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Equipment of Guadeloupe
Two neighboring buildings, causing rather similar ... apparently similar. But very uneven deal with
jerks. Implementation of materials is for something.
;
WHY STUDY METHODS OF RUINED BUILDINGS?
Studies on the different implementations of the materials used can not only to
know the resistance to the onset of damage, but especially to know what
provisions that achieve progressive damage without significant loss of strength
rather than a sudden break.
Scientists explain how a material deforms and degrades, and finally breaks under the effect of
alternating tremors. Architects and engineers are formed to reflect this in their projects in
seismic areas. On site, we have the ultimate responsibility to carry out the work properly.
But first, let's understand the variety of phenomena peculiar to materials and their
joints that may cause them to break "fragile". Any damage that occurs during an
earthquake is not a sign of danger ... to the contrary, but they must be controlled!
This 4 volume during seismic building covers the principles of implementation of reinforced
concrete structures and masonry are the most common constructions used for materials ... and
potentially more dangerous if their implementation is not suitable to withstand severe shocks.
This Paper gives us, in the form of 23 "Questions - Answers" explanations of the
phenomena and allow us to understand that the regulations are based on objective
knowledge.
Until it receives the permanent vertical loads (weight of construction, equipment, passengers
...), reinforced concrete may have some flaws that remain hidden (or not). On being shaken by
an earthquake, all defects are causes of deterioration accelerated fault perfect cohesion of two
component materials, concrete and rebar, and disaggregation sometimes spreads to ruin.
The
solution:
Scrupulously respect the rules. Ensure the implementation and coatings for steel reinforced
concrete quality.
Cohesion must be perfect before the earthquake and its possible degradation by
progressive shocks
During an earthquake, the concrete-reinforcement adhesion, even well done, will probably
begin to deteriorate in some places, but it must be done gradually with each jolt. If the project
is "earthquake" and if the project was carried out in accordance with the technical
requirements, the initial damage will occur "in the right places" (those were provided by the
architect and engineer), and instead of cause the ruin, they
"Dampen" building movement without risk of collapse for items bearing floors (columns and
walls).
The
problem
Solutions:
Standards are met, amounts, requirements. You do not cheat. The concrete should not be too
low in strength (more than 22 MPa) or too tough if you do not want to have to justify specific
frames (less than 45 MPa).
- Concrete must be viscous at the time of its implementation, not liquid ... let alone
"extended" water.
- Vibrate concrete imperative so it powers up properly.
- Follow the rules of coating BAEL!
- Use only deformed bars. No plain bars.
- For a total weight of equivalent steel, rather more bars of smaller diameter that fewer bars
of large diameter (in terms of reinforcement reflects the BET).
- Concrete, rebar ... and nothing else in the formwork (Or ducts, or various waste!) The frames
must be fully embedded in the concrete should not be weakened by
shortages.
Earthquake and ferro-concrete and masonry Page 4
3. Can I use either all blocks masonry in seismic
zone?
3. ;
No, they do not all have the same resistance. More precautions be taken with certain
types of blocks and others are banned outright for the main walls.
The rules seismic building out:
The hollow bricks Clay and hollow blocks concrete. Are treated as hollow blocks
(compressive strength less than that of laying mortar) blocks that have parallels perforations to
the substructure.
Both types of blocks (solid and hollow) are allowed, but the choice of one or the
other condition the authorized dimensions between chaining. It will bring the
chaining for hollow blocks that are weaker.
Watch out:
The dimensions of the wall panels of seismic design depend on the type of selected
blocks. These dimensions have been determined by the BET depending on the
nature and thickness of the blocks. For it to hold in the event of an earthquake,
nothing should change in the choice of descriptive blocks on site. We'll see what
sets the rules for two types of blocks.
Under the effect of shaking the concrete loses (more or less suddenly) its cohesion around and
inside frames, weakening the building. Beyond the possible deformations without damage there
first has degradation and failure. It is advisable to collect damages, even important rather than
breaks to avoid collapse. PS-92 The rules tell us how.
In the first case the plates were not appropriate in a seismic zone. In the third arrangement of closely spaced
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement and enables good moderate section "plasticity" or "ductility" of reinforced
concrete. That is to say that if it is too constrained as a result of shaking, the element of reinforced concrete
deteriorates irreversibly, but not "break", which prevents the collapse (except for gross error ERD).
Solutions:
The break between the blocks too important deformations under the construction.
