An Introduction to

Delason

Nizar Habash, Ph.D.


DELTA EL DELASON

An Introduction to Delason
The Complete Guide to the Artificial Language
Second Edition

Nizar Habash, Ph.D.

 1990-2012 Nizar Habash. All Rights Reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, published,

distributed, displayed, performed, copied or
transmitted in any form by any
mechanical, photographic
or electronic process
without written
permission of
the author.

ii
 For my siblings,
Ahmad, the leader of the rebel movement to overthrow me,
Princess Nowar of Salamon, and
Prince Kamal of Salamon.

Thank you for the wonderful memories

of our imaginary homeland.

te dako.
tetone, na to oben.

iii
Introduction

It has been over 20 years since I first imagined Delason and 14

years since I wrote the first edition of this book documenting it.
My love for languages has since led me to earn a doctorate in
computational linguistics in 2003 from the University of
Maryland College Park. I have been working as a researcher at
Columbia University since then, specializing in machine
translation and Arabic natural language processing. What started
as a fun summer project over two decades ago evolved into a
hobby that had a lasting effect on my life and career in interesting
ways. Working on Delasons grammar, dictionary and fonts
helped me develop skills and awareness of both linguistic and
computational issues that are relevant to my research in
computational linguistics. I am currently working on a new
project creating a second constructed language called Semiti, an
Arabic-Hebrew esperanto. Semiti is part of an imaginary Middle
Eastern country called Palisra that is my answer to the Israeli-
Palestinian conflict.
As far as Delason news since the first edition, I am quite proud to
report that one of Delasons ideograms was added to the shield
of the Honors College at my Alma Mater, Old Dominion
University. Professor Lou Henry, who was Dean of the college,
had found out about Delason and asked if I could create a
Delason graduation diploma to give to my graduating class. I was
so excited of course and even created a special symbol for the
concept of Knowledge: () to use in the certificate.
The year after I left, Dean Henry added the symbol to
the colleges shield and every student graduating since
then have received a medal with the symbol inscribed
on it. See the shield on the right.
On a more personal note, my sister, Nowar, first told me about
the man she fell in love with and eventually married in an email in
Delason. As a wedding gift, I created a Delasoni marriage
certificate to honor the occasion. And after the Muslim cleric

iv
 who married them left, we conducted a second ceremony in
which Nowar and her husband Salah said their I dos in Delason.
Since then, about a dozen people received Delasoni wedding
certificates. All are still married, except for one couple who did
not sign the certificate (tsk tsk tsk). I like to imagine that signing
the Delasoni certificate has something to do (or it simply
correlates) with successful marriages.
Finally, about two years ago, I opened a Zazzle online store to
sell products with Delasoni symbols on them, among other
artistic creations. Visit us at http://www.zazzle.com/nizware.
For this edition, I updated some of the grammar discussions and
dictionary, and added a few texts including some new translated
songs, the Delasoni wedding certificate and the Old Dominion
University Honors College graduation diploma. I hope you enjoy
the book and I thank you for your interest.

Nizar Habash, Ph.D.

nizar@nizarhabash.com
New York, New York
Summer 2012

v
Introduction to the First Edition

In the summer of 1990, I realized that the artificial country I have

been designing for two years lacked an essential element: its own
language. The Mediterranean country was an island named
Salamon after the Canaanite tribe that migrated to it. By that
summer, I had created several maps of Salamon, had written an
account of its history that was integrated in the history of the
Middle East and the Mediterranean, and had even printed stamps
and money notes. The official languages of the island nation were
Arabic and English until I designed Salamonese, the ancestor of
Delason.
Looking back at that summer, I am not surprised that I thought
of constructing an artificial language. By that time, I had lived in
or visited more than 12 countries in four continents and had
studied, formally or informally, about five different languages and
came in touch with several modern Arabic dialects (Palestinian,
Egyptian, Tunisian). But creating my "own" language seemed like
the most fascinating challenge I ever attempted. Seven years
later, I was still working on it. The language has metamorphisized
several times especially as I went to college and majored in
linguistics. So as I learned more about human languages and
realized how diverse they are, I modified my language.
During my college years, Delason lost its connections with its
fictitious origins and became a linguistic "test-tube." I toyed with
the possibility of combining dissimilar syntactic properties such
as having both pre- and post-positions, or optional case markers
that can increase the freedom of Delasons word order.
Phonologically and morphologically, however, Delason remained
quite simple since I was never interested in experimenting with
these aspects of language. Delasons phonology is simply a
regularized marriage of Spanish and Modern Hebrew. And all
morphological derivations are done using prefixes and suffixes
only.

vi
 On the other hand, Delasoni vocabulary is quite remarkable in
that its roots come from a set of about 20 languages with the
main contributors being from the Indo-European and the Semitic
families. Some of the roots are borrowed with no modifications
such as telefon (Latin telephone) or on (Turkish ten). I created other
roots by scrambling elements from different languages. For
example, olan (hello / peace) is constructed from hola (Spanish
hello) and ahlan (Arabic hello) with the semantic component peace
from shalom (Hebrew hello / peace). In addition, I used names of
famous real and fictitious characters associated with particular
meanings, e.g., makbeta (guilt) from Macbeth and hickoka (fear),
pronounced hish-ko-ka, from Hitchcock.
In addition to its syntax and vocabulary, Delason is special among
other constructed languages in that it is one of the few with their
own script. I designed it by integrating elements from different
scripts, with the main contributors being Japanese Kana and
Kanji. I have created several fonts for this script and have
experimented with calligraphy.
The goal of this book is to document my work on Delason and
share it with other conlangers (language constructors or as I
prefer to call us linguartists - pronounced ling-gwar-tists). The book
contains an introduction to the Delasoni writing system, a
complete grammar reference, a phrase book, selected texts, and
an English-Delason dictionary. I hope you enjoy this humble
work of linguart and thank you very much for your interest.

Nizar Habash
Ramallah, Palestine
Summer 1997

vii
Table of Contents
Chapter One The Delasoni Writing System 1
1.1 DELASONI SCRIPTS 1
1.2 THE DELASONI ALPHABET 1
1.3 DELASONI PRONUNCIATION 3
1.4 DIGITS AND PUNCTUATION 5
1.5 DELASONI IDEOGRAMS 6
Chapter Two Essentials of Delasoni Grammar 10
2.1 NOUNS 10
2.2 VERBS 12
2.3 ADJECTIVES 14
2.4 ADVERBS 15
2.5 QUALIFIERS 16
2.6 PRONOUNS 20
2.7 NUMBERS 24
2.8 PREPOSITIONS 25
2.9 RELATIVE CLAUSES 27
2.10 QUESTIONS 29
2.11 CONJUNCTIONS 32
2.12 SENTENTIAL WORD ORDER 33
Chapter Three A Phrasebook of Delason 36
3.1 BASIC EXPRESSIONS 36
3.2 HELLO EVERYBODY! 37
3.3 ONE, TWO, THREE, GO! 39
3.4 WHAT DAY IS IT? 44
3.5 WHAT, WHO, WHERE? 48
3.6 THIS IS IT! 50
3.7 I AM LOST. CAN YOU HELP ME? 51
 3.8 THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY 54
3.9 FOOD 57
3.10 BODY PARTS 60
3.11 CLOTHING 62
3.12 THE WEATHER 65
3.13 USEFUL WORDS 66
3.14 VERBS, VERBS, VERBS! 70
Chapter Four Selected Texts 74
4.1 THE OLD TESTAMENT: FIRST LIGHT 74
4.2 THE OLD TESTAMENT: THE TOWER OF BABEL 75
4.3 THE NEW TESTAMENT: JOHN 3:16 77
4.4 THE QURAN: ALFATIHA 78
4.5 TAO TEH CHING: BOOK 1 79
4.6 THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 80
4.7 OMAR KHAYYAM: RUBAIYA 24 81
4.8 LE NOZZE DI FIGARO: NO. 11 CANZONE 82
4.9 A HUNDRED VERSES FROM OLD JAPAN: UKON 83
4.10 A FAIRUZ SONG: KIFAK INTA 84
4.11 A KATY PERRY SONG: FIREWORK 85
4.12 AN EMILY DICKINSON POEM: A WORD 86
4.13 DELASONI NURSERY RHYMES 87
4.14 DELASONI LOVE POEMS 88
4.15 FROM THE DELASONI EPIC OF KIRMIZ-KAZU 89
4.16 DELASONI WEDDING CERTIFICATE 91
4.18 DELASONI GRADUATION DIPLOMA 95
4.19 DELASONI GREETING CARD CAPTIONS 97
Chapter Five An English-Delason Dictionary 100
Chapter Six A Delason-English Dictionary 128
Chapter One

The Delasoni Writing System

1.1 Delasoni Scripts

Delason is written using two scripts: the Delasoni alphabet and
Delasoni ideograms. The former is a phonemic system in which a
direct correspondence exists between writing and speech. The
latter is a set of ideographic symbols that accessorize the written
alphabet. In terms of their history, ideograms were the only form
of Delasoni writing. The alphabetical letters were actually
simplified ideogram forms that came to dominate the writing
system over the millennia.

1.2 The Delasoni Alphabet

The Delasoni alphabet alefbeta delasoni alefbeta
delasoni has 20 consonants and five vowels. There are two
Delasoni styles of writing: the traditional engraved style
PONTA MARCINI ponta marcini and the modern style
ponta navoni ponta navoni. The ponta marcini was used in
ancient times as the only form of the alphabet. It is the link
between the Delasoni ideograms and the cursive ponta navoni,
which is currently the default Delasoni script style. The Delasoni
alphabet does not have capital/small letter distinction. It is
written from left to right.
A. Consonants
Delason Transliteration Pronunciation
P p p pen

B b b big

T t t ten

D d d door

C c c show

J j j measure

F f f foot

V v v very

K k k kiss

G g g gas

S s s so

Z z z zoo

H h h hello

X x x Scottish loch

M m m more

N n n no

L l l low

R r r root

W w w will

Y y y yes

The circle diacritic (cirita cirita) appears after some letters to

indicate that the letter represents the voiced version of another
voiceless consonant letter, e.g., p-b p-b. In the case of w w and

2
y y, the cirita marks them as the glide forms of the related vowels
u u and i i, respectively.

B. Vowels
Delason Transliteration Pronunciation
A a a father

I i i feet

E e e fate

U u u root

O o o road

Sequences of two vowels are allowed in Delason: havua

havua spirit. The second vowel forms a separate syllable, e.g.,
ha-vu-a, not ha-vua.
C. Alphabetical Order
The order used above to present the consonants and vowels is
intended to highlight the similarity between different letters. The
actual order of letters is as follows:

a b c d e f g h i j k l m
n o p r s t u v w x y z
abcdefghijklmnoprstuvwxyz

1.3 Delasoni Pronunciation

1. It is important to remember the following when using
transliteration as a guide for pronunciation:

a. The symbol c (for c) stands for the sound sh as in shop

not s as in mercy or k as in cat.

3
 b. The symbol x (for x) stands for ch as in the Scottish
pronunciation of loch not ch as in check or ks as in
exercise.
2. Word stress in Delason falls on the last syllable of the word if
it ends with a consonant or with the vowels e e or o o.
Otherwise, the stress falls on the next to last syllable.
Hyphenated postpositions are optionally considered part of
the word, which may lead to two possible valid stress
pronunciations. Stress in Delason is not distinctive. As such,
poetic license may violate the abovemenioned rules.

cta cta city only syllable

sotin sotin song last syllable

ceco ceco houses last syllable vowel o

latfe latfe beautifully last syllable vowel e

ceca ceca house next to last syllable

latfi latfi beautiful next to last syllable

havua havua spirit next to last syllable

cta-bi cta-bi in the city with postposition

sotin-bi sotin-bi in the song with postposition

ceco-bi ceco-bi in the houses with postposition

ceca-bi with postposition
ceca-bi In the house
ceca-bi (two possibilities)

3. As for intonation, a falling pitch denotes the completeness of

the thought being uttered. Wh-questions have a falling pitch,
too. A rising pitch, on the other hand, denotes

4
 incompleteness. A rising pitch is also used with exclamations
and yes/no questions.

aruma di te kuti en.

aruma di te kuti en (falling, complete utterance).
This is a good person.

ize boden, ta sa alen na-vi.

ize ta boden (rising, incomplete), ta sa alen na-vi (falling, complete).
If you want, you will go with me.

et ceca-si ta aven?
et ceca-si ta aven (falling, wh-question)?
Which house is yours?

hu miru en!
hu miru en (rising, exclamation)!
She is Miru!

es ta kucu en?
es ta kucu en (rising, yes/no question)?
Are you Kushu?

1.4 Digits and Punctuation

Numbers in Delason are represented using a decimal digit system
similar to Arabic numerals.
0 0 5 5

1 1 6 6

2 2 7 7

3 3 8 8

4 4 9 9

Examples:

365 365 98.7 98.7

40,000 40,000 1/2 = .5 1/2 = .5

5
The following are some of the common punctuation marks used
in Delason. They look similar to those used in English.

? Question mark ( ? ) . Period ( . )

! Exclamation mark ( ! ) - Hyphen ( - )

, Comma ( , ) () Parentheses ( )

1.5 Delasoni Ideograms

Delasoni ideograms are a small set of symbols that are used in
addition to the alphabet. These symbols are used mainly for
ornamental purposes. For example, the symbol for knowledge is
displayed at the top of diplomas, and the symbol for health is
displayed on get-well cards. One practical usage of these symbols
is to mark public facilities on maps. For example, the ideogram
for money marks banks and that for knowledge marks schools.
Chapter Four of this book includes several examples utilizing
Delasoni ideograms.
Each ideogram is a unit that stands for a specific concept or
object. Some ideograms are constructed from the combination of
two or more ideograms. For example, the ideogram for
Happiness and that for Body are combined to create the
ideogram for Health.

+=
Happiness Body Health

The following is a list of some of the most common ideograms in

Delason.

6
Ideogram Meaning Symbol

Body, Physiology "Face and Arm"

Heart, Emotion "Big Heart"

Mind, Intellect "The Eye"

Soul, Spirituality, Light "Holy Fire"

Conscience "Eye to Eye"

Money, Possessions "Money Jar"

Beginning, Birth "One"

End, Death "Two"

"Three Lucky
Happiness, Satisfaction
Feathers"

Universal Unity "Circle of Life"

Ambition "Fly High"

Stability, Peace "Tight Loop"

7

Beauty, Elegance,
"Bird of Paradise"
Refinement

Positive Change, Success "Broken Loop"

Activity, Motion,
"Body in Motion"
Exercise, Sports

Physical Beauty + +

Health, Happy Body +

Love, Happy Heart +

+
Prosperity,
Happy Money Jar

Wisdom, Happy Mind +

Knowledge, Light of Mind

+

+
Peace of Mind,
Good Conscience

8
9
Chapter Two

Essentials of Delasoni Grammar

This chapter presents essentials of Delasoni grammar. It discusses

various aspects of the morphology and syntax of different parts-
of-speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, qualifiers, pronouns,
numbers, prepositions and conjunctions. Additional sections
discuss sentential and phrasal word order including relative
clauses and questions.

2.1 Nouns
In Delason, nouns are the only part-of-speech without a unique
marked ending. While verbs, adjectives and other parts-of-speech
have specific endings, nouns can end with any vowel or
consonant that is not reserved for other parts-of-speech. Most
Delasoni nouns end with the vowel -a -a such as ceca ceca
house or ora ora happiness. Names of countries and
individuals usually end with the vowel -u -u such as
fransu fransu France or janu janu John. Other
endings have some semantic significance. For example, the suffix
-on -on refers to the doer of an action as in soton soton
singer from sota sota singing or fordon fordon driver
from forda forda car. Another example, the suffix -in -in,
refers to the object of an action as in sotin sotin song or
fordin fordin vehicle from the same roots in the last
example.
In addition to simple nouns, Delason has compound nouns that
are created by hyphenating two or more words. At least one of
these words must be a noun. Other words can be particles or
adverbs. In some cases, nouns drop their final vowel or their last
syllable.
For example,

ceca + manja cec-manja

ceca + manja cec-manja
house + meal restaurant

kora + ce + racca kor-ce-rac

kora + ce + racca kor-ce-rac
bow + of + rain rainbow

Plurals are formed by dropping any final vowels and adding the
suffix -o -o. If the noun ends with two vowels, only the second
vowel is dropped.
For example,

cta cta city

cto cto cities

fordon fordon driver

fordono fordono drivers

havua havua spirit

havuo havuo spirits

amerikia amerikia an American

amerikio amerikio Americans

11
Nouns ending with the vowel -a -a, have an alternate form that
is equivalent in meaning but drops the vocalic ending. For
example, torita torita bird and torit torit have the same
meaning.

2.2 Verbs
There are three forms of verbs in Delason: indicative verbs,
infinitive verbs, and imperative verbs. Indicative verbs end with
-en -en and by default refer to the present tense. The past tense
is obtained using the tense particle ha ha which precedes the
verb. Similarly, the future tense is obtained by using the tense
particle sa sa . Delasoni verbs do not change with number or
person.
For example,

na et kocu telefonen.
na et kocu telefonen.
I call Koshu by phone (often, everyday, ...)

na et kocu ha telefonen.
na et kocu ha telefonen.
I called Koshu by phone.

na et kocu sa telefonen.
na et kocu sa telefonen.
I will call Koshu by phone.

The second Delasoni verb form is the infinitive form. It is similar

to English infinitives and gerunds in that it refers to the action
with no reference to time (past, present, or future). All infinitive
verbs end with -ir -ir.

12
For example,

na oben cofir et kocu.

na oben cofir et kocu.
I like to see (seeing) Koshu.

cofir et kocu gien na ori.

cofir et kocu gien na ori.
Seeing Koshu makes me happy.

The last Delasoni verb form is the imperative form. Commands

are created by replacing the -en -en suffix with -ay -ay.
For example,

darcay et nama taci!

darcay et nama taci!
Tell me your name!

asine, alay mine!

asine, alay mine!
First, go right!

To negate a verb, the negative qualifier le le is placed before that

verb. Note that le le also precedes the tense particles sa sa and
ha ha.
For example,

na le sa alen ev ta.
na le sa alen ev ta.
I will not go with you.

le cpilay ev manjina taci!

le cpilay ev manjina taci!
Do not play with your food!

13
Delasoni verbs do not have a passive voice inflection. However,
the derivational prefix bi bi evokes a passive or unaccusative
reading of the base verb. Similarly, the derivational prefix gi gi
evokes an accusative reading of the base verb.
For example,

Unaccusative Base Accusative

bicofen cofen gicofen

bicofen cofen gicofen
appear, look see, look show, guide

bicimen cimen gicimen

bicimen cimen gicimen
smell smell make smell
[intransitive] [transitive]

bicomen comen gicomen

bicomen comen gicomen
be heard hear listen

2.3 Adjectives
Delasoni adjectives end with the suffix -i -i. Adjectives follow
the nouns they modify. They have one form only that does not
change whether the nouns are plural or singular.
For example,

oma latfi
oma latfi
a handsome man

14
 ima intelgi
ima intelgi
an intelligent woman

fordo navoni
fordo navoni
new cars
Two commonly used Delasoni adjectives correspond to the
English demonstrative articles this, these, that and those. The two
adjectives are di di this or these and zi zi that or those.
These demonstrative adjectives immediately follow the nouns and
precede other adjectives.
For example,

ceca di gdoli en.

ceca di gdoli en.
This house is big.

cecot zi cmoli en.

ceco zi cmoli en.
Those houses are small.

na boden ceca di gdoli.

na boden ceca di gdoli.
I want this big house.

