Table of Contents Box

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY
The National Center for Teacher Education
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE.. i
APPROVAL SHEET.. ii
ABSTRACT iii
AKNOWLEDGEMENT vii
DEDICATION ix
LIST OF TABLES.. xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES xx
CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Conceptual Framework. 3
1.3 Research Paradigm 16
1.4 Statement of the Problem. 17
1.5 Significance of the Study.
1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study 18
1.7 Definition of Terms.. 19
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Conceptual Literature... 23
2.2 Research Literature.. 34
CHAPTER 3 METHODS AND PROCEDURES

3.1 Research Design. 31
3.2 Participants of the Study....................
3.3 Setting of the Study. . 43
3.4 Research Instrument 45
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure......
3.6 Data Analysis..... 48
CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1 Profile of the Students
4.1. 1 Frequency Distribution of Age, Sex, School Graduated from,
and Mother Tongue used by the Respondents
4.2.1 Frequency Distribution of Respondents Exposure to Non-Print

Materials
4.2 Pronunciation Difficulties
4.2.1 Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

Vowel Sounds in Words

Consonant Sounds in Words

Diphthongs in Words
4.2. 4 Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

Vowel Sounds in Phrases

Consonants in Phrases

Diphthongs in Phrase
4.3 Difficulties in Pronouncing Words Grouped According to Profile
4.3.1 ANOVA Test on the Difficulty Levels of Respondents in

Pronouncing Vowels in Words Grouped According to Age

PronouncingConsonants in Words Grouped According to
Age
4.3.3 ANOVA Test on Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

Words Grouped According to Age

PronouncingVowels in Phrases Grouped According to Age
4.3.5 Kruskal Wallis Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

Levels of Respondents in Pronouncing Consonants in Phrases
GroupedAccordingto Age
4.3.6 ANOVA Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

Phrases Grouped According to Age
4.3.7 T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

Respondents in Pronouncing Vowels in Words Grouped
According to Sex

Respondents in Pronouncing Consonants in Words Grouped
According to Sex

Diphthongs in Words Grouped According to Sex

Respondents in Pronouncing Vowels in Phrases Grouped
According to Sex
4.3.11 Mann-Whitney U Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

Levelsof Respondents in Pronouncing Consonants in Phrases Grouped
According to Sex

Diphthongsin Phrases Grouped According to Sex

According to Elementary School Graduated From
4.3.14 T-Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of


Respondents in Pronouncing Diphthongs in Words
Grouped According to Elementary School Graduated From

4.3.17 Mann-Whitney U Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

4.3.18 T-Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in Phrases

=

According to Type of Exposure

4.3.21 T-Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in Words

Grouped According to Type of Exposure

4.3.23 Mann-Whitney U of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

4.3.24 T-Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

Phrases Grouped According to Type of Exposure

Pronouncing Vowels in Words Grouped According to Mother
Tongue Used

Pronouncing Consonants in Words Grouped According to
Mother Tongue Used
4.3.27 ANOVA Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs

in Words Grouped According to Mother Tongue Used

Pronouncing Vowels in Phrases Grouped According to Mother
Tongue Used
4.3.29 Kruskal Wallis Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

Grouped According to Mother Tongue Used
4.3.30 ANOVA Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

Phrases Grouped According to Mother Tongue Used
4.4 Intervention Activities Developed to Address the Pronunciation

Difficulties.
Pronunciation Intervention Program .. 116
Rationale .. 117
Intervention Matrix .. 122
A Blueprint of the Intervention Materials. 124
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings 131
5.2 Conclusions 134
5.3 Recommendations.
REFERENCES.. 138
APPENDICES. 143
CURRICULUM VITAE. 168
LIST OF TABLES
TABLEPAGE
1 International Phonetic Alphabet
2Number of Respondents of Grade 7 Students of Zillovia

NationalHigh School (CarNHS)
3Mean Scoring, the Level of Difficulty, and the Verbal

Descriptionon the Errors Committed by the Respondents
4Frequency Distribution of Age, Sex, School Graduated from,

and Mother Tongue used by the Respondents
5Frequency Distribution of Respondents Exposure to Non-Print

Materials
6Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

Vowel Sounds in Words

Consonant Sounds in Words

Diphthongs in Words

Vowel Sounds in Phrases

Consonants in Phrases

Diphthongs in Phrases
12ANOVA Test on the Difficulty Levels of Respondents in
Pronouncing Vowels in Words Grouped According to Age

