4 Step Method Eyewear PDF

Eye and Face Protection
The 4 Step Method Approach

Identify Sources of Potential Eye Injuries
Understanding the Effect of Eye Injuries
Eye Injury Prevention Selection of appropriate
protection
Training on the appropriate use and care of eye/face
protection
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3
1 2
Identify the Understanding the
Eye Hazards Effect of Eye
Injuries
3 4 Step
Method for
Eye / Face
Protection
3 4
Select the Train in the
Appropriate proper use and
care of the eye
Protection protector
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3
USA OSHA Requirements
The following OSHA standards provide mandatory requirements
and compliance assistance for employers when selecting
proper eye and face protection:
1910.132 -General requirements
1910.133 -General Industry
1915.153 -Maritime
1926.102 -Construction
The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses
appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or
face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid
chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors,
or potentially injurious light radiation.
In Health Care environments Bloodborne pathogens Standards
apply
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3
1 2
Injuries
3 4 Step
Method for
Eye
Protection
3The first step in prevention is to know where the
eye injury risks are, what form they take, 4how
Select critical
the the risk and who is exposed Train in the
to these risks.
An on site hazard assessment is a crucial element
Protection care of the eye
in any companys safety program. protector
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Eye/Face Injury Risk

The eye is a critical organ that many of us easily
overlook when it comes to protection
Nearly one million Americans have lost some degree
of their sight due to an eye injury.
More than 700, 000 Americans injure their eyes at
work each year.
Eye injuries (all types) > 2000 per day
10-20% result in disabling vision loss
Costs > $300MM in lost production time
Plus Legal fees
>90% preventable
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Source: Prevent Blindness America
3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Reported Eye/Face Injuries
in 2004
36 670 Eye Injuries from:
Chemical Burns - 5600
Cuts or punctures 3100
Other causes - 27970
Sources of injuries
Chemicals - 5600
Hand Tools - 2160
Parts/materials 2470
72268 Facial Injuries in (data from 1999)
Injury Statistics would be much worse
except for existing prevention programs
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Source:Bureau of Labor Statistics
3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Primary Reasons for Eye
Injuries
Projectiles
Splashes
Airborne Substances
Radiation
Infectious materials
Blows to the Eye
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Injuries - Projectiles
Manufacturing Processes
Riveting
Grinding / Polishing
Grinding wheel/parts
Wire brush bristles
Welding
Cutting
Machining
Construction
Woodworking
Machining
Hand tools
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Injuries - Projectiles
Liquid splashes
Chemicals
Eye irritants
Solvents, fuel
Corrosive substances
acids, caustics
Hot Molten Metal
Electrical sparks
Bodily fluids as source of infections
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Injuries - Flying Particles
Potential projectile
sources need to be
identified
Projectiles have mass
and velocity
The higher the mass or
velocity the greater the
momentum
The greater the
momentum the more
piercing/cutting potential
it will have
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Injuries - Airborne Substances
Airborne substances can be irritating to the eyes. These same
substances can be inhaled and result in occupational illnesses
Dusts
Mechanically Generated Particles
Mists
Generated by atomization or condensation of liquids
Fumes
Generated when metals / plastics are heated to very high temperatures
Metals / plastics evaporate: Fumes generated upon cooling with
formation of very small particles
Gases
Non-liquid and non-solid substances at ambient temperatures and
pressures
Mix rapidly with air
Vapors
Created when liquids or solids evaporate
Mix rapidly with air
Smoke
Generated by burning or incinerating to an incomplete state of
combustion; generates airborne particles which may be a mixture of
gases, vapors, fumes and condensation products.
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Typical Sources of Dusts
Grinding
Sanding
Drilling
Blasting
Crushing
Milling
Sweeping
Exposures
Potential for exposure to dust residues into the eyes
Potential for entry into eyes; eye irritation properties
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Examples Sources of Mists
Spraying operations
Caustic/acid sprays
Spray washing
Painting
Pesticide applications
Metal Hardening / Sintering
Oil bath quenching
Metal cutting
Cutter cooling
Metal working fluids
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Typical Sources of
Fumes (and smoke)
Welding / Soldering /
Brazing
Some flux materials can
be potentially eye
irritants
Arc welding
(Stick/Mig/Tig/SMAW)
Smelting / Metal
Refining
Fires
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Typical Sources of Refrigeration
Gases Ammonia / other
refrigerant
Industrial processes
Accidents
Venting operations
Leaks
Emergency planning
Perforations of
Chemical Leaks compressed gas lines
Maintenance
Emergency
Farming applications
Ammonia fertilizers
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Typical Sources of
Vapors
Chemical Processes
Degreasing / surface
cleaning
Solvent and Thinners
Spray painting
applications
Pesticide spraying
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Injuries - Radiation
Radiant energy from:
welding, cutting,
brazing, soldering,
smelting, sparks
Visible Light
Ultraviolet
UV A
UV B
Infrared
Lasers
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
UV Radiation
UV-A is also known as black light with wavelengths

