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Senior Secondary Exploring Geography (Second Edition)
Part 1 Lesson worksheets
hazard-prone areas?
1.1 Is the earth we live on stable?
Figure 1
Table 1
Layer Thickness Characteristic
Crust 68 km A Oceanic crust / sima
It is found under the oceans. It is thin and dense
It consists of mainly silica with relatively more
iron and magnesium
2570 km B Continental crust /sial
It makes up the continents and the continental shelves. It is
thick and light
It consists of mainly silica with relatively more
aluminium , potassium and sodium
2 Figure 2 shows the structure of the earth based on the state of material.
Figure 2
a What are the states of materials in the following layers? Tick () the appropriate column in
Table 2.
Table 2
Layer State Solid Liquid Plastic
b Which two layers in Table 2 above are collectively called the lithosphere?
The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle are collectively called the lithosphere.
a Ridge push
b Slab pull
Table 4
Figure 6
a Name plates A to F in Table 5.
Table 5
Plate Name Plate Name
A Eurasian Plate D Pacific Plate
B Philippine Plate E North American Plate
C Indo-Australian Plate F Nazca Plate
Tension
Shearing force
b These forces give rise to three internal processes. They are folding , faulting
and volcanism .
B What is folding?
2 Study Figures 1a and b. What is folding?
Figure 1a
Figure 1b
C What is faulting?
4 a i Compressional, tensional and shearing forces place stress on rock. When the stress
exceeds the internal strength of the rock, the rock may ( break apart / fold up ).
ii What happen when rocks are broken up?
When rocks are broken up, they are displaced relative to each other.
Faulting occurs. The cracks or fractures along which rocks are displaced are called
faults .
Figure 3
b Study Figures 4a to c on p. 9.
i Mark the faults on the right diagram of Figures 4a to c.
ii Complete the last column to:
describe the movement of rock blocks; and
identify the types of fault shown in the diagrams.
Figure 4a
The rock block on the right
( moves up / moves down /
slides past each other).
Figure 4b
The rock block on the right
( moves up / moves down /
slides past each other).
Figure 4c
5 Faulting may form large-scale landforms called block mountains or rift valleys. Both of them can
be formed by both compressional and tensional forces. Refer to Figures 5 and 6 on p. 10.
a State the type of force applied to the blocks in the last column.
b For each diagram,
i draw the position of the central block after the displacement of rock blocks;
ii label the movement of blocks with arrows; and
iii describe the movement of the block(s) in the last column.
c Label the resulting landform as shown by the central block.
a Compressional force
biii The central block
(upthrown block) is
squeezed up or uplifted
Figure 5a
a Tensional force
biii The side blocks
(downthrown blocks)
sink and the central block
(upthrown block) is left
Figure 5b
as it is
a Tensional force
biii The central block
(downthrown block)
sinks
Figure 6a
a Compressional force
biii The side blocks
(upthrown blocks) are
pushed up and a
depression forms
Figure 6b
d Name ONE example for each landform.
Block mountain: Black Forest/Vosges (any 1); rift valley: Rhine Rift Valley/East African Rift
(any 1)
D What is volcanism?
6 a Volcanism refers to all the processes related to the occurrence and movement of magma:
Figure 7
Y Magma escapes from the X Magma becomes The process is called
magma chamber and lava extrusive
reaches the earths surface volcanism
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 1
1 Mid-Atlantic zone 3 Antarctic zone
2 a Complete the following flow chart about the landforms found at divergent plate boundaries.
*
Tensional force leads to two internal processes:
folding faulting volcanism Landforms/features produced
Figure 2
Figure 3
a Is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge shown in Figure 2 a smooth continuous line? Tick the correct
answer.
Yes, it is a smooth continuous line.
No, it is not. It is broken into short segments.
d Study the section between A and B. Describe the direction of plate movement at both sides.
5 Figures 4a and b show the formation of submarine volcanoes and volcanic islands at a divergent
plate boundary. Fill in the blanks on p. 16 for their formation.
Figure 4a Figure 4b
a Submarine volcanoes
b Volcanic islands
6 Look at Figure 5 which shows some submarine volcanoes and a volcanic island at a divergent
plate boundary.
a Do the submarine volcanoes and volcanic islands stay
where they are?
When two plates collide, the denser or heavier plate slides/subducts below the other plate.
This is called subduction . During collision, folding , faulting and
volcanism may occur.
9 Figure 6 shows the two major belts of convergent plate boundary. In Table 1,
a name belts A and B;
b describe their distribution.
Figure 6
Table 1
10 The types of landforms that result from the collision depend on the nature of the crust carried by
the plates where they collide. Name the three types of collision below.
