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Departmental Direction of

Equipment of Guadeloupe

Backgrounder for use by the manufacturer - VOLUME 4


Designed by Patricia BALANDIER

EARTHQUAKE AND CONSTRUCTION


CONCRETE AND MASONRY PRINCIPLES OF
IMPLEMENTATION
(WORKS A NORMAL RISK)

Why with the same amount of materials we will have a


building that is resistant or not the earthquake.

Two neighboring buildings, causing rather similar ... apparently similar. But very uneven deal with
jerks. Implementation of materials is for something.
;
WHY STUDY METHODS OF RUINED BUILDINGS?

Studies on the different implementations of the materials used can not only to
know the resistance to the onset of damage, but especially to know what
provisions that achieve progressive damage without significant loss of strength
rather than a sudden break.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 1


;
WHY STUDY THE MANNER IN WHICH materials degrade?

Scientists explain how a material deforms and degrades, and finally breaks under the effect of
alternating tremors. Architects and engineers are formed to reflect this in their projects in
seismic areas. On site, we have the ultimate responsibility to carry out the work properly.

But first, let's understand the variety of phenomena peculiar to materials and their
joints that may cause them to break "fragile". Any damage that occurs during an
earthquake is not a sign of danger ... to the contrary, but they must be controlled!

In the present circumstances, there is no question of preventing damage in a


major earthquake (which would be too expensive for ordinary sites), but to
control the mode of degradation of materials to prevent celle- it will result in the
collapse of the building's occupants ... even repair or rebuild after the disaster.

This 4 volume during seismic building covers the principles of implementation of reinforced
concrete structures and masonry are the most common constructions used for materials ... and
potentially more dangerous if their implementation is not suitable to withstand severe shocks.

Understanding of seismic design specifications requires basic knowledge in seismology applied


to the construction and design of structures. Therefore it is recommended to read the
brochures 1 and 2 of the program information on earthquake building before entering it.
The rules for constructing earthquake replace or supplement the general rules that will not be
repeated here.

EXPECTED IN RELYING ON SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

It is possible today. It was not there fifty years:

- Know "in advance" the behavior of a new building as a result of Seismic


tremors.
- Establish building regulations effective from this knowledge.

This Paper gives us, in the form of 23 "Questions - Answers" explanations of the
phenomena and allow us to understand that the regulations are based on objective
knowledge.

RULES ARE WE TO PROTECT.

THEY EVOLUENT WITH THE ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE.

UNDERSTAND THEM. RESPECT THEM.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 2


1.
;
1. What is expected of the material concrete in
anticipation of a possible earthquake?

Perfect bonding between concrete and reinforcement of quality

Until it receives the permanent vertical loads (weight of construction, equipment, passengers
...), reinforced concrete may have some flaws that remain hidden (or not). On being shaken by
an earthquake, all defects are causes of deterioration accelerated fault perfect cohesion of two
component materials, concrete and rebar, and disaggregation sometimes spreads to ruin.

Examples of materials that are not of "reinforced


concrete"

Steel coating corrosion which does not comply with the


provisions regulatory BAEL in corrosive atmospheres.
(Document P. Balandier)
The concrete broke. Uncoated and corroded reinforcement will not
give the necessary strength to concrete in an earthquake.
Attention blockage bursts, as is frequently done for the rehabilitation
of the buildings does not make them resistant steels already corroded.

Concrete self-compacting: lack of material and coating of steel


unrealized. (Document P. Balandier)
Here not coated concrete reinforcement. But it is imperative that
concrete and rebar work perfectly together to resist all efforts that
construction will suffer: tension, compression, bending, twisting. In the
case presented by the lack this weakened area of concrete is in a
junction region of beams, more particularly biased by the action of an
earthquake. Beware, the
clogging a posteriori 'gaps' has absolutely no resistance of concrete
that has "pulled" on the plates.

Construction joints at the top of the pole. (Document P. Balandier)


Similarly, the construction joints between a post and a beam is a place of rupture
due to the non-physical continuity of the concrete material
whose decision was not made at the same time throughout the "critical zone". The
junction of the concrete poured after blow on the concrete already "fired" is a weak
point, even if we have continuity of steels. It should avoid construction joints at the
top of the posts, and generally on critical areas. It should be shuttered and cast
columns and beams at once and vibrate the concrete for a good introduction.

The
solution:

Scrupulously respect the rules. Ensure the implementation and coatings for steel reinforced
concrete quality.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 3


2.
;
2. How to get a good cohesion concreting
frames and make it does not degrade sharply
during the shaking?