2.4 Adverbs
Delasoni adverbs end with the suffix -e -e. They come after the
verbs they modify. Note that not all Delasoni adverbs correspond
to adverbs in English.
For example,

hu honen latfe.
hu honen latfe.
He writes beautifully.

15
 alay ope el itaha torini.
alay ope el itaha torini.
Go up to the third floor.

2.5 Qualifiers
Qualifiers are words that precede nouns, adjectives, adverbs and
verbs. Qualifiers can be grouped into four types based on their
relative position to each other and to the word they modify. The
following is a list of the qualifiers and their relative positions.

Pos. 1 Pos. 2 Pos. 3 Pos. 4 Word

te te all de de the Number mere mere more Nouns

me me most ke ke such Qualifiers lece lece less Adjectives

se se some ine ine any otre otre other Adverbs

pe pe few ixe ixe each Verbs

le le no

The first five qualifiers, te te, me me, se se, pe pe and le le, are
degree qualifiers. The specific meaning of these qualifiers
depends on the part-of-speech of the word they qualify:

(Degree) Nouns Adjectives & Adverbs

te te 100% all extremely

me me 75% most very

se se 50% some kind of

pe pe 25% few not very

le le 0% none not at all

16
For example,

me ceca latfi en.

me ceca latfi en.
Most of the house is good.

se arumo le intelgi en.

se arumo le intelgi en.
Some people are not intelligent at all.

me ceco te latfi en.

me ceco te latfi en.
Most of the houses are extremely beautiful.

hu darken et fransi me kute.

hu darcen et fransi me kute.
He speaks French very well.

Verbs are qualified in terms of frequency or degree.

For example,

na te oben ta.
na te oben ta.
I love you so much.

hu se alen sinema-li.
hu se alen sinema-li.
They go to the movies from time to time.

no le boden alir.
no le boden alir.
We do not want to go.

The qualifier de de corresponds to the definite article the in

English. It is not used with adverbs or verbs. There are no
indefinite articles that correspond to the English a, an or some.

17
For example,

na boden et ceca gdoli.

na boden et ceca gdoli.
I want a big house.

na boden et de ceca gdoli.

na boden et de ceca gdoli.
I want the big house.

na boden et de gdoli.
na boden et de gdoli.
I want the big one.

The qualifier ke ke corresponds to the English word such. It is

used with nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
For example,

hu arumo ke latfi en.

hu arumo ke latfi en.
They are such good people.

The qualifiers ine ine and ixe ixe correspond to the English
indefinite articles any and each or every respectively. They are only
used with nouns.
For example,

ine forda doradori en.

ine forda doradori en.
Any car is O.K. (with me).

na ta ken ixe moma.

na ta ken ixe moma.
I think of you every day.

The comparative qualifiers lece lece and mere mere correspond

to the English less and more, respectively. When used in
conjunction with these qualifiers, the particle ki ki refers to the

18
English than. If the definite qualifier de de is used with lece lece
or mere mere, they would correspond to the least and the most.
For example,

na boden mere dinga.

na boden mere dinga.
I want more money.

kucu lece latfi ki miru en.

kocu lece latfi ki miru en.
Koshu is less beautiful than Miru.

ceca di de mere gdoli cta-bi en.

ceca di de mere gdoli cta-bi en.
This is the biggest house in the city.

The qualifier otre otre refers to the English other or another.

For example,

lezen na otre forda.

lezen na otre forda.
I need another car.
Number qualifiers are explained in Section 2.7. The following are
some examples where different qualifiers are used together:
For example,

pe de dadino en dayna.
pe de dadino en dayna.
Only few of the guests are here.

le pase telgito mteli en.

le pase telgito mteli en.
No two snowflakes are similar.

19
2.6 Pronouns
The following is a list of most of pronouns in Delason.

a. Personal Pronouns

na na I

no no we

ta ta you (singular)

to to you (plural)

hu hu he, she, it, they

b. Possessive Pronominal Adjectives

There are no possessive pronouns in Delason. However, there
are possessive pronominal adjectives.

naci naci my

noci noci our

taci taci your (singular)

toci toci your (plural)

huci huci his, her, its, their

de naci de naci mine

de noci de noci ours

de taci de taci yours (singular)

de toci de toci yours (plural)

de huci de huci his, hers, its, theirs

20
For example,

na oden ceca huci ve hu oben

de naci.
na oben ceca huci ve hu oben
de naci.
I like his house and he likes mine.

c. Impersonal Pronoun

o o impersonal it or unknown subject

This pronoun can also be used to create a passive sentence when

used as the subject.
For example,

o raccen.
o raccen.
Its raining.

o miru ha cofen.
o miru ha cofen.
Miru was seen [some subject saw Miru].

This last example can also be expressed using the bi bi prefix

discussed above.

miru ha bicofen.
miru ha bicofen.
Miru was seen.

d. Relative Pronouns

o o redundant subject in relative clauses

eto eto redundant object in relative clauses

For more information on relative pronouns usage, see Section

2.9.
21
For example,

de aruma ki na eto ha cofen

de aruma ki na eto ha cofen
The man whom I saw [lit. the man who I him saw]

e. Reflexive Pronoun
myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
so so
ourselves, themselves, ones self

For example,

hu so tasten.
hu so tasten.
He hates himself.

f. Indefinite Pronouns

tu tu all (things or people), everything, everybody

mu mu most (things or people)

su su some (things or people)

pu pu few (things or people)

lu lu none (things or people), nothing, nobody

inu inu anything, anybody

ixu ixu each

otru otru other (things or people) others

For example,

inu doradori en.

inu doradori en.
Anything is O.K.

22
g. Temporal Pronouns

ton-di ton-di now

ton-zi ton-zi then (past or future)

For example,

ton-di, no pen alir.

ton-di, no pen alir.
Now we can go.

h. Spatial Pronouns

dayna dayna here

zayna zayna there

For example,

bakakay dayna!
bakakay dayna!
Stay here!
i. Demonstrative Pronouns

da da this (thing or person)

do do these (things or people)

za za that (thing or person)

zo zo those (things or people)

For example,

na oben za.
na oben za.
I like that.

23
2.7 Numbers
There are three types of numbers in Delason: counting numbers,
cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. Counting numbers are
used for counting only (one, two, three ...). They have no vocalic
endings and are the roots used to form the other two types of
numbers.
For example,

as, pas, tor, alay!

as, pas, tor, alay!
one, two, three, GO!

Cardinal numbers are similar in meaning to counting numbers

except that they are not used in counting. There are three forms
of cardinal numbers all of which are constructed by adding some
vocalic ending to the counting numbers. First, cardinal numbers
can be qualifiers (ending with -e -e) that come before the noun.
Second, cardinal numbers can be adjectives (ending with -i -i)
that come after the noun. With adjectives and qualifiers, the
nouns agree with the number: they are plural except with number
one. Finally, cardinal numbers can be nouns (ending with -u
-u).

For example,
one house ase ceca ase ceca

or ceca asi ceca asi

two houses pase ceco pase ceco

or ceco pasi ceco pasi

fourteen houses kat-v-one ceco kat-v-one ceco

or cecotkat-v-oni ceco kat-v-oni

24
 ta komse ceca aven?
ta komse ceca aven?
How many houses do you have?

na aven pasu.
na aven pasu.
I have two.
As for ordinal numbers (first, second, third ... ), they are formed
by adding the suffix -ini -ini to the counting number. They can
only be used as adjectives.

For example,
first house ceca asini ceca asini

second house ceca pasini ceca pasini

fourteenth house ceca kat-v-onini ceca kat-v-onini

For more information on numbers, see the list of counting
numbers in Section 3.3.

2.8 Prepositions
There are three types of prepositions in Delason: simple
prepositions, postpositions, and compound prepositions.
Preposition phrases can modify nouns or complement verbs just
as in English. There are only five simple prepositions, which have
pre-position and a post-position forms.
Preposition Postposition
em em -mi -mi from

el el -li -li to

eb eb -bi -bi in, at

ev ev -vi -vi with

ce ce -ci -ci of
25
The following are examples of prepositions:

de ceco eb cta di latfi en.

de ceco eb cta di latfi en.
The houses in this city are beautiful.

na boden alir el cta ce nyuyork.

na boden alir el cta ce nyuyork.
I want to go to New York city.
Postpositions in Delason are hyphenated particles that follow
their nominal objects. The hyphen is optional only if the
postpositions are used with pronouns.
For example,

hu ceca-bi en.
hu ceca-bi en.
They are in the house.

de aruma kocu-vi zmelin naci en.

de aruma kocu-vi zmelin naci en.
The man with Koshu is my friend.
Compound prepositions are made of adverbs hyphenated with
the particle et et. All of these prepositions can also be used
without the hyphenated particle.

ope-et ope-et over, up, on top of

ote-et ote-et under

sare-et sare-et to the left of

mine-et mine-et to the right of

adame-et adame-et in front of

ware-et ware-et behind

sake-et sake-et for

evle-et evle-et without

26
For example,

yen fruga ope-et de tabyula.

yen fruga ope-et de tabyula.
There is a frog on the table.

fruga ha gren ware de televiza.

fruga ha gren ware de televiza.
A frog ran behind the TV.

2.9 Relative Clauses

Delason has one relative particle and several relative pronouns.
The Delasoni relative particle ki ki is used in combination with
other prepositions and pronouns to give a specific meaning such
as who, which, that, whom, when, where, etc.
If the noun modified by the relative clause is the subject of that
clause, ki ki is followed by the pronoun o o, which is used as
the subject of the relative clause. This corresponds to the English
relative pronouns who, which and that. It does not make any
difference whether the subject is a person or a thing.
For example,

de ima ki o no iden te mnixi en.

de ima ki o no iden te mnixi en.
The woman who helped us is very kind.
If the noun modified by the relative clause is the object of that
clause, ki ki is followed by the pronoun eto eto, which is used
as the object of the relative clause. This corresponds to the
English relative pronouns whom, which and that.
For example,

de aruma ki eto miru oben

de aruma ki eto miru oben
The person whom Miru loves

27
If the noun modified by the relative clause is the possessor of
another noun in that clause, then the possessed noun is followed
by ce o ce o or oci oci. This corresponds to the English
relative pronoun whose.
For example,

de aruma ki na forda oci oben

de aruma ki na forda oci oben
The person whose car I like
Similar to the last example where the noun modified by the
relative clause is referred to in the clause as the object of the
preposition ce ce, other prepositions can be used in relative
clause. This can correspond to where, when, with whom, from where, to
where, etc.
For example

de ceca ki na eb o abiten gdoli en.

de ceca ki na eb o abiten gdoli en.
The house where I live is big.
Lit. the house which I in it live big is.

de va ki na em o aten latfi en.

de va ki na em o aten latfi en.
It is beautiful where I come from.
Lit. the place which I from it come beautiful is.
Relative pronouns in Delason provide an alternative to using the
relative particle ki ki. They are much closer in usage to their
English counterparts. The following is a list of these pronouns:

ki ki who, which, that

etki etki whom, which, that

evki evki with whom

elki elki to whom

28
 emki emki from whom

vaki vaki where

tonki tonki when

Note the similarity between the relative pronoun ki ki and the

relative particle ki ki. The only difference is that the pronoun
o o is not used with the relative pronoun ki ki since it is itself a
pronoun.
For example,

de ima ki no iden me mnixi en.

de ima ki no iden me mnixi en.
The woman who helped us is very kind.

de asu etki na oben oben na.

de asu etki na oben oben na.
The one whom I love does not love me.

de ceca vaki na abiten gdoli en.

de ceca vaki na abiten gdoli en.
The house where I live is big.

2.10 Questions
Most interrogative words in Delason are interrogative pronouns.
However, there are one interrogative particle, one interrogative
qualifier, one interrogative adjective, and one interrogative
postposition. Interrogative pronouns are usually placed at the
beginning of the sentence without changing its word order. For
more information on word order see Section 2.12. The following
is a list of Delasoni interrogative pronouns:

osi osi (subject) who, what

etsi etsi (object) whom, what

evsi evsi with whom

elsi elsi to whom

29
 emsi emsi from whom

komsi komsi how

ersi ersi why

vasi vasi where

em vasi em vasi from where

el vasi el vasi to where

tonsi tonsi when

el tonsi el tonsi until when

em tonsi em tonsi since when

For example,

vasi kocu en?

vasi kocu en?
Where is Koshu?

tonsi ta sa raten?
tonsi ta sa raten?
When will you come back?

ersi ta ha alen?
ersi ta ha alen?
Why did you go?

komsi ta en?
komsi ta en?
How are you?

The only interrogative particle in Delason is es es which changes

any sentence to a question when placed at the beginning or end
of that sentence. The type of question resulting from using es es
is a yes/no question.

30
For example,

es de forda di taci en?

es de forda di taci en?
Is this your car?

no sa alen moma di, es?

no sa alen moma di, es?
We are going today, arent we?

The interrogative qualifier komse komse corresponds with the

English interrogative articles how many and how much. It precedes
the noun it qualifies.
For example,

ta aven komse forda?

ta aven komse forda?
How many cars do you have?

The interrogative adjective cesi cesi whose follows the noun

whose possessor is demanded.
For example,

ceca di cesi en?

ceca di cesi en?
Whose house is this?

The last interrogative word is the interrogative postposition -si

-si, which corresponds to the English interrogative articles what or
which. This postposition is hyphenated to the noun in question.
For example,

ta boden et forda-si?
ta boden et forda-si?
Which car do you want?

31
2.11 Conjunctions
Delasoni conjunctions are used to combine different phrases or
clauses together. The following are some of these conjunctions:

ve ve and

u u or

pas pas but

pas le pas le but not

u . u u ... u either ... or

le . le le ... le neither ... nor

gamgam gamgam also, in addition

olte olte although, despite

so as to, in order to,
done done
so that
ere ere because

dore erge therefore

ize ize if

dize dize then

eltone eltone until

emtone emtone since

evtone evtone while, as long as

ware ware before

adame adame after, then

For example,

na ken. erge, na en.

na ken. erge, na en.
I think. Therefore, I am.

32
 na sa aten ere na boden
na sa aten ere na boden
cofir et ta.
cofir et ta.
I am coming because I want to see you.

ware na alen, na lezen

ware na alen, na lezen
ranvizitir et banka.
ranvizitir et banka.
Before I go, I have to stop by the bank.

mari, janu, ve kocu

mari, janu, ve kocu
sa aten moma di.
sa aten moma di.
Mary, John and Koshu are coming today.

2.12 Sentential Word Order

The Delasoni sentence word order is quite free except for the
following constraints. The word order in every phrase (noun
phrase, verb phrase, etc.) is not free. For example, adjectives
always follow nouns and qualifiers precede them. The rules for
word order of nouns, adjectives, etc. are described above in their
different sections. On the clause level, although the verb can
occur anywhere, the subject must always precede the object. If
the object is to precede the subject, it must be marked with the
accusative case marker et et. This marker is optional otherwise.
For example, all of the following sentences have the same
meaning: I love Koshu.

33
 na kocu oben.
na kocu oben.
na oben kocu.
na oben kocu.
oben na kocu.
oben na kocu.
et kocu na oben.
et kocu na oben.
et kocu oben na.
et kocu oben na.
oben et kocu na.
oben et kocu na.

Questions and declarative statements share the same word order.

This freedom in word order provides great flexibility for poem-
writing. See Chapter 4 for some examples of poetic usage.
However, the general tendencies for word order in Delason are as
follows:
1. The basic word order is SVO (subject-verb-object) with
the accusative case marker being optional. For example,
na boden (et) forda di.
na boden (et) forda di.
I want this car.
2. If the object is a pronoun, then the word order is SOV
(subject-object-verb). For example,

na hu oben.
na hu oben.
I love him.

3. If the verb is a linking verb such as the verb en en to

be, then the word order is SCV (subject-complement-
verb). For example,
34
miru ori en.
Miru ori en.
Miru is happy.

hu me intelgi en.
hu me intelgi en.
She is very intelligent.

35
Chapter Three

A Phrasebook of Delason

3.1 Basic Expressions

Hello olan olan

Goodbye ev olan ev olan

Please ize oren ize oren

Thank you daka daka

Thanks a lot te dako te dako

Youre welcome ev ora ev ora

How are you? komsi ta en? komsi ta en?

Fine, thank you. kuti en, daka. kuti en, daka.

O.K. doradori doradori

Who are you? ta-si en? ta-si en?

I am Koshu. na kocu en. na kocu en.

komsi ta
What is your name? komsi ta binamen?
binamen?

My name is Miru. miru binamen. miru binamen.

 es ta kocu
Are you Koshu? es ta kocu en?
en?

Yes, I am. vi, en. vi, en.

Yes, I am Koshu. vi, kocu en. vi, kocu en.

No, I am not. le, le en. le, le en.

le, kocu le
No, I am not Koshu. le, kocu le en.
en.

3.2 Hello Everybody!

Good morning
Good evening moma latfi moma latfi
Good afternoon
Good night cena latfi cena latfi

Hello olan olan

Hello everybody! olan el tu! olan el tu!

Congratulations te barko te barko

Happy season
(Christmas, Eid, ora ev olan ora ev olan
Pesach)
Happy birthday mom-nu ori mom-nu ori

Happy new year cebcona ori cebcona ori

Goodbye ev olan ev olan

See you later el cofir el cofir

This is Mr./Ms. ... da am ... en. da am ... en.

37
How do you do? komsi ta en? komsi ta en?

Very well, thank you. me kuti, daka,

me kuti, daka, ve ta?
and you? ve ta?

Fine, thank you. kuti en, daka. kuti en, daka.

Excuse me ize oren ize oren

Sorry tsutsu tsutsu

No problem le tapca le tapca

I beg your pardon. pardonay na. pardonay na.

na ta boden
I would like you to na ta boden goblir et
meet Miru goblir et miru.
miru.

Mr. / Ms. Gishani am gicani am gicani

my parents vavo naci vavo naci

my father/mother vavu naci vavu naci

brother/sister ahu ahu

son/daughter sunu sunu

aunt/uncle antu antu

grandfather/grandmot
her saftu saftu

spouse pasan pasan

brother-in-law/sister-
in-law pasan-ahu pasan-ahu

son-in-law/daughter-
in-law pasan-sunu pasan-sunu

38
family msiva msiva

woman ima ima

feminine imi imi

man oma oma

masculine omi omi

da vavu imi
This is my mother da vavu imi en,
en,

ve za vavu
and that is my father ve za vavu omi en.
omi en.