of 315nm to 400nm.
UV-B is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths
between 280nm to 315nm. This type of radiation is
associated with photo induced burning of the skin
and eyes
UV-C radiation is associated with wavelengths below
280nm. This region of the spectrum is well know for
its germicidal action
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Injuries - Radiation
Factors that need to be understood are:
Light source
Wavelength of Light
visible, IR, UV A, UV B (UV C)
Laser
Light Intensity
Potential exposure time
Continuous / intermittent exposures
Short exposures to intensive
Where hazardous light is located
Who is exposed
Individuals
Similar exposure groups (job type)
Other factors (radiant heat, humidity, noise, etc)
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Injuries - Radiation Sources
UV A Visible
Sunlight Arc Welding / Plasma
Arc Welding Welding / Cutting
UV B Torch welding /
brazing
Sunlight
Laser
Arc Welding
Intense light
Infrared
Furnaces
Glass Working
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Injuries - Infectious materials
Blood borne
pathogens
Squirts/splashes
HIV, TB, Hanta Virus,
Infectious Agents
Bodily fluids
Squirts/splashes (i.e.
in operating theater)
Human remains
Hand-to-eye
contamination
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Injuries - Infectious materials
Animal handling
Meat cutting
Veterinary clinics
Animal culling
Example: Avian Flu
Sludge spreading in
farms
Water/sewer system
residues
sludges
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3
Blows to the Eye
Blunt trauma to the eye and face result in
serious eye damage
Typically are caused by objects that can
swing horizontally or from an overhead
suspension point and strike the individual
For the most part these sources can be
identified and prevented
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3
1
Identify the
Eye Hazards
Face Injuries
Caused from many of the same events as

Eye Injuries
Potential risk from swinging / hanging
objects
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3
Start the Industrial Hygiene Process
Hazard Anticipation and Recognition
Hazard Evaluation
Acceptable Unacceptable
Uncertain
Exposure Exposure
Control
Further Information
Gathering
Re-Assessment
25
3
1 2
Injuries
3 4 Step
Method for
Eye / Face
Protection
The second step in prevention of eye injuries or
3
exposures is to understand the potential 4 effect of
Select eye
theinjuries and exposures. Understanding Train inhealth
the
effects of eye injuries is an important
component
in raising awareness with the care
people of of
thethe eye
individuals in the organization that are responsible
for managing risks or those
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3
2
Understanding
the Effect of
Eye/Face
Anatomy of the Eye Injuries
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3
2
Understanding
Vitreous humour - This fluid preserves the the Effect of
Eye/Face
spherical shape of our eyeball, as well as Injuries
helping to support the retina. Despite
having the consistency of egg white it is
mainly made of water (99%).
Lens - The lens is responsible for refracting
light. Held in place by ligaments, which
connect to the ciliary body, the lens can
also change shape to focus on objects at
different distances a reflex known as
accommodation. It does this approximately
100,000 times a day.
Cornea - Although normally only half a
millimeter thick, the cornea is responsible
for seventy percent of the total focusing of
the eye. It is the most important layer in the
refractive procedure and, together with the
lens, forms a clear image on the back of
the retina.
Tears, which constantly bathe the
surface of the eye, also remove dust and
dirt as well as killing bacteria.
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Source: http://www.sightsavers.org
3
2
Understanding
the Effect of
Conjunctiva - The conjunctiva is merely Eye/Face
a thin,
Injuries
transparent membrane covering the cornea, and
yet its function is vital it protects the eye from
airborne debris. This is actually only one of the
protective features of the human eye. Others
include the orbit (or eye socket), the eyelashes
and, quite surprisingly, the eyebrows their
function being to stop sweat from running into
the eye.
Iris - The iris is a thin diaphragm that lies behind
- and is visible through - the cornea. The iris
contains the pupil, which dilates and constricts to
regulate the light that reaches the retina.
Choroid - The choroid runs behind the retina
and, at the front of the eye, forms the ciliary
body. As it contains many blood cells, the
choroid supplies the eye with nutrients and
oxygen as well as removing waste.
The choroid also has a high concentration of a
pigment called melanin in its cells.
Melanin pigment that prevents internal reflection
within the eye stopping us from receiving a
blurred image.
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Source: http://www.sightsavers.org
3
2
Retina - The back of the retina contains a deep Understanding
the Effect of
layer of light sensitive cells called rods and cones. Eye/Face
This is where the image is projected. Injuries
Rod Cells are responsible for night vision.
Cone Cells are responsible for daytime vision. The
cones also allow us to see in color and detail. The
retina also contains a layer of ganglion cells on the
surface.
Ganglion Cells connect the nerve fibers to the
optic nerve. This means that the nerve fibers
actually pass over the sensitive part of the eye, but,
odd as it may seem, no disturbance in vision is
caused.
Sclera - Basically, this is the white of the eye.
Attached to the sclera are six exterior muscles,
which enable us to look left, right, up and down. At
the front of the eye, the sclera forms the cornea.
Optic nerve - The optic nerve is responsible for
carrying information about the image to the brain. It
contains no sensory receptors itself, and therefore
the head of the optic nerve (otherwise known as
the Optic Disc) corresponds to the normal blind
spot of the eye.
Fovea - This area of the retina is packed with cone
cells. Because of this, it gives the most acute
vision. For example, when we are reading, the word
on which we are focusing is being projected onto
the fovea.
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3
Effects of Eye and Face 2
Understanding
the Effect of
Eye/Face
Hazards Exposure Injuries
Health Effect
General Acute Chronic