Cohesion must be perfect before the earthquake and its possible degradation by
progressive shocks

During an earthquake, the concrete-reinforcement adhesion, even well done, will probably
begin to deteriorate in some places, but it must be done gradually with each jolt. If the project
is "earthquake" and if the project was carried out in accordance with the technical
requirements, the initial damage will occur "in the right places" (those were provided by the
architect and engineer), and instead of cause the ruin, they
"Dampen" building movement without risk of collapse for items bearing floors (columns and
walls).

The
problem

Complete disintegration of concrete of


poor quality (Bhuj Earthquake, 2001)
(Document X).
Cheating on materials and their implementation
in seismic zone can be treated as a deferred
crime ...
Compliance with the standards and rules of
construction allows the well designed to cope
with a massive earthquake building without fear
of dislocation and collapse on the occupants.

Solutions:

First a good quality materials:

Standards are met, amounts, requirements. You do not cheat. The concrete should not be too
low in strength (more than 22 MPa) or too tough if you do not want to have to justify specific
frames (less than 45 MPa).

For proper bonding concrete - reinforcement in anticipation of a major


earthquake:

- Concrete must be viscous at the time of its implementation, not liquid ... let alone
"extended" water.
- Vibrate concrete imperative so it powers up properly.
- Follow the rules of coating BAEL!
- Use only deformed bars. No plain bars.
- For a total weight of equivalent steel, rather more bars of smaller diameter that fewer bars
of large diameter (in terms of reinforcement reflects the BET).
- Concrete, rebar ... and nothing else in the formwork (Or ducts, or various waste!) The frames
must be fully embedded in the concrete should not be weakened by
shortages.
Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 4
3. Can I use either all blocks masonry in seismic
zone?
3. ;

No, they do not all have the same resistance. More precautions be taken with certain
types of blocks and others are banned outright for the main walls.
The rules seismic building out:

Masonry blocks filled (and similar):


The stone
Solid clay brick Solid concrete
blocks
The aerated concrete blocks
The bricks and blocks, perforated terracotta and concrete used with their perpendicular to
the mounting plane perforations are treated as solid blocks.

- Perforated blocks, to be treated as


solid blocks must have a compressive
Fc> 120 strength at least equal to that of
Bars mortar (120 bar)

- In seismic zones for shear walls, the
blocks should be required to have at
least 3 wall (as here the center wall).
Blocks two walls are prohibited.

(According to a document of Milan
Zacek,
"Building Seismic")

Hollow masonry blocks are:

The hollow bricks Clay and hollow blocks concrete. Are treated as hollow blocks
(compressive strength less than that of laying mortar) blocks that have parallels perforations to
the substructure.

Both types of blocks (solid and hollow) are allowed, but the choice of one or the
other condition the authorized dimensions between chaining. It will bring the
chaining for hollow blocks that are weaker.

Watch out:

The dimensions of the wall panels of seismic design depend on the type of selected
blocks. These dimensions have been determined by the BET depending on the
nature and thickness of the blocks. For it to hold in the event of an earthquake,
nothing should change in the choice of descriptive blocks on site. We'll see what
sets the rules for two types of blocks.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 5


4. ;

4. What promotes the destruction of the


earthquake in reinforced concrete buildings?

The inability to deform by damaging rather than "break brutally"

Under the effect of shaking the concrete loses (more or less suddenly) its cohesion around and
inside frames, weakening the building. Beyond the possible deformations without damage there
first has degradation and failure. It is advisable to collect damages, even important rather than
breaks to avoid collapse. PS-92 The rules tell us how.

Collapse of reinforced concrete structures lacking


"Ductility".

Deformations beyond bearable by the posts, the failure mode


was "fragile" and caused the total collapse (Izmit Earthquake)

Ductility = suitability of materials or structures


to deform irreversibly without reaching
dislocation.

Left and center,


examples of
failures
'Fragile' poles
and reinforced
concrete
beams. Right,
example
breaking said
"Ductile" a
viaduct pier.

In the first case the plates were not appropriate in a seismic zone. In the third arrangement of closely spaced
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement and enables good moderate section "plasticity" or "ductility" of reinforced
concrete. That is to say that if it is too constrained as a result of shaking, the element of reinforced concrete
deteriorates irreversibly, but not "break", which prevents the collapse (except for gross error ERD).

Solutions:

Reinforcement drawings in seismic areas are significantly different from those in


other regions. Overall, the bars have limited sections, but possibly a larger number,
and executives are closer on some parts of the building called "critical areas". This is
to avoid the "fragile" items break and the total ruin in the event of particularly
violent shaking.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 6


5. ;

5. What promotes earthquake ruins in masonry


buildings?

The break between the blocks too important deformations under the construction.