When a masonry wall is subjected to violent horizontal thrust of an earthquake, mortar beds
are unable to satisfactorily cohesion between masonry blocks that are breaking even for
moderate deformations of the wall. The mortar is therefore an ruptures "fragile". Furthermore,
the blocks themselves do not substantially accept without breaking strain (which is not the case
of reinforced concrete, with its plates). Thus the partial or total disruption of the construction
can occur for local earthquake intensities are quite weak if we do not take the precaution of
confining (frame) with appropriate cross-references each of masonry panels and each of the
openings to limit deformation.
Document V. Davidovici
The concrete columns and beams dcoffrs before the establishment of the masonry
does not allow the cohesion of the two materials. The reinforced concrete frame
deforms in favor of the game out there and burst the masonry before breaking
pushes on the pole junction - beam which initiates the breakdown of the top pole
and prepares the collapse of framing.
When masonry is placed after stripping of the column and beam structure of reinforced
concrete, there is always the "game" between concrete and masonry. Even a very small
clearance is sufficient that both materials collide instead of resisting together under the effect of
shaking.
While dislocations occur as above. That is why we demand to sink after chaining implementation
blocks: concrete goes perfectly in place along all edges of the blocks and resist all manner
consistent with shaking.
Solutions:
Avoid this type of hybrid structure between the reinforced concrete frame with mild or really fills
decoupled and masonry wall ties and choose either one or the other. We will distinguish
between the two in this document to avoid confusion.
- On site, the size and frames meet the wall ties rules implementing chaining (See
below), the masonry is in place, and only then the concrete is poured into pipelines
which are shuttered outside and concrete, vibrated, adheres perfectly to the blocks it is
recommended to install "to Italian "to further reduce the risk of separation between wall
ties and masonry.
- Before the earthquake, raids "static" (w floors, equipment, occupants ...) are
distributed throughout walls
- During the earthquake, the horizontal "dynamic loading" alternating (inertial
forces to which the structure must resist) are distributed on the masonry
panels
stiffer (in both directions of the construction). They are "piers" or bracing panels. They do
not contain any apertures. Their location and
dimensions between wall ties must meet specific rules.
Reinforced concrete is poured into forms and then some bays are filled with
masonry
Conclusion:
In high seismic region, where the potentially violent shocks, prevent the masonry fill within the
frames. Prefer linked masonry.
A "Critical area" is a part of the structure which experiences a high stress. This is
potentially where the degradation of the concrete or brittle fracture his start. The
rules specify PS-92 where they are.
Nodes porticos and column bases suffer from high alternating stresses that can quickly destroy
the adhesion of concrete on steel. The rules for reinforced concrete construction tell us how to
harness these areas to avoid the "fragile" rupture (see item 9)
Examples of brittle fractures not treated with appropriate reinforcement critical areas (left Earthquake
Anchorage, 1964 Document Karl - V. Steinbrugge, Right, X paper)
The rules of construction: Summary of 11.34 and 11.35 of the rules PS-92: Reinforcement
of frameworks and critical areas
The figure below summarizes the design rules of reinforcement of frameworks. We see (full
representation on the node at the top and left) that managers are closer to critical areas and
that "priority" is given to the capacity of the column to that of the beam. Because we need to
hold the posts to prevent the collapse of the building. When sizing the approximation frames
several criteria must be met. For the reinforcement plan, the BET gets the most demanding
after evaluation.
The idea is that, by bringing the frames in critical areas (of the order of 5 to 8 cm on
center), where the cohesion reinforcement - concrete deteriorates, he and the
longitudinal bars are confined within frames (frets) and buckling bars and the brittle
fracture of the post or the beam is avoided.
(Figure taken
from "Building
seismic para Ed.
Parentheses,
Milan Zacek)
Comment:
The rules:
The nature of chaining sails seismic zone is defined by the rules PS-92. Regarding the other
frames of the veil, common rules to all areas (seismic or otherwise) BAEL apply.
Right
Poles slender geometry underwent overall bending. (Loma
Prieta Earthquake) (Document X to ERIA) When there is
bending stress levels and maximum deformation are in
"critical areas", which in this case are located at the top and
bottom of the post as show damage. These areas should
have received appropriate reinforcement.
You should know in advance whether an item will undergo a shear or bending to
determine the appropriate type of reinforcement to withstand without breaking it
"fragile".
Solutions:
The rules PS-92 indicate precisely how to determine the type of stress a room under
earthquake. BET will be able to make a reinforcement plan adapted to be respected
on the site.
Very rigid masonry blocks do not accept virtually deformation without rupture or
blocks, more frequently mortar bond. Beyond a certain level of dislocation, the
process of destruction of the building begins.
Solutions:
Panel dimensions and those of the openings must be moderate so that the
resistance is effective.
