total area occupied for

dwelling purpose and another 3 percent is unused land.

Thiruvali village had population of 1500 of which 860 are males

740 are female.

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:

The village has adequate education institutions. The literacy rate is

around75 per cent. There are two middle schools and a higher secondary

school in Thiruvali, and Thiruvengadu. For higher education, Poompuhar

College is the nearest institution.

OCCUPATION

The people of Thiruvali village consist of farmers, office goers, teachers,

businessmen, professionals and others.

15
INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

This area has also the following infrastructure facFor describing

the area, the following information is given.

Name of the panchayat - Thiruvali

Total space - 140 hectres

TalukSirkali

Parliament Area - Mayiladuthurai

Water resources.

Open well system, - Nil

Bore well system, - 6

Hand pump - 17

Electric motor pump - 9

Water pump 11

HEALTH CARE
Thiruvali is located five kilometer away from Thiruvengadu. In this

village one Government Hospital and three private are hospitals and five

medical shops provide basic health care.

COMMUNICATION FACILITIES

Post office - Thiruvali

Public telephone booth - Nil

Telegram facilities - 1

16
BANK SERVICES

There is one bank namely Canara bank located at the distance of

five kilometersaway from this village rendering servis to the people of

Thiruvali village. A co-operate bank is also located in Thiruvengadu.

These banks are fulfilling the financial requirements of the village people

in a better manner.

TRANSPORT FACILITIES

Thiruvali is located six kilometers away from Sirkali. Adequate

transport facilities are available in the village. Here number of buses is

available to link Nagapattinam, Chidambaram, Karuvi to Mayiladuthurai

and other places.

SHOPPING CENTERS

This village has adequate shopping centers to meet the needs of the

public.

17
 PROFILE OF THE PEOPLE

The people of this village is belonging to different religion,

different caste and engaged in different occupation. The age, educational

qualification, occupation, family size etc., of the people of the study area

is given in the following tables.

TABLE 2.1
AGE WISE-SIX WISE POPULATION
AGE MALE FEMALE TOTAL PERCENTAGE

Less than 21 years 163 157 320 21.33

21 to 40 years 207 205 412 27.46

Above 40 members 490 278 768 20

Total 860 640 1500 100

Source: Record of the Thiruvali Panchayat

The above table 2.1 shows the age - wise and sex-wise population

in the study area. The total population is 1500, out of which, 21.33Per

cent are less than 21 year .21 to 40 years of age, 27.46 per cent remaining

20 per cent are above 40 year.

It is observed that majority of sample respondents are male and

female 21-40 years i.e 27.46 per cent

18
 TABLE 2.2

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS

Educational Number of
Percentage
qualification respondents

HSC 655 43.66

UG 45 3

PG 80 5.33

Diploma 320 21.33

Un-educated 400 26.66

Total 1500 100

Source primary data

The above table 2.2 shows the educational qualification of the

population. Out of the 1500, 43.66 percent are HSC, 3 percent are U.G,

5.33 percent are P.G, 21.33 percent are Diploma, remaining 26.66 per

cent of respondents having un-educated.

It is observed that majority of sample respondents educational

qualification HSC number of respondents 655 i.e 43.66 per cent.

19
 Table 2.3

OCCUPATION OF RESPONDENTS

Occupation Number of percentage

respondents
Agriculture 730 48.66

Business 170 11.33

Un-Employment 385 25.66

Any other 315 21

Total 1500 100
Source: primary data

The above table 2.3 shows the type of occupation of respondents.

Out of the 1500 respondents are engaged in some occupation. Out of

them.48.66 per cent agriculture and 11.33 percent respondents business.

25.66 percent respondents un- employed and 21 percent respondents any

other occupation.

It is observed that majority of sample respondents occupation 67

per cent agriculture.

20
 Table 2.4

NUMBER OF FAMILY MEMBERS OF RESPONDENTS

Family member's Number of family percentage

1 to 2 147 9.8
2 to 3 654 43.6

3 to 5 699 46.6

Above 10 - -

Total 1500 100

Source: primary data

The above table no.2.4 shows the family members of respondents.