Effects Responses Responses
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3
2
Understanding
the Effect of
Eye/Face
Injuries
General Effects
Uncharacterized
effect to body and
affected organs
Damage to other
organs
Difficult to associate
with eye / face
exposures
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3
2
Understanding
the Effect of
Eye/Face
Injuries
Chronic Effects
Slow response to single
exposure
Example: exposure to blood
born pathogen through eye
mucosal surfaces
Slow reaction to long term
exposures
Can take years to become
evident
People get used to exposure
nothing will happen to me
Effect accumulates over time
Difficult to detect before it is
too late
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3
2
Understanding
the Effect of
Eye/Face
Injuries
Acute Effects
Traumatic Injuries or
exposures
Eye / face
Lacerations
Irritation
Inflammation
Other parts of body
Acute effects aid in
detection of exposure of
sufferer and/or other
individuals from the
Similar Exposure Group
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3
2
Understanding
Eye Injuries are the Effect of

Eye/Face
Injuries
Typically Accidental
Traumatic incidents
Often very painful
Require immediate
medical-eye specialist
attention
Can be cause for lost
time from work
Impact productivity
Set off a chain-reaction of
other consequences
Metal shard in eye
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3
2
Understanding
the Effect of
Eye/Face
Penetrating Eye Injury Injuries
Caused by a thorn
perforating the eye
Painful Injury
requires immediate
eye specialist
intervention
Requires surgery
1. Pupil opening drawn over
2. Camera Flash
3. Iris prolapse
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3 Source: http://www.iceh.org.uk/files/tsno2/text/05.htm
2
Understanding
the Effect of
Eye/Face
Foreign Bodies in Eyes Injuries
Individual trimming trees went to an urgent care

facility with foreign body sensation in eye. Upon initial
exam, nothing was found. Later, a spec of dirt is found
behind the eyelid.
Source: http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/emergency/eye_injuries.asp
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3
2
Understanding
the Effect of
Eye/Face
Uveitis Injuries
Each year more than 280,000 people in the United

States have problems with uveitis,
Uveitis is inflammation of the middle layer of the eye and
a potentially blinding eye problem.
It causes 30,000 new cases of blindness a year and up
to 10 percent of all the cases of blindness.
It is more common in women and more likely to occur to
older people.
An estimated 175,000 people in the United States and
an estimated 800,000 people worldwide are affected by
posterior uveitis.
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Source: Ophthalmology, March 2004
3
Ultraviolet Light's 2
Understanding
the Effect of
Eye/Face
Dangers Injuries
UVA
primarily absorbed by
the lens of the eye.
UVB
burn the skin and can
damage the eyes.
has the potential to
cause (photokeratitis),
a temporary but
painful problem in the
cornea
lasts 12 to 48 hours
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Source: Sunglass Association of America
3
2
Understanding
Effect of Eye/Face Injuries the Effect of

Eye/Face
Injuries
UV induced injuries of the eyes include:
Photo induced keratoconjuctivitis

Cataracts
Keratopathy
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3
Welders Eyes 2
Understanding
the Effect of
Photokeratoconjuctivitis (PKC) Eye/Face

Injuries
Photokeratitis is an inflamation of the corneal tissue

Conjuctivitis is an inflamation of the conjunctiva of the
eye.
PKC depend on the radiation dose received by the
exposed person
Symptoms include:
Pain
Photophobia
Cloudy vision
Itching
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3
Welders Eyes 2
Understandi
ng the Effect
Photokeratoconjuctivitis (PKC) of Eye
Injuries
Symptoms:
Inflammation of the cornea
No immediate pain or sensations during exposure

Symptoms develop several hours after exposure
and last up to two days
Feels like sand in the eyes - abrasions
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3
2
Understanding
the Effect of
Eye/Face
Injuries
Copyright 2006Photokerato conjunctivitis 43

3 Irritation of the conjuctiva
2
Understandi
Cataracts ng the Effect
of Eye
Injuries
Cataracts are any

condition of the lens in
the eye becoming
opaque thus reducing
the formation of images
on the retina.
UV light exposure is a
well recognized risk
factor associated with
cataract formation.
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3
2
Understandi
Kerotopathy ng the Effect
of Eye
Injuries
Lesions in the eyes associated with exposure to UV

and IR radiation:
Climatic Keratopathy (formation of a meaty body in
the conjunctiva) [Verify translation with Ulloa]
Degeneration of the cornea
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3
2
Infectious Disease Understandi

ng the Effect
of Eye
Injuries
Transmission Through the Eyes
Infectious diseases can be transmitted through
various mechanisms, among which are
infections that can be introduced through the
mucous membranes of the eye (conjunctiva).
Exposures can result in systemic infections
Viruses (adenovirus, herpes simplex, human
inmmunodificiency virus)
Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus
Exposure modes
Bloodborne splashes
Respiratory droplets
Finger or other objects in contact with eyes
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Source: http://www.healthyvision2010.org/safety/injury.asp
3
2
Understandi
ng the Effect
Effects of Radiation on the eye of Eye
Injuries
Lens
Cornea
Retina
Keratoconjunctivitis
UV (200-315 nm) Erithremas
Risk of cataract formation
Near UV (315-400 nm) Risk of cataract formation

Conjuntivitis
Visible (400-700 nm) Lesions of the retina
Visible and Near IR (400-1400 nm) Retinal burns
Near IR (770-1400 nm) Risk of cataract formation