They must be able to withstand without breaking the tensile stresses which can
occur during different possible deformation of the structure, and not alter the
strength of concrete in compressive stresses (no hooks) and not to "burn".
NB: A distorted piece undergoes bending to the "outer curvature of his" part one
traction and for the "inner" part one compression.
The mechanical strength of longitudinal reinforcement must be effective foundation to the roof.
They must form a continuous network (attention to the conditions of mechanical continuity with
sufficient overlap between all the bars). They must also be able to deform with the pole or beam
without loss of adhesion concrete-steel too fast.
San Fernando, 1979:
Reinforcemen
t Design Longitudinal
substructures totally inappropriate in
seismic zone (Documents Nisaea
USA)
- No continuity of longitudinal
bars poles between floors (covering
the uninsured)
- Diameters too large to deform
with the pole without "tearing the
concrete"
- Number insufficient for a
correct distribution of effort.
- No shrinking: In addition, they
are not contained by the wrapping
which should be outside the bar!
Solutions:
The role of management is crucial in determining the "ductility" higher or lower than the frame.
The merger allows executives to hold more effectively the longitudinal bars and avoid buckling.
Proper anchoring of the ends of the bar which forms each frame reduces the risk of tearing
(anchorage length: 10 times the diameter of the bar).
Good or bad design and implementation frameworks (transverse reinforcement) will dictate the
type of break
the item if it is distorted to the point of having
damage.
Solutions:
In addition to the conditions of strong bonds post to post and beam to beam by
sufficient overlap of the longitudinal bars, the posts and the beams must be able to
flex freely throughout their length. The damage may be irreversible deformation
without rupture reach "fragile".
If the column or beam has an important section, it takes more than four longitudinal bars. So,
executives or pins must be added to peripheral frames for the transverse reinforcement can
effectively contain all the longitudinal bars.
The posts said "short" (or slanted) in key elements should be avoided because their short
length makes them too "rigid" and they can not flex but in general are not so far designed to
withstand a global shear. If you can not avoid them, they should be treated on their full height
as "critical areas".
Left Out of a
short post
(constrained by a
barge). Too rigid,
the post could
not flex and
efforts end
increased to the
point of breaking.
Right Tri
al hooping critical
zone (transverse
reinforcement
close) over the
entire length of a
short column in
the laboratory.
(Documents
Nisaea -
USA)
This solution is required by the regulations for short posts, but it's best to steer clear of short
posts that are solicited by the earthquake or by avoiding them altogether or having otherwise
veils "take" the seismic load .
Solutions:
PS-92 The rules specify the rules of confinement bars by the frets. (Figures taken from "Building
Earthquake, Ed. Parentheses, Milan Zacek)
Beams.
Yes I do. The mechanical strength of course depends also on the amount of
material. Therefore, the rules they impose minimum sections for parts of
frameworks specific seismic zones. The problem: too many manufacturers seem to
ignore it!
Bad habits from "age" where we neglect the action of the earthquake to build make this serious
problem is neglected, especially as the scaling of concrete, so the cost of the project, will grow
done for manufacturers who must abandon their illicit habits.
Left and right, social
housing (Zone III)
built
while the rules PS-92
were already in force.
Besides the problem
of poor architectural
design vis--vis the
earthquake,
poles do not have the
required minimum area of
25 cm square (Clichs P.
Balandier)
Solutions:
PS-92 The rules tell us that when the width of a column is equal to or greater than 4
times its thickness, it is not a goal, but a web. It becomes quite rigid in the direction
of its width to no longer be treated as a post.
The buildings braced by sails reinforced concrete (enough and willing number) are a type of
"rigid structure" that limits the relative movements of the floor much more than the frames do
not. Any damage in critical areas provide fewer meltdowns for framing.
Even if shearing a veil, it is usually partial and deferred charges are on unbroken parts, while
the constraints fall. Also seismic regulations are "less complex" for armatures sails with its
unique building chaining. In addition, a veil can have a thickness of 15 cm (25 cm for columns).
However, the ends of sails (pieces of walls) are "solicited by the earthquake" and that's where
the breakdown as a result of shearing begins. We must therefore strengthen these ends, either
by chaining (rules PS-92) by the vertical building mesh double sides (Eurocode 8).
Solutions
Chaining sails
(See below)
All masonry walls (resistant or not) must be between vertical and horizontal chaining chaining
which confine them to prevent their dislocation as a result of horizontal thrust.
Solutions:
The recommendations of the rules PS-92 correspond to the logic of containment of each panel
(including floors) limiting dimensions.
