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If f (x, y ) is continuous throughout the region a x b, c y d (say
R ) then
ZZ Z b Z d Z d Z b
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dydx = f (x, y )dxdy
a c c a
R
R3R2
Example. 0 0 (4 y 2 )dydx
R3R2
Example. 0 0 (4 y 2 )dydx
Solution. We solve this by iterative process.
R3R2
Example. 0 0 (4 y 2 )dydx
Solution.
R3R2 We solve this by iterative process.
(4 y 2 )dydx =
0 0
R3R2
Example. 0 0 (4 y 2 )dydx
Solution.
R3R2 We solve this
R by iterative process.
(4 y 2 )dydx = 3 (4y 1 y 3 )|2 dx =
0 0 0 3 0
R3R2
Example. 0 0 (4 y 2 )dydx
Solution.
R3R2 We solve this
R by iterative process.R
(4 y 2 )dydx = 3 (4y 1 y 3 )|2 dx = 3 16
= 16/3(x)|30 = 16
0 0 0 3 0 0 3 dx
R3R2
Example. 0 0 (4 y 2 )dydx
Solution.
R3R2 We solve this
R by iterative process.R
(4 y 2 )dydx = 3 (4y 1 y 3 )|2 dx = 3 16
= 16/3(x)|30 = 16
0 0 0 3 0 0 3 dx
RIf 2we iterate with completing the integration for x first then we get
2 )(x)|3 dy =
0 (4 y 0
R3R2
Example. 0 0 (4 y 2 )dydx
Solution.
R3R2 We solve this
R by iterative process.R
(4 y 2 )dydx = 3 (4y 1 y 3 )|2 dx = 3 16
= 16/3(x)|30 = 16
0 0 0 3 0 0 3 dx
RIf 2we iterate with completing the integration for x first then we get
2 )(x)|3 dy = 3 2 (4 y 2 )dy = 3 16/3 = 16
R
0 (4 y 0 0
Theorem
Let f (x, y ) be a continuous function on a region R.
1 If the region R is given by a x b, g1 (x) y g2 (x), with g1 , g2
continuous on the interval [a, b], then
Theorem
Let f (x, y ) be a continuous function on a region R.
1 If the region R is given by a x b, g1 (x) y g2 (x), with g1 , g2
continuous on the interval [a, b], then
ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dydx.
a g1 (x)
R
Theorem
Let f (x, y ) be a continuous function on a region R.
1 If the region R is given by a x b, g1 (x) y g2 (x), with g1 , g2
continuous on the interval [a, b], then
ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dydx.
a g1 (x)
R
Theorem
Let f (x, y ) be a continuous function on a region R.
1 If the region R is given by a x b, g1 (x) y g2 (x), with g1 , g2
continuous on the interval [a, b], then
ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dydx.
a g1 (x)
R
sin x
RR
Example. Calculate x dA where the region R is bounded by the x
R
axis and the lines x = 1, y = x.
sin x
RR
Example. Calculate x dA where the region R is bounded by the x
R
axis and the lines x = 1, y = x.
Solution. Let us first integrate with respect to y ,
sin x
RR
Example. Calculate x dA where the region R is bounded by the x
R
axis and the lines x = 1, y = x.
Solution. Let us first integrate with respect to y , we get
Z 1 Z x
sin x
( dy )dx =
0 0 x
sin x
RR
Example. Calculate x dA where the region R is bounded by the x
R
axis and the lines x = 1, y = x.
Solution. Let us first integrate with respect to y , we get
Z 1 Z x
sin x
( dy )dx =
0 0 x
Z 1
sin x x
= ( y ) dx
0 x 0
sin x
RR
Example. Calculate x dA where the region R is bounded by the x
R
axis and the lines x = 1, y = x.
Solution. Let us first integrate with respect to y , we get
Z 1 Z x
sin x
( dy )dx =
0 0 x
Z 1
sin x x
= ( y ) dx
0 x 0
Z 1 Z 1
sin x
= xdx = sin xdx = cos x|10 = cos 1 + 1
0 x 0
sin x
RR
Example. Calculate x dA where the region R is bounded by the x
R
axis and the lines x = 1, y = x.