3.3 One, Two, Three, GO!

dzua, dzua,
number
dzu dzu

numbers dzuo dzuo

0 0 fec fec

1 1 as as

2 2 pas pas

3 3 tor tor

4 4 kat kat

5 5 faf faf

6 6 ses ses

7 7 sat sat

39
8 8 mon mon

9 9 nov nov

10 10 on on

11 11 as-v-on as-v-on

12 12 pas-v-on pas-v-on

13 13 tor-v-on tor-v-on

19 19 nov-v-on nov-v-on

20 20 pason pason

21 21 pason as pason as

pason pas
22 22
pason pas
30 30 toron toron

31 31 toron as toron as

40 40 katon katon

50 50 fafon fafon

90 90 novon novon

100 100 om om

101 101 om as om as

200 200 pasom pasom

300 300 torom torom

1,000 1000 doza doza

40
 pase doza
2,000 2000
pase doza

pasone doza
20,000 20000
pasone doza

pasome doza
200,000 200000
pasome doza
1 million 1000000 milyon milyon

pase milyon
2 million 2000000
pase milyon

torom seson faf

365 365
torom seson faf

tore doza pasom

3276 3276 saton ses
tore doza pasom saton ses

toron tore milyon

katom saton sat
33,477,261 33477261 pasom seson as
toron tore milyon katom saton sat
pasom seson as
one half 1/2 pasod pasod

one third 1/3 torod torod

one fourth 1/4 katod katod

pez toron tor

.33 .33
pez toron tor

41
 pez seson as
.61 .61
pez seson as
1% 1 % as emom as emom

5% 5% faf emom faf emom

novon emom
90% 90 %
novon emom

novon nov pez

99.99% 99.99 % novon nov emom
novon nov pez novon nov emom
plus ve ve

minus vile vile

times tote tote

divided by pope pope

equal galen galen

pason ve kat
20 + 4 = 24 pason kat galen.
pason ve kat pason kat galen.

pason vile kat

20 - 4 = 16 ses-v-on galen.
pason vile-et kat ses-v-on galen.
first asini asini

second pasini pasini

third torini torini

42
last pahini pahini

beginning asina asina

end paha paha

one house ase ceca ase ceca

one house ceca asi ceca asi

as-v-one ceco
twelve houses
as-v-one ceco

ceco as-v-oni
twelve houses
ceco as-v-oni

de ceca asini
the first house
de ceca asini

de ceca onini
the tenth house
de ceca onini

de ceca pahini
the last house
de ceca pahini
How much does this cost? komse da koten?
komse da koten?

da toron fafe
It costs 35 dimas.
dima koten.
da toron fafe dima koten.

saton pase dolar

72 dollars
saton pase dolar
She is number one. hu dzu as en.
hu dzu as en.
43
He is number ten. hu dzu on en.
hu dzu on en.

na boden dzu
I want number 65.
seson faf.
na boden dzu seson faf.

3.4 What Day is it?

day moma moma

night cena cena

today moma di moma di

yesterday mama ali moma ali

tomorrow moma ati moma ati

tonight cena di cena di

last night cena ali cena ali

tomorrow night cena ati cena ati

every day te momo te momo

all day te moma te moma

every night te ceno te ceno

week satun satun

What day is it? moma-si en? moma-si en?

It is Sunday. mom-asin en. mom-asin en.

Monday mom-pasin mom-pasin

44
Tuesday mom-torin mom-torin

Wednesday mom-katin mom-katin

Thursday mom-fafin mom-fafin

Friday mom-sesin mom-sesin

Saturday mom-satin mom-satin

Moon lela lela

Sun cebca cebca

month lelon lelon

every month te lelono te lelono

this month lelon di lelon di

last month lelon ali lelon ali

next month lelon ati lelon ati

January lelon-asin lelon-asin

February lelon-pasin lelon-pasin

March lelon-torin lelon-torin

April lelon-katin lelon-katin

May lelon-fafin lelon-fafin

June lelon-sesin lelon-sesin

July lelon-satin lelon-satin

August lelon-monin lelon-monin

September lelon-novin lelon-novin

45
October lelon-onin lelon-onin

lelon-as-v-onin
November
lelon-as-v-onin

lelon-pas-v-onin
December
lelon-pas-v-onin
year cebcona cebcona

cebcona-si en?
What year is it?
cebcona-si en?

pase doza kat en.

It is 2004.
pase doza kat en.
season ton-cebon ton-cebcon

Summer ton-heron ton-herron

Winter ton-beron ton-berron

Spring ton-icbon ton-icbon

Autumn ton-ladon ton-ladon

oga-si ta aven?
How old are you?
oga-si ta aven?

na aven kat-v-one cebcono.

I am 18 years old.
na aven kat-v-one cebcono.
time ton ton

this time ton di ton di

next time ton ati ton ati

last time ton ali ton ali

46
never letone, leton letone, leton

rarely petone, peton petone, peton

sometimes setone, seton setone, seton

often metone, meton metone, meton

always tetone, teton tetone, teton

tonsi ton di en?

What time is it?
tonsi ton di en?
hour saya saya

minute mima mima

seconds kika kika

watch sayona sayona

It is one oclock. ase asya en. ase saya en.

two oclock pase saya pase saya

tore saya ve pasod

half past three
tore saya ve pasod

kate saya ve katod

quarter past four.
kate saya ve katod

fafe saya vile-et torod

twenty to five.
fafe saya vile-et torod
10:45 on katon faf on katon faf

47
3.5 What, who, where?
Where? vasi? vasi?

When? tonsi? tonsi?

Who / what? osi? osi?

Whom / what? etsi? etsi?

How? komsi? komsi?

Why? ersi? ersi?

How much /How
many? komse? komse?

Where am I? vasi na en? vasi na en?

Where is/are ...? vasi ... en? vasi ... en?

es ta em dayna?
Are you from here?
es ta em dayna?
Yes, I am. vi, en. vi, en.

le, na oslanti en.

No, I am a foreigner.
le, na oslanti en.

em vasi ta aten?
Where are you from?
em vasi ta aten?
I am from ... na em ... en. na em ... en.

The United States of dolo asuni ameriku-ci

America dolo asuni ameriku-ci
France fransu fransu

England inglu inglu

48
Japan niponu niponu

Germany doytclant doytclant

China cinu cinu

Russia rucu rucu

Palestine falestinu falestinu

el vasi ta alen?
Where are you going?
el vasi ta alen?

vasi na pen fontir et ... ?

Where can I find ...?
vasi na pen fontir et ... ?

tonsi na pen cofir et ta?

When can I see you?
tonsi na pen cofir et ta?

vasi de gobla en?

Where is the meeting?
vasi de gobla en?

tonsi de gobla en?

When is the meeting?
tonsi de gobla en?

How much does this komse da koten?

cost? komse da koten?

es ta pen darcir et
Can you speak
Delason? delason?
es ta pen darcir et delason?

osi da binamen eb
What is this called in
Delason? delason?
osi da binamen eb delason?

49
 komsi ... bidarcen eb
How do you say ... in
Delason? delason?
komsi ... bidarcen eb delason?

etsi da vodiren?
What does this mean?
etsi da vodiren?

etsi ta vodiren?
What do you mean?
etsi ta vodiren?
Who am I??? na-si en??? na-si en???

3.6 This is it!

What is this? da-si en? da-si en?

This is ... da ... en. da ... en.

This is a car. da forda en. da forda en.

This is a house. da ceca en. da ceca en.

This is a bird. da torita en. da torita en.

Is it ... ? es hu ... en? es hu ... en?

Yes, it is. vi, hu en. vi, hu en.

No, it isnt. le, hu le en. le, hu le en.

So, what is it? dize, osi en? dize, osi en?

Its a bird. Its a hu torita en. hu plena

plane. No, its en. le, hu superman en.
Superman.
hu torita en. hu plena en. le, hu superman en.
Where is/are ...? vasi ... en? vasi ... en?

50
Where is it? vasi hu en? vasi hu en?

Where are they? vasi hu en? vasi hu en?

Here it is. hu dayna en. hu dayna en.

There they are. hu zayna en. hu zayna en.

Where are the vasi de mazigo en?

Pyramids? vasi de mazigo en?

es hu igeptu-bi en?
Are they in Egypt?
es hu igeptu-bi en?

Yes, they are in vi, hu igeptu-bi en.

Egypt. vi, hu igeptu-bi en.
What does he/she
do? osi hu fen? osi hu fen?

He/She is a doctor. hu doktor en. hu doktor en.

professor profesor profesor

politician politikon politikon

musician muzikon muzikon

painter banton banton

engineer jenyon jenyon

3.7 I am lost. Can you help me?

Hello. Can you help olan. es ta pen na idir?
me? olan. es ta pen na idir?

na ken et ki na lecti en.

I think I am lost?
na ken et ki na lecti en.
51
 na cercen et ...
I am looking for ...
na cercen et ...

vasi na pen fontir ... ?

Where can I find ... ?
vasi na pen fontir ... ?

vasi na pen fontir otel

Where can I find a
good hotel? kuti?
vasi na pen fontir otel kuti?

vasi na pen gerdir

Where can I rent a
car? forda?
vasi na pen gerdir forda?

vasi cecita omo-ci en?

Where is the vasi cecita omo-ci en?
restroom (men)?
Note: restrooms for men are marked with O

vasi cecita imo-ci en?

Where is the vasi cecita imo-ci en?
restroom (women)?
Note: restrooms for women are marked with I

vasi na pen fontir cec-

Where can I find a
good restaurant? manja kuti?
vasi na pen fontir cec-manja kuti?

komsi na pen veslir el ... ?

How can I get to ... ?
komsi na pen veslir el ... ?

komsi na pen veslir el

How can I get to the
Mariott hotel? otel maryot?
komsi na pen veslir el otel maryot?

52
 komsi na pen veslir el
How can I get to
New York city? cta nyuyork?
komsi na pen veslir el cta nyuyork?

komsi na pen veslir

How can I get there? zayna?
komsi na pen veslir zayna?

komsi na pen veslir vite

How can I get there
quickly? zayna?
komsi na pen veslir vite zayna?
Where is ...? vasi ... en? vasi ... en?

It is right here. dayna en. dayna en.

It is over there. zayna en. zayna en.

It is far from here. hu badi en. hu badi en.

Go to the left. alay sare. alay sare.

Go to the right. alay mine. alay mine.

Go up to ... alay ope el ... alay ope el ...

Go down to ... alay ote el ... alay ote el ...

alay adame el ...

Go forward to ...
alay adame el ...

alay ware el ...

Go backward to ...
alay ware el ...

Go in the same alay eb otte derison.

direction. alay eb otte derison.

53
 ta lezen alir eb otre
You need to go in a
different direction. derison.
ta lezen alir eb otre derison.

asine, alay adame eltone

First, go forward ta veslen et dwo ce
until you get to the
traffic lights. trafika.
asine, alay adame eltone ta veslen et dwo ce trafika.

Then, turn to the adame, alay mine.

right. adame, alay mine.

adame, alay sare.

Then, turn to the left.
adame, alay sare.

de otel mariot eb sara

The Mariott Hotel
will be to your left. taci sa en.
de otel maryot eb sara taci sa en.

Hopefully, you will ize ir, ta sa veslen.

get there. ize ir, ta sa veslen.

3.8 The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

I am strong. na xaski en. na xaski en.

I was weak. na viki ha en. na viki ha en.

na mere xazki sa en.

I will be stronger.
na mere xazki sa en.
You (sing.) are
intelligent. ta intelgi en. ta intelgi en.

He/She is stupid. hu tefci en. hu tefci en.

54
This is good. da kuti en. da kuti en.

This is not good. da kuti le en. da kuti le en.

da le kuti en. da le kuti en.

These are not big, do le gdoli en. do le gdoli en.

oma di yani ha en.

This man was young.
oma di yani ha en.

ceca di latfi le kife

This beautiful house
is not big enough. gdoli en.
ceca di latfi le kife gdoli en.
He is happy. hu ori en. hu ori en.

He feels happy. hu ori pilen. hu ori pilen.

He seems happy. hu ori zimen. hu ori zimen.

hu ori ha vonen.
He became happy.
hu ori ha vonen.
wide aridi aridi

narrow dakki dakki

quick viti viti

slow clobi clobi

bright cebci cebci

dark leli leli

big gdoli gdoli

small cmoli cmoli

55
beautiful latfi latfi

ugly galfi galfi

new navoni navoni

young yani yani

old olti olti

strong xazki xazki

weak viki viki

tall toli toli

short kasi kasi

happy ori ori

sad zoli zoli

intelligent intelgi intelgi

stupid tefci tefci

heavy / fat vesxi vesxi

light / thin xissi xissi

easy isi isi

hard sobi sobi

complete kompi kompi

incomplete nakci nakci

good kuti kuti

bad rayi rayi

56
expensive ceri ceri

cheap bomrci bomarci

clean nakvi nakvi

dirty mezi mezi

3.9 Food
bread zobxa zobxa

meat bacra bacra

water yam yam

fish daga daga

cheese gota gota

cake gata gata

eggs lego lego

oil wil wil

food manjina manjina

drinks catino catino

wine van van

tea tay tay

coffee kafa kafa

milk lixta lixta

sugar sokar sokar

57
salt clet clet

pepper pret pret

vegetables icbo icbo

fruit otricbo otricbo

plate pla pla

spoon yarita yarita

fork towita towita

knife danita danita

cup / glass susa susa

table tabyula tabyula

kercifa tabyula-ci
table cloth
kercifa tabyula-ci
napkin kercifa kercifa

restaurant cec-manja cec-manja

apple tapwa tapwa

lemon limon limon

banana banana banana

orange orenca orenca

potato potata potata

tomato tomata tomata

carrots karota karota

58
 catina orenca-ci
orange juice
catina orenca-ci

catina tomata-ci
tomato juice
catina tomata-ci
a cup of tea susa ce tay susa ce tay

a glass of wine susa ce van susa ce van

a piece of cake pya ce gata pya ce gata

meal manja manja

breakfast arca arca

lunch logma logma

dinner mila mila

es no pen cofir et
Can we see the
menu? manyu?
es no pen cofir et manyu?

na oben catir van.

I like to drink wine.
na oben catir van.

na oben manjir karoto.

I like to eat carrots.
na oben manjir karoto.

na boden se van.
I want some wine.
na boden se van.

na boden ase karota.

I want a carrot.
na boden ase karota.

59
I would like some na boden mere tay.
more tea. na boden mere tay.
I am hungry. na gohi en. na gohi en.

I am full. na fuli en. na fuli en.

Have you had es ta ha manjen arca?

breakfast? es ta ha manjen arca?

etsi ta ken regade

Would you like to
have dinner with me? manjir mila ev na?
etsi ta ken rigade manjir mila ev na?

3.10 Body Parts

head bricta bricta

hair cro cro

eye cofa cofa

ear coma coma

nose cima cima

mouth motta motta

lip bla bla

moustache cra-motta cra-motta

tongue lason lason

tooth dan dan

face fissa fissa

60
beard cra-fissa cra-fissa

back dara dara

chest sboba sboba

hand yara yara

finger towa towa

foot jyara jyara

toe towa towa

belly billa billa

behind anusa anusa

knee nila nila

blood ada ada

voice soat sota

smell cmila cmila

body zika zika

heart gora gora

mind kala kala

soul hava hava

What happened? osi vehen? osi vehen?

I hurt my self while na bixatsen evtone grir.

running. na bixatsen evtone grir.
while walking evtone mcir evtone mcir

61
while playing evtone cpilir evtone cpilir

playing tennis tenisir tenisir

playing football fotbolir fotbolir

injury xatsa xatsa

jyara bixatsen.
I hurt my foot.
jyara bixatsen.

cofo bixatsen.
My eyes hurt.
cofo bixatsen.

te zika bixatsen.
I hurt all over.
te zika bixatsen.

He has such beautiful hu aven ke cofo latfi!

eyes! hu aven ke cofo latfi!

She has such an ugly hu aven ke cima galfi!

nose! hu aven ke cima galfi!

da kuti bicimen.
This smells good.
da kuti bicimen.

da latfi bicofen.
This looks beautiful.
da latfi bicofen.

da lezzi biguten.
This tastes delicious.
da lezzi biguten.

3.11 Clothing
clothing klota klota

suit rsima rsima

62
jacket jaketa jaketa

pants pantalona pantalona

hat kopa kopa

shirt kamisata kamisata

tie karavatta karavatta

handkerchief kercifa kercifa

dress druga druga

shoes bato bato

socks klot-jyaro klot-jyaro

pocket cec-yara cec-yara

glasses cofita cofita

buttons zaro zaro

underwear ote-klota ote-klota

komsi na pen ta idir?

How can I help you?
komsi na pen ta idir?

I would like to buy a na boden cirir pantalona.

pair of pants. na boden cirir pantalona.

Do you sell wedding es silen drugo pasodo-ci?

dresses? es silen drugo pasodo-ci?
What size? psa-si? psa-si?

Which color do you ta oben sba-si?

like? ta oben sba-si?

63
 na oben et lavon.
I like the color white.
na oben et lavon.

na boden de rsima cadoni.

I want the black suit.
na boden de rsima cadoni.

es na pen trir de adoni.

Can I try the red one.
es na pen trir de adoni.
red adoni adoni

blue yamoni yamoni

yellow limoni limoni

orange orenconi orenconi

green icboni icboni

black cadoni cadoni

white lavoni lavoni

gray ladoni ladoni

brown arboni arboni

purple idoni idoni

pink rosoni rosoni

dark red adon leli adoni leli

light blue yamon cebci yamoni cebci

transparent havoni havoni

multicolored kor-ce-raconi kor-ce-raconi

64
3.12 The Weather
weather vetra vetra

sun cebca cebca

rain racca racca

clouds inno inno

sky ola ola

wind havo havo

snow cna cna

rainbow kor-ce-rac kor-ce-rac

air hava hava

soil erta erta

water yam yam

fire cuca cuca

Planet Earth kokav ert kokav ert

komsi vetra en?

How is the weather?
komsi vetra en?
It is good. kuti en. kuti en.

It is ... ... en. ... en.

sunny cebci cebci

rainy racci racci

cloudy inni inni

65
snowy cni cni

windy havoi havoi

hot herri herri

cold berri berri

warm verri verri

dry havani havani

humid yamani yamani

de racca flegen.
The rain is falling.
de racca flegen.

na berri pilen.
I feel cold.
na berri pilen.

na herri pilen.
I feel hot.
na herri pilen.

na tasten et havo.
I hate the wind.
na tasten et havo.

na oben vetra verri.

I like warm weather.
na oben vetra verri.

3.13 Useful Words

here dayna dayna

there zayna zayna

now ton-di ton-di

then ton-zi ton-zi

66
also gamgam gamgam

may be pen ir pen ir

certainly ev serta ev serta

good kuti kuti

very good me kuti me kuti

excellent te kuti te kuti

bad rayi rayi

very bad me rayi me rayi

terrible te rayi te rayi

It is necessary that ... lezen et ki ... lezen et ki ...

It is important that ... heten et ki ... heten et ki ...

It is necessary that o lezen et ki ta bakaken.

you stay. lezen et ki ta bakaken.
too gamgam gamgam

except ... pasle ... pasle ...

including ... game ... game ...

regarding ... rigade ... rigade ...

In order to ... done ... done ...

In addition gamgam gamgam

In addition to ... gamgame ... gamgame...

a lot memu memu

67
a little pepu pepu

enough kefe kefe

more mere mere

less lece lece

na eb gowa en.
I am inside.
na eb gowa en.
outside eb barra eb barra

on top eb opa eb opa

down under eb ota eb ota

to the left eb sara eb sara

to the right eb mina eb mina

in front eb adama eb adama

behind eb wara eb wara

around eb cira eb cira

na gowe de ceca en.

I am inside the house
na gowe de ceca en.
outside ... bare ... bare ...

on top of ... ope ... ope ...

under ... ote ... ote ...

to the left of ... sare ... sare ...

to the right of ... mine ... mine ...

in front of ... adame ... adame ...