PS-92 - 12 2221: Principles
Herein called "masonry chained" supporting structures made of masonry of small items (see
12.113) and including concrete wall ties
armed implemented after completion of masonry:
- Horizontal chaining:
at the foundation (optional), at each floor,
high;
- Vertical ties, at least:
all the salient and reentrant angles of the construction, at
the junctions of walls,
framing openings greater height than or equal to 1.80;
No wall element must show free edge masonry.
They have more severe to be effectively resistant under the action of earthquake
mandatory features.
In order to give all masonry - chaining good resistance to deformation, it is necessary to limit the
surface of the panels that make up the walls to control the angle of the diagonal on which the
flare will practice during the earthquake (not too vertical nor too horizontal) and stability
depending on their thickness.
We observe the instability of these signs if they are too large for resistance blocks used (solid
blocks or hollow blocks and thickness of the blocks).
Salvador
earthquak
e (2001).
(Documents
P. and S.
Balandier
Gunot).
The use, for economic reasons, small masonry blocks (thin) led to reduce the size of piers (by an additional
intermediate chaining floor). But the lack of transverse inertia does lead to the ruin structures under stress. In
France the blocks must have a minimum thickness and according to their strength we will have the right to panel
sizes larger or smaller.
Solutions:
Watch out
On the left, the construct comprises a large number of cross-references without owning a single
panel bracing. Proper design of the structure so that it has piers (solid panels between two cross-
references) in sufficient numbers would not have asked for more materials or implementation
(Document P. Balandier)
Right, for the same density chaining home has real piers. Remains an unresolved issue: we see
coming out of the electrical ducts concrete vertical ties (to the right of the picture). They will
prevent good adhesion of concrete reinforcement and reduce the strength of chaining. We have to
move the sliders and other lines in service ducts and not in the support structure. (Photo Milan
Zacek)
The other walls, which include building openings, do not contribute to the strength
of the building under earthquake. However, for safety reasons, these openings
must be performed in compliance with the rules of coaching precise rules designed
to prevent the collapse of masonry lying around.
The rules PS-92 ( 12.2227) distinguish three types of berries according to their
dimensions and prescribe the framework conditions to avoid the disruption of the
panels in which they operate:
The solution: observe the rules framing bays according to size and
"Regulatory nominal acceleration."
In red, for Zone III measures (aN> 3.5): Guadeloupe and Martinique.
In
summary:
The entire system must ensure continuous chaining link all elements of the
construction of foundations to the roof panel resistance to deformation and
anchoring floors in the walls.
Required dimensions of wall ties and reinforcement rules must be followed to ensure their
strength in all three directions.
Solutions:
Dimensions:
- Thickness: On the whole thickness of the wall
(total if double wall) or tolerance reduction to
minimum 2/3 to avoid thermal bridges in
particular.
- Height: 15cm
Longitudinal
reinforcement:
4 bars, one in each corner, spaced 20 cm
maximum (if thick wall, add a third bar),
minimum tensile strength 80 kN (Taken from "Building Earthquake"
Figure Milan Zacek, Editions
Transverse Parentheses)
reinforcement:
Less than or equal to the spacing height, 25 cm
maximum.
Dimensions:
As for horizontal wall ties with maximum angles sections.
Longitudinal reinforcement:
As for horizontal wall ties with opportunities underestimate the size in some cases in areas of
low seismicity.
The frames can be reinforced concrete tensile strength defined or metal for an equivalent
resistance proved.
Floors, for horizontal bracing, must be "rigid" (that is to say, "dimensionally stable")
and tightly bound to the carriers (beams between the supporting walls or chaining)
so has involved a homogeneous deformation to all elements of vertical bracing
(implying that they are well established and stiffness homogeneous)
The different types of floors and roofs "plates" do not constitute a "rigid diaphragm" in respect
of certain design provisions to provide adequate resistance:
Pouring the concrete slab along with wall ties, beams, capitals ...
It is vital that the connections between the ribs and the slab are effective for consistent
dynamic behavior. The compression slab itself must be calculated with a minimum of 4 inches
(5 cm polystyrene infillor nevertheless preferable to insulation on spillplates interjoists).
These "ribbed floors" have the advantage of a reduced mass (Reduction Fi) for good
mechanical strength (under slabs cast in situ).
The connections between the beams and slab compression and the floor with horizontal wall
ties should be treated. More and more manufacturers offer
products suitable for seismic zones (beams, steel).
23. ;
For reasons of personal safety they must respect the rules of their supervision to
prevent dislocation as a result of shocks
There are partitions "light" of less than 10 cm thick, heavy walls (greater than 10 cm
thick), with higher requirements.
Regulation