1 Ocean-continent collision
2 Ocean-ocean collision
3 Continent-continent collision
Nature of
Continental
crust at the Oceanic crust
crust
edge
Figure 7
b Figures 8a and b shows the process of collision of plates X and Y. Fill in the blanks to
describe the process and the resulting landforms.
Figure 8a
Formation process
How do plates The Nazca Plate (Plate X) (with oceanic crust at
move?
the edge) collides with the South American Plate
(Plate Y) (with continental crust at the edge).
How is sedimentary Sediment from the South American landmass is
rock formed?
washed down and deposited in the coastal water .
Later, the layers of sediment are compacted into sedimentary
rock.
Figure 8b
Formation process
The three kinds When denser plate subducts, an ocean trench
of landforms
formed: ( Peru-Chile Trench) is formed at the plate margin. It is a deep
and elongated trough under the sea.
Landform 1
Landform 2 Because of the collision of plates, sedimentary rock is folded up .
Fold mountains ( The Andes ), are formed.
Landform 3 During subduction, water released from the subducted plate causes the
asthenosphere to melt at a lower temperature. This forms magma.
Folding and subduction result in compressional force, this
produces cracks in the rock.
When magma rises through cracks, volcanic eruption occurs. This forms
volcanoes , for example, Mount Chimborazo .
c Draw an annotated diagram in the space provided below to show the landforms created by
ocean-continent collision at the convergent plate boundary. (Hint: collision of plates; direction of
plate movement; subduction of denser plate; presence of ocean trench, fold mountain and volcanoes)
Figure 9
a Ocean trenches
Figure 10a
ii How is this ocean trench formed? What is the name of this ocean trench?
The denser Indo-Australian Plate subducts under the Eurasian Plate.
This produces an ocean trench called Java Trench .
Figure 10b
iii Give some examples of volcanic islands along this volcanic island arc.
Sumatra, Java and Bali are some of the volcanic islands along the
island arc that makes up the country of Indonesia.
c Draw an annotated diagram in the space provided below to show the landforms created by
ocean-ocean collision at the convergent plate boundary. (Hint: collision of plates; direction of plate
movement; subduction of denser plate; presence of ocean trench, volcanic islands and volcanic island arc)
Figure 11
b Refer to Figures 12a and b. Complete the paragraphs below to show the situation before the
formation of the fold mountains.
Million years ago, the Indian subcontinent
and the Asian continent were separated
by an ocean. Plate movement caused the
Indo-Australian Plate to move
towards the Eurasian Plate.
Figure 12a
Figure 12b
The collision caused the subduction of the ocean floor at the contact zone
( oceanic crust) to be under the Asian continent.
Landforms associated with an ocean-continent collision such as (1) ocean
trench and (2) volcanoes were formed.
c Refer to Figures 13a and b. Follow the guiding questions to write paragraphs to show the
formation of the fold mountains.
Figure 13a
Figure 13b
Where did sediment come Before both continents met, sediment from each of them was
from? Where did it deposit?
washed down and deposited in the coastal waters around them.
How was sedimentary rock Due to the weight of the overlying sediment, water was squeezed
formed?
out. The layers of sediment were compacted into sedimentary
rock.
What happened when the As two landmasses got closer, the ocean floor between them
two landmasses got closer?
eventually subducted. The Indian subcontinent directly collided
mountain range.
14 Figure 14 concludes the types of collision and the landforms formed at convergent plate
boundaries. Complete the flow chart.
Plates converge
Volcanoes
Figure 14
16 What happens when two plates slide past each other? What feature is formed?
When two plates slide past each other, ( new / no new ) crustal material is formed and ( the
denser / neither ) plate subducts. The internal force produced at these plate boundaries forms
transform faults (feature).
17 Name the most active and typical example of a transform plate boundary.
Figure 1
a What is an earthquake?
It is the sudden shaking of the land.
b How is it caused?
It is caused by the sudden release of energy stored in the rocks beneath the earths
surface :
When the stress is applied to rocks, energy builds up in the rock layer and a
fracture is formed;
When the energy exceeds the strength of the rock, the rock
breaks and displaces along the fracture.
c Fill in the boxes in Figure 1 to show the important terms related to earthquakes.
d Which place, X, Y or Z, will have the strongest destruction if earthquake occurs in the area?
What is the reason?
Place X will have the strongest destruction. Compared with places Y and Z, Place X is the
closest to the epicentre where most of the energy is released from the focus.
2 Figure 2 shows the distribution of earthquakes of the world in a selected month of a year.
Figure 2
a Describe the distribution of earthquakes with reference to plate boundaries.