Solution. Let us first integrate with respect to y , we get
Z 1 Z x
sin x
( dy )dx =
0 0 x
Z 1
sin x x
= ( y ) dx
0 x 0
Z 1 Z 1
sin x
= xdx = sin xdx = cos x|10 = cos 1 + 1
0 x 0
R1 sin x
If we try to integrate with x first then we have to integrate 0 x dx
R1 sin x
If we try to integrate with x first then we have to integrate 0 x dx
which requires the indefinite integral sinx x
R
R1 sin x
If we try to integrate with x first then we have to integrate 0 x dx
which requires the indefinite integral sinx x
R
R 1 R y2
Example. Find the integral 0 0 3y 3 e xy dxdy .
R 1 R y2
Example. Find the integral 0 0 3y 3 e xy dxdy .
Solution. Z 1 Z y2 Z 1h
3 xy e xy iy 2
3y e dxdy = 3y 3 dy
0 0 0 y 0
R 1 R y2
Example. Find the integral 0 0 3y 3 e xy dxdy .
Solution. Z 1 Z y2 Z 1h
3 xy e xy iy 2
3y e dxdy = 3y 3 dy
0 0 0 y 0
Z 1
3
= (3y 2 e y 3y 2 )dy
0
R 1 R y2
Example. Find the integral 0 0 3y 3 e xy dxdy .
Solution. Z 1 Z y2 Z 1h
3 xy e xy iy 2
3y e dxdy = 3y 3 dy
0 0 0 y 0
Z 1
3
= (3y 2 e y 3y 2 )dy
0
3
= ey y 3 = e 2
R 0 R v
Example Sketch the region and evaluate the integral: 2 v 2dpdv .
R 0 R v
Example Sketch the region and evaluate the integral: 2 v 2dpdv .
Example. The integral is.
R 0 R v
Example Sketch the region and evaluate the integral: 2 v 2dpdv .
Example. The integral is.
Z 0 Z v Z 0 h iv
2dpdv = 2p dv
2 v 2 v
R 0 R v
Example Sketch the region and evaluate the integral: 2 v 2dpdv .
Example. The integral is.
Z 0 Z v Z 0 h iv
2dpdv = 2p dv
2 v 2 v
Z 0 h1 i0
= (4v )dv = 4 v2 =8
2 2 2
4
=
3
Given a region R in the following steps we can find the limits of the
integration.
Given a region R in the following steps we can find the limits of the
integration. If we want to integrate first with respect to y then :
Given a region R in the following steps we can find the limits of the
integration. If we want to integrate first with respect to y then :
1 Sketch the region and label the curves bounding the region.
Given a region R in the following steps we can find the limits of the
integration. If we want to integrate first with respect to y then :
1 Sketch the region and label the curves bounding the region.
2 Find the y limits.
Given a region R in the following steps we can find the limits of the
integration. If we want to integrate first with respect to y then :
1 Sketch the region and label the curves bounding the region.
2 Find the y limits. Look at a vertical line through (x, 0)
Given a region R in the following steps we can find the limits of the
integration. If we want to integrate first with respect to y then :
1 Sketch the region and label the curves bounding the region.
2 Find the y limits. Look at a vertical line through (x, 0) the y values as
a function of x as the line enters and leaves the region
Given a region R in the following steps we can find the limits of the
integration. If we want to integrate first with respect to y then :
1 Sketch the region and label the curves bounding the region.
2 Find the y limits. Look at a vertical line through (x, 0) the y values as
a function of x as the line enters and leaves the region are the limits.
Given a region R in the following steps we can find the limits of the
integration. If we want to integrate first with respect to y then :
1 Sketch the region and label the curves bounding the region.
2 Find the y limits. Look at a vertical line through (x, 0) the y values as
a function of x as the line enters and leaves the region are the limits.
3 The x limits of integration are the extreme x values of the region.
Given a region R in the following steps we can find the limits of the
integration. If we want to integrate first with respect to y then :
1 Sketch the region and label the curves bounding the region.
2 Find the y limits. Look at a vertical line through (x, 0) the y values as
a function of x as the line enters and leaves the region are the limits.
3 The x limits of integration are the extreme x values of the region.
The method is similar if we want to integrate with respect to x first, we
simply choose horizontal lines to find the x limits as functions of y .