When a masonry wall is subjected to violent horizontal thrust of an earthquake, mortar beds
are unable to satisfactorily cohesion between masonry blocks that are breaking even for
moderate deformations of the wall. The mortar is therefore an ruptures "fragile". Furthermore,
the blocks themselves do not substantially accept without breaking strain (which is not the case
of reinforced concrete, with its plates). Thus the partial or total disruption of the construction
can occur for local earthquake intensities are quite weak if we do not take the precaution of
confining (frame) with appropriate cross-references each of masonry panels and each of the
openings to limit deformation.

MASONRY MODEL ON TABLE


VIBRANT (Document X) This test was
performed to highlight the failure mode of
traditional masonry construction, ie not being
designed and built according to the rules of
seismic building with masonry bracing panels
confined (content) by
chaining of reinforced concrete in all three directions.

Example of a dislocation angle


masonry without chaining as a result of
deformations of the two alternate facades
(Document X )

The solution: chaining all masonry panels:

The chaining system limits


deformation of the panels and
prevent masonry disintegrate
even if it begins to crack, in the
"Confining". The frames should
be a wall ties continuous and
strong network from the
foundations to the roof.

Document V. Davidovici

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 7


6.
;
6. What causes the ruin of reinforced concrete frames
filled with masonry panels?

The concrete columns and beams dcoffrs before the establishment of the masonry
does not allow the cohesion of the two materials. The reinforced concrete frame
deforms in favor of the game out there and burst the masonry before breaking
pushes on the pole junction - beam which initiates the breakdown of the top pole
and prepares the collapse of framing.

Breakdown of masonry infills a reinforced


concrete structure (Earthquake El Asnam
Paper X). The earthquake stopped in time
and the building does not collapse thereby
observe the nature of the damage which
could have led to the ruin if the shaking had
lasted a few more seconds.
This is the constructive system is the deadliest
earthquake in.

Failure mechanism of frames per


game with their fill of masonry
(Figure taken from
"Building Earthquake, Ed. Parentheses,
Milan Zacek)

When masonry is placed after stripping of the column and beam structure of reinforced
concrete, there is always the "game" between concrete and masonry. Even a very small
clearance is sufficient that both materials collide instead of resisting together under the effect of
shaking.

While dislocations occur as above. That is why we demand to sink after chaining implementation
blocks: concrete goes perfectly in place along all edges of the blocks and resist all manner
consistent with shaking.

Solutions:

Avoid this type of hybrid structure between the reinforced concrete frame with mild or really fills
decoupled and masonry wall ties and choose either one or the other. We will distinguish
between the two in this document to avoid confusion.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 8


7. , :

7. Attention to the earthquake, it is important to


distinguish: the masonry bearing walls and masonry
chained filling frames

The masonry bearing walls chained (systems with load-bearing walls)

Masonry is implemented before the reinforced concrete wall ties:

- On site, the size and frames meet the wall ties rules implementing chaining (See
below), the masonry is in place, and only then the concrete is poured into pipelines
which are shuttered outside and concrete, vibrated, adheres perfectly to the blocks it is
recommended to install "to Italian "to further reduce the risk of separation between wall
ties and masonry.
- Before the earthquake, raids "static" (w floors, equipment, occupants ...) are
distributed throughout walls
- During the earthquake, the horizontal "dynamic loading" alternating (inertial
forces to which the structure must resist) are distributed on the masonry
panels
stiffer (in both directions of the construction). They are "piers" or bracing panels. They do
not contain any apertures. Their location and
dimensions between wall ties must meet specific rules.

Masonry filling frames (column-beam systems)

Reinforced concrete is poured into forms and then some bays are filled with
masonry

- On site, the dimensions and reinforcement of columns and beams of respect


rules implementing the columns and beams that are much more demanding than those
of chaining (see below), the concrete is poured into the forms. After stripping it sets up
the masonry blocks. It is extremely difficult to give the necessary cohesion between
masonry and framing due to difficulties in proper placement of the mortar on the sides
and top of the panel, and its management after the concrete of the framework has shot .
- Before the earthquake, raids "static" are carried by the substructure,
- During the earthquake, the signs of complete or partial filling prevent the
frame from deforming freely, which could allow it to withstand if it is designed
and properly implement vi-a-vis the seismic action (requirements of
BET). Solid panels and sub-panels (for other reasons) block framing the powerful and
can destroy it! PS-92 rules permit such
construction, with specific rules set out, but do not recommend because of the difficulty
of effectively enforce the rules on the site.

Conclusion:

In high seismic region, where the potentially violent shocks, prevent the masonry fill within the
frames. Prefer linked masonry.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 9


8. What do we "critical areas" of reinforced concrete
structures?

A "Critical area" is a part of the structure which experiences a high stress. This is
potentially where the degradation of the concrete or brittle fracture his start. The
rules specify PS-92 where they are.