IR (700-3000 nm) Corneal burn
3
Blunt Eye Injury
Injury with bleeding of
the conjunctiva
Injury with internal

bleeding in eye
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3
1 2
Injuries
3 4 Step
Method for
Eye / Face
Protection
The third step in prevention of eye injuries or
3 4
exposures is to systematically define measures
Select which Trainand
the can effectively mitigate the hazard in the
protect individuals at risk.
care of the eye
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3
Reduce or Eliminate
Eye Injuries
Process modifications to eliminate eye risks
examples:
machine guarding
UV/IR Radiation
Eliminate or substitute hazardous materials
Eye irritants
Replacement of dusty materials for pastes / liquids
Adjust equipment to reduce:
emissions
example: dust collector cleaning & maintenance
flying / swinging objects
Examples:
Sharpen / adjust cutting tools
Use of and placement of safety guards
3 Utilize closed processes
Select the
Appropriate
Protection Copyright 2006 50
3
Wire Brush Substitution
Traditional Radial Wire Bristle
Brushes
Used to de-burr metal parts
Tend to shed wires
Cause Eye Injuries
3M Radial Bristle Brushes

Durable radial brush replaces
wire brush
Doesn't throw wires
cleans better
Many MRO and production
applications.
Includes universal bench-
motor adaptors.
Works on a variety of coatings
leaving satin finish.
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3
Selection of PPE Equipment
In selecting the appropriate protective eyewear
ensure compliance with:
1910.132 -General requirements
Selection of Eyewear according to risk
Present or likely to be present
1910.133 -General Industry
Eyewear is Compliant to ANSI Z87.1-1989
Lens shade levels selected according to operations
1926.102 - Construction
1915.153 - Maritime
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
What type of safety eyewear is
available?
Safety eyewear protection includes:
Non-prescription safety glasses
Prescription safety glasses
Goggles
Face shields
Welding helmets
Full-face respirators
Laser Protective Eyewear
Combined Helmet, Face shield, Hearing
Protectors, Respirator.
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
Typical issues caused by incompatible PPE
Regulations requires employers to establish

procedures to ensure that where more than one
item of PPE is being worn, the different items are
compatible with each other
Incompatible PPE is uncomfortable
Uncomfortable PPE will not be worn
Incompatible PPE creates hazards (e.g. goggles
forcing against the respirator)
Compatibility is subject to a number of variables
and individual requirement must always be
3
considered.
Select the
Appropriate
3
American National Standard for Occupational and
Educational Eye and Face Protection Devices
ANSI Z87.1-2003
Establishes performance criteria and testing

requirements for devices used to protect the
eyes and face from injuries from impact, non-
ionizing radiation and chemical exposure in
workplaces and schools.
Covers all types of protective devices, including:
spectacles (plano and prescription)
goggles
faceshields
welding helmets and handshields
3
full facepiece respirators
Select the
Appropriate
3
American National Standard for Occupational and
Educational Eye and Face Protection Devices
ANSI Z87.1-2003
Descriptions Does not apply to:

General requirements Hazardous exposure to
bloodborne pathogens
Criteria for:
X-rays
Testing
High-energy particulate
Marking radiation
Selection Microwaves
use and care. High-frequency radiation
Lasers, masers
Sports.
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
ANSI Z87.1 Testing Summary
Spectacle frame and lenses are both tested
Testing on spectacle frame includes high velocity
impact and high mass impact tests
Lens testing is completed according to Basic Impact
or High Impact criteria
Lenses meeting high impact criteria must pass high
velocity impact, high mass impact and penetration
testing
Required markings on protective eyewear:
Compliance w/ standard Z87
High Impact will indicate Z87+ or +
Manufacturers mark 3M
Special purpose (tinted lenses) S
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3
Selection of Equipment
Spectacles
What should be
considered in safety
eyewear?
NIOSH Recommends
that safety eyewear
should have side
protection to achieve
the minimum level of
protection
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
Spectacles
What should be
considered in safety
eyewear?
Importance of the base
curve
traditional safety
eyewear have a low base
curve (5-7)
Require side shields for
effective lateral protection
Wire mesh
Indirect Venting
Removable
Is there a downside to the
aesthetics?
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
Spectacles
There is more than one
way to achieve side
protection.
Modern wrap around
designs:
non-prescription eyewear
base curve around 7 or 8
for improved styling
Improved side impact
protection (compared
eyewear with low base
curve designs without side-
shields)
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
What is a Base Curve?
The term base curve is
used to describe a
curvature of the front
surface of lenses
Low base curve have little
curvature to outer surface
(5-7)
Typically used in
prescription eyewear
High base curve have
more curvature to outer
surface (> 8)
Incorported into modern
non-prescription eyewear
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3
Protective Eyewear
All 3M Eyewear and Faceshield models meet the requirements of
the Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye Protection ANSI
Z87.1-2003, high impact option
All models feature polycarbonate lenses
Lightweight
Durable
Polycarbonate reduces ultraviolet (UV)
radiation by 99%
Wrap-around designs help
provide side protection
Most models incorporate
high base curves (> 8)
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
Variable Angle Testing
inch pellet shot at 8

