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com Volume 4 Issue 5 January 2017

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697

Experimental Study on Partial Replacement
of Cement by Coconut Shell Ash for Normal
and High Strength Concrete
Civil
Paper ID IJIFR/V4/ E5/ 057 Page No. 6290-6296 Subject Area
Engineering
Coconut Shell Ash, Ordinary Portland Cement, Split Tensile Strength,
Key Words
Compressive Strength For M20 & M40 Grade Concrete

Assistant Professor
1st Vijaya Kumar Y.M. Department of Civil Engineering
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology College
Chikamagalur, Karnataka, (India)
M.Tech. (Structural Engineering) Student
2nd Deepika R. Department of Civil Engineering
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology College
Chikamagalur, Karnataka, (India)

Abstract
Concrete is widely used in the various construction field, due to its durability and
less maintenance when compare to the other type of construction materials. From
year by year there is an increase in the population growth and other social
activities. So obviously there is an increase in the production of cement. During the
production of cement, it emits the large quantity of co2 to the atmosphere. These
cause the green house effect, as the population increase, the industrial waste or
secondary bi-product increase. One of the most difficult tasks is to managing these
products are to reduce or minimize. For these 2 reasons, scientists always search
for an alternate binding materials either fully or partial replacement of cement.
Some of are coconut shell, babbage ash, rice-husk, lime, silica etc. Coconut shell is
the one of the agricultural waste product. By using these, we can readily reduce
the usage of cement and green house effect. In this project, coconut shell is used.
Coconut shell should be burnt in a controlled temperature of 700 degree for 5
hour. Then the ash should be sieved in 90. Concrete cube and cylinder are casted
and immersed in water for various percentages of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%
respectively. The optimum 28 days compressive and split tensile strength for M20
grade concrete is 27.92 N/mm2 and 2.73 N/mm2 at 10% replacement of OPC-CSA.
The optimum 28 days compressive and split tensile strength for M40 grade
concrete is 38.01 N/mm2 and 3.83 N/mm2 at 10% replacement of OPC-CSA.
Coconut shell ash is used as a fractional substitute of cement.

This work is published under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 6290

CopyrightIJIFR 2017
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 ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -5, January 2017
Continuous 41st Edition, Page No: 6290-6296

I. INTRODUCTION
Cement is the one of the greatest building material and maximum extensively used material
throughout the biosphere in the various field. Concrete which is basically consists of
cement, aggregate, water and admixture. Due to the development of the world these
constituents materials, have been changed in part to the technology development and
economic growth. The usage of concrete has become increased day by day randomly; there
is an increase in the production of cement. For every 1000 kg production of cement, it
releases 1000 kg of co2 to the atmosphere. It causes the green house effect. Apart from all
other construction materials, cement gives the maximum strength to the structure.
Coconut is also referred as king of tropical plants and man useful tree. The scientific
name of coconut is cocos nucifera. It ia an tall cylindrical stalked palm tree reaching about
30-35m in height and 110-140m in radius. It can be easily cultivate, where the soil rich in
calcium and phosphorous. In India this type of soil is available in Kerala, Andhra Pardesh,
TamilNadu. The chemical composition of coconut shell is same as the cement composition.
It contains Sio2 (9.57%), Cao(1.03%), Mgo(0.34%), Al2O3+Fe2O3(4.61%), Na2O(0.64%).
Therefore it is a feasibility of utilization of coconut shell ash as a replacement of cement in
producing concrete.
The aim of this study is to determine the optimum dosage as a replacement of cement by
CSA for normal and high strength concrete that will give the required compressive and split
tensile strength at various percentage of CSA-OPC.

Figure 1: Coconut with the husk being removed

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

i.) Utsev J.K, Taku J.K Experimental study on partial replacement of cement
with coconut shell ash in concrete (2012).
He determined the mix proportion ratio as 1:2:4 with the w/c 0.5.
The final and initial setting time is well within the range of BSI2(1978).
The density and compression strength is decrease as the percentage increase, due to
decrease in the pozzolanic activity.
The optimum 28 days compressive strength is 31.78 N/mm2 at 10% replacement of
CSA.

Vijaya Kumar Y.M. , Deepika R. :: Experimental Study on Partial

Replacement of Cement by Coconut Shell Ash for Normal and 6291
High Strength Concrete
 ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -5, January 2017
Continuous 41st Edition, Page No: 6290-6296