For frames (post and beam structures) nearby nodes

Nodes porticos and column bases suffer from high alternating stresses that can quickly destroy
the adhesion of concrete on steel. The rules for reinforced concrete construction tell us how to
harness these areas to avoid the "fragile" rupture (see item 9)

Examples of brittle fractures not treated with appropriate reinforcement critical areas (left Earthquake
Anchorage, 1964 Document Karl - V. Steinbrugge, Right, X paper)

For sails (rigid reinforced concrete walls):


Based sails

The bases of the sails (Ground floor) suffer the


highest loads of the structure. They are therefore
considered "critical."

The areas at the base of the sails (usually on a floor


height, the height does not exceed the width of the
sails), and those located on each level of significant
change in the section of formwork subject special
provisions for seismic building regulations that
require us to strengthen cross-references to these
places. (See paragraph 10)

(Earthquake Anchorage, 1964 Document


X)

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 10


9.
:
9. The solution to avoid brittle fracture of

frameworks: the "containment" of critical areas

The rules of construction: Summary of 11.34 and 11.35 of the rules PS-92: Reinforcement
of frameworks and critical areas

The figure below summarizes the design rules of reinforcement of frameworks. We see (full
representation on the node at the top and left) that managers are closer to critical areas and
that "priority" is given to the capacity of the column to that of the beam. Because we need to
hold the posts to prevent the collapse of the building. When sizing the approximation frames
several criteria must be met. For the reinforcement plan, the BET gets the most demanding
after evaluation.

The idea is that, by bringing the frames in critical areas (of the order of 5 to 8 cm on
center), where the cohesion reinforcement - concrete deteriorates, he and the
longitudinal bars are confined within frames (frets) and buckling bars and the brittle
fracture of the post or the beam is avoided.

(Figure taken
from "Building
seismic para Ed.
Parentheses,
Milan Zacek)

Comment:

The provisions of seismic regulations for the design of reinforcement structures


"Post and beam" may seem complex on this scheme for those who have not used to devise a
plan of reinforcement. The presented by BET for the yard in seismic zone map respects.
Respect the reinforcement plan BET on site.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 11


10.

10. The solution to strengthen the sails of reinforced
concrete reinforced chaining their critical areas

The rules:

The nature of chaining sails seismic zone is defined by the rules PS-92. Regarding the other
frames of the veil, common rules to all areas (seismic or otherwise) BAEL apply.

11.43 synthesis of PS-92: Chaining sails:

Longitudinal reinforcement Fe E 500


Vertical: it must have a vertical chaining at each end, each aperture, each intersection of the floor with
floor coverings from floor to floor.
Horizontal: must be continuous at the periphery of all floors.
Lintels: their bar must be anchored in a length of 50 diameters on either side of the opening.
Current zone: 4 HA 10, 6 frames spaced 10 cm maximum.
Critical area: 4 HA 12, 6 frames spaced 10 cm maximum.

Following scheme against


IMPLAN tation chainings
sails under the rules PS 92.

Available elevation (horizontal chaining


not shown)

The reinforcement plan BET


follows the common rules BAEL
and complete rules PS-92.
Respect the plan on site.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 12


11. " "
;
11. Why must know "in advance" deformation modes
of reinforced concrete elements?

Determine in advance whether a part will be "bent" or "compressed" under stress


due to the action of an earthquake is crucial to choose a type of effective regulatory
frameworks ... and.

To the left post as little slim. Unable to bend in the direction


of its large size, it has undergone a "global shear." (Ceyhan
Earthquake - Misis, 1998) (Document P. Balandier) The high
stress and damage affect its full height (broken diagonal).
The reinforced member as a has a pole section (width /
thickness) of the web at the edge (wall) as PS-92 rules. Its
low slenderness (height / width) makes a "short piece." It
should have been considered "critical area" full height, and
receive appropriate reinforcements full height (see below).
Or be armed with a veil building ends.

Right
Poles slender geometry underwent overall bending. (Loma
Prieta Earthquake) (Document X to ERIA) When there is
bending stress levels and maximum deformation are in
"critical areas", which in this case are located at the top and
bottom of the post as show damage. These areas should
have received appropriate reinforcement.

You should know in advance whether an item will undergo a shear or bending to
determine the appropriate type of reinforcement to withstand without breaking it
"fragile".

Solutions:

The rules PS-92 indicate precisely how to determine the type of stress a room under
earthquake. BET will be able to make a reinforcement plan adapted to be respected
on the site.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 13


12.
;

12. What are the limits of masonry walls deformation


before failure?

Very rigid masonry blocks do not accept virtually deformation without rupture or
blocks, more frequently mortar bond. Beyond a certain level of dislocation, the
process of destruction of the building begins.

Failure mode and dislocation by falling blocks.