68
behind ... ware ... ware ...

around ... cirri ... cirri ...

quickly vite vite

slowly clobe clobe

passionately ev oba ev oba

hopefully ize ir ize ir

Be careful! siama! simay!

I have ... na aven ... na aven ...

I need ... na lezen ... na lezen ...

I want ... na boden ... na boden ...

I would like ... na oben ... na oben ...

Here I am! yen na! yen na!

Here you are! yen ta! yen ta!

Show me! gicofay na! gicofay na!

Give me! donay na! donay na!

Take this! latcay da! latcay da!

Listen! gicomay! gicomay!

Silence! zgita! zgita!

Attention! gicomay! gicomay!

first asine asine

then adame adame

69
before ware ware

after adame adame

while evtone evtone

If ize ize

then dize dize

therefore erge erge

even ivne ivne

even if ivnize ivnize

although olte olte

in order to done done

O.K. doradori doradori

3.14 Verbs, Verbs, Verbs!

na darcen delason.
I speak Delason.
na darcen delason.

na ha darcen delason.
I spoke Delason.
na ha darcen delason.

I will speak na sa darcen delason.

Delason. na sa darcen delason.

I can speak na pen darcir delason.

Delason. na pen darcir delason.

I like to speak na oben darcir delason.

Delason. na oben darcir delason.

70
I want to speak na boden darcir delason.
Delason. na boden darcir delason.

I dont want to na le boden darcir inglia.

speak English. na le boden darcir inglia.

I used to speak na oden darcir delason.

Delason. na oden darcir delason.

darcay delason!
Speak Delason!
darcay delason!

na ha tren darcir
I tried to speak
French. fransia.
na ha tren darcir fransia.

Do you speak es ta darcen arabia?

Arabic? es ta darcen arabia?

na ha decen darcir
I decided to speak
Delason. delason.
na ha decen darcir delason.
I see. na cofen. na cofen.

to see / seeing cofir cofir

See! cofay! cofay

drink caten caten

hear comen comen

listen gicomen gicomen

eat manjen manjen

71
try tren tren

come aten aten

become enaten enaten

go alen alen

show gicofen gicofen

say kolen kolen

tell gikolen gikolen

smell cmilen cmilen

give donen donen

want boden boden

be en en

be used to oden oden

shut up zgiten zgiten

sing soten soten

jump noten noten

walk mcen mcen

run gren gren

dance desen desen

help iden iden

invite daden daden

love/like oben oben

72
hate tasten tasten

start asinen asinen

end pahen pahen

repeat reren reren

do fen fen

respect reten reten

play cpilen cpilen

be happy oren oren

beautify latfen latfen

73
Chapter Four

Selected Texts

4.1 The Old Testament: First Light1

In the begining God created the heavens and the earth. Now the
earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of
the deep, and the spirit of God was hovering over the waters.
And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. God saw
that the light was good, and he separated the light from the
darkness. God called the light "day," and the darkness he called
"night." And there was evening, and there was morning - the first
day. (The Holy Bible, Genesis 1:1 - 1:5)
asina-bi, elua ha baren et olo ve et ert.
ert tohivohi ha en ve lelina ope wamaka
ha en. ve havua elua-ci ope yamo ha
yatoren. adame elua ha kolen "dua yay!" ve
dua ha yen. elua ha cofen et ki dua kuti
ha en. hu ha fsilen et dua lelina-mi. elua
ha namen et dua "moma" ve et lelina "cena".
ha yen ton-lela, ve ha yen ton-cebca - mom
asini. (biblu gadsi - asina 1.1 - 1.5)

asina-bi, elua ha baren et olo ve et ert. ert tohivohi ha en ve lelina ope

wamaka ha en. ve havua elua-ci ope yamo ha yatoren. adame elua ha kolen
"dua yay!" ve dua ha yen. elua ha cofen et ki dua kuti ha en. hu ha fsilen et
dua lelina-mi. elua ha namen et dua "moma" ve et lelina "cena". ha yen ton-
lela, ve ha yen ton-cebca - mom asini. (biblu gadsi - asina 1.1 - 1.5)

1Holy Bible, New International Version. Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984 by

International Bible Society.
4.2 The Old Testament: The Tower of Babel
Now the whole world had one language and a common speech.
As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and
settled there. They said to each other, Come, lets make bricks
and bake them thoroughly. They used brick instead of stone,
and tar for mortar. Then they said, Come, let us build ourselves
a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may
make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be scattered over
the face of the whole earth. But the Lord came down to see the
city and the tower the people were building. The Lord said, If
as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do
this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them.
Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not
understand each other. So the Lord scattered them from there
over all the earth, and they stopped building the city. That is why
it was called Babel because there the Lord confused the
language of the whole world. From there the Lord scattered
them over the face of the whole earth. (The Holy Bible, Genesis
11:1 - 11:9, The Tower of Babel)
ton-di, te arumo ce erta ha aven et lason
asi ve darca asi. tonki hu alen uda-li,
fonten hu de blad ki binamen cinar, ve
hu bakaken zayna-bi. ve hu darcen otru
ev otru, atay no baten batin-vi cucin. hu
usen batin cucin eb va ce saxor, ve
marbora sake-et lazun. ve hu kolen,
atay no baten, sake-et no, cta ev tur toli
ki veslen olo-li done baren no nama no-li
ve le bimetnacren ope erta. pas, elua
folen olo-mi done cofir et cta ve et tur
etki arumo baten. elua kolen, ize mtile
arumo asi ki darcen lason asi, hu
asinen fir da, done yen lu ki hu boden
fir ki gamgame en le posibili ev hu. atay

75
na folen olo-mi ve babelen lason hu-ci
done le fehmen otru ev otru. done, elua
metnacren et hu zayna-mi ope te erta, ve
hu sizen batir et cta. da en erki de
cta binamen babelu, ere elua babelen de
lason ce te arumo erta-ci. ve zayna-mi,
elua metnacren et hu ope te erta. (biblu
gadsi, asina, 11.1-11.9, tur babelu-ci)

ton-di, te arumo ce erta ha aven et lason asi ve darca asi. tonki hu alen uda-
li, fonten hu de blad ki binamen cinar, ve hu bakaken zayna-bi. ve hu
darcen otru ev otru, atay no baten batin-vi cucin. hu usen batin cucin eb va ce
saxor, ve marbora sake-et lazun. ve hu kolen, atay no baten, sake-et no, cta
ev tur toli ki veslen olo-li done baren no nama no-li ve le bimetnacren ope
erta. pas, elua folen olo-mi done cofir et cta ve et tur etki arumo baten. elua
kolen, ize mtile arumo asi ki darcen lason asi, hu asinen fir da, done yen lu
ki hu boden fir ki gamgame en le posibili ev hu. atay na folen olo-mi ve
babelen lason hu-ci done le fehmen otru ev otru. done, elua metnacren et hu
zayna-mi ope te erta, ve hu sizen batir et cta. da en erki de cta binamen
babelu, ere elua babelen de lason ce te arumo erta-ci. ve zayna-mi, elua
metnacren et hu ope te erta. (biblu gadsi, asina, 11.1-11.9, tur babelu-ci)

76
4.3 The New Testament: John 3:16
For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son,
that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.
(NIV John 3:16)
ere elua te oben et olanta, hu ha donen
et sonu huci asi, done oki yamnen et hu
le sa saciken, eppase, hu sa aven et abita
atuli. (bibla gadsi - janu 3.16)

ere elua te oben et olanta, hu ha donen et sonu huci asi, done oki yamnen et
hu le sa saciken, eppase, hu sa aven et abita atuli. (bibla gadsi - janu 3.16)

77
4.4 The Quran: Alfatiha2
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Ever Merciful.
All types of perfect praise belong to Allah alone, the Lord of all
the worlds * Most Gracious, Ever Merciful * Master of the Day
of Judgement * Thee alone do we worship and thee alone do we
implore for help * Guide us along the straight path * The path
of those on whom Thou hast bestowed Thy favors, those who
have not incurred Thy displeasure, and those who have not gone
astray. (Holy Quran, Alfatiha)

nama-bi elua-ci te meryami te atufi.

te pru kamli en elua-li, amu olanto-ci te

meryami te atufi ovon ce moma dinya-ci
et ta no aboden ve et ta no soliden
donay etno et via komini via ce ki ta
eto ha blisen, ki le maxini, ve le daloni
en. (koranu gadsi, de fatiha)

nama-bi elua-ci te meryami te atufi.

te pru kamli en elua-li, amu olanto-ci * te meryami te atufi * ovon ce moma
dinya-ci * et ta no aboden ve et ta no soliden * donay etno et via komini *
via ce ki ta eto ha blisen, ki le maxini, ve le daloni en. (koranu gadsi, de
fatiha)

2 The Quran. Trans. Muhammad Zafrulla Khan. Curzon Press: Sussex, 1981.
78
4.5 Tao Teh Ching: Book 13
Tao can be talked about, but not the Eternal Tao.
Names can be named, but not the Eternal Name.
As the origin of heaven-and-earth, it is nameless:
As "the Mother" of all things, it is nameable.
So, as ever hidden, we should look at its inner essence.
As always manifest, we should look at its outer aspects.
These two flow from the same source, though differently named;
And both are called mysteries.
The mystery of mysteries is the Door of all essence.
kolir ce taw pen, pas le ce taw atuli
namir et namo pen, pas le de nama atuli
mtile orga ce olo ve erto, hu le binamen.
mtile "vavu" tu-ci, namir et hu pen.
erge, mtile te edi, no lezen so gicofir
kohola huci gowi. mtile te cofini,
no lezen so gicofir
kullo huci bari.
pase do orga-mi mteli aten, olte hu otri
binamen
ve do pasi bazlo en.
bazla bazlo-ci delta ce te kohola en.

kolir ce taw pen, pas le ce taw atuli

namir et namo pen, pas le de nama atuli
mtile orga ce olo ve erto, hu le binamen.
mtile "vavu" tu-ci, namir et hu pen
erge, mtile te edi, no lezen so gicofir kohola huci gowi.
mtile te cofini, no lezen so gicofir kullo huci barri.
pase do orga-mi mteli aten, olte hu otri binamen
ve do pasi bazlo en.
bazla bazlo-ci delta ce te kohola en.

3 Tzu, Lao. Tao Teh Ching. Trans. John C.H. Wu. Shambhala: Boston, 1990.
79
4.6 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act
towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1)
te arumo nuen grati ve gali eb karama ve
krato. hu en blisini ev use-kala ve latfe-
kala, ve hu lezen so-li fenfir ev havua
ahuha-ci. (yahona 1)

te arumo nuen grati ve gali eb karama ve krato. hu en blisini ev use-kala ve

latfe-kala, ve hu lezen so-li fenfir ev havua ahuha-ci. (yahona 1)

80
4.7 Omar Khayyam: Rubaiya 24
Ah, make the most of what we yet may spend,
Before we too into the Dust descend;
Dust into Dust, and under Dust, to lie,
Sans Wine, sans Song, sans Singer, and - sans End!
Omar Khayyam, Rubaiya 24
Translation by Edward Fitzgerald4
fay et tu ki no pen juir
ware no gamgam erta-li alen
erta-mi erta-li ve ote erta modir
evle van, evle sotin, evle soton, evle
pahir.

omaru xayamu, rubaiya 24

fay et tu ki no pen juir

ware no gamgam erta-li alen
erta-mi erta-li ve ote erta modir
evle van, evle sotin, evle soton, evle pahir.
omaru xayamu, rubaiya 24

4 Khayyam, Omar. The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Trans. Edward Fitzgerald.

The Peter Pauper Press: Mount Vernon, 1940.
81
4.8 Le Nozze di Figaro: No. 11 Canzone5

CHERUBINO CHERUBINO
Sento un affetto I feel a longing
Pien di desir I cant explain.
Chora diletto, Sometimes a pleasure,
Chora martir. Sometimes a pain.
Gelo, e poi sento One moment frozen,
Lalma avvampar, Then all aflame,
E in un momento Then sudden shivering
Torno a gelar. All through my frame.
Lorenzo da Ponte Translation by Edward Dent

cerubino cerubino
na pilen et pila na pilen et pila
fuli yaleza-vi fuli yaleza-vi
seton et na yoren
seton et na yoren
seton hu en pyani. seton hu en pyani.
bicnen ve ware bicnen ve ware
hava naci cucen hava naci cucen
ve eb kika ati ve eb kika ati
et cna na enaten. et cna na enaten

5Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. The Marriage of Figaro: Le Nozze di Figaro.

John Nicholas, ed. Riverrun Press: New York, 1983.
82
4.9 A Hundred Verses From Old Japan: UKON
My broken heart I dont lament,
To destiny I bow;
But thou hast broken solemn oaths,
I pray the Gods may now
Absolve thee from thy vow.
(Translation by William Porter)6

et gora naci bixatsi na le mernen

kadera-li na ha boven
pas, et vedo taci, ta le giyen
elo-li na salen, ve eto solen,
ki hu ta veda-mi taci gigraten.

et gora naci bixatsi na le mernen

kadera-li na ha boven
pas, et vedo taci, ta le giyen
elo-li na salen, ve eto solen,
ki hu ta veda-mi taci gigraten.

6 Porter, N. William. A Hundred Verses from Old Japan. Charles E. Tuttle

Company: Vermont, 1984.
83
4.10 A Fairuz Song: Kifak Inta
Do you remember the last time I
saw you? Do you remember the
last thing you said? I havent seen
you since. And now here you are.
How are you? You Do you
remember the last time you visited
with us? Do you remember a
women who bothred you? That
was my mother. She worried
about me because of you. You

Kifak Inta (Excerpt), Fairuz, Kifak Inta, 1991.

es kala-cofen ta es kala-cofen ta
de ton pahini na ha
de ton pahini na ha cofen ta?
cofen ta?
es kala-cofen ta es kala-cofen ta
etki na-li ha kolen ta? etki na-li ha kolen ta?
em ton-zi, na le ha
em ton-zi, na le ha cofen ta.
cofen ta.
ev ton-di, na cofen ta. ev ton-di, na cofen ta.
komsi ta en? ta komsi ta en? ta...
es kala-cofen ta es kala-cofen ta
vetona pahini no-vi ha
vetona pahini no-vi ha en ta
en ta
ha yen zayna ima ha yen zayna ima
etki le oben ta etki le oben ta
hu, vavu naci, hu, vavu naci,
ha hickoken na-li ha hickoken na-li
em ta. ta em ta. ta

84
4.11 A Katy Perry Song: Firework
You dont have to feel like a waste of space
Youre original, cannot be replaced
If you only knew what the future holds
After a hurricane comes a rainbow

Baby, youre a firework

Come on, let your colors burst
Make em go "Oh, Oh, Oh"
Youre gonna leave em all in awe, awe, awe

Firework (Excerpt) Katy Perry, Teenage Dream, 2010.

mtile lu lu lu, le lezay pilir!

ta orgi en , le pir gegrayir.
ize ta kalen etki yatona aven,
adame katrina, kor-ce-rac aten.

bubulu, cpil-cuca ta en.

atay ta! sbo ta-ci yacucen!
giay et hu kolir ah, ah, ah!
ta sa yalen et tu eb wala, -la la.

mtile lu lu lu, le lezay pilir!

ta orgi en , le pir gegrayir.
ize ta kalen etki yatona aven,
adame katrina, kor-ce-rac aten.

bubulu, cpil-cuca ta en.

atay ta! sbo ta-ci yacucen!
giay et hu kolir ah, ah, ah!
ta sa yalen et tu eb wala, -la -la.

85
4.12 An Emily Dickinson Poem: A Word
A word is dead
When it is said,
Some say.
I say it just
Begins to live
That day.
Emily Dickinson

darcita mafti en darcita mafti en

tonki eto kolen tonki eto kolen
su fen kolir. su fen kolir.
ken na ki ken na ki
eb moma zi eb moma zi
hu asinen abitir. hu asinen abitir.

imili dikinsonu imili dikinsonu

86
4.13 Delasoni Nursery Rhymes
A. fruga kocu fruga kocu Koshu the Frog

ha yen tonki ha yen ha yen tonki ha yen

de fruga te kurusi de fruga te kurusi
ki kocu binamen. ki kucu binamen.
te moma hu cpilen te moma hu cpilen
em ponda di el ponda zi em ponda di el ponda zi
te moma hu naten. te moma hu naten.

Once upon a time,

There was a curious frog
Whose name was Koshu.
All day he played
From one pond to another
All day he jumped around.

B. as, pas, tor, kat! as, pas, tor, kat!

One, two, three, four!

as pas tor kat as pas tor kat

latcen kocu et de cpat latcen kocu et de cpat
faf ses sat mon faf ses sat mon
eto vonen eb ballon! eto vonen eb ballon!

One, two, three, four,

Koshu caught a lizard.
Five, six, seven, eight,
He put it in a balloon.

87
4.14 Delasoni Love Poems
A. aruma ki aruma ki The One I Love

aruma ki gora naci hu ha latcen,

kala-li naci gamgam hu mtele fen.
hu-li abita naci ev oba na donen.
na hu donen otre abita ize na pen.

aruma ki gora naci hu ha latcen,

kala-li naci gamgam hu mtele fen.
hu-li abita naci ev oba na donen.
na hu donen otre abita ize na pen.

The one who stole my heart,

Took over my mind too.
I gave him my life lovingly.
And if I could, I would do it again.

B. torit oba-ci torit oba-ci Love Bird

torit oba-ci atay da-li.

ta ceca aven eb gora di.
atay, bakakay, adame alay,
basay et hu oba naci.

torit oba-ci atay da-li.

ta ceca aven eb gora di.
atay, bakakay, adame alay,
basay et hu oba naci.

Love bird come here to me.

In my heart, you have a home.
Come, stay, and then go,
Deliver my kisses to my love.

88
4.15 From the Delasoni Epic of Kirmiz-Kazu
The epic of Kirmiz-Kazu tells the story of prince Kirmiz-Amu
(Lord Kirmiz), who falls in love with his mothers slave, Kazu.
When the Queen finds out, she decides to put an end to the
scandalous affair. She orders Kazu to be murdered. When Kirmiz
discovers what his mother has done, not believing that it
happened, he decides to abandon his future kingdom in search of
his love or whatever remains of her. He drops the royal affix in
his name and calls himself Kirmiz-Kazu (Kazus Kirmiz). And he
starts his unending journey looking for his loves ghost. The
following are three pieces from the libretto of this epic.

A. Kazu Describing Kirmiz

cra-cofo huci cra-cofo huci

veba treda-ci
veba treda-ci
ki et na latcen.
ki et na latcen. hu-mi na gien
hu-mi na gien cofin-nemso oba-ci
ki herri fen
cofin-nemso oba-ci
eb lelona berri ria-ci
ki na herri fen
eb lelona berri ria-ci

His eyelashes
Are a web of threads
That captures me.
From them I make
Dreams of love
That keeps me warm
In the cold darkness of reality.

89
B. Kirmiz Waiting for Kazu
(not knowing that she is dead)

lela ev na, no asi sohi, eb lelona di.

ase lela et merno naci pen comir.
pas adame, lela enaten bori.
ve na asi sohi fen bakakir.

lela ev na, no asi sohi, eb lelona di.

ase lela et merno naci pen comir.
pas adame, lela enaten bori.
ve na asi sohi fen bakakir.

Only the moon and I are up this late.

Only the moon can hear my crying as I wait.
Soon, the moon will be bored and leaves.
And I, alone, will stay.