different angles, 150 fpm
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3
ANSI Z87.1 Testing Summary:
Main Tests
High Velocity Impact Test
Sample eyewear is placed on
a head form
steel ball bearings are fired
with a velocity of 150 feet per
second to specified parts of
the lens
In order for eyewear to pass
there must be no contact with
either eye of the head form as
a result of the impact nor shall
any parts or fragments be
ejected from the protector that
could contact an eye of the
head form. The lens must be
Source: http://www.gazelle.com.tw
retained in the frame and not
3
Select the
fracture
Appropriate
3
Angle Dependence of High
Speed Impact Test
Impact point
Test Head with
Movable Alignment
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3
ANSI Z87.1 Testing Summary:
Main Tests
Penetration Test
Sample eyewear is placed on a head form
and a penetration projectile is dropped on
the lens.
The lens shall not fracture nor be
penetrated as a result of this test.
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
Drop Test
Weight
Drop
Tube
Pointed
Weight
(or Steel Impact point
Ball)
Copyright 2006 67
3
3M 170X Series Eyewear
Lightweight
Polycarbonate frame for greater worker
acceptance.
Feature a 9.75 base spherical
polycarbonate lens
Scratch Resistant
Wraparound design fits snugly for
wide optical protection.
99% UV protection.
Meets ANSI Z87.1:2003 for high impact
(Z87.1+)
Alternatives
Clear Temple / Clear Frame / Clear Lens
Smoke Temple / Clear Frame / Clear Lens
Smoke Temple / Smoke Frame / Smoke Lens
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
3M 1611 Visitor Spectacles
An economical alternative in
eye protection.
The polycarbonate lens design
Offers 99% UV protection
Can be worn alone or over
prescription glasses.
Meets ANSI Z87.1:2003 for
high impact (Z87.1+)
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
3M 171X
lightweight / fashionable
plastic frames with a
panoramic polycarbonate lens.
99% UV absorption.
Scratch Resistant Coating
4 position adjustable temples
fits most
Meets ANSI Z87.1:2003 for
Available as:
Black Frame / Clear Lens
Blue Frame / Clear Lens
3 Black Frame / Smoke Lens
Select the
Appropriate
3
3M 172X
Frameless with a sporty wraparound design.
The 99% UV protected polycarbonate lens
has an 8 base curve
shaped to fit facial contours
5 position adjustable temple
soft vinyl nose pad adds extra comfort.
ANSI Z87.1:2003 for high impact (Z87.1+)
Available as:
Red White Blue Frame / Clear Lens
Black Frame / Silver Mirror Lens
Black Frame / Amber Lens
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
3M 1740 Series Eyewear
173X are a stylish one piece
wraparound design.
Nylon frame with a 7.5 base curve
polycarbonate lens offering 99% UV
absorption.
Scratch Resistant Coating
5 position adjustable temple
comfortable vinyl nose pad.
ANSI Z87.1:2003 for high impact
(Z87.1+)
Available as:
Mid night Blue Frame / Clear Lens
Black Frame / Amber Lens
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
When should Safety Goggles
be Worn?
Goggles are considered stronger than safety glasses
Goggles are used for higher impact protection, greater particle
protection, chemical splashes, and welding light protection
Goggles for splash or high dust protection should have indirect
venting
Goggles with direct venting (a mesh of small holes around the sides)
tend to fog less, but should not be used with liquid or fine dust
hazards
Common tasks: sawing, chipping, grinding, masonry work, using a
nail gun, pouring cement, and working with chemicals
When goggles are used for welding make sure they are the proper
shade # (the shade number is marked on the lens and shows how
dark the lens is)
3
Select the
Appropriate
3 Source: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/eye/toolbox-eye.html
3M 1621 Guard Goggles
1621 Guard Goggles
provides limited chemical splash
protection.
clear lens with abrasion resistance.
Flexible vinyl frame helps fit the
facial features many wearers.
Four indirect vents allow air to flow.
Comes with a black strap which
masks grease and grime.
Complies with ANSI Z87.1:2003 for
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
3M 1620 Goggles
Multi-purpose design primarily

for larger particles
Perforated for ventilation
Flexible and soft goggle with
polycarbonate clear lens.
Scratch Resistant
Flexible vinyl frame to fit most
wearers
Comes with a black strap which
masks grease and grime.
Complies with ANSI Z87.1:2003
for high impact (Z87.1+)
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
Face Shields
Many times we
protect our eyes
against certain risks
but leave our entire
face unprotected.
Helps Protect from:
Spraying
Chipping/grinding
critical chemicals
3
blood borne hazards
Select the
Appropriate
3
Face Shields
One must always wear protective eyewear in
conjunction with a face shield.
The eyewear helps prevent particles that get under
the shield from lodging in the eyes.
Face shields are considered as:
a primary protection against damage to the facial area
secondary level of protection for the eyes
Face shields should not be used as the sole means of
protection against injury to the eyes.
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
3M 1631 Face Shields
Resilient cam-lock feature to
hold the face shield in place.
Tension can be added for
any fixed or moveable
window position.
The clear polycarbonate face
shield is replaceable.
Meet ANSI Z87.1: 2003 for
high impact (Z87.1+).
IMPORTANT: Face shields
with spectacle or goggles
are required for full
compliance to ANSI
Z87.1:2003
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
Respirator Systems
with Eye and Face Protection Z87.1:2003
Full Facepiece Loose Fitting

Facepiece
Z 87.1+
6000
6000DIN
6000PD
7800 Z 87.1+
L-501 Bumpcap
3
Select the
L701, 901 Hard Hats
Appropriate
3
Respirator Systems without Eye
and Face Protection Z87.1:2003
Offer some level of
splash protection Hoods
No impact protection
H-series Hoods
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
ISEA Selection Criteria
Hazard Activities Protection Not
Assessment Recommended
Impact Power Sanding Spectacles Spectacles without side shields
(Relatively Low Energy) Chipping Goggles Metal Spectacles where electrical
Sweeping Loose Fitting Respirator + hazard exists
Machining spectacles Tinted Lenses for indoor
applications
Loose fitting Supplied Air
Respirators without spectacles
Impact Grinding Face shields over spectacles,

(Relatively High Energy Power Nailing goggles or full-face respirators
High Pressure Washing
Heat Furnace Operations Metal wire screen Non-heat dissipating faceshields