ii.) P.E Imoisil, C.M. Ibegbulam, T.I Adejube Effect of concentration of coconut
shell ash on the tensile properties of epoxy composite (2012).
The micro hardness and modulus increases as the percentage of filler material
increase.
The tensile strength is increase from 5 to 15%, then it is decreases as the amount of
filler material increase.
He concludes that the 15% of the filler material is good for the construction work.
iii.) A.A Raheem, B.S Olaaunkanmi and C.S Folorunso Saw dust ash as a partial
replacement for cement on concrete (2012).
The slump and compaction factor decrease with increase in the percentage of SDA.
Specific gravity of SDA is lesser than the cement.
Concrete become less workable, as the amount of SDA increase. So more water is
required for the concrete to be effective.
The compressive strength increase, as the curing days increases.
He concluded that 5% of SDA is good for the maximum strength.
iv.) Vignesh Kumar nNagarajan, S. Arundevi, S.P Manohari and M. Maria santha
Experimental study on partial replacement of cement with coconut shell ash in
concrete (2014).
He finds out the composition of CSA and compare with the composition of cement.
The initial and final setting time is increases, as the percentage increases
The compressive strength of the mortar decreases, as the percentage of CSA
increases.
The optimum 28 days compressive strength is 31.78 N/mm2 at 10% replacement of
OPC-CSA.
v.) Arathy V.B, Chirtina jery Effect of coconut shell powder on the strength of
soil (2015).
The maximum dry density is at 1% of CSP added to the soil.
The minimum OMC is at 2% of CSP.
The maximum CBR value is at 2% of CSP.
He concluded that 2% of CSP can be readily used to increases strength of the soil.

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Throughout the project UltraTech OPC 43 grade cement is used, fine aggregate which is
locally available and river sand and which is confirming to zone II of IS 383-1970. The quarried
and crushed granites stones are used as a coarse aggregate. The aggregate which are retained on
4.75mm IS sieve. Water is from the civil engineering department of A.I.T college chikamagalur. It
should be free from the impurities like acids, alkalies etc... Super-plasticizer of SP-430 is used and it
is confirmed to IS 9103-1999.

IV. PROCESSING OF COCONUT SHELL ASH

Around 3000 coconuts half shell were collected from the home and as well as from
the surrounding of home & kept in the sun-dried for 2 days. The inner portion of the meat

Vijaya Kumar Y.M. , Deepika R. :: Experimental Study on Partial

Replacement of Cement by Coconut Shell Ash for Normal and 6292
High Strength Concrete
 ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -5, January 2017
Continuous 41st Edition, Page No: 6290-6296

were removed and cleaned by using knives. The outer portion of the fiber were scarped and
cleaned with emery paper. The cleaned coconut shell were cut into the small pieces of size
dimension 2 sq.m approximately by using hammer and were kept in a stainless steel
container. The steel container was kept in the muffle furnace with a 700 degree temperature
for the carbonization process. (Carbonization is a process for the production of charred
carbon from the source material with a limited supply of air or absences to the temperature
with an sufficiently high to dried up the sources material and produce the carbonaceous
material). After a soaking time for 5 hours the sample gets carbonized. This carbonized
sample is allowed to cool for some hour. Then the powders were sieved in the 90m.

Figure 2: Coconut shell ash

The mix design ratio for M20 grade concrete is 1:1.86:3.04 with w/c 0.5 and for M40 grade
concrete is 1:1.5:2.83 with w/c 0.35. Then add the CSA at various percentages (0, 5, 10, 15
and 20% respectively) for both the M20 and M40 grade concrete. Mix all the ingredients
along with the water. After mixing pour the concrete to the cube and cylinder. Leave it for
24 hours to get hardened properties for the concrete. Then remove the specimen from the
mould and leave it for some hour. Then the specimen is immersed in water for curing. The
compressive and split tensile strength is find out at 7 and 28 days.

V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The mechanical properties of the concrete is the compressive strength, here the compression
strength of concrete is conducted at various percentage of the coconut shell ash is added to
the concrete. The compression strength is decrease as the percentage of coconut shell ash
increases in the concrete for both the M20 and M40 grade concrete, due to decreases in the
pozzolanic activity.
Table 1: Compression strength for NSC and HSC:
Percentage of Normal Strength Concrete High Strength Concrete
CSA N/mm2 N/mm2
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
0 23.76 31.61 35.64 49.24
5 21.86 28.4 29.3 43.3
10 20.6 27.92 24.07 38.01
15 17.56 22.03 18.80 32.13
20 14.3 17.71 12.08 25.1

Vijaya Kumar Y.M. , Deepika R. :: Experimental Study on Partial

Replacement of Cement by Coconut Shell Ash for Normal and 6293
High Strength Concrete
 ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -5, January 2017
Continuous 41st Edition, Page No: 6290-6296

Table 2: Split Tensile Strength for NSC and HSC

Percentage of Normal Strength Concrete High Strength Concrete
CSA N/mm2 N/mm2
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
0 3.68 4.09 3.50 4.85
5 2.83 3.33 2.91 4.28
10 2.26 2.73 2.42 3.83
15 1.76 2.26 1.88 3.18
20 0.8 1.03 1.44 2.55

Tensile strength for NSC Compressive strength for NSC

5 35
30
4
25
N/mm2
N/mm2

3 20
7 days 15 7 days
2
28 days 10 28 days
1 5
0
0 10%
15%
20%
0%
5%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