C. Kirmiz Searching for Kazu

kazu, vasi ta en?

kirmiz, oba taci cercen.
na lelono le sa namsen,
eltone na ta fonten.

kazu, vasi ta en?

kirmiz, oba taci cercen.
na lelono le sa namsen,
eltone na ta fonten.

Kazu, where are you?

Its Kirmiz, your love, looking for you.
Nights I will never sleep,
Until I find you.

90
4.16 Delasoni Wedding Certificate

PASODA GADSI CE

<First Name 1> VE <First Name 2>

<Full Name 1> ve <Full Name 2>
moma di <day> ce <month> ce <year>
1
blisen et elua ev te pru
ki baren et tu em lu
ki baren et tu ke otri
amu olanta-ci

2
cebca ve lela
moma ve cena
yam ve cuca
ixe aruma

91
oba gien et tu asa
kife tu ha en ware bara

3
no doradoren so pasir done ir msiva asi el
abita ce oba, zmeloda ve diama.

4
no veden bakakir msiva asi eb sua ve eb le
sua, eb mitaktika ve eb murmura, eb kuta ve eb
raya.

5
na veden, ev oba no abiten.
na ta gien azira naci
ve na gien cec-azira taci.

<Full Name 1> <Full Name 2>

Signature Signature

6
elua et hu proten
elua sizen et raya gowi
elua sizen et raya barri
havua elua-ci ope hu yatoren
elua blisen et te momo huci
elua bodir, ize ir.

aziron nizar xabac

Signature

hona di doradorin lui protini ce pasoda en.

92

[Health] [Love] [Prosperity] [Wisdom]

[Eternity]
PASODA GADSI CE
Holy Union of

<First Name 1> VE <First Name 2>

<Full Name 1> ve <Full Name 2>
<Full Name 1> and <Full Name 2>
moma di <day> ce <month> ce <year>
this day <day> of <month> of <year>
1
blisen et elua ev te pru Praised is God with all praise
ki baren et tu em lu Who created all from none
ki baren et tu ke otri Who created all so different
amu olanta-ci Lord of the world

2
cebca ve lela Sun and moon
moma ve cena Day and night
yam ve cuca Water and fire
ixe aruma Each human being
oba gien et tu asa Love makes all one
kife tu ha en ware bara As all was before creation
93
3
no doradoren so pasir done We agree to join in marriage
ir msiva asi el abita ce oba, to become one family for a life
zmeloda ve diama. of love, friendship and trust.

4
no veden bakakir msiva asi We vow to remain one family
eb sua ve eb le sua, eb mitaktika in health and in illness, in
ve eb murmura, eb kuta ve eb raya. sweetness and in bitterness,
in good and in bad.

5
na veden, ev oba no abiten. I promise, in love we live.
na ta gien azira naci I make you my king/queen
ve na gien cec-azira taci. and I become your kingdom.

<Full Name 1> <Full Name 2>

Signature Signature

6
elua et hu proten
elua sizen et raya gowi
elua sizen et raya barri
havua elua-ci ope hu yatoren
elua blisen et te momo huci
elua bodir, ize ir.
May God protect them
May God stop all inside evil
May God stop all outside evil
May Gods spirit hover over them
May God bless all their days
If God wishes it, so it will be.

aziron nizar xabac Judge Nizar Habash

Signature
hona di doradorin lui protini ce pasoda en.
This is a legal protected contract of marriage.
94
4.18 Delasoni Graduation Diploma
The following is the text used in the Delasoni graduation
deploma that was given to the full graduating class of the Honors
College at Old Dominion University in April 1997.

DE KULYA CURA-CI
CE UNIVERSITA AZIRA OLTI

gicuren et

<Full Name>

ere hu ha kompen karnega-vi et lezo

bakalor-ci ce kulya ve universita,
ve et hu donen et dola ce

aruma grate lehini

EB MOMA DI 27 CE LELON-KATIN CE 1997

S i g n a t u r e
________________________________
aziron ce kulya cura-ci

95

[Knoweledge]

DE KULYA CURA-CI
THE HONORS COLLEGE

CE UNIVERSITA AZIRA OLTI

OF OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY

gicuren et
praises

<Full Name>

ere hu ha kompen karnega-vi et lezo bakalor-ci ce kulya ve universita,

ve et hu donen et dola ce
for having completed with excellence the requirements of the
bachelor degree of the college and the university,
and awards him/her the title of

aruma grate lehini

liberally educated person

EB MOMA DI 27 CE LELON-KATIN CE 1997

IN THIS DAY 27 OF APRIL 1997

S i g n a t u r e
________________________________
aziron ce kulya cura-ci
Dean of the Honors College

96
4.19 Delasoni Greeting Card Captions

A. Happy Birthday

mom-nu ori!

(Happiness)
mom-nu ori!
Happy Birthday!

B. Happy New Year

ora ev olan

cebcona ori!

(Point One)
ora ev olan
cebcona ori!
Happiness and Peace
97
 Happy New Year!
C. I Love You!

oben ta, oben ta, oben ta!

(Love) (Love) (Love)

oben ta, oben ta, oben ta!
I love you, I love you, I love you!

D. Congratulations!

te barko!

(Success)
te barko!
Congratulations!

98
99
Chapter Five

An English-Delason Dictionary

A
acting [theater] n attora
attora
actualize v giyen giyen

ability n pa pa add v evven evven

able adj pi pi addiction n ctoka ctoka

absolve v gigraten gigraten addictive adj ctoki ctoki

Abyssinia n habacu habacu addition n evva evva

Abyssinian adj habaci additionally adv gamgame

habaci gamgame
accident n xatsa xatsa adhesion n ctoka ctoka

account n galgolina adjust v fiten fiten

galgolina adjustment n fita fita
accountant n galgolon adult n leyani leyani
galgolon
adulthood n leyana leyana
Achilles n axilisu axilisu
advertise v ilanen ilanen
acid n limon limon
advertisement n ilan ilan
acidic adj limoni limoni
aflame adj cuci cuci
acidity n limonia limonia
afraid adj hickoki hickoki
acknowledge v giken giken
after conj adame adame
act [do] v fenfen fenfen
age n oga oga
act [theater] n attorina
attorina agree v doradoren
doradoren
act [theater] v attoren
attoren agreement n doradora
doradora
air n hava hava
airplane n plena plena
alcohol n kahola kahola
all adj te te
all n tu tu
Allah n allahu allahu
alligator n timsax timsax
almonds n badam badam
alphabet n alefbeta alefbeta
also adv gamgam gamgam
although conj olte olte
always adv teton teton,
tetone tetone
America n ameriku ameriku
American adj ameriki
ameriki
American n amerikia
amerikia
among prep binune binune
amount n komsa komsa
amuse v klen klen
amusement n kla kla
and conj ev ev, ve ve
anger adj maxa maxa
angry adj maxi maxi
animal n kreta kreta
answer n riponta riponta
answer v riponten riponten
ant n namla namla
antelope n bokan bokan
antiques n antiko antiko
any adj ine ine
appetite n ceha ceha
apple n tapwa tapwa
approval n kocra kocra
approve v kocren kocren
approved adj kocri kocri
apricot n uruk uruk
April n lelon-katin lelon-
katin
Arab n arabia arabia
Arabia n arabu arabu
Arabian adj arabi arabi
Arabic adj arabi arabi
Arabic n arabia arabia
arch n yacira yacira
arm n anda anda
Armageddon n
harmageddu harmageddu
Armenia n armenu armenu
Armenian adj armeni armeni
army n yeca yeca
around prep cire cire
arrival n visla visla
arrive v veslen veslen
art n arsa arsa
article n yahona yahona
artist n arson arson
artistic adj arsi arsi
as for prep rigade rigade
as long as conj evtone evtone
as prep mtile mtile
101
Asia n asyau asyau
Asian adj asyai asyai
Asiatic adj asyai asyai
ask v solen solen
asleep adj nomsi nomsi
ass n anusa anusa
at prep -mi -mi, em em
attack n yesra yesra
attack v yesren yesren
attempt n tra tra
attempt v tren tren
attention n noba noba
attentive adj nobi nobi
attract v yazben yazben
attraction n yazba yazba
attractive adj yazbi yazbi
August n lelon-monin
lelon-monin
aunt n antu imi antu imi
aurora n orora orora
Austin n ostenu ostenu
Australia n ostralu
ostralu
Australian adj ostrali
ostrali
authoritative adj solti solti
authority n solta solta
automate v otomaten
otomaten
automatic adj otomati
otomati
automation n otomata
otomata
102
autumn n ton-ladon ton-
ladon
awake adj sohi sohi
awakening n soha soha
award v donen donen
awe n wala wala
B
Babel n babelu babelu
baby n bubula bubula
bachelor n bakalor bakalor
back n dara dara
backward adv ware ware
bad adj rayi rayi
badness n raya raya
Baghdad n bagdadu
bagdadu
Baha'i adj bahai bahai
Baha'i n bahaia bahaia
ballerina n balerina
balerina
ballet n bale bale
banana n banana banana
bank n banka banka
bark v awen awen
base n asasa asasa
basic n asasi asasi
be bored v biboren biboren
be born v nuen nuen
be careful exp simay simay
be guilty v makbeten
makbeten
be pleased v oren oren
be truthful v troden troden
be used to v oden oden
be v en en
bear n orsa orsa
beard n cra-fissa cra-
fissa
beautiful adj latfi latfi
beautifully adv latfe latfe
beautify v latfen latfen
beauty n latfa latfa
because conj ere ere
become v enaten enaten,
vonen vonen
bedouin adj badawi badawi
bedouin n badawa badawa
beetle n tazik tazik
before conj ware ware
befriend v zmelen zmelen
begin v asinen asinen
begining n asina asina
behind n wara wara
behind prep ware-et ware-et
Beirut n bayrutu bayrutu
belief n yamna yamna
believe v yamnen yamnen
belt n mawac mawac
Bethlehem n betlahmu
betlahmu
between prep binune binune
Bible n biblu biblu
big n gdoli gdoli
bird n torita torita
birth n nua nua
birthday n mom-nu mom-nu
bit n kika kika
black adj cadoni cadoni
blackness n cadona cadona
blame n gimakbeta
gimakbeta
blame v gimakbeten
gimakbeten
bless v blisen blisen
blessed adj blisini blisini
blessing n blisa blisa
blue adj yamoni yamoni
body n zika zika
bon appetit exp ev ceha ev
ceha
book n hona hona
bore v boren boren
bored adj borini borini
boredom n bora bora
boring adj bori bori
bottom n ota ota
bout n masuba masuba
bow n bova bova
bow v boven boven
boxing ring n dohya dohya
Brazil n brazilu brazilu
Brazilian adj brazili
brazili
103
bread n zobxa zobxa
breakfast n arca arca
bright adj cebci cebci
brightness n cebcina cebcina
Britain n britanu britanu
British adj britani britani
brother-in-law n pasan-
ahu omi pasan-ahu omi
brother n ahu omi ahu omi
brotherhood n ahuha ahuha
brown adj arboni arboni
Buddha n budau budau
Buddhism n budia budia
Buddhist n budi budi
build v baten baten
building n bata bata, batin
batin
burn v cucen cucen
burst v yacucen yacucen
busy adj bizbi bizbi
but conj eppase eppase, pas
pas
button n zara zara
C chicken n keklik keklik
Cairo n masru masru
cake n gata gata
camel n jamal jamal
can aux pen pen
canary n kanarka kanarka
104
car n forda forda
careful adj simi simi
carrots n karota karota
cat n mia mia
catch n lota lota
catch v loten loten
cause n era era
cause v eren eren
celebrate v ton-oren ton-
oren
certainly adv ev serta ev
serta
certainty n serta serta
chair n assa assa
change n graya graya
change v grayen grayen
Chanukah n hanukau
hanukau
cheap adj bomarci bomarci
cheapness n bomarca
bomarca
cheese n gota gota
cherry n kiraz kiraz
chest n sboba sboba
chick n peklik peklik
chief n tata tata
China n cinu cinu
Chinese adj cini cini
Chinese n cinia cinia
Chirstian adj msihi msihi
chocolate n cokolada
cokolada
Christ n msihu msihu
Christendom n cec-msiha
cec-msiha
Christmas n noelu noelu
cinema n sinema sinema
circle diacritic n cirita cirita
circle n cira cira
circular adj ciri ciri
city n cta cta
clean adj nakvi nakvi
cleanness n nakva nakva
clothing n klot klot
clouds n inno inno
cloudy adj inni inni
clown n klon klon
cock n ular ular
cockroach n kapkup kapkup
coffee n kafa kafa
cold adj berri berri
college n kulya kulya
color n sba sba
come v atir atir
comedian n kirkiron
kirkiron
comedy n kirkirona
kirkirona
comparable adj pazi pazi
compare v pazen pazen
comparison n paza paza
complete adj kompi kompi
complete v kompen kompen
completeness n kompa kompa
compose v honen honen
computer n kompyuter
kompyuter
Confucian adj konfusi
konfusi
Confucius n konfusu
konfusu
confuse v babelen babelen
confused adj babelini
babelini
confusing adj babeli babeli
confusion n babela babela
congratulations exp te
barko te barko
conscience n latfe-kala
latfe-kala
control n solta solta
control v solten solten
correct adj tami tami
correct v gitamen gitamen
cost n kota kota
cost v koten koten
cough n tcua tcua
cough v tcuen tcuen
couple n pasa pasa
craziness n nuta nuta
crazy adj nuti nuti
create v baren baren
creation n bara bara
cross n krusa krusa
cross v yaviyen yaviyen
105
crow n kagwa kagwa
cry v mernen mernen
cuckoo n kakuk kakuk
cumin n kamun kamun
cup n susa susa
curiosity n kurusa kurusa
curious adj kurusi kurusi
curse n momya momya
D
dance n desa desa
dance v desen desen
dark adj leli leli
darkness n lelina lelina
Darwin n darwinu darwinu
dates n tamra tamra
daughter-in-law n pasan-
sunu imi pasan-sunu imi
daughter n sunu imi sunu
imi
day n moma moma
dead adj mafti mafti
dean n aziron aziron
dear adj duda duda
death n mafta mafta
December n lelon-pas-v-
onin lelon-pas-v-onin
decide v decen decen
decimal point n pez pez
decision n deca deca
106
deep adj wamaki wamaki
define v yanamen yanamen
definition n yanamita
yanamita
Delason n delason delason
delicious adj lezzi lezzi
delight n yora yora
delight v yoren yoren
delightful adj yori yori
deliver v giyen giyen
demote v kaswajen
kaswajen
demotion n kaswaja
kaswaja
depth n wamaka wamaka
descend v folen folen
desire n yaleza yaleza
desire v yalezen yalezen
despite conj olte olte
destiny n kadera kadera
destroy v sociken sociken
destruction n socika socika
die v maften maften
different adj otre otre
dignity n karama karama
dinner n mila mila
direction n derison derison
dirtiness n meza meza
dirty adj mezi mezi
divide v popen popen
divided by prep pope-et pope-
et
do v fen fen
doctor n doktor doktor
document n yahona yahona
dog n awa awa
dollar n dolar dolar
dominion n azira azira
donkey n balam balam
door n delta delta
down adv ote ote
Dr. title dok dok
dress n druga druga
drink n catina catina
drink v caten caten
drive v forden forden
driver n fordon fordon
drunk adj satulini satulini
dry adj havani havani
duck n donalda donalda
dust n erton erton
E
each adj ixe ixe
ear n coma coma
Earth n kokav ertu
kokav ertu
earth n erta erta
earthworm n dundunerta
dundunerta
easiness n isa isa
east n uda uda
Easter n fusuhu fusuhu
eastern adj udi udi
easy adj isi isi
eat v manjen manjen
eduacted adj lehini lehini
egg n lega lega
Egypt n igeptu igeptu
eight num okt okt
Einstein n aynctaynu
aynctaynu
either .. or conj u .. u u .. u
electricity n elektra elektra
elephant n filfil filfil
eleven num as-v-on as-v-on
elixir n nizar nizar
Emacs n imaksu imaksu
email n imel imel
email v imelen imelen
end n paha paha
end v pahen pahen
endowed adj blisini blisini
enflame v gicucen gicucen
engineer n jenyon jenyon
engineering n jenya jenya
England n inglu inglu
English adj ingli ingli
English n inglia inglia
enjoy v bioren bioren,
juen juen
enjoyment n biora biora,
jua jua
107
enlighten v giduen giduen
enough adj kefe kefe
equal adj gali gali
equal v galen galen
even if conj ivnize ivnize
even adv ivne ivne
evening n ton-lela ton-lela
everlasting adj atuli atuli
every adj te te
evil adj rayi rayi
evil n raya raya
excellence n karnega
karnega
excellent adj karnegi
karnegi, te kuti te kuti
except conj pasle-et pasle-et
excuse me exp ize oren ize
oren
exist v yen yen
existence n a a, ya ya
expensive adj ceri ceri
explode v yacucen yacucen
extremely adv te te
eye lashes n cra-cofo cra-
cofo
eye n cofa cofa
F first adj asini asini
face n fissa fissa
fall v folen folen
108
false adj letami letami
family n msiva msiva
far adj badi badi
fat adj vesxi vesxi
fat n tseta tseta
father n vavu omi vavu omi
fatherhood n vavuha omi
vavuha omi
fear n hickoka hickoka
fear v hickoken hickoken
February n lelon-pasin
lelon-pasin
feel v pilen pilen
feeling n pila pila
female n ima ima
feminine adj imi imi
festivity n ton-ora ton-ora
few adj pe pe
few n pu pu
fifty num fafon fafon
fight v yecinen yecinen
find v fonten fonten
fine adj kuti kuti
finger n towa towa
fire n cuca cuca
firework n cpil-cuca cpil-
cuca
fish n daga daga
five num faf faf
flight n tora tora
floor n itaha itaha
fly n muc muc
fly v toren toren
font n ponta ponta
food n manjina manjina
foot n jyara jyara
for prep sake-et sake-et
foreigner n oslanti oslanti
fork n towita towita
formless adj tohivohi
tohivohi
fortune scrolls n heno
yerci heno yerci
forty num katon katon
forward adv adame adame
found adj fontini fontini
four num kat kat
fox n dilul dilul
France n fransu fransu
free [liberated] adj grati
grati
free [liberated] v graten
graten
free [no price] adj evli evli
freedom n grata grata
freeze v bicnen bicnen
freeze v gicnen gicnen
French adj fransi fransi
French n fransia fransia
Freud n froydu froydu
Friday n mom-cecin mom-
cecin
friend n zmelin zmelin
friendship n zmela zmela
frog n fruga fruga
from whom inter emsi emsi
from whom rel emki emki
from prep -mi -mi, em em
from rel emki emki
front n adama adama
fruit n otricba otricba
full adj fuli fuli
future n yatona yatona
G
gadfly n kokmuc kokmuc
gallery n cec-arsa cec-
arsa, galeria galeria
gazelle n gazal gazal
gift n donina donina
giraffe n zirap zirap
give v donen donen
glass n susa susa
glasses n cofito cofito
glue n ctokon ctokon
go v alen alen
god n elua elua
God n eluau eluau
good adj kuti kuti
goodbye exp ev olan ev
olan
goodness n kuta kuta
goose n guz guz
109
govern v goven goven kercifa
Hanukkah n hanukau
government n gova gova
hanukau
grace n meryama meryama
happen v vehen vehen
gracious adj meryami
happiness n ora ora
meryami
happy adj ori ori
graduate v hargen hargen
hard adj sobi sobi
graduation n harga harga
hardness n soba soba
grandfather n saftu omi
saftu omi hat n kopa kopa
grandmother n saftu imi hate v tasten tasten
saftu imi hated adj tastini tastini
grapes n uzum uzum
hateful adj tasti tasti
grasshopper n kikik kikik
he pro hu omi hu omi
gray adj ladoni ladoni
head n bricta bricta
green adj icboni icboni
health n sua sua
grief n merna merna
healthy adj sui sui
grieve v mernen mernen
hear v comen comen
grow v gdolen gdolen
heart n gora gora
guest n dadin dadin
Heavens n olo olo
guide v gicofen gicofen
heaviness n vesxa vesxa
guilt n makbeta makbeta
heavy adj vesxi vesxi
guilty adj makbeti makbeti
hedgehog n kirpa kirpa
gull n kayka kayka
height n tola tola
hello exp olan olan