Out of the 1500 respondents, 9.8 percent are in the 1 to 2 group, 43.6

percent of are 2 to 3 group, 46.6 percent of 3 to 5 members in their

families. there is no above 10 family members.

It is observed that majority of sample respondents having the

family members 3 to 5 members i.e 46.6 per cent.

21
 Table 2.5

SCHEME OF THE SAVING OF THE FAMILIES

Saving scheme Number of family percentage

Self help group 880 58.66

Banks 120 8.

Post office 279 18.6

LIC 121 08
Any other 100 6.6

Total 1500 100

Source: primary data

The above table 2.5 shows the scheme of the savings of the family

respondents. Out of the 1500 respondents. 58.66 percent are having their

saving in self-help group, 8 percent of them saves in banks, 18.6 percent

saves in post office, 08 percent saves in LIC and remaining 6.6 percent

saves in any other schemes.

It is observed that majority of sample respondents family saving

self help group 58.66 per cent.

22
 TABLE 2.6

INCOME RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

Less than Rs. 6,000 880 58.66

Above Rs. 6,000 to 247 16.46

8,000

More that Rs. 8,000 373 24.86

Total 1500 100

Source: primary data

The above table 2.6 shows the annual income of the respondents.

Out of the 1500 respondents, 58.66 percent are earning income less than

Rs.6000, and 16.46 percent are earning income Rs,6000 to 8000

remaining 24.86 per cent more than Rs.8000.

It is observed that majority of sample respondents are earning

income less than Rs.6000 i.e 58.66 per cent.

23
 CHAPTER-III

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

"The National Rural employment Guarantee Act" (NREGA) was

enacted in September 2010 and brought into force with effect from

February in 2011, in 200 most backward districts with the objective of

providing 10 days of guaranteed unskilled wage employment to each

rural household opting for it. The NREGA marks a paradigm shift and

stands out among the plethora of wage employment programmes, as it

bestows a legal right and guarantee to the rural population through an act

of parliament and is not a scheme unlike the other wage employment

programme.

The ongoing pogrammes of sampoornaGrameenRozgaryojana

(SGRY) and national food for work Programme (NFFWP) have been

subsumed in NREGA.

The NREGA would cover all districts the country within five year,

as it was envisaged. The focus of act is on works relating to water

conservation, drought proofing (including forestation / tree plantation),

land development, flood control / production (including drainage in

waterlogged areas) and rural connectivity in terms of all - weather roads.

Each district has to prepare perspective plan for 5 years with a bottom up

24
approach deriving from the needs of the local community. The said plan

should have the approval of especially the derived community and the

PRIs.Panchayats have a key role in planning, implementation and

monitoring of the Act through preparation of perspective. plan, approval

of shelf of projects, execution of work at least to the extent of 50 percent

in terms of costs.

The Act envisages strict vigilance and monitoring. Gram sabha has

the power of social audit. Local vigilance and monitoring committees are

to be set up to ensure the quality of works. Provision for due

representation in such committees for SC / STs, women has also been

made. At least 1 /3rd of the beneficiaries are to be women. Key records

such as must rods, asset registers and employment registers are to be

maintained and public access to them ensure. The Act also envisages a

grievance redressmechanism a helpline. A comprehensive MIS has been

developed to capture work - wise and household - wise data and track the

progress of resources invested.

The commissioner at Rural Development, and panchayat Raj has

stated that the existing staff at the present Technical wing is inadequate to

handle the existing work load of technical scrutiny of estimates as well as

technical suppression of works pertaining to various Rural Development

and panchayat Raj Schemes in the stat besides NREGS/ therefore they

25
find it difficUlt to attend to the technical supervision of NREGS works.

Also they are unable to extensively inspect the works in the

districts and do systematic monitoring of the quality of the works

as is expected form the Technical wing. The Technical wing of the

directorate of Rural Development needs to be strengthened to cater

NREGS by sanctioning additional technical posts. The following works

will be performed the above Technical wing pertaining to NREGS.

Technical guidance of NREGS works.