Umbria-Marche earthquake 97. spill


facades is the first level of serious damage
unconfined masonry (Document X to
ERIA). The dislocation can start around
openings like here or from angles (see #
5)

Dislocation of masonry starting from a low point unconfined


opening (not limited deformation). Loma Prieta earthquake
(Document X)

The need to confine the masonry walls in reinforced concrete


wall ties to prevent their dislocation and their projection-plane
excludes the provisions of "wall curves" masonry types. For
curved walls, use sails reinforced concrete.

Solutions:

To minimize distortion and prevent dislocation of masonry, each panel, each


opening must be "confined" by a "framework" resistant reinforced concrete wall ties
for the panels and frames for openings.

Panel dimensions and those of the openings must be moderate so that the
resistance is effective.

PS-92 rules precisely define all the conditions of implementation of cross-references


and frames berries and conditions of panel sizes and berries (see below).

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 14


13.
;
13. What is expected of longitudinal reinforcement
of columns and beams for earthquake resistance?

They must be able to withstand without breaking the tensile stresses which can
occur during different possible deformation of the structure, and not alter the
strength of concrete in compressive stresses (no hooks) and not to "burn".

NB: A distorted piece undergoes bending to the "outer curvature of his" part one
traction and for the "inner" part one compression.

The mechanical strength of longitudinal reinforcement must be effective foundation to the roof.
They must form a continuous network (attention to the conditions of mechanical continuity with
sufficient overlap between all the bars). They must also be able to deform with the pole or beam
without loss of adhesion concrete-steel too fast.
San Fernando, 1979:

Reinforcemen
t Design Longitudinal
substructures totally inappropriate in
seismic zone (Documents Nisaea
USA)

- No continuity of longitudinal
bars poles between floors (covering
the uninsured)
- Diameters too large to deform
with the pole without "tearing the
concrete"
- Number insufficient for a
correct distribution of effort.
- No shrinking: In addition, they
are not contained by the wrapping
which should be outside the bar!

Solutions:

Respect the rules PS-92 - 11.31: Longitudinal Reinforcement


11311:
Continuity of longitudinal reinforcement can be achieved by covering or any other method which is
established it does not cause embrittlement of the frame.
11.312
The use of elbows and hooks into the compressed parts or compressed inflected pieces parts is
prohibited.
However, in case of necessity (with a link footing, vicinity of a free surface, etc.) the end anchors
can be assured through 90 bends.
11.313:
All lengths of recovery or anchor shall be increased by 30% for the share located outside critical
areas and 50% share in the critical area located Whenever possible, we avoid covering critical areas)
In areas of overlap, the transverse reinforcement must respect the rule of seams resulting from the
transmission of forces between the longitudinal bars.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 15


14.
;
14. How to make the transverse reinforcement of
columns and beams resist breaking?

Each frame (transverse reinforcement) must withstand burst upon inflation of


concrete in compression. To do this, it must be composed of a single bar whose ends
must cross around a longitudinal angle bar and be properly embedded in the
concrete volume. The reconciliation of executives in critical areas reduces the forces
on each frame.

The role of management is crucial in determining the "ductility" higher or lower than the frame.
The merger allows executives to hold more effectively the longitudinal bars and avoid buckling.
Proper anchoring of the ends of the bar which forms each frame reduces the risk of tearing
(anchorage length: 10 times the diameter of the bar).
Good or bad design and implementation frameworks (transverse reinforcement) will dictate the
type of break
the item if it is distorted to the point of having
damage.

Breakdown of transverse reinforcement on the


critical area of poles, resulting buckling of the
longitudinal bars and the dislocation of
concrete that was no longer confined. (Bhuj
Earthquake, 2001) (Document X to ERIA)

Solutions:

Compliance design transverse reinforcement prevents their breakdown by ensuring


proper installation in concrete volume. One bar per frame.

Standard provisions of PS-92 and


Figure taken from "Building
Earthquake (Ed. Parentheses, Milan
Zacek)

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 16


15.
;
15. How to keep all the plates of columns and beams
are resistant together?

In addition to the conditions of strong bonds post to post and beam to beam by
sufficient overlap of the longitudinal bars, the posts and the beams must be able to
flex freely throughout their length. The damage may be irreversible deformation
without rupture reach "fragile".

If the column or beam has an important section, it takes more than four longitudinal bars. So,
executives or pins must be added to peripheral frames for the transverse reinforcement can
effectively contain all the longitudinal bars.

The posts said "short" (or slanted) in key elements should be avoided because their short
length makes them too "rigid" and they can not flex but in general are not so far designed to
withstand a global shear. If you can not avoid them, they should be treated on their full height
as "critical areas".