PronouncingConsonants in Words Grouped According to
Age
14ANOVA Test on Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

Words Grouped According to Age
LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED)

PronouncingVowels in Phrases Grouped According to Age
16Kruskal Wallis Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

GroupedAccordingto Age
17ANOVA Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

Phrases Grouped According to Age
18T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

According to Sex

According to Sex

Diphthongs in Words Grouped According to Sex

According to Sex
22Mann-Whitney U Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

Levelsof Respondents in Pronouncing Consonants in Phrases Grouped
According to Sex

Diphthongsin Phrases Grouped According to Sex

25T-Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of


Respondents in Pronouncing Diphthongs in Words
LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED)

28Mann-Whitney U Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

29T-Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in Phrases



32T-Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in Words


34Mann-Whitney U of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

35T-Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

Phrases Grouped According to Type of Exposure

Pronouncing Vowels in Words Grouped According to Mother
Tongue Used

Pronouncing Consonants in Words Grouped According to
Mother Tongue Used
38ANOVA Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs

in Words Grouped According to Mother Tongue Used

Pronouncing Vowels in Phrases Grouped According to Mother
Tongue Used
40Kruskal Wallis Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

Grouped According to Mother Tongue Used
41ANOVA Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

Phrases Grouped According to Mother Tongue Used
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX PAGE
A Letters of Approval to Conduct the Study
B Instrument on the Profile of the Student
CResearchers Oral Test
DOne-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Normality
ELevenes Tests and T-Tests for Independent Samples
FMann-Whitney U Test of Independent Samples for Consonants in Phrases
GTest of Homogeneity of Variances
HANOVA Tests of Differences and Post Hoc Analyses
IKruskal Wallis Tests
JProfile of Co- Raters
KProfile of Validators
L Pronunciation Intervention Program for Multicultural Grade 8 Students
of Carrascal National High School

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PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

The National Center for Teacher Education

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER 3 METHODS AND PROCEDURES

CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.2.1 Frequency Distribution of Respondents Exposure to Non-Print

4.2 Pronunciation Difficulties

4.2.1 Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

4.2.2 Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

4.2.3 Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

4.2. 4 Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

4.2.5 Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

4.2.6 Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

4.3.1 ANOVA Test on the Difficulty Levels of Respondents in

4.3.2 ANOVA Test on the Difficulty Levels of Respondents in

4.3.3 ANOVA Test on Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

4.3.4 ANOVA Test on the Difficulty Levels of Respondents in

4.3.5 Kruskal Wallis Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

4.3.6 ANOVA Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

4.3.7 T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

4.3.8 T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

4.3.9 Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

4.3.10 T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

4.3.11 Mann-Whitney U Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

4.3.12 Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

4.3.13 T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

4.3.14 T-Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

4.3.15 T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

4.3.16 T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

4.3.17 Mann-Whitney U Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

4.3.18 T-Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in Phrases

4.3.19 T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

4.3.20 T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

4.3.21 T-Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in Words

4.3.22 T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

4.3.23 Mann-Whitney U of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

4.3.24 T-Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

4.3.25 ANOVA Test on the Difficulty Levels of Respondents in

4.3.26 ANOVA Test on the Difficulty Levels of Respondents in

4.3.27 ANOVA Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs

4.3.28 ANOVA Test on the Difficulty Levels of Respondents in

4.3.29 Kruskal Wallis Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

4.3.30 ANOVA Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

4.4 Intervention Activities Developed to Address the Pronunciation

1 International Phonetic Alphabet

2Number of Respondents of Grade 7 Students of Zillovia

3Mean Scoring, the Level of Difficulty, and the Verbal

4Frequency Distribution of Age, Sex, School Graduated from,

5Frequency Distribution of Respondents Exposure to Non-Print

6Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

7Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

8Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

9Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

10Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

11Mean Distribution of Respondents Difficulties in Pronouncing

13ANOVA Test on the Difficulty Levels of Respondents in

14ANOVA Test on Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED)

15ANOVA Test on the Difficulty Levels of Respondents in

16Kruskal Wallis Test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty

17ANOVA Test on the Difficulties in Pronouncing Diphthongs in

18T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of

19T-test of Independent Samples on the Difficulty Levels of