Earthquakes can be found at all types of plate boundaries .
ii Suggest reasons.
Some earthquakes may be triggered by volcanic eruptions at hot spots.
Some earthquakes are generated from fault systems which may affect the nearby
plates.
3 Figure 3 shows the depth of earthquake foci at different types of plate boundary.
Figure 3
a Describe the depth of earthquake foci at different plate boundaries.
Figure 4
c Some volcanic eruptions have been occurred in scattered places away from plate
boundaries. Complete the following paragraphs for the explanation.
Figure 5a
As the plate moves, the
volcanoes/ volcanic islands/submarine
volcanoes are carried away. The hot
spot later creates new volcanoes just
above it. The process is repeated and
this results in a line of
volcanic islands .
The further the volcano from the hot
spot, the older the age of it.
A famous example of volcanoes/
volcanic islands formed by a hot spot
is the Hawaiian Islands . Figure 5b
Tsunamis are a series of big sea waves that can travel at a speed of 700 kilometres per
hour or more. Once generated, they travel in all directions.
.
b Figure 6 shows the three causes of tsunami. With reference to this diagram, explain why
tsunamis are most often generated at convergent plate boundaries.
Figure 6
Earthquakes
Loss of life
and property
Figure 1
2 Fill in the flow chart in Figure 2 to show the major destruction caused by volcanic eruption.
Figure 3
a Figure 4 shows typical destruction caused by tsunamis. Complete the flow chart with
reference to the 2004 South Asian tsunami.
b Read the case study of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in Japan on pp. 656 of the textbook. Why
is the impact of this tsunami so serious?
This tsunami not only caused destruction as in the case of the 2004 South Asian tsunami,
it also damaged the back-up power generator of a nuclear power plant. This resulted in
the meltdown of the three nuclear reactors and the leakage of radioactive materials.
For tsunamis
Use tsunami buoys and
ocean-bottom tsunami gauges to monitor tsunamis
Set up warning systems and warning centres, such
as the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System,
Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre
Figure 5
a How effective are the following measures in the Mentawai Islands in Indonesia?
i Monitoring and warning systems
- it is not effective
- people have no access to radios and therefore they did not receive warnings
ii Rescue systems
- it is not effective
- rescue had been delayed by bad weather and rough sea
b Would you suggest building hazard-proof structures on the Mentawai Islands? Why or why
not?
Table 2
v Relief of land:
For earthquakes: steep slopes gentle slopes
For volcanic eruptions: steep slopes gentle slopes
b Complete Table 3 which shows the factors concerning the tectonic hazards.
Table 3
v The path through which Directly hit by the Not directly hit by the
the hazard travels hazard hazard
Depth of focus of 13 km 10 km
earthquake
Buildings destroyed 90% of the buildings in the city A few old buildings were
were destroyed damaged
Infrastructure affected All hospitals, transport facilities Power cut, water and sewage
and communication systems pipes broken, roads cracked and
damaged or destroyed; public bridges collapsed
telephone system not
functional; fibre-optic
connectivity disrupted
8 From the case study of Haiti and Figure 5 (p. 34) about the tsunami in Mentawai Islands, can you
generalize the reasons for less developed countries to suffer more in tectonic hazard? Fill in the
blanks in Figure 6.
Figure 6
EXTENDED
9 Refer to textbook p. 83. What can less developed countries do with limited resources? Complete
Table 5.
Table 5
Measures
a Increase peoples i Education
awareness of
ii Propaganda
hazards
b Land-use i Building hazard-proof structures/buildings
planning
ii Reserve open spaces
Move away?
Staying behind?
Possible gains: Possible losses:
Opportunities offered by resources Probability of hazard reoccurrence and the
available in the hazard-prone area anticipated destruction
Figure 1
b Opportunities
Many hazard-prone areas provide valuable resources.
- Volcanic ash and weathered solidified lava
provide fertile soil for farming.
- Metals and minerals , such as iron ore are useful raw material
for many industries; some minerals are valuable precious stones ,
for example, diamonds.
- The hot water and steam found in volcanic areas generate geothermal
power.
- Volcanic and geological sceneries, hot springs and geysers
attract tourist.
These resources bring job opportunities and wealth to
local people. These improve the living standards of people.
c Social links
The ties to ones motherland and ancestors , friends and relatives,
and their own culture, prevent people from moving away.
d Limitations on migration
Political barriers
- There are strict population and immigration policies.
Physical constraints
- Some areas which are free of tectonic hazards are too dry, too cold or too wet for
people to live.