Percentage of CSA added Percentages of CSA added

Graph 1 and 2: Compressive Strength for Normal and High strength Concrete

Compressive strength for HSC

Tensile strength for HSC
60 6
N/mm2

40
N/mm2

4
20 7 days 7 days
2
0 28 days 28 days
0
10%
15%
20%
0%
5%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

Percentage of CSA added Percentage of CSA added

Graph 3 and 4: Split Tensile Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete.
From table 1 and graph 1,2, the optimum 28 days compressive strength for M20 and M40
grade concrete is 27.92 N/mm2 and 38.01 N/mm2 at 10% replacement of OPC-CSA.Split
tensile strength of the concrete is difficult to measure directly, it can be measured indirectly
by keeping the cylinder horizontally and applying the compressive load which gives split
tensile strength. Tensile strength is decreases as the percentage of replacement of CSA
increases. From table 2 and graph 3,4, the optimum 28 days tensile strength for M 20 and
M40 grade concrete is 2.73 N/mm2 and 3.83 N/mm2 at 10% replacement of OPC-CSA.

Vijaya Kumar Y.M. , Deepika R. :: Experimental Study on Partial

Replacement of Cement by Coconut Shell Ash for Normal and 6294
High Strength Concrete
 ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -5, January 2017
Continuous 41st Edition, Page No: 6290-6296

VI. CONCLUSION
From above experimental work, we conclude that, the compressive and split tensile strength
decreases with increases the percentage of CSA for both M20 and M40 grade concrete.
Because at the early stage the pozzolanic activity will be very low, so obviously the strength
decreases. But at the later stage the pozzolanic activity increases, so the strength will be
increases. So this type of concrete is used in the pre-cast construction, road work etc...As we
observed in the above experimental result, the optimum percentage of CSA added to the
concrete at 10% by the weight of cement for both M20 and M40 grade concrete.

VII. REFERENCE
[1] Vigensh Kumar, Nagarajan, S. Aruna Devi etalExperimentalstudy on partial replacement of
cement with coconut shell ash in concrete. International journal of science and research,
volume 3, issue 3, March 2014, Page no..651-661.
[2] Utsev J.K, Taku J.K Coconut shell as partial replacement of ordinary portland cement in
concrete production. International journal of scientific and technology research, volume 1, issue
8, September 2012, Page no86-89.
[3] P.E Imoisili, C.M Ibegbulam and T.I Adejugbe Effect of concentration of coconut shell ash on
the tensile properties of epoxy composites, Pacific journal of science and technology, volume
12, issue1, May 2012, Page no463-468.
[4] A.A Raheem, B.S Olasumkanmi Saw dust ash as partial replacement for cement in concrete.
Organisation, technology and management in construction an international journal,
DOI10.5592/otml 3.2.2012.
[5] Code book IS 10262:2009, IS 8112-1989, IS 383-1970.
[6] Concrete Technogoly text book M.Sshetty.
[7] IS: 8112-1389 Specification for 43grade Ordinary Portland cement, Bureau of Indian Standard,
New Delhi.
[8] P.B. Madakson, D.S Yawas and A. ApasiCharacterization of coconut shell ash for Potential
Utilization in Metal Matrix Composites for Automotive Application. International journal of
Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), volume 4, issue 3, March 2012.
[9] P. Asha, A. Salman, R. Arun Kumar Experimental Study on Concrete with Bamboo LeafAsh.
IJEAT, volume 3, issue 6, August 2014, page no46-51.

Authors Biographies
Mr. Vijay Kumar Y.M was born on 1984 in Mandya, Karnataka. He
receives his Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering from
PES college of Engineering, Mandya, Karnataka in the year 2006 and
Master degree in CAD Structure from PES college of Engineering
Mandya, Karnataka in the year 2008. At the present he is working as
Assistant Professor in Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology,
Chickmagalur, Karnataka.

Ms. Deepika R was born in 1991 in Bhadravathi, Karnataka. She

receives her Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering from
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chickmagalur, Karnataka
from in 2013. At present she is Final year student of Masters degree in
Structural Engineering from Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology,
Chickmagalur, Karnataka under VTU.

Vijaya Kumar Y.M. , Deepika R. :: Experimental Study on Partial

Replacement of Cement by Coconut Shell Ash for Normal and 6295
High Strength Concrete
 ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 4, Issue -5, January 2017
Continuous 41st Edition, Page No: 6290-6296

TO CITE THIS PAPER

Vijaya Kumar, Y.M. , Deepika, R. (2017) :: Experimental Study on Partial

Replacement of Cement by Coconut Shell Ash for Normal and High Strength
Concrete International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN: 2347-
1697), Vol. 4 No. (5), January 2017, pp. 6290-6296, Paper ID: IJIFR/V4/E5/057

Vijaya Kumar Y.M. , Deepika R. :: Experimental Study on Partial

Replacement of Cement by Coconut Shell Ash for Normal and 6296
High Strength Concrete