Left Out of a
short post
(constrained by a
barge). Too rigid,
the post could
not flex and
efforts end
increased to the
point of breaking.

Right Tri
al hooping critical
zone (transverse
reinforcement
close) over the
entire length of a
short column in
the laboratory.
(Documents
Nisaea -
USA)

This solution is required by the regulations for short posts, but it's best to steer clear of short
posts that are solicited by the earthquake or by avoiding them altogether or having otherwise
veils "take" the seismic load .

Solutions:

PS-92 The rules specify the rules of confinement bars by the frets. (Figures taken from "Building
Earthquake, Ed. Parentheses, Milan Zacek)

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 17


The posts

Beams.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 18


16.
;

16. Will he minimum dimensions for the forms of


columns and beams in seismic zone?

Yes I do. The mechanical strength of course depends also on the amount of
material. Therefore, the rules they impose minimum sections for parts of
frameworks specific seismic zones. The problem: too many manufacturers seem to
ignore it!

Bad habits from "age" where we neglect the action of the earthquake to build make this serious
problem is neglected, especially as the scaling of concrete, so the cost of the project, will grow
done for manufacturers who must abandon their illicit habits.
Left and right, social
housing (Zone III)
built
while the rules PS-92
were already in force.
Besides the problem
of poor architectural
design vis--vis the
earthquake,
poles do not have the
required minimum area of
25 cm square (Clichs P.
Balandier)

Solutions:

The rules. 11.331 synthesis of PS-92: Minimum dimensions of sections


b and h> 25 cm
S> 625 cm2
Soul beams> 15 cm

Figure taken from "Building Seismic Ed Parentheses, Milan Zacek)

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 19


17.
( ) ;

17. What differentiates a large rectangular wall of


a reinforced concrete (or veil) post?

PS-92 The rules tell us that when the width of a column is equal to or greater than 4
times its thickness, it is not a goal, but a web. It becomes quite rigid in the direction
of its width to no longer be treated as a post.

The buildings braced by sails reinforced concrete (enough and willing number) are a type of
"rigid structure" that limits the relative movements of the floor much more than the frames do
not. Any damage in critical areas provide fewer meltdowns for framing.

Even if shearing a veil, it is usually partial and deferred charges are on unbroken parts, while
the constraints fall. Also seismic regulations are "less complex" for armatures sails with its
unique building chaining. In addition, a veil can have a thickness of 15 cm (25 cm for columns).

However, the ends of sails (pieces of walls) are "solicited by the earthquake" and that's where
the breakdown as a result of shearing begins. We must therefore strengthen these ends, either
by chaining (rules PS-92) by the vertical building mesh double sides (Eurocode 8).

Primer shear the end of a sail (Earthquake


Anchorage, 1964) (Document Karl - V.
Steinbrugge)

Solutions

PS-92 - 11.41: Minimum dimensions


The walls must have webs in a minimum thickness of 15 cm and a width at least equal to four times the
thickness.
elements that do not meet this requirement must be regarded as elements
* linear. (* So as poles and be armed as such)

Chaining sails
(See below)

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 20


18.
;

18. What rules to determine the various panels


and masonry wall ties?

A masonry construction comprising a number of walls. To prevent its collapse under


the action of an earthquake, it must have a sufficient number of wall panels
"resistant" to the horizontal thrust and well positioned in both directions of the
construction.

All masonry walls (resistant or not) must be between vertical and horizontal chaining chaining
which confine them to prevent their dislocation as a result of horizontal thrust.

For masonry panels "resistant" called "piers"


The resistance of these panels must be effective, because it is they who will prevent the
collapse, and why they should not be too "narrow" (potential imbalance in the horizontal thrust)
nor too large (ineffective for chaining ensure their rigidity against the deformations
perpendicular to the plane).
They must be full (all opening a weak point) and well distributed throughout the building in
both directions at each of its stages and preferably
superimposed. The ideal would be to have at least all the corners of the building (at least 1.5 m
wide zone III), as these are the areas of the building that need the most
resistance.

For other masonry panels (those that do not provide resistance)


They have openings in the building, but we do not count on them to
"Brace" the building, that is to say avoid its collapse. However, they should not break up and
create a hazard. They must obey the same conditions chaining
Maximum dimensions and openings must be securely framed.

Solutions:

The recommendations of the rules PS-92 correspond to the logic of containment of each panel
(including floors) limiting dimensions.
PS-92 - 12 2221: Principles
Herein called "masonry chained" supporting structures made of masonry of small items (see
12.113) and including concrete wall ties
armed implemented after completion of masonry:
- Horizontal chaining:
at the foundation (optional), at each floor,
high;
- Vertical ties, at least:
all the salient and reentrant angles of the construction, at
the junctions of walls,
framing openings greater height than or equal to 1.80;
No wall element must show free edge masonry.