(Radiant) reflective face shield over Faceshields wihout spectacles,
spectacles worn over face shields goggles or full-face respirators
Loose Fitting supplied air Loose fitting supplied air
respirator over spectacles respirators with liftable faceshields
worn without spectacles
Heat Hot material splash Molten Metals pouring Metal wire screen or reflective Non-heat dissipating faceshields
faceshield over spectacles, Faceshields wihout spectacles,
goggles or full facepiece goggles or full-face respirators
respirators Loose fitting supplied air
Loose fitting supplied air respirators with liftable faceshields
respirator worn over spectacles worn without spectacles
Source: International Safety Equipment Association

Use and Selection Guide; Eye and Face Protection
Copyright 2006 81
3
Heat Spark Grinding Spectacles or Goggles Tinted lenses for indoor
applications
Loose fitting supplied air
respirators with liftable face
shields worn without spectacles
Chemical - Splash Chemical Handling Splash goggles Spectacles

Full Facepiece Respirator Direct Vented Goggles
Loose fitting supplied air Tinted lenses for indoor
respirators with liftable face applications
shields worn over spectacles Loose fitting supplied air
shields
Chemical Vapor Eye Irritant Chemical Handling Non vented Goggle Spectacles
Plating Full-facepiece respirator Vented Goggles
Loose fitting supplied air Loose fitting supplied air
respirators with liftable face respirators with liftable faceshields
shields worn over spectacles
Optical Radiation - Glare Outdoor work Spectacles Sunglasses
Goggles
Full Facepiece Respirators
Loose fitting supplied air
shields worn with tinted lenses

Copyright 2006 82
3
Optical Radiation injurious Torch Soldering or observing Spectacles with shades 1.5-3 filter Any protector not having proper
low intensity lenses shaded filter lenses
Welding goggles with shades 1.5-3 Loose fitting supplied air welding
filter lenses respirator with liftable face-shields
Full facepiece Welding Respirator with worn without spectacles
shades 1.5-3 filter lenses
Optical Radiation injurious Gas Welding or observing Welding Goggles with shades 3-8 filter Loose-fitting welding respirator
medium intensity lenses with shades 3-8 lens over
Welding helmets over spectacles or spectacles
goggles with shades 3-8 filter Any protector not having proper
Full facepiece Welding Respirator with shaded filter lenses
shades 3-8 filter Goggles alone
Welding shield over spectacles or Spectacles alone
goggles with shades 3-8 Welding helmets or faceshields
alone without goggles or full
facepiece respirator
Loose-fitting welding supplied air
respirators with liftable faceshields

Copyright 2006 83
3
Optical Radiation injurious Arc Welding or observing Welding Goggles with shades 8-14 filter Loose-fitting welding respirator
medium intensity lenses with shades 3-8 lens over
Welding helmets over spectacles or spectacles
goggles with shades 8-14 filter Any protector not having proper
Full facepiece Welding Respirator with shaded filter lenses
shades 8-14 filter Goggles alone
Loose-fitting welding supplied air Spectacles alone
respirators with liftable faceshields worn Welding helmets or faceshields
with shades 8-14 alone without goggles or full
facepiece respirator
Loose-fitting welding supplied air
respirators with liftable faceshields
Biological Hazards Various Goggles Eyewear without solid side-

Aerosols Glasses with solid side shields shields
Droplets Meet other requirements of Bloodborn
Liquid splash Pathogen Standard 29CFR1910.1030

Copyright 2006 84
3
European Product Range
SPECTACLES
Classic 2700, 2720, 21, 22
Comfort 2730, 2740, 41, 42
Premium 2750, 51
GOGGLES
Premium 2790, 2790A
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
Every-day example
Antifog Antifog
Eyewear
Copyright 2006 86
3
European 3M 2700 Over Spectacles
2700 Classic Line

Overspecs
UV Protection
CE Marked
EN166:2001 Compliant
Impact resistance to level FT (impact
protection from low energy, high speed
particles at extremes of temperature)
Optical class 1
Integral browguard and side shields for

increased confidence.
Can be worn over most prescription

spectacles
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
European 3M 2720 Safety Spectacles
2720/21/22 Classic Line
Spectacles
UV Protection
CE Marked
Optical class 1
Anti-Scratch and Anti-Fog
Extremely light-weight and comfortable.
Ideal for combination with 9300 series

respirators.
Choice of clear lens for normal light (2720)/

smoke lens for sunlight (2721) / yellow lens
for low light (2722)
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
European - 3M 2730 Safety Spectacles
2730 Comfort Line
Spectacles
UV Protection
CE Marked
Optical class 1
Adjustable temple length to suit the

individual.
Ratchet arms for lens angle adjustment.
Soft, comfortable, ventilated nose bridge.
Soft tips reduce pressure.