Technical supervision of NREGS works in various districts.
Preparation of technical guidelines, technical, manuals and Ready

Recoknerssvis - a - vis the schedule of rates and communication at

these to the district level officials.

Conduct of training programmers' for all technical officials

involved in the implementation of NREGS.

NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT (NREGA)

The act gives legal guarantee of hundred days of wage employment

in a financial year to adult members of rural household who demand

employment and are willing to do unskilled manual work.

Implementation of the act calls for the formulation of National Rural

employment Guarantee schemes by the State Government. The main

objective of the scheme is to enhance the livelihood security of the people

in rural areas by generating wage employment of 100 days of unskilled

work per household through work to develop the infrastructure base of

26
rural areas. Now scheme is being implemented as centrally sponsored

scheme on a cost sharing basis between centre and state in the ration of

90:10.

NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT

(RREGA) GUARANTEEING THE RIGHT TO WORK

Objectives

To provide legal guarantee for 100 days of wage employment to

every household in the rural areas of the country each year.

To combine the twin goals of providing employment and asset

creation in rural areas

Salient features:

First such effort in the world to provide legal guarantee for the

right work.
Covers all districts of the country
All rural households in rural areas, whose adult members volunteer

to do unskilled manual work eligible.

Job and under the Act is the right of every rural household willing

to work on NREGA and applies for it.

Choice of works done through village level plans and 50 per cent

or more or work to be executed by panchayat raj institution.

Work focuses on areas like water conservation, land development,

provision at irrigation facility on private land of people below the

poverty lie, ruralconnectivity.Contractors banned in NREGA

works.
Payment made through post office and bank accounts.

27
 Unemployment allowance to be paid if Government unable to

provide jobs within 15 days of application.

All muster rolls put up on the internet.
Social audit made mandatory.

What was Done - a scenario:

3.4 crorepeople have been provided jobs in 2014-2015 and 4.6

crores up to December, 2015.

Women constitute 49 per cent SCs 30 per cent STs 25 per cent of

those working in NREGA in 2014-2015.

Total expenditure Rs.41,700 crores since commencement of

programme in February 2009.

46 lakhs work taking up of which 19 lakhs land completed.
Water conservation, irrigation and land development account for 83

per cent of the work taken up in 2014- 2015.

Impact studies show reduction immigration, improvement in

agricultural productivity and increase in minimum wages.

Minimum wages have gone up from Rs.65/- in 20092010 to Rs.

83 percent in 2011-12, Rs. 148/-.

6 crore accounts of NREGA beneficiaries opened in post offices

banks contributing to financial inclusion.

28
 CHAPTER IV

IMPACT OF NREGS

India lives in villages. Ours is a country of Agriculture. Our

country is consisting of above 6 lakhs villages and our economy is largely

depending upon rural activities. Since from Independence a major

procession of people of India is leader un-employment or under

employed, the employment scenario has not being changed drastically

over the years. The problem of dimension of unemployment has been

changed the problem of unemployment in rural areas is so accede.

The government of India has launched various employment

programmers, during past several decades. These programmers have not

yielded the desired result hence ultimately rural employment was made

statuary by the engorgement of NREGA in 2009. Media have reported

several reports, recording the execution of NREGA hence the study was

made with the primary objective of implementation of NREGA in

Thiruvali for the purpose data are collected from data were table it and

discussions are made the following pages of the

29
 TABLE 4.1

Age - wise classification of sample respondents

Age Male Female total percentage

15 16 31
Less than 20 31
years

21-40 years 25 26 51
51

Above 40 8 10 18 18

Total 48 52 100 100

Source: primary data

The above table 4.1 shows the age wise and sex wise population of

sample respondents out of the 100 samples 48 (48 per cent) are male

members. 52 per cent (52 per cent) are female members.

Out of the 48 per cent male respondents, only 15 are in the age

group of less than 20 years, 25 are in the age group of 21-40 years age

group.

30
 TABLE 4.2

SEX - WISE CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLE RESPONDENTS

Sex Total Percent

Male 49 49

Female 51 51

Total 100 100

Source: primary data

The above table 4.2 shows the sex of the sample respondents. Out

of the 100 sample, 49 percent are male respondents 51 percent female

respondents.