(See panel sizes and additional provisions openings below)

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 21


19. ,
;
19. What differentiates the "piers" of masonry,
other walls?

They have more severe to be effectively resistant under the action of earthquake
mandatory features.

In order to give all masonry - chaining good resistance to deformation, it is necessary to limit the
surface of the panels that make up the walls to control the angle of the diagonal on which the
flare will practice during the earthquake (not too vertical nor too horizontal) and stability
depending on their thickness.
We observe the instability of these signs if they are too large for resistance blocks used (solid
blocks or hollow blocks and thickness of the blocks).

Salvador
earthquak
e (2001).
(Documents
P. and S.
Balandier
Gunot).

The use, for economic reasons, small masonry blocks (thin) led to reduce the size of piers (by an additional
intermediate chaining floor). But the lack of transverse inertia does lead to the ruin structures under stress. In
France the blocks must have a minimum thickness and according to their strength we will have the right to panel
sizes larger or smaller.

Solutions:

respect the rules PS-92


For thicknesses of blocks, the standard 15 cm is already prohibited by many rules (including rules
applicable PS-MI zone II), if only because it does not allow
the correct coating of steels in chaining. The PS-92 still allow for full and similar blocks, but the
use of masonry blocks 20 cm minimum is recommended
even in cases where it is not mandatory, especially in zone III by the guide seismic construction
of individual houses.

Regulatory characteristics piers:


- Thickness of less than 15 cm blocks (20 cm to the hollow members)
- Width and height of less than or equal to 5 m panel
- Area less than or equal to 20 m2 panel
- Dimensions of the panel to the diagonal of less than or equal to 25 blocks thicknesses
hollow blocks used
- Dimensions of the panel to the diagonal solid blocks less than or equal to 40
thicknesses of blocks used
- One drilling of 20 cm maximum off diagonal autosis per panel.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 22




(Document excerpt from "Building
Earthquake" Milan Zacek, Editions
Parentheses)

Above, the conditions necessary to
determine the dimensions of the
panel.

Bottom left these specificities
approximation of chaining on
the sprockets.

Bottom right, or Harpagus
"Montage Italian" blocks for
greater cohesion between the
masonry and then cast chaining.

Watch out

On the left, the construct comprises a large number of cross-references without owning a single
panel bracing. Proper design of the structure so that it has piers (solid panels between two cross-
references) in sufficient numbers would not have asked for more materials or implementation
(Document P. Balandier)

Right, for the same density chaining home has real piers. Remains an unresolved issue: we see
coming out of the electrical ducts concrete vertical ties (to the right of the picture). They will
prevent good adhesion of concrete reinforcement and reduce the strength of chaining. We have to
move the sliders and other lines in service ducts and not in the support structure. (Photo Milan
Zacek)

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 23


20. ;

20. How to make a masonry panel that has


openings?

The other walls, which include building openings, do not contribute to the strength
of the building under earthquake. However, for safety reasons, these openings
must be performed in compliance with the rules of coaching precise rules designed
to prevent the collapse of masonry lying around.

The rules PS-92 ( 12.2227) distinguish three types of berries according to their
dimensions and prescribe the framework conditions to avoid the disruption of the
panels in which they operate:

- Small berries (category P) no dimension greater than 1, 5m


- Berries medium (M group) at least one dimension greater than 1.5m, but no
greater than 2.5 m
- Large bay (Class G) at least one dimension greater than 2.5 m

The solution: observe the rules framing bays according to size and
"Regulatory nominal acceleration."
In red, for Zone III measures (aN> 3.5): Guadeloupe and Martinique.

hasN Small Averages Large

<0.25 g - - Coaching and binding


chaining
Framed unless panel Coaching and binding

Coaching and binding
<0, 35g dimensions unless chaining panel chaining
<3.20m dimensions

<3.20m


>or = 0.35 Single frame Coaching and Coaching and
binding binding
g

In
summary:

For doors and French


windows, mandatory
chaining. the door is
considered a limit of the
panel, while the window is
considered low to strengthen
area. The plates of a chaining
have 4 bars and those of a
frame 2 bars (see below).

(Figure taken from


"Building Earthquake" Milan
Zacek, Editions Parentheses)

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 24


21. ;

21. What are the regulatory features of the system


linking the masonry?

The entire system must ensure continuous chaining link all elements of the
construction of foundations to the roof panel resistance to deformation and
anchoring floors in the walls.

Required dimensions of wall ties and reinforcement rules must be followed to ensure their
strength in all three directions.