3
Select the
Appropriate
3
3M 2740 Safety Spectacles
2740/41/42 Comfort
Line Spectacles
UV Protection
CE Marked
Optical class 1
Adjustable temple length to suit the individual
Ratchet arms for lens angle adjustment.
Soft tips reduce pressure
Choice of clear lens for normal light (2740)/

smoke lens for sunlight (2741) / yellow lens
3
for low light (2742)
Select the
Appropriate
3
3M 2750 Safety Spectacles
2750 Premium Line
Spectacles
UV Protection
CE Marked
Optical class 1
Adjustable temple length to suit the

individual.
Soft, comfortable, ventilated nose bridge.
Ideal for combination with 3M 9300 series

respirators.
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
3M 2790/2790A High Comfort Safety Goggles
Premium Goggles
UV Protection
CE Marked
Optical class 1
Anti-Scratch (2790 only)
Anti-Fog
Choice of 2 lenses
Polycarbonate Impact level BT (impact protection
from medium energy, high speed particles at
extremes of temperature)
Acetate Impact level FT (impact protection from low
energy, high speed particles at extremes of
temperature)
Broad and fully adjustable headband for

optimum fit and reliable protection
Can be worn over most prescription spectacles
3 Compatible with 4000 and 7500 series respirators

Select the
Appropriate
3
European Eyewear Use
Product by risk Product by application
Product Type
Risk Spectacles Goggles
Optical radiation X X Application Spectacles Goggles
(e.g. UV, IR) Visitors X
High speed particle at:
Grinding X
Low energy X X (2790A) Turning X X
Medium energy X (2790) Assembling X X
Cold Metal Working X X

Liquid droplets X Hot Metal Working X 2790 only
Painting X
Large dust particles X
Laboratory Acids X 2790A
Gas & fine dust particles X Laboratory Dusts X X
Laboratory Hospital X X
Molten metal & hot solids X Outdoor X
Chemical splash X 2790A

High speed particle at extreme X X
temperature Chemical gas X 2790A
This guide is an outline only and should not be used as the only means of selecting eye protection
Copyright 2006 93
3
Compatibility with 3M Respiratory Protection
3M 9300 Series
Compatible with
3M 2720, 2721, 2722 Classic Line Spectacles
3M 2750 and 2751 Premium Line Spectacles
3M 4000 and 7500 Series

Compatible with
3M 2790 and 2790A Premium Line Goggles
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
WS 110 Weld Shields
Passive Shade Lens
Shade Glass Fixed
Shade Tonality
Selected by user
Protection from UV,
IR light
Chip Guard protects
from impact
Requires frequent
helmet positioning
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
3M Welding Shields WS-300 Series
TM
One basic welding shield
Standard
4.5 x 5.25 inch opening
Conventional
welding filter
One model ADF

Made in Sweden
Variable shade 10-12
Rund bild
The welding filters WS-300 Series are ANSI
approved together with the WS-Series
helmets as eye and face protection system.
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
Variable shade 10 - 12
Light state shade 4

TM
3M WS-320
Stick, MIG/MAG
and TIG >20 A
Sensitivity setting
-LOW Normal position. Used for
most types of welding
-HIGH Position for welding with
low current or where the
welding arc becomes
3
Select the
stable (e.g. TIG welding)
Appropriate
3
Speedglas Helmets and ADFs
Utility Complete
with ADF
04-0014-10U 9000 FlexView ProTop HardHat
04-0014-11U
9000F 9000XF 9000V 9000X 9002V 9002D
3
Select the
Appropriate
3
Laser Safety Eyewear
Selector available at http://www.kentek.com
Polymeric
Broad Band Filters - Wide Filter Glass
coverage range Broad Band Filters - Wide
- Multiple wavelengths coverage range
Alignment Filters - Lower - Multiple wavelengths
Optical Densities (OD's) Narrow Band Filters - Narrow
- Visible wavelengths coverage range
- Aiming & Alignment of beam - Higher Visible Light
Narrow Band Filters - Narrow Transmission (VLT)
coverage range
- Higher Visible Light
Transmission (VLT)
Coated Filters - Narrow
coverage range
- Increased color recognition
- Virtually clear Visible Light
Transmission (VLT)
3
Select the
Appropriate
Source: http://www.kentek.com
3
1 2
Injuries
3 4 Step
Method for
Eye
Protection
The fourth step in prevention of eye injuries or
3 4
exposures is to systematically educate line
Select management
the Train in the
and workers in the appropriate
measures they can personally take in preventing
care of the eye
Protection
eye injuries protector
Copyright 2006 100
3
Why Wear Protective Eyewear?
The Bureau of Labor Statistics found that three
out of five workers who suffered eye injury wore
no protection at all.
And of those who did, 40 percent wore the
wrong kind.
Therefore, the first step in proper use is to
actually use protective eyewear.
Employees must understand the risks they run
by not utilizing the equipment that is provided to
them.
4
Train in the proper
use and care of the
eye protector
Copyright 2006 101
3
Who needs training?
Plant Manager
Production Manager
Purchasing Manager
Safety / IH Manager
Safety Technicians
Physician / Occupational Nurse
Production Supervisor
Worker
Copyright 2006 102
3
Training
Why Eye/Face Protection is necessary
Eye Hazards
Health effects
Factors in the selection of ______ Eye /Face Protection
Correct Fitting and Use
Limitations and capabilities of the Eyewear
Helps reduce exposure to ______
Does not reduce exposure to ______
Compatibility with other PPE
Demonstrate how to put on the respirator and have
workers practice; follow instructions from manufacturer
Need to properly fit, maintain and wear respirator in
order for it to work properly
Copyright 2006 103
3
While in Use - Important Reminders
Training in Proper Use

Remove, shake or vacuum any debris from the
forehead, hair or the top of the eye protection
before removing the protector.
Clean eyewear regularly and make sure it is in
good working condition.
Do not rub your eyes with dirty hands or clothing.
Have an eyewash station readily available,
particularly where chemicals are used.
4
Train in the proper
use and care of the
eye protector
Copyright 2006 104
3
Maintenance
Read and understand user manual instructions
Discard the protective eyewear if
Becomes scratched, or loses optical clarity
Damaged, torn or soiled (dirty) beyond ability to
clean
If the eyewear has been hit by some object or
splashed by damaging chemicals
Inspect entire Eyewear or PPE for damage before each
use
Discard worn Eye/Face Protection and/or replace any
defective parts
Use only parts approved with that equipment
Copyright 2006 105