H help n ida ida

help v iden iden
hair n cro cro her pro et hu imi et hu
half n pasod pasod imi, huci imi huci imi

Halloween n halowinu here adv dayna dayna

halowinu hers pro de huci imi de
hand n yara yara huci imi
handkerchief n kercifa hidden adj edi edi
110
hide v eden eden
him pro et hu omi et hu
omi
his pro de huci omi de
huci omi
holiness n gadsa gadsa
holy adj gadsi gadsi
honor n cura cura
hopefully adv ize ir ize ir
horse n baytul baytul
hot adj herri herri
hotel n otel otel
hour n saya saya
house n ceca ceca
hover v yatoren yatoren
how many inter komse komse
how much inter komse komse
how inter komsi komsi
humid adj yamani yamani
hundred num om om
hungry adj gohi gohi
hurricane n katrina katrina
hurt adj bixatsi bixatsi
hurt v bixatsen bixatsen
hurt v xatsen xatsen
husband n pasan omi
pasan omi
I intelligent adj intelgi intelgi
I pro na na
ice n cna cna
if conj ize ize
implore v soliden soliden
importance n heta heta
important adj heti heti
in addition to prep gamgame-
et gamgame-et
in addition conj gamgam
gamgam
in front of prep adame-et
adame-et
in order to conj done done
in prep -bi -bi, eb eb
include v gamgamen
gamgamen
including prep game-et game-
et
inclusion n gamgama
gamgama
incomplete adj nakci nakci
incompleteness n nakca
nakca
incorrect adj letami letami
injure v xatsen xatsen
injury n xatsa xatsa
inner adj gowi gowi
inside n gowa gowa
inside prep gowe-et gowe-et
intelligence n intelga intelga
internet n internet internet
intoxicate v satulen satulen
introduction n delta delta
111
invitation n dada dada July n lelon-satin lelon-
invite v daden daden satin
jump v naten naten
Iraq n iraku iraku
June n lelon-sesin lelon-
island n ertyama ertyama
sesin
Israel n israelu israelu
Israeli adj israeli israeli
it pro et
hu hu, o o
hu et hu, eto eto, K
its pro huci huci, oci oci kill v tiren tiren
kind adj mnixi mnixi

J king n azira azira

kitten n mimic mimic
knee n nila nila
jacket n jaketa jaketa
knife n danita danita
January n lelon-asin
know v kalen kalen
lelon-asin
knowledge n kala kala
Japan n niponu niponu
known adj kalini kalini
Japanese adj niponi niponi
Koran n koranu koranu
Japanese n niponia niponia
Krishna n kricnau kricnau
Java n javau javau
jealous adj iyagi iyagi
jealousy n iyaga iyaga
Jehovah n yahwehu
L
yahwehu
language n lason lason
Jesus n esusu esusu
large adj gdoli gdoli
joke n kirkirita kirkirita
largeness n gdola gdola
joy n jua jua
Las-Vegas n lasvegasu
joyful adj jui jui lasvegasu
judge n kodon kodon last adj ali ali, pahini
judge v koden koden pahini

judgement n koda koda laugh n kirkira kirkira

juice n catina catina laugh v kirkiren kirkiren

112
law n lua lua
lawyer n luon luon
learn v lehen lehen
learning n leha leha
leave v yalen yalen
leech n zuluk zuluk
left of prep sare-et sare-et
left adj sari sari
left n sara sara
legal adj lui lui
legalization n gilua gilua
legalize v giluen giluen
lemon n limon limon
leopard n yalpuz yalpuz
less adj lece lece
letter n honin honin
liberally adv grate grate
lie n lixa lixa
lie [deceive] v lixen lixen
lie [recline] v moden moden
life n abita abita
light [color] adj cebci cebci
light [weight] adj xessi
xessi
light n dua dua
lightness n xissa xissa
like prep mtile mtile
like v oben oben
linguistics n lason-leha
lason-leha
lion n arselan arselan
lip n bla bla
Lisp n lispu lispu
listen v gicomen gicomen
little n pepu pepu
live v abiten abiten
lizard n abubres abubres
look v bicofen bicofen
look v cofen cofen
lord n ama ama
Lord n amu amu
lots n memu memu
lottery n lotto lotto
love n oba oba
love v oben oben
luck n yerca yerca
lucky adj yerci yerci
lunch n logma logma
lust n yaleza yaleza
M
machine n makina makina
Macintosh n makentocu
makentocu
magnification n gigdola
gigdola
magnify v gigdolen
gigdolen
majority n katca katca
make v gien gien
man n oma oma
113
manage v galgolen milk n lixta lixta
galgolen million num milyon milyon
management n galgola
mind n kala kala
galgola
mine pro de naci de naci
manager n galgolon
galgolon mink n munuk munuk
manifest adj cofini cofini minus prep vile-et vile-et
March n lelon-torin minute n mima mima
Miss title am am
lelon-torin
mark v alumen alumen
Mohammed n mohamadu
masculine adj omi omi mohamadu
may be exp pen ir pen ir Monday n mom-pasin mom-
May n lelon-fafin lelon- pasin
fafin money n dinga dinga
me pro et na et na monkey n mamun mamun
meal n manja manja month n lelon lelon
mean v vodiren vodiren moon n lela lela
meat n bacra bacra more adv mere mere
meet v goblen goblen morning n ton-cebca ton-
meeting n gobla gobla cebca
Moroccan adj magrebi
melon n camam camam
magrebi
memory n kala-cofa kala-
Morocco n magrebu
cofa
magrebu
menu n manyu manyu
most adj me me
meow v mien mien
most n mu mu
merciful adj atufi atufi
mother n vavu imi vavu imi
mercy n atufa atufa
motherhood n vavuha
mess n tohivoha tohivoha
imi vavuha imi
messy adj tohivohi
mouse n mikya mikya
tohivohi
moustache n cra-motta
Middle East n uda
cra-motta
binuni uda binuni
mouth n motta motta
middle adj binuni binuni
move v harken harken

114
movement n harka harka .. le
never adv leton leton,
Mr. title am am
letone letone
Mrs. title am am
New York n nyuyorku
Ms. title am am
nyuyorku
multicolored adj kor-ce-
new adj navoni navoni
raconi kor-ce-raconi
Newton n nyutonu nyutonu
multiplied by prep tote-et
next adj ati ati
tote-et
night n cena cena
mummy n mamia mamia
nine num nov nov
murder n tira tira
no exp le le
murder v tiren tiren
none n lu lu
museum n cec-antika cec-
antika north n nuda nuda
mushrooms n curum curum northern adj nudi nudi
musician n muzikon nose n cima cima
muzikon not adv le le
must aux heten heten, lezen
notice n aluma aluma
lezen
notice v noben noben
my pro naci naci
November n lelon-as-v-
mystery n bazla bazla
onin lelon-as-v-onin

N now adv ton-di ton-di

number n dzua dzua

name n nama nama

name v binamen binamen
napkin n kercifa kercifa
O
O.K. exp doradori
narrow adj dakki dakki
doradori
narrowness n dakka dakka
October n lelon-onin
Nazi n natzi natzi lelon-onin
Nazism n natzia natzia of prep ce ce
necessity n leza leza often adv meton meton,
neither .. nor conj le .. le le metone metone
115
oil n wil wil
old adj olti olti
olive n zetun zetun
on prep ope-et ope-et
once upon a time exp ha
yen tonki ha yen ha
yen tonki ha yen
one-fourth num katod katod
one-third num torod torod
one num as as
only adj ase ase, asi asi
open adj upi upi
open v upen upen
operate v maken maken
or conj u u
orange n orenca orenca
origin n orga orga
originial adj orgi orgi
ostrich n osrux osrux
otter n kemket kemket
our pro noci noci
ours pro de noci de noci
outer adj barri barri
outside n bara bara
outside prep bare-et bare-et
over prep ope-et ope-et
owl n baykuc baykuc
own v oven oven
owner n ovon ovon
ownership n ova ova
ox n argun argun
116
P
pain n pyana pyana
painful adj pyani pyani
painter n banton banton
Palestine n falestinu
falestinu
Palestinian adj falestini
falestini
Palestinian n falestinia
falestinia
Palisra n palisrau palisrau
pants n pantalona
pantalona
pardon exp pardonay
na pardonay na
parent n vavu vavu
parenthood n vavuha
vavuha
party n ton-ora ton-ora
pass v vien vien
passionately adv ev oba ev
oba
Passover n pesaxu pesaxu
past n yavona yavona
peace n olan olan
peach n xaptul xaptul
peacock n tavtuz tavtuz
pear n armut armut
pepper n pret pret
percent n emom emom
perfect adj kamli kamli
perfection n kamla kamla
perish v sociken sociken
person n aruma aruma
phoenix n finik finik
phone v telefonen telefonen
piece n pya pya
pig n haluf haluf
pigeon n kepter kepter
pineapple n ananas ananas
pink adj rosoni rosoni
place n va va
place v ven ven
plan v warehonen
warehonen
planet n kokav kokav
plate n pla pla
Plato n eplatonu eplatonu
Platonic adj eplatoni
eplatoni
Platonism n eplatonia
eplatonia
Platonist n eplatoni eplatoni
play football v fotbolen
fotbolen
play tennis v tenisen tenisen
play n attorina attorina
play v cpilen cpilen
please exp ize oren ize
oren
please v yoren yoren
pleasure n yora yora
plum n kuruk kuruk
plus prep ve ve
pocket n cec-yara cec-yara
poem n yasotin yasotin
poet n yasoton yasoton
poetry n yasota yasota
politician n politikon
politikon
pomegranate n rumman
rumman
pond n ponda ponda
possible adj posibili posibili
potato n potata potata
practice n tadrib tadrib
praise [a person] n gicura
gicura
praise [a person] v gicuren
gicuren
praise [the Lord] n prua prua
praise [the Lord] v pruen
pruen
pray v salen salen
prayer n sala sala
problem n tapca tapca
professor n profesor
profesor
promise n veda veda
promise v veden veden
promote v kakwajen
kakwajen
promotion n kakwaja
kakwaja
Purim n purimu purimu
purple adj idoni idoni
117
put v vonen vonen rarely adv peton peton,
puzzle n bazla bazla petone petone
pyramid n maziga maziga rat n jardon jardon
ray n cea cea

Q read v karen karen

real adj rii rii
reality n ria ria
quality n kulla kulla
really adv rie rie
quarter n katod katod
reason [cause] n era era
queen n azira azira
reason [logic] n use-kala
question n sola sola use-kala
question v solen solen red adj adoni adoni
quick adj viti viti referee n gyoja gyoja
quickly adv vite vite religion n dinya dinya
quickness n vita vita religious adj dinyi dinyi
quota n kota kota remember v kala-cofen
Qur'An n koranu koranu kala-cofen
rent v gerden gerden

R repeat v reren reren

replace v gegrayen
gegrayen
rabbit n zajik zajik requirement n leza leza
rain n racca racca respect v reten reten
rain v raccen raccen restaurant n cec-manja
rainbow n kor-ce-rac cec-manja
kor-ce-rac resurrect v giabiten giabiten
rainy adj racci racci return n rata rata
raison n kicmic kicmic return v raten raten
Ramadan n ramadanu revenge n krista krista
right [direction] n mina mina
ramadanu
random adj lotti lotti
right [entitelement] n krata
randomness n lotta lotta krata

118
right of prep mine-et mine-et
rise v sohen sohen
road n via via
roof n yakata yakata
room n cecita cecita
Rosh-Hashanah n
rochacanau rochacanau
rule n azira azira
rule v aziren aziren
ruler n aziron aziron
run v gren gren
Runner-up n junyuca
junyuca
Russia n rucu rucu
Russian adj ruci ruci
Russian n rucia rucia
S
sad adj zoli zoli
sadness n zola zola
Salamite n salami salami
salt n clet clet
same adj otte otte
Santa-Claus n baba-noelu
baba-noelu
Satan n citanu citanu
satisfaction n giora giora,
yora yora
satisfy v gioren gioren,
yoren yoren
satisfying adj giori giori
Saturday n mom-satin
mom-satin
say v kolen kolen
sea n tyama tyama
search v cercen cercen
season n ton-cebon ton-
cebon
second adj pasini pasini
second n kika kika
see you later exp el cofir
el cofir
see v cofen cofen
seem v zimen zimen
separate adj fsili fsili
separate v fsilen fsilen
separation n fsila fsila
September n lelon-novin
lelon-novin
Serb adj serbi serbi
Serbia n serbia serbia
seven num sat sat
Shakespeare n cekspiru
cekspiru
shark n joz joz
she pro hu imi asi hu
imi asi
sheep n abram abram
shirt n kamisata kamisata
shoe n bata bata
short adj kasi kasi
shortness n kasa kasa
should aux lezen lezen
119
show v gicofen gicofen
shut up v zgiten zgiten
shut v zagen zagen
sign n aluma aluma
sign v alumen alumen
signal v alumen alumen
signature n alumina alumina
silence n zgita zgita
silence v zgiten zgiten
similar adj mteli mteli
similarly adv mtele mtele
sin n dala dala
sin v dalen dalen
since conj emtone emtone
sincere adj sisiri sisiri
sincerity n sisira sisira
sing v soten soten
singer n soton soton
sinner n dalon dalon
sister-in-law n pasan-ahu
imi pasan-ahu imi
sister n ahu imi ahu imi
sisterhood n ahuha ahuha
sit n assen assen
six num ses ses
size n psa psa
sky n ola ola
skylark n torga torga
Slav n slavi slavi
slave n ovin ovin
Slavic n slavi slavi
120
sleep n nomsa nomsa
sleep v nomsen nomsen
slow adj clobi clobi
slowly adv clobe clobe
slowness n cloba cloba
small adj cmoli cmoli
smallness n cmola cmola
smell n cmila cmila
smell v cimen cimen,
bicimen bicimen
snake n hanac hanac
snow flake n telgita telgita
snow n cna cna
snow v cnen cnen
snowy adj cni cni
so as to conj done done
so conj dize dize
socks n klot-jyaro klot-
jyaro
soil n erta erta
soldier n yecon yecon
some adj se se
some pro su su
sometime n seton seton
sometimes adv seton seton,
setone setone
son-in-law n pasan-sunu
omi pasan-sunu omi
son n sunu omi sunu omi
song n sotin sotin
sorry exp tsutsu tsutsu
soul n havua havua stop v sizen sizen
sound n sota sota stork n lelek lelek
source n orga orga straight adj komini komini
south n suda suda strawberry n kilek kilek
southern adj sudi sudi street n via via
space n vakoma vakoma strength n xazka xazka
Spain n espanu espanu strong adj xazki xazki
Spaniard n espani espani student n lehon lehon
Spanish adj espani espani study n leha leha
speak v darcen darcen study v lehen lehen
speaker n darcon darcon stuff n cuo cuo
speech n darca darca stupid adj tefci tefci
spend v serfen serfen stupidity n tefca tefca
spider n ankub ankub subject n azirin azirin
spirit n havua havua such adj ke ke
spoon n yarita yarita sugar n sokar sokar
spouse n pasan pasan suit n rsima rsima
spring n ton-icbon ton- summer n ton-heron ton-
icbon heron
squirrel n sankur sankur sumo n ozuma ozuma
stand up v komen komen sun n cebca cebca
star n serina serina Sunday n mom-asin mom-
star v seren seren asin
sunny adj cebci cebci
starhood n sera sera
swan n cvanna cvanna
start n asina asina
Syria n suriau suriau
start v asinen asinen
Syrian adj suri suri
state n dola dola
status n dola dola
stay v bakaken bakaken
stick v ctoken ctoken
T
sticky adj ctoki ctoki table n tabyula tabyula

121
take v latcen latcen
tall adj toli toli
Talmud n talmudu talmudu
tangarine n tangarin
tangarin
taste n guta guta
taste v biguten biguten
tea n tay tay
tear n yam-merna yam-
merna
Tehran n tehranu tehranu
television n televiza televiza
tell v gikolen gikolen
Ten Thousand Day celebration
n onedoza onedoza
Ten Thousand Day n mom
onedozi mom onedozi
ten num on on
terrible adj ivani ivani
Texan adj taksasi taksasi
Texas n taksasu taksasu
Thai n taylanti taylanti
Thailand n taylantu
taylantu
thank you very much exp te
dako te dako
thank you exp daka daka
thank v daken daken
Thanksgiving n mom-dako-
ci mom-dako-ci
that dem za za, zi zi
that rel etki etki, ki ki
122
the art de de
theater n sinema sinema
their pro huci huci
theirs pro de huci de huci
them pro et hu et hu
then adv ton-zi ton-zi
then conj adame adame,
dize dize
there adv zayna zayna
therefore conj erge erge
these dem di di, do do
they pro hu hu
thin adj xissi xissi
thing n cua cua
think v ken ken
third adj torini torini
thirteen num tor-v-on tor-
v-on
thirty num toron toron
this dem da da, di di
those dem zi zi, zo zo
thought n kina kina
thousand num doza doza
thread n terda terda
three num tor tor
Thursday n mom-fafin
mom-fafin
Tibet n tebatu tebatu
Tibetan adj tebati tebati
tie n karavatta karavatta
tiger n golpar golpar
Tigris n dijlau dijlau Trojan adj troadi troadi
time n ton ton Troy n troadu troadu
tiny adj kiki kiki true adj trodi trodi
title n dola dola truth n troda troda
to whom inter elsi elsi try n tra tra
to whom rel elki elki try v tren tren
to prep -li -li, el el Tuesday n mom-torin mom-
to rel elki elki torin
Turkey n turkiau turkiau
today n moma di moma di
turkey n kurka kurka
toe n towa towa
Turkish n turki turki
Tokyo n tokyu tokyu
turn off v zagen zagen
tomato juice n catina
turn on v gazen gazen
tomata-ci catina tomata-ci
turtle n tastud tastud
tomato n tomata tomata
twelve num pas-v-on pas-v-
tomorrow night n cena ati
on
cena ati
twenty num pason pason
tomorrow n moma ati moma
ati two num pas pas
tongue n lason lason
tonight n cena
too adv gamgam gamgam
di cena di
U
tooth n dan dan
ugliness n galfa galfa
top n opa opa
ugly adj galfi galfi
Torah n torau torau
uncle n antu omi antu omi
tournament n honbaca
under n ota ota
honbaca
tradition n tradisyona under prep ote-et ote-et
tradisyona underwear n ote-klota ote-
traffic n trafika trafika klota

transparent adj havoni union n asuna asuna

havoni unite v asunen asunen
trip n ton-via ton-via university n universita
universita
123
Unix n uniksu uniksu wake v sohen sohen
until conj eltone eltone walk n mca mca
up adv ope ope walk v mcen mcen
us pro et no et no walnut n yangak yangak
use n usa usa want v boden boden
use v usen usen war n yecina yecina
utility n usa usa warm adj verri verri
utilize v usen usen warra n company company
warren v accompany