Solutions:

Follow the rules PS-92 - 12 2221: Principles


Herein called "masonry chained" supporting structures made of masonry of small items (see
12.113) and including concrete wall ties
armed implemented after completion of masonry:
- horizontal cross-references:
at the foundation (optional), at each floor,
high;
- vertical ties, at least:
all the salient and reentrant angles of the construction, at
the junctions of walls,
framing openings greater height than or equal to 1.80; with the additional provisions
below.
No wall element must show free edge masonry.

Characteristics of the horizontal cross-references: rules PS-92 (Section 12.222)


require:

Dimensions:
- Thickness: On the whole thickness of the wall
(total if double wall) or tolerance reduction to
minimum 2/3 to avoid thermal bridges in
particular.
- Height: 15cm


Longitudinal
reinforcement:

4 bars, one in each corner, spaced 20 cm
maximum (if thick wall, add a third bar),

minimum tensile strength 80 kN (Taken from "Building Earthquake"
Figure Milan Zacek, Editions
Transverse Parentheses)
reinforcement:
Less than or equal to the spacing height, 25 cm
maximum.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 25


Specifications of Chainings vertical the rules PS-92 (Article 12.222)
require:

Dimensions:
As for horizontal wall ties with maximum angles sections.

Longitudinal reinforcement:
As for horizontal wall ties with opportunities underestimate the size in some cases in areas of
low seismicity.

Characteristics of wall ties knots, rules PS-92 (Section 12.222) require:


Continuity and concrete cover various concurrent chaining must be ensured in all
three directions.

Below against, correct


positioning of the sample
bars ensuring continuity bars
chaining in the corners and
intersections of the
horizontal cross-references.

Types and characteristics of frames allowed for berries of masonry


structures

The frames can be reinforced concrete tensile strength defined or metal for an equivalent
resistance proved.

For reinforced concrete (by two longitudinal bars):


- minimum size of 7 cm and any location on the wall thickness (excluding rules apply to two
thirds of the cross-references)
- spacing of the two bars maximum 20 cm (so thick wall add a third bar)
- Links with pins.

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 26


22. ;

22. What is expected of reinforced concrete


floors?

Floors, for horizontal bracing, must be "rigid" (that is to say, "dimensionally stable")
and tightly bound to the carriers (beams between the supporting walls or chaining)
so has involved a homogeneous deformation to all elements of vertical bracing
(implying that they are well established and stiffness homogeneous)

The different types of floors and roofs "plates" do not constitute a "rigid diaphragm" in respect
of certain design provisions to provide adequate resistance:

Effective stiffness in their plan.


Imperative interlocking devices with chaining beams and liaise with bents stability (anchors
satisfactory to avoid tearing).
Edge enhancement hoppers by armed cadres, the dimensions of the hopper should be
limited (otherwise compensatory provisions).
If the "plate" is composed of several layers (and pre-slab or slab and joist and slab
interjoists) bonds between the layers by seams ensuring homogeneous dynamic behavior
without dislocation.

These pre-slabs have seams as


recommended regulations to liaise with the
slab cast in place. Surface irregularities
should allow a better grip of the cast in
place on who shot factory concrete.
However, coated seams or torn can not
ensure their liaison function between the
two layers.
(Clichs P. Balandier)

Pouring the concrete slab along with wall ties, beams, capitals ...

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 27


For floor joist and interjoists:

It is vital that the connections between the ribs and the slab are effective for consistent
dynamic behavior. The compression slab itself must be calculated with a minimum of 4 inches
(5 cm polystyrene infillor nevertheless preferable to insulation on spillplates interjoists).

These "ribbed floors" have the advantage of a reduced mass (Reduction Fi) for good
mechanical strength (under slabs cast in situ).
The connections between the beams and slab compression and the floor with horizontal wall
ties should be treated. More and more manufacturers offer
products suitable for seismic zones (beams, steel).

23. ;

23. Will he safety rules for non-load bearing


masonry walls?

For reasons of personal safety they must respect the rules of their supervision to
prevent dislocation as a result of shocks

There are partitions "light" of less than 10 cm thick, heavy walls (greater than 10 cm
thick), with higher requirements.

Regulation

The walls of thickness distribution to 10 cm

They must comply with the following provisions:


No free edge
Junction imperative to other walls, partitions or bollards (concrete, metal or wood) of
Full Height
If full-height partition, they must be secured to the floor to prevent them
dumping
If partial height, frames related to structural work
Partitions perpendicular Harpagus
S <14 m2, H and L <5m, d <100 th
Framed berries (BA, metal, wood)

Bulkheads distribution greater than 10 cm thickness

They must comply with the following provisions:


Same previous partitions and:
Chaining metal reinforced concrete or wooden panels
S <20 m2, H and L <5m, d <50th
Framed berries type G (BA, metal, wood) connected to the structure.
Verification of their participation in the dynamic behavior of the structure (stiffness)

Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 28

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