3
Cleaning and Storage
Before cleaning inspect thoroughly
Wash with mild soap and water. Use a soft cloth to
remove dirt. Do not rub optical surfaces. Avoid solvents
Disinfect eyewear if shared.
Disinfection: 1 ml bleach in 1 liter water
Rinse thoroughly. Dry
Re-assemble as appropriate, discard or repair damaged
equipment
Store the clean eyewear in a suitable case inside your
individual locker or in a special cabinet
Protect the eyewear or faceshield from physical damage,
chemicals, dust, sunlight, extreme temperatures, excessive
moisture, oily environements
Copyright 2006 106

3
Training (continued)
How to use the eyewear and faceshield effectively
in emergency situations, including malfunction
IDLH environments
Communication with outside observer
Rescue procedures
Who to contact if there are problems
Repeat annually or sooner if there are changes in
workplace or type of respirator
Employer should periodically evaluate effectiveness
by observing and talking with employees
Copyright 2006 107

3
First Aid
Specks in the eye

Do not rub the eye
Use an eye wash station and flush eye copiously
See a doctor if speck does not wash out or pain
and redness continues.
4
Train in the proper
use and care of the
eye protector
Copyright 2006 108
3
First Aid
Cuts, Punctures, Objects Stuck in the Eye
Do not wash out the eye
Do not try to remove an object stuck in the eye
Stabilize eye with a rigid shield without pressure
such as with the bottom half of a paper cup
See a doctor at once
Copyright 2006 109

3
Cuts, Punctures, Objects Stuck
in the Eye
Do not wash out the eye
Do not try to remove an object stuck
in the eye
Stabilize eye with a rigid shield
without pressure such as with the
bottom half of a paper cup
See a doctor at once
4
Train in the proper
use and care of the
eye protector
Copyright 2006 110
3
First Aid
Chemical Burns
Immediately flush eye with water or any drinkable
liquid.
Open the eye as wide as possible. Continue
flushing for at least 15 minutes.
For caustic or basic solutions continue flushing
while in route to doctor
If a contact lens is in the eye, begin flushing over
the lens immediately.
Flushing may dislodge the lens
See doctor at once
Copyright 2006 111

3
First Aid
Blows to the Eye
Apply cold compress without pressure
Crushed ice in a plastic bag can be taped to the
forehead to rest gently on the injured eye
See a doctor at once in cases of continued pain,
reduced vision, blood in eye or discoloration which
can mean internal eye damage
Copyright 2006 112

3
1 2
Injuries
3 4 Step
Method for
Eye
Protection
3 4
Select the Train in the
care of the eye
Copyright 2006 113
3

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Eye and Face Protection

The 4 Step Method Approach

Eye/Face Injury Risk

UV-A is also known as black light with wavelengths

Caused from many of the same events as

Hazard Anticipation and Recognition

Anatomy of the Eye Injuries

Hazards Exposure Injuries

General Acute Chronic

Eye Injuries are the Effect of

Penetrating Eye Injury Injuries

Foreign Bodies in Eyes Injuries

Individual trimming trees went to an urgent care

Each year more than 280,000 people in the United

Effect of Eye/Face Injuries the Effect of

UV induced injuries of the eyes include:

Photo induced keratoconjuctivitis

Photokeratoconjuctivitis (PKC) Eye/Face

Photokeratitis is an inflamation of the corneal tissue

Inflammation of the cornea

No immediate pain or sensations during exposure

Copyright 2006Photokerato conjunctivitis 43

Cataracts are any

Lesions in the eyes associated with exposure to UV

Degeneration of the cornea

Infectious Disease Understandi

Near UV (315-400 nm) Risk of cataract formation

Visible (400-700 nm) Lesions of the retina

Visible and Near IR (400-1400 nm) Retinal burns

Near IR (770-1400 nm) Risk of cataract formation

Injury with internal

3M Radial Bristle Brushes

Regulations requires employers to establish

Establishes performance criteria and testing

Descriptions Does not apply to:

inch pellet shot at 8

Multi-purpose design primarily

Full Facepiece Loose Fitting

Impact Grinding Face shields over spectacles,

Heat Furnace Operations Metal wire screen Non-heat dissipating faceshields

Source: International Safety Equipment Association

Chemical - Splash Chemical Handling Splash goggles Spectacles

Source: International Safety Equipment Association

Source: International Safety Equipment Association

Biological Hazards Various Goggles Eyewear without solid side-

Source: International Safety Equipment Association

Comfort 2730, 2740, 41, 42

2700 Classic Line

Integral browguard and side shields for

Can be worn over most prescription

Extremely light-weight and comfortable.

Ideal for combination with 9300 series

Choice of clear lens for normal light (2720)/

Adjustable temple length to suit the

Ratchet arms for lens angle adjustment.

Soft, comfortable, ventilated nose bridge.

Soft tips reduce pressure.

Adjustable temple length to suit the individual

Ratchet arms for lens angle adjustment.

Soft tips reduce pressure

Choice of clear lens for normal light (2740)/

Adjustable temple length to suit the

Soft, comfortable, ventilated nose bridge.