31
 TABLE 4.3

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE POPULATION

EDUCATIONAL
TOTAL PERCENTAGE
QUALIFICATION

Up to 32 32

8th std above 30 30

8th Std To +2

U.G.Degree 9 9

P.G.Degree 12 12

Technical 4 4
Any other 13 13

Total 100 100

Source: primary data

The above table 4.3 shows the Educational qualification of the

sample respondents. Out of the 100 samples, 32 percent are up to 8th Std

to +2 Std. 9 percent of are U.G. degree, 12 percent of P.G. Degree. 4

percent respondents are Technical and 13 percent of any other.

32
 TABLE 4.4

INCOME OF THE SAMPLE RESPONDENTS

INCOME TOTAL PERCENTAGE

Less than Rs. 6,000 32 32

AboveRs.6000to8,0000 31 31
More than Rs. 8,000 37 37

Total 100 100

Source: primary data

The above table 4.4 shows the income of the sample respondents.

Out of the 100 samples, 32 percent are in the income group of less than

Rs. 6,000 and 37 percent in the income group of more than Rs. 8,000.

The reason for the 2000 monthly income is that sample families are

engaged in the agriculture either as owners of small piece of land or as

daily agricultural laborers.

33
 TABLE 4.5

EXPENDITURE OF SAMPLE RESPONDENTS

EXPENDITURE TOTAL PERCENTAGE

Less than Rs. 6,000 53 53

AboveRs.6000to8,0000 34 34

More than Rs. 6,000 13 13

Total 100 100

Source: primary data

The above table 4.5 shows of the expenditure of the sample

respondents. Out of the 100 sample, 53 percent are in the less than Rs.

6,000 group, 34 percent are in the above Rs. 6,000 to 8,000.

34
 TABLE 4.6

PREFERENCE OF EXPENDITURE OF SAMPLE RESPONDENTS

EXPENDITURE TOTAL PERCENTAGE

Agriculture 21 21

Medical 19 19

Transport 5 5
School fees 55 55

Total 100 100

Source: primary data

The above table 4.6 shows the preference of expenditure of the

sample respondents. Out of the 100 samples, 21 percent are ranking

agriculture expenditure first, 19 percent Ranks medial expenditure, 9

percent transport expenditure, 55 percent school fees.

35
 TABLE 4.7

TYPES OF SAVING OF THE SAMPLE RESPONDENTS

SAVINGS TOTAL PERCENTAGE

Self - help group 37 37

LIC 28 28

Post office 15 15

Bank 16 16
Any others 4 4

Total 100 100

Source: primary data

The above table 4.7 shows the type of savings of the sample

respondents. Out of the 100 samples, 37 percent are having their saving in

self-help group, 28 percent saves in LIC in post office, 16 percent saves

in Bank, and 4 percent people save in any others.

36
 TABLE 4.8

NATURE OF EMPLOYMENT OF SAMPLE RESPONDENTS

REGULAR
NATURE OF TEMPORA PERCENT
EMPLOYM TOTAL
EMPLOYMENT RY AGE
ENT
Agriculture 13 63 76 76
Business 7 5 12 12

Any other 2 10 12 12

Total 22 78 100 100

Source: primary data

The above table 4.8 shows the type of employment of the sample

respondents, out of the 140 samples, 64 percent are engaged in

agriculture. Out of them 42 are temporary works and they are all engaged

in agriculture, 98 regular workers' who are also engaged in agriculture.

37
 TABLE 4.9

NUMBER OF FAMILY MEMBERS OF SAMPLE RESPONDENTS

MEMBER TOTAL PERCENTAGE

Less than 5
28 28
6members and
72 72
above

Total 100 100

Source: primary data

The above table 4.8 shows the number of persons in the family of

the sample respondents. Out of the 100 sample 28 percent are in the les

than 5 group 72 percent of having above 6 members in their families.