V accompany
warron n companion
companion
vacuum n vakoma vakoma warwara n enchanting

Vatican n vatikanu song enchanting song

vatikanu Washington n wacingtonu
vegetables n icbo icbo wacingtonu
Venice n venicu venicu wasteful n serfi serfi

very adv me me watch n sayona sayona

victory n nasra nasra watch v cofen cofen

Virginia n virjinu virjinu water n yam yam

Virginian adj virjini watermelon n batix batix

virjini wawa n heartfelt
visit n vetona vetona laugh heartfelt laugh
visit v vetonen vetonen way n via via
voice n sota sota we pro no no
vulture n xaritaz xaritaz weak adj viki viki
weakness n vika vika

W weasel n agmigan agmigan

weather n vetra vetra
wedding n pasoda pasoda
wait n atona atona
Wednesday n mom-katin
wait v atonen atonen
mom-katin

124
week n satun satun
well adv kute kute
west n vuda vuda
western adj vudi vudi
whale n dagyon dagyon
what inter -si -si, etsi etsi,
osi osi
what rel etki etki, ki ki, oki
oki
when inter tonsi tonsi
when rel tonki tonki
where inter vasi vasi
where rel vaki vaki
which rel etki etki, ki ki
while conj evtone evtone
white adj lavoni lavoni
who inter etsi etsi, osi osi
who rel ki ki, oki oki
whom inter etsi etsi
whom rel etki etki
whose inter cesi cesi
why inter ersi ersi
wide adj aridi aridi
width n arida arida
wife n pasan
wild n barri barri
imi pasan imi
will aux sa sa
win n koca koca
win v kocen kocen
wind n havo havo
windy adj havoi havoi
wine n van van
Winter n ton-berron ton-
berron
wish n yarita yarita
wish v yariten yariten
with whom inter evsi evsi
with whom rel evki evki
with conj -vi -vi, ev ev
with rel evki evki
without prep evle evle
wolf n volva volva
woman n ima ima
word n darcita darcita
work n bizba bizba
work v bizben bizben
world n olanta olanta
worm n dundun dundun
worship n aboda aboda
worship v aboden aboden
wrestle n rikicen rikicen
wrestler n rikicon rikicon
write v honen honen
writing n yahona yahona
X
X-mas n noelu noelu
X-ray n cea gzi cea gzi
125
Y
to, ta ta, to to
young adj yani yani
your pro taci taci, toci toci
yak n gyaga gyaga yours pro de taci de taci,
year n cebcona cebcona de toci de toci
yellow adj limoni limoni youth n yana yana
Yemen n yamanu yamanu
yes exp vi vi
yesterday n moma
ali
ali moma Z
you are welcome exp ev zero num fec fec
ora ev ora zoo n cec-kreto cec-kreto
you pro et ta et ta, et to et

126
127
Chapter Six
A Delason-English Dictionary
A
a a n existence
abita abita n life
abiten abiten v live
aboda aboda n worship
aboden aboden v worship
abram abram n sheep
abubres abubres n lizard
accompany accompany v
warren
adama adama n front
adame-et adame-et prep in
front of
adame adame adv forward
adame adame conj after, then
adoni adoni adj red
agmigan agmigan n weasel
ahu imi ahu imi n sister
ahu omi ahu omi n brother
ahuha ahuha n brotherhood,
sisterhood
alefbeta alefbeta n alphabet
alen alen v go
ali ali adj last
allahu allahu n Allah
aluma aluma n notice, sign
alumen alumen v mark, sign,
signal
alumina alumina n signature
am am title Miss, Mr., Mrs., Ms.
ama ama n lord
ameriki ameriki adj American
amerikia amerikia n
American
ameriku ameriku n America
amu amu n Lord
ananas ananas n pineapple
anda anda n arm
ankub ankub n spider
antiko antiko n antiques
antu imi antu imi n aunt
antu omi antu omi n uncle
anusa anusa n ass
arabi arabi adj Arabian,
Arabic
arabia arabia n Arab,
Arabic
arabu arabu n Arabia
arboni arboni adj brown
arca arca n breakfast
argun argun n ox
arida arida n width
aridi aridi adj wide
armut armut n pear
arsa arsa n art
arselan arselan n lion
arsi arsi adj artistic
arson arson n artist
aruma aruma n person
as-v-on as-v-on num eleven
as as num one
asasa asasa n base
asasi asasi n basic
ase ase adj only
asi asi adj only
asina asina n begining, start
asinen asinen v begin, start
asini asini adj first
assa assa n chair
assen assen n sit
asuna asuna n union
asunen asunen v unite
asyai asyai adj Asian, Asiatic
asyau asyau n Asia
ati ati adj next
atir atir v come
atona atona n wait
atonen atonen v wait
attora attora n acting
[theater]
attoren attoren v act
[theater]
attorina attorina n act
[theater], play
atufa atufa n mercy
atufi atufi adj merciful
atuli atuli adj everlasting
awa awa n dog
awen awen v bark
axilisu axilisu n Achilles
aynctaynu aynctaynu n
Einstein
azira azira n dominion,
king, queen, rule
aziren aziren v rule
azirin azirin n subject
aziron aziron n dean, ruler
B
-bi -bi prep in
baba-noelu baba-noelu n
Santa-Claus
babela babela n confusion
babelen babelen v confuse
babeli babeli adj confusing
129
babelini babelini adj
confused
babelu babelu n Babel
bacra bacra n meat
badam badam n almonds
badawa badawa n bedouin
badawi badawi adj bedouin
badi badi adj far
bagdadu bagdadu n
Baghdad
bahai bahai adj Baha'i
bahaia bahaia n Baha'i
bakaken bakaken v stay
bakalor bakalor n bachelor
balam balam n donkey
bale bale n ballet
balerina balerina n
ballerina
banana banana n banana
banka banka n bank
banton banton n painter
bara bara n creation, outside
bare-et bare-et prep outside
baren baren v create
barri barri adj outer
barri barri n wild
baski baski adj Basque
basku basku n Basque
bata bata n building, shoe
baten baten v build
batin batin n building
batix batix n watermelon
130
baykuc baykuc n owl
bayrutu bayrutu n Beirut
baytul baytul n horse
bazla bazla n mystery,
puzzle
berri berri adj cold
betlahmu betlahmu n
Bethlehem
biblu biblu n Bible
biboren biboren v be bored
bicimen bicimen v smell
bicnen bicnen v freeze
bicofen bicofen v look
biguten biguten v taste
binamen binamen v name
binune binune prep among,
between
binuni binuni adj middle
biora biora n enjoyment
bioren bioren v enjoy
bixatsen bixatsen v hurt
bixatsi bixatsi adj hurt
bizba bizba n work
bizben bizben v work
bizbi bizbi adj busy
bla bla n lip
blisa blisa n blessing
blisen blisen v bless
blisini blisini adj blessed,
endowed
boden boden v want
bokan bokan n antelope
bomarca bomarca n
cheapness
bomarci bomarci adj cheap
bora bora n boredom
boren boren v bore
bori bori adj boring
borini borini adj bored
bova bova n bow
boven boven v bow
brasilia brasilia n Brasilia
brazili brazili adj Brazilian
brazilu brazilu n Brazil
bricta bricta n head
britani britani adj British
britanu britanu n Britain
bubula bubula n baby
budau budau n Buddha
budi budi n Buddhist
budia budia n Buddhism
C
cadona cadona n blackness
cadoni cadoni adj black
camam camam n melon
caten caten v drink
catina tomata-ci catina
tomata-ci n tomato juice
catina catina n drink, juice
ce ce prep of
cea gzi cea gzi n X-ray
cea cea n ray
cebca cebca n sun
cebci cebci adj bright, light
[color], sunny
cebcina cebcina n brightness
cebcona cebcona n year
cec-antika cec-antika n
museum
cec-arsa cec-arsa n gallery
cec-kreto cec-kreto n zoo
cec-manja cec-manja n
restaurant
cec-msiha cec-msiha n
Christendom
cec-yara cec-yara n pocket
ceca ceca n house
cecita cecita n room
ceha ceha n appetite
cekspiru cekspiru n
Shakespeare
cena ati cena ati n
tomorrow night
cena di cena di n tonight
cena cena n night
cercen cercen v search
ceri ceri adj expensive
cesi cesi inter whose
cima cima n nose
cimen cimen v smell
cini cini adj Chinese
cinia cinia n Chinese
cinu cinu n China
131
cira cira n circle beard
cra-motta cra-motta n
cire cire prep around
moustache
ciri ciri adj circular
cro cro n hair
cirita cirita n circle diacritic
cta cta n city
citanu citanu n Satan
ctoka ctoka n addiction,
clet clet n salt adhesion
cloba cloba n slowness ctoken ctoken v stick
clobe clobe adv slowly ctoki ctoki adj addictive,
clobi clobi adj slow
sticky
ctokon ctokon n glue
cmila cmila n smell
cua cua n thing
cmola cmola n smallness
cuca cuca n fire
cmoli cmoli adj small
cucen cucen v burn
cna cna n ice, snow
cuci cuci adj aflame
cnen cnen v snow
cuo cuo n stuff
cni cni adj snowy
cura cura n honor
cofa cofa n eye
curum curum n mushrooms
cofen cofen v look, see, watch
cvanna cvanna n swan
cofini cofini adj manifest

D
cofito cofito n glasses
cokolada cokolada n
chocolate
coma coma n ear
comen comen v hear
da da dem this
companion companion n
dada dada n invitation
warron
daden daden v invite
company company n warra
dadin dadin n guest
cpil-cuca cpil-cuca n
firework daga daga n fish
cpilen cpilen v play dagyon dagyon n whale
cra-cofo cra-cofo n eye daka daka exp thank you
daken daken v thank
lashes
cra-fissa cra-fissa n
dakka dakka n narrowness
132
dakki dakki adj narrow
dala dala n sin
dalen dalen v sin
dalon dalon n sinner
dan dan n tooth
danita danita n knife
dara dara n back
darca darca n speech
darcen darcen v speak
darcita darcita n word
darcon darcon n speaker
darwinu darwinu n Darwin
dayna dayna adv here
de huci imi de huci imi
pro hers
de huci omi de huci omi
pro his
de huci de huci pro theirs
de naci de naci pro mine
de noci de noci pro ours
de taci de taci pro yours
de toci de toci pro yours
de de art the
deca deca n decision
decen decen v decide
delason delason n Delason
delta delta n door,
introduction
derison derison n direction
desa desa n dance
desen desen v dance
di di dem these, this
dijlau dijlau n Tigris
dilul dilul n fox
dimacku dimacku n
Damascus
dinga dinga n money
dinya dinya n religion
dinyi dinyi adj religious
dize dize conj so, then
do do dem these
dohya dohya n boxing ring
dok dok title Dr.
doktor doktor n doctor
dola dola n state, status, title
dolar dolar n dollar
donalda donalda n duck
done done conj in order to, so
as to
donen donen v award, give
donina donina n gift
doradora doradora n
agreement
doradoren doradoren v
agree
doradori doradori exp
O.K.
doza doza num thousand
druga druga n dress
dua dua n light
duda duda adj dear
dundun dundun n worm
dundunerta dundunerta n
earthworm
dzua dzua n number
133
E
eb eb prep in
eden eden v hide
edi edi adj hidden
el cofir el cofir exp see
you later
el el prep to
elektra elektra n electricity
elki elki rel to, to whom
elsi elsi inter to whom
eltone eltone conj until
elua elua n god
eluau eluau n God
em em prep at, from
emki emki rel from, from whom
emom emom n percent
emsi emsi inter from whom
emtone emtone conj since
en en v be
enaten enaten v become
enchanting song
enchanting song n warwara
eplatoni eplatoni adj Platonic
eplatoni eplatoni n Platonist
eplatonia eplatonia n
Platonism
eplatonu eplatonu n Plato
eppase eppase conj but
134
era era n cause, reason [cause]
ere ere conj because
eren eren v cause
erge erge conj therefore
ersi ersi inter why
erta erta n earth, soil
erton erton n dust
ertyama ertyama n island
espani espani adj Spanish
espani espani n Spaniard
espanu espanu n Spain
esusu esusu n Jesus
et hu imi et hu imi pro her
et hu omi et hu omi pro
him
et hu et hu pro it, them
et na et na pro me
et no et no pro us
et ta et ta pro you
et to et to pro you
etki etki rel that, what, which,
whom
eto eto pro it
etsi etsi inter what, who,
whom
ev ceha ev ceha exp bon
appetit
ev oba ev oba adv
passionately
ev olan ev olan exp
goodbye
ev ora ev ora exp you are
welcome
ev serta ev serta adv fiten fiten v adjust
certainly folen folen v descend, fall
ev ev conj and, with
fonten fonten v find
evki evki rel with, with whom
fontini fontini adj found
evle evle prep without
forda forda n car
evli evli adj free [no price]
forden forden v drive
evsi evsi inter with whom
fordon fordon n driver
evtone evtone conj as long as,
fotbolen fotbolen v play
while
football
evva evva n addition
fransi fransi adj French
evven evven v add
fransia fransia n French

F
faf faf num five
fafon fafon num fifty
falestini falestini adj
Palestinian
falestinia falestinia n
fransu fransu n France
froydu froydu n Freud
fruga fruga n frog
fsila fsila n separation
fsilen fsilen v separate
fsili fsili adj separate
fuli fuli adj full
fusuhu fusuhu n Easter

G
Palestinian
falestinu falestinu n
Palestine
fec fec num zero
fen fen v do
gadsa gadsa n holiness
fenfen fenfen v act [do]
gadsi gadsi adj holy
filfil filfil n elephant
galen galen v equal
finik finik n phoenix
galeria galeria n gallery
fissa fissa n face
galfa galfa n ugliness
fita fita n adjustment
galfi galfi adj ugly
fitagorosi fitagorosi adj
galgola galgola n
Pythagorean
management

135
galgolen galgolen v manage
galgolina galgolina n
account
galgolon galgolon n
accountant, manager
gali gali adj equal
game-et game-et prep
including
gamgam gamgam adv also, too
gamgam gamgam conj in
addition
gamgama gamgama n
inclusion
gamgame-et gamgame-et
prep in addition to
gamgame gamgame adv
additionally
gamgamen gamgamen v
include
gata gata n cake
gazal gazal n gazelle
gazen gazen v turn on
gdola gdola n largeness
gdolen gdolen v grow
gdoli gdoli adj large
gdoli gdoli n big
gegrayen gegrayen v
replace
gerden gerden v rent
giabiten giabiten v resurrect
gicnen gicnen v freeze
gicofen gicofen v guide,
show
gicomen gicomen v listen
136
gicucen gicucen v enflame
gicura gicura n praise [a
person]
gicuren gicuren v praise [a
person]
giduen giduen v enlighten
gien gien v make
gigdola gigdola n
magnification
gigdolen gigdolen v
magnify
gigraten gigraten v absolve
giken giken v acknowledge
gikolen gikolen v tell
gilua gilua n legalization
giluen giluen v legalize
gimakbeta gimakbeta n
blame
gimakbeten gimakbeten v
blame
giora giora n satisfaction
gioren gioren v satisfy
giori giori adj satisfying
gitamen gitamen v correct
giyen giyen v actualize, deliver
gobla gobla n meeting
goblen goblen v meet
gohi gohi adj hungry
golpar golpar n tiger
gora gora n heart
gota gota n cheese
gova gova n government
goven goven v govern
gowa gowa n inside
gowe-et gowe-et prep inside
gowi gowi adj inner
grata grata n freedom
grate grate adv liberally
graten graten v free
[liberated]
grati grati adj free [liberated]
graya graya n change
grayen grayen v change
gren gren v run
guta guta n taste
guz guz n goose
gyaga gyaga n yak
gyoja gyoja n referee
H
ha yen tonki ha
yen ha yen tonki ha yen exp
once upon a time
habaci habaci adj
Abyssinian
habacu habacu n Abyssinia
halowinu halowinu n
Halloween
haluf haluf n pig
hanac hanac n snake
hanukau hanukau n
Chanukah, Hanukkah
harga harga n graduation
hargen hargen v graduate
harka harka n movement
harken harken v move
harmageddu harmageddu
n Armageddon
hava hava n air
havani havani adj dry
havo havo n wind
havoi havoi adj windy
havoni havoni adj
transparent
havua havua n soul, spirit
heartfelt laugh
heartfelt laugh n wawa
heno yerci heno yerci n
fortune scrolls
herri herri adj hot
heta heta n importance
heten heten aux must
heti heti adj important
hickoka hickoka n fear
hickoken hickoken v fear
hickoki hickoki adj afraid
hona hona n book
honbaca honbaca n
tournament
honen honen v compose,
write
honin honin n letter
hu imi asi hu imi asi pro
she
hu omi hu omi pro he
hu hu pro it, they
137
huci imi huci imi pro her isi isi adj easy
huci huci pro its, their israeli israeli adj Israeli

I
icbo icbo n vegetables
icboni icboni adj green
ida ida n help
iden iden v help
idoni idoni adj purple
igeptu igeptu n Egypt
ilan ilan n advertisement
ilanen ilanen v advertise
israelu israelu n Israel
itaha itaha n floor
ivani ivani adj terrible
ivne ivne adv even
ivnize ivnize conj even if
ixe ixe adj each
iyaga iyaga n jealousy
iyagi iyagi adj jealous
ize ir ize ir adv hopefully
ize oren ize oren exp
excuse me, please
ize ize conj if

J
ima ima n female, woman
imaksu imaksu n Emacs
imel imel n email
imelen imelen v email
jaketa jaketa n jacket
imi imi adj feminine
jamal jamal n camel
ine ine adj any
jardon jardon n rat
ingli ingli adj English
javau javau n Java
inglia inglia n English
jenya jenya n engineering
inglu inglu n England
jenyon jenyon n engineer
inni inni adj cloudy
joz joz n shark
inno inno n clouds
jua jua n enjoyment, joy
intelga intelga n intelligence
juen juen v enjoy
intelgi intelgi adj intelligent
jui jui adj joyful
internet internet n internet
junyuca junyuca n Runner-
iraku iraku n Iraq
up
isa isa n easiness
jyara jyara n foot

138
K
kadera kadera n destiny
kafa kafa n coffee
kagwa kagwa n crow
kahola kahola n alcohol
kakuk kakuk n cuckoo
kakwaja kakwaja n
promotion
kakwajen kakwajen v
promote
kala-cofa kala-cofa n
memory
kala-cofen kala-cofen v
remember
kala kala n knowledge, mind
kalen kalen v know
kalini kalini adj known
kamisata kamisata n shirt
kamla kamla n perfection
kamli kamli adj perfect
kamun kamun n cumin
kanarka kanarka n canary
kapkup kapkup n cockroach
karama karama n dignity
karavatta karavatta n tie
karen karen v read
karnega karnega n
excellence
karnegi karnegi adj
excellent
karota karota n carrots
kasa kasa n shortness
kasi kasi adj short
kaswaja kaswaja n
demotion
kaswajen kaswajen v
demote
kat kat num four
katca katca n majority
katod katod n quarter
katod katod num one-fourth
katon katon num forty
katrina katrina n hurricane
kayka kayka n gull
ke ke adj such
kefe kefe adj enough
keklik keklik n chicken
kemket kemket n otter
ken ken v think
kepter kepter n pigeon
kercifa kercifa n
handkerchief, napkin
ki ki rel that, what, which, who
kicmic kicmic n raison
kika kika n bit, second
kiki kiki adj tiny
kikik kikik n grasshopper
kilek kilek n strawberry
kina kina n thought
kiraz kiraz n cherry
kirkira kirkira n laugh
139
kirkiren kirkiren v laugh
kirkirita kirkirita n joke
kirkiron kirkiron n
comedian
kirkirona kirkirona n
comedy
kirpa kirpa n hedgehog
kla kla n amusement
klen klen v amuse
klon klon n clown
klot-jyaro klot-jyaro n
socks
klot klot n clothing
koca koca n win
kocen kocen v win
kocra kocra n approval
kocren kocren v approve
kocri kocri adj approved
koda koda n judgement
koden koden v judge
kodon kodon n judge
kokav ertu kokav ertu n
Earth
kokav kokav n planet
kokmuc kokmuc n gadfly
kolen kolen v say
komen komen v stand up
komini komini adj straight
kompa kompa n completeness
kompen kompen v complete
kompi kompi adj complete
kompyuter kompyuter n
140
computer
komsa komsa n amount
komse komse inter how many,
how much
komsi komsi inter how
konfusi konfusi adj
Confucian
konfusu konfusu n
Confucius
kopa kopa n hat
kor-ce-rac kor-ce-rac n
rainbow
kor-ce-raconi kor-ce-
raconi adj multicolored
koranu koranu n Koran,
Qur'An
kota kota n cost, quota
koten koten v cost
krata krata n right
[entitelement]
kreta kreta n animal
kricnau kricnau n Krishna
krista krista n revenge
krusa krusa n cross
kulla kulla n quality
kulya kulya n college
kurka kurka n turkey
kuruk kuruk n plum
kurusa kurusa n curiosity
kurusi kurusi adj curious
kuta kuta n goodness
kute kute adv well
kuti kuti adj fine, good
L
leli leli adj dark
lelina lelina n darkness
lelon-as-v-onin lelon-
as-v-onin n November
lelon-asin lelon-asin n
-li -li prep to January
ladoni ladoni adj gray lelon-fafin lelon-fafin n
May
lason-leha lason-leha n
linguistics lelon-katin lelon-katin n
lason lason n language,
April
tongue lelon-monin lelon-monin n
August
lasvegasu lasvegasu n
Las-Vegas lelon-novin lelon-novin n
September
latcen latcen v take
lelon-onin lelon-onin n
latfa latfa n beauty
October
latfe-kala latfe-kala n lelon-pas-v-onin lelon-
conscience pas-v-onin n December
latfe latfe adv beautifully lelon-pasin lelon-pasin n
latfen latfen v beautify February
latfi latfi adj beautiful lelon-satin lelon-satin n
July
lavoni lavoni adj white
lelon-sesin lelon-sesin n
le .. le le .. le conj neither .. June
nor
lelon-torin lelon-torin n
le le adv not March
le le exp no lelon lelon n month
lece lece adj less letami letami adj false,
lega lega n egg incorrect

leha leha n learning, study leton leton adv never

lehen lehen v learn, study letone letone adv never

lehini lehini adj eduacted leyana leyana n adulthood

lehon lehon n student leyani leyani n adult

lela lela n moon leza leza n necessity,

requirement
lelek lelek n stork
lezen lezen aux must, should
141
lezzi lezzi adj delicious
limon limon n acid, lemon
limoni limoni adj acidic,
yellow
limonia limonia n acidity
lispu lispu n Lisp
lixa lixa n lie
lixen lixen v lie [deceive]
lixta lixta n milk
logma logma n lunch
lota lota n catch
loten loten v catch
lotta lotta n randomness
lotti lotti adj random
lotto lotto n lottery
lu lu n none
lua lua n law
lui lui adj legal
luon luon n lawyer
M
-mi -mi prep at, from
mafta mafta n death
maften maften v die
mafti mafti adj dead
magrebi magrebi adj
Moroccan
magrebu magrebu n
Morocco
142
makbeta makbeta n guilt
makbeten makbeten v be
guilty
makbeti makbeti adj guilty
maken maken v operate
makentocu makentocu n
Macintosh
makina makina n machine
mamia mamia n mummy
mamun mamun n monkey
manja manja n meal
manjen manjen v eat
manjina manjina n food
manyu manyu n menu
masru masru n Cairo
masuba masuba n bout
mawac mawac n belt
maxa maxa adj anger
maxi maxi adj angry
maziga maziga n pyramid
mca mca n walk
mcen mcen v walk
me me adj most
me me adv very
memu memu n lots
mere mere adv more
merna merna n grief
mernen mernen v cry, grieve
meryama meryama n grace
meryami meryami adj
gracious
meton meton adv often
metone metone adv often
meza meza n dirtiness
mezi mezi adj dirty
mia mia n cat
mien mien v meow
mikya mikya n mouse
mila mila n dinner
milyon milyon num million
mima mima n minute
mimic mimic n kitten
mina mina n right [direction]
mine-et mine-et prep right of
mnixi mnixi adj kind
moden moden v lie [recline]
mohamadu mohamadu n
Mohammed
mom onedozi mom
onedozi n Ten Thousand Day
mom-asin mom-asin n
Sunday
mom-cecin mom-cecin n
Friday
mom-dako-ci mom-dako-ci
n Thanksgiving
mom-fafin mom-fafin n
Thursday
mom-katin mom-katin n
Wednesday
mom-nu mom-nu n birthday
mom-pasin mom-pasin n
Monday
mom-satin mom-satin n
Saturday
mom-torin mom-torin n
Tuesday
moma ali moma ali n
yesterday
moma ati moma ati n
tomorrow
moma di moma di n today
moma moma n day
momya momya n curse
motta motta n mouth
msihi msihi adj Chirstian
msihu msihu n Christ
msiva msiva n family
mtele mtele adv similarly
mteli mteli adj similar
mtile mtile prep as, like
mu mu n most
muc muc n fly
munuk munuk n mink
muzikon muzikon n musician
N
na na pro I
naci naci pro my
nakca nakca n incompleteness
nakci nakci adj incomplete
nakva nakva n cleanness
nakvi nakvi adj clean
nama nama n name
namla namla n ant
143
 O
nasra nasra n victory
naten naten v jump
natzi natzi n Nazi
natzia natzia n Nazism
navoni navoni adj new
o o pro it
nila nila n knee
oba oba n love
niponi niponi adj Japanese
oben oben v like, love
niponia niponia n Japanese
oci oci pro its
niponu niponu n Japan
oden oden v be used to
nizar nizar n elixir
oga oga n age
no no pro we
oki oki rel what, who
noba noba n attention
okt okt num eight
noben noben v notice
ola ola n sky
nobi nobi adj attentive
olan olan exp hello
noci noci pro our
olan olan n peace
noelu noelu n Christmas, X-
olanta olanta n world
mas
nomsa nomsa n sleep olo olo n Heavens
olte olte conj although, despite
nomsen nomsen v sleep
nomsi nomsi adj asleep olti olti adj old

nov nov num nine om om num hundred

oma oma n man
nua nua n birth
nuda nuda n north omi omi adj masculine

nudi nudi adj northern on on num ten

nuen nuen v be born onedoza onedoza n Ten

Thousand Day celebration
nuta nuta n craziness
opa opa n top
nuti nuti adj crazy
ope-et ope-et prep on, over
nyutonu nyutonu n Newton
ope ope adv up
nyuyorku nyuyorku n New
ora ora n happiness
York
oren oren n be pleased
orenca orenca n orange
144

orga orga n origin, source
orgi orgi adj originial
ori ori adj happy
orora orora n aurora
orsa orsa n bear
osi osi inter what, who
oslanti oslanti n foreigner
osrux osrux n ostrich
ostenu ostenu n Austin
ostrali ostrali adj
Australian
ostralu ostralu n Australia
ota ota n bottom, under
ote-et ote-et prep under
ote-klota ote-klota n
underwear
ote ote adv down
otel otel n hotel
otomata otomata n
automation
otomaten otomaten v
automate
otomati otomati adj automatic
otre otre adj different
otricba otricba n fruit
otte otte adj same
ova ova n ownership
oven oven v own
ovin ovin n slave
ovon ovon n owner
ozuma ozuma n sumo
P
pa pa n ability
paha paha n end
pahen pahen v end
pahini pahini adj last
palisrau palisrau n Palisra
pantalona pantalona n
pants
pardonay na pardonay
na exp pardon
pas-v-on pas-v-on num
twelve
pas pas conj but
pas pas num two
pasa pasa n couple
pasan imi pasan imi n wife
pasan omi pasan omi n
husband
pasan-ahu imi pasan-
ahu imi n sister-in-law
pasan-ahu omi pasan-
ahu omi n brother-in-law
pasan-sunu imi pasan-
sunu imi n daughter-in-law
pasan-sunu omi
pasan-sunu omi n son-in-law
pasan pasan n spouse
pasini pasini adj second
pasle-et pasle-et conj except
pasod pasod n half
145
pasoda pasoda n wedding pruen pruen v praise [the
pason pason num twenty Lord]
psa psa n size
paza paza n comparison
pu pu n few
pazen pazen v compare
purimu purimu n Purim
pazi pazi adj comparable
pya pya n piece
pe pe adj few
pyana pyana n pain
peklik peklik n chick
pyani pyani adj painful
pen ir pen ir exp may be

R
pen pen aux can
pepu pepu n little
pesaxu pesaxu n Passover
peton peton adv rarely
petone petone adv rarely racca racca n rain
pez pez n decimal point raccen raccen v rain
pi pi adj able racci racci adj rainy
pila pila n feeling ramadanu ramadanu n
pilen pilen v feel Ramadan
rata rata n return
pla pla n plate
raten raten v return
plena plena n airplane
raya raya n badness, evil
politikon politikon n
politician rayi rayi adj bad, evil
ponda ponda n pond reren reren v repeat
ponta ponta n font reten reten v respect
pope-et pope-et prep divided ria ria n reality
rie rie adv really
by
popen popen v divide
rigade rigade prep as for
posibili posibili adj possible
rii rii adj real
potata potata n potato
rikicen rikicen n wrestle
pret pret n pepper
rikicon rikicon n wrestler
profesor profesor n
riponta riponta n answer
professor
riponten riponten v answer
prua prua n praise [the Lord]
146
rochacanau rochacanau sayona sayona n watch
n Rosh-Hashanah sba sba n color
rosoni rosoni adj pink
sboba sboba n chest
rsima rsima n suit
se se adj some
ruci ruci adj Russian
sera sera n starhood
rucia rucia n Russian
serbi serbi adj Serb
rucu rucu n Russia
serbia serbia n Serbia
rumman rumman n
seren seren v star
pomegranate
serfen serfen v spend

S
serfi serfi n wasteful
serina serina n star
serta serta n certainty
ses ses num six
-si -si inter what
seton seton adv sometimes
sa sa aux will
seton seton n sometime
saftu imi saftu imi n
setone setone adv sometimes
grandmother
simay simay exp be careful
saftu omi saftu omi n
grandfather simi simi adj careful
sake-et sake-et prep for sinema sinema n cinema,
sala sala n prayer theater
sisira sisira n sincerity
salami salami n Salamite
sisiri sisiri adj sincere
salen salen v pray
sizen sizen v stop
sankur sankur n squirrel
slavi slavi n Slav, Slavic
sara sara n left
soba soba n hardness
sare-et sare-et prep left of
sobi sobi adj hard
sari sari adj left
socika socika n destruction
sat sat num seven
sociken sociken v destroy,
satulen satulen v intoxicate
perish
satulini satulini adj drunk
soha soha n awakening
satun satun n week
sohen sohen v rise, wake
saya saya n hour
147
sohi sohi adj awake
sokar sokar n sugar
sola sola n question
solen solen v ask, question
soliden soliden v implore
solta solta n authority,
control
solten solten v control
solti solti adj authoritative
sota sota n sound, voice
soten soten v sing
sotin sotin n song
soton soton n singer
su su pro some
sua sua n health
suda suda n south
sudi sudi adj southern
sui sui adj healthy
sunu imi sunu imi n
daughter
sunu omi sunu omi n son
suri suri adj Syrian
suriau suriau n Syria
susa susa n cup, glass
T
ta ta pro you
tabyula tabyula n table
taci taci pro your
148
tadrib tadrib n practice
taksasi taksasi adj Texan
taksasu taksasu n Texas
talmudu talmudu n Talmud
tami tami adj correct
tamra tamra n dates
tangarin tangarin n
tangarine
tapca tapca n problem
tapwa tapwa n apple
tasten tasten v hate
tasti tasti adj hateful
tastini tastini adj hated
tastud tastud n turtle
tata tata n chief
tavtuz tavtuz n peacock
tay tay n tea
taylanti taylanti n Thai
taylantu taylantu n
Thailand
tazik tazik n beetle
tcua tcua n cough
tcuen tcuen v cough
te barko te barko exp
congratulations
te dako te dako exp thank
you very much
te kuti te kuti adj excellent
te te adj all, every
te te adv extremely
tebati tebati adj Tibetan
tebatu tebatu n Tibet
tefca tefca n stupidity
tefci tefci adj stupid
tehranu tehranu n Tehran
telefonen telefonen v phone
televiza televiza n television
telgita telgita n snow flake
tenisen tenisen v play tennis
terda terda n thread
teton teton adv always
tetone tetone adv always
timsax timsax n alligator
tira tira n murder
tiren tiren v kill, murder
to to pro you
toci toci pro your
tohivoha tohivoha n mess
tohivohi tohivohi adj
formless, messy
tokyu tokyu n Tokyo
tola tola n height
toli toli adj tall
tomata tomata n tomato
ton-berron ton-berron n
Winter
ton-cebca ton-cebca n
morning
ton-cebon ton-cebon n
season
ton-di ton-di adv now
ton-heron ton-heron n
summer
ton-icbon ton-icbon n
spring
ton-ladon ton-ladon n
autumn
ton-lela ton-lela n evening
ton-ora ton-ora n festivity,
party
ton-oren ton-oren v
celebrate
ton-via ton-via n trip
ton-zi ton-zi adv then
ton ton n time
tonki tonki rel when
tonsi tonsi inter when
tor-v-on tor-v-on num
thirteen
tor tor num three
tora tora n flight
torau torau n Torah
toren toren v fly
torga torga n skylark
torini torini adj third
torita torita n bird
torod torod num one-third
toron toron num thirty
tote-et tote-et prep multiplied
by
towa towa n finger, toe
towita towita n fork
tra tra n attempt, try
tradisyona tradisyona n
tradition
trafika trafika n traffic
tren tren v attempt, try
troadi troadi adj Trojan
149
troadu troadu n Troy usen usen v use, utilize
troda troda n truth uzum uzum n grapes

V
troden troden v be truthful
trodi trodi adj true
tseta tseta n fat
tsutsu tsutsu exp sorry
tu tu n all
-vi -vi conj with
tunisu tunisu n Tunis,
va va n place
Tunisia
vaki vaki rel where
turki turki n Turkish
turkiau turkiau n Turkey vakoma vakoma n space,
vacuum
tyama tyama n sea
van van n wine

U
vasi vasi inter where
vatikanu vatikanu n Vatican
vavu imi vavu imi n mother
vavu omi vavu omi n father
u .. u u .. u conj either .. or vavu vavu n parent
u u conj or vavuha imi vavuha imi n
uda binuni uda binuni n motherhood
Middle East vavuha omi vavuha omi n
uda uda n east fatherhood
vavuha vavuha n parenthood
udi udi adj eastern
ve ve conj and
ular ular n cock
ve ve prep plus
uniksu uniksu n Unix
veda veda n promise
universita universita n
university veden veden v promise
upen upen v open vehen vehen v happen
upi upi adj open ven ven v place
uruk uruk n apricot venicu venicu n Venice
usa usa n use, utility verri verri adj warm
use-kala use-kala n reason veslen veslen v arrive
[logic]
150
vesxa vesxa n heaviness
vesxi vesxi adj fat, heavy
vetona vetona n visit
vetonen vetonen v visit
vetra vetra n weather
vi vi exp yes
via via n road, street, way
vien vien v pass
vika vika n weakness
viki viki adj weak
vile-et vile-et prep minus
virjini virjini adj Virginian
virjinu virjinu n Virginia
visla visla n arrival
vita vita n quickness
vite vite adv quickly
viti viti adj quick
vodiren vodiren v mean
volva volva n wolf
vonen vonen v become, put
vuda vuda n west
vudi vudi adj western
W ya ya n existence
wacingtonu wacingtonu n
Washington
wala wala n awe
wamaka wamaka n depth
wamaki wamaki adj deep
wara wara n behind
ware-et ware-et prep behind
ware ware adv backward
ware ware conj before
warehonen warehonen v
plan
wil wil n oil
X
xaptul xaptul n peach
xaritaz xaritaz n vulture
xatsa xatsa n accident,
injury
xatsen xatsen v hurt, injure
xazka xazka n strength
xazki xazki adj strong
xessi xessi adj light [weight]
xissa xissa n lightness
xissi xissi adj thin
Y
yacira yacira n arch
yacucen yacucen v burst,
explode
yahona yahona n article,
document, writing
151
yahwehu yahwehu n yazben yazben v attract
Jehovah yazbi yazbi adj attractive
yakata yakata n roof
yeca yeca n army
yalen yalen v leave
yecina yecina n war
yaleza yaleza n desire, lust
yecinen yecinen v fight
yalezen yalezen v desire
yecon yecon n soldier
yalpuz yalpuz n leopard
yen yen v exist
yam-merna yam-merna n
yerca yerca n luck
tear
yerci yerci adj lucky
yam yam n water
yesra yesra n attack
yamani yamani adj humid
yesren yesren v attack
yamanu yamanu n Yemen
yora yora n delight, pleasure,
yamna yamna n belief
satisfaction
yamnen yamnen v believe
yoren yoren v delight, please,
yamoni yamoni adj blue satisfy
yana yana n youth yori yori adj delightful

Z
yanamen yanamen v define
yanamita yanamita n
definition
yangak yangak n walnut
yani yani adj young
za za dem that
yara yara n hand
yarita yarita n spoon, wish zagen zagen v shut, turn off

yariten yariten v wish zajik zajik n rabbit

yasota yasota n poetry zara zara n button

zayna zayna adv there
yasotin yasotin n poem
yasoton yasoton n poet zetun zetun n olive

yatona yatona n future zgita zgita n silence

zgiten zgiten v shut up,
yatoren yatoren v hover
silence
yaviyen yaviyen v cross
zi zi dem that, those
yavona yavona n past
zika zika n body
yazba yazba n attraction
152
zimen zimen v seem zobxa zobxa n bread
zirap zirap n giraffe zola zola n sadness
zmela zmela n friendship zoli zoli adj sad
zmelen zmelen v befriend zuluk zuluk n leech
zmelin zmelin n friend
zo zo dem those

153
 DE PAHA
DE PAHA
THE END

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 1990-2012 Nizar Habash. All Rights Reserved.

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