The above table 4.10 shows the amount of expenditure expend

under the NREGA in Thiruvali village during the period from 2005-06 to

2014 - 2015. The tale also depicts the name of the schemes and the

purpose for which the expenditure incurred under the scheme. The

payment is made in terms of rice as well as cash for certain plans like

laying roads. Full amount is paid by cash only.

38
 CHAPTER V

FINDINGS

The NREGA 2005 has brought out revolutionary changes in the

life of rural masses. It is revolutionary and exceptional because it

envisages minimum 100 days employment guarantee to the rural Indian

adults. After independence the employment scheme have not yielded the

desired result. Hence the study on the impact of NREGA in the initial

stages will be of much use to the authorities concerned. Hence this micro

level study has been undertaken with the primary objective of assessing

the type of people engaged in the NREGS and their income and

expenditure.

For the purpose of the study Thiruvali was selected as the study

area. The required information were collected from the 100 sample

respondents and these information were properly tabulate and analyzed

from the analysis of the collected data the following findings were made.

FINDINGS

It is found that the scheme is prepared by the concerned local

authority that is the village panchayats. The sanction is made by

the block level officer who looks - after the administration of the

projects. Proposed by the village panchayat.

39
 It was observed that majority of sample respondents are male and

female 21-40 years i.e 27.46 per cent

The female and the male population are almost equal in the study

area.
With regard to the educational qualification, 32 percent of the

population is having up to 8thStd educational qualification.

Whereas 30 percent of the sample respondents are having

above 8thStd to 12thStd qualification and 9 per cent at the

respondents are having U.G. Degree qualification. 3 per cent at the

respondent's age having P.G. Degree qualification, 5.33 per cent of

the respondents are having technical qualification.21.33 per cent of

the respondents are grouped under un educated 26.66per cent.

Those who employed under this scheme are having education

qualification.
It is observed that majority of sample respondents are earning

income less than Rs.6000 i.e 58.66 per cent.

53 percent of the sample respondents are incurring their

expenditure of less than Rs.6000, 34 per cent in the above Rs.6000

to Rs.8000 category. Only 13 per cent are spending more than

Rs.8000.

The sample respondents are having their savings in self-help group.

That is 58.66 per cent of the sample respondents are having their

savings in SHG, 08per cent save; LIC, 18.6 per cent percent save

40
 in post office, 8 per cent percent save in banks and 6.6 percent

saves in any other.

The expenditure patterns of sample respondents the quit interested.

Half of the respondents that spend for school fees are permanent in

the total expenditure. For 53 per cent respondent agriculture

expenditure is primary.
It From the interviews with sample respondents it was found that

those who are seeking employment the NREGA having mostly

3-5members and above persons as their family members.

41
 Appendix

A study on the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme at

Thiruvali village.

Schedule

National rural Employment Guarantee Act - 2005.

1.1 Name of the Respondents 1.2 Address:

1.3 Age:

Less than 21 years

Above 21 years, but below 40 years
Above 40 years

1.4 Sex

1.5 Educational Qualification:

Up to 8thStd
Above 8th Std to +2
U.G. Degree
Post Graduate
Technical
Any other

1.6 Number of member in the family

Male Female Children

1.7 Occupation

Agriculture
Business
Technical
Any other

42
1.8 Nature of employment

Employment Temporary Regular

Agriculture

Business

any other

1.9 Monthly income:

Less than Rs.6000

Above Rs.6000 to 8000
More than Rs.8000

1.10 Number of the person employed in family:

Less than 3
More than 3 but less than 6
Above 6

1.11 Monthly Expenditure:

Less than Rs.6000

More than Rs.6000 to but less than Rs.8000
More than Rs.8000

1.12 Expenditure of Consumption:

Medical
Transport
School fees

1.13 Savings: A

Self help group

Post office
Bank

43
 LIC
Any other.

44
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOK

J.K. Chopra &B.R.Nohanty : Indian Economy

UNIQUE PUBLISHRAS
New Delhi - 110 024

JOURNAL

The Gazette of India : The National Rural

EmploymentGuarantee Act, 2005

Ministry of Law and justice, No: 48, New

Delhi,

45