R 1 R 42x
Example. Reverse the order of the integration 0 2 dydx.
R 1 R 42x
Example. Reverse the order of the integration 0 2 dydx.
Solution. First we sketch the region and find the limits of x as functions
of y
R 1 R 42x
Example. Reverse the order of the integration 0 2 dydx.
Solution. First we sketch the region and find the limits of x as functions
of y
First the limits of y are 2 y 4.
R 1 R 42x
Example. Reverse the order of the integration 0 2 dydx.
Solution. First we sketch the region and find the limits of x as functions
of y
First the limits of y are 2 y 4.
Then the limits of x are bounded by the lines x = 0 and x = 12 (4 y ).
R 1 R 42x
Example. Reverse the order of the integration 0 2 dydx.
Solution. First we sketch the region and find the limits of x as functions
of y
First the limits of y are 2 y 4.
Then the limits of x are bounded by the lines x = 0 and x = 12 (4 y ).
R 4 R 1 (4y )
So the reversed integral is 2 02 dxdy .
R 32 R 94x 2
Example. Reverse the order of the integral in 0 0 16xdydx.
R 32 R 94x 2
Example. Reverse the order of the integral in 0 0 16xdydx.
Solution. First sketch the region.
R 32 R 94x 2
Example. Reverse the order of the integral in 0 0 16xdydx.
Solution. First sketch the region.
Then find the limits of y ,
R 32 R 94x 2
Example. Reverse the order of the integral in 0 0 16xdydx.
Solution. First sketch the region.
Then find the limits of y , 0 y 9.
R 3 R 94x 2
Example. Reverse the order of the integral in 02 0 16xdydx.
Solution. First sketch the region.
Then find the limits of y , 0 y 9.
Then the note that any horizontal line is bounded by the curves x = 0 and
y = 9 4x 2
R 3 R 94x 2
Example. Reverse the order of the integral in 02 0 16xdydx.
Solution. First sketch the region.
Then find the limits of y , 0 y 9.
Then the note that any horizontal line is
bounded by the curves x = 0 and
y = 9 4x so the x limits are 0 x 9y
2
2 .
R 3 R 94x 2
Example. Reverse the order of the integral in 02 0 16xdydx.
Solution. First sketch the region.
Then find the limits of y , 0 y 9.
Then the note that any horizontal line is
bounded by the curves x = 0 and
y = 9 4x so the x limits are 0 x 9y
2
2 .
R 9 R 9y
So the reversed integral is 0 0 2 16xdxdy
R1Rx
Example. Evaluate the integral 0 0 x 2 e xy dydx.
R1Rx
Example. Evaluate the integral 0 0 x 2 e xy dydx.
Solution. Lets iterate the integral.
R1Rx
Example. Evaluate the integral 0 0 x 2 e xy dydx.
Solution. Lets iterate the integral. We get the integral
Z 1Z x
x 2 e xy dydx
0 0
R1Rx
Example. Evaluate the integral 0 0 x 2 e xy dydx.
Solution. Lets iterate the integral. We get the integral
Z 1Z x
x 2 e xy dydx
0 0
R1Rx
Example. Evaluate the integral 0 0 x 2 e xy dydx.
Solution. Lets iterate the integral. We get the integral
Z 1Z x
x 2 e xy dydx
0 0
R1Rx
Example. Evaluate the integral 0 0 x 2 e xy dydx.
Solution. Lets iterate the integral. We get the integral
Z 1Z x
x 2 e xy dydx
0 0
e 2
=
2
RR1 1
Example. Compute the integral 1 e x x 3 y dydx.
RR1
Example. Compute the integral 1 e x x 13 y dydx.
Solution. Just as in the single variable case we define this integral as the
limit Z tZ 1
1
lim 3
dydx.
t 1 e x x y
RR1
Example. Compute the integral 1 e x x 13 y dydx.
Solution. Just as in the single variable case we define this integral as the
limit Z tZ 1
1
lim 3
dydx.
t 1 e x x y
And the integral comes to Z t
1
dx =
1 x2
RR1
Example. Compute the integral 1 e x x 13 y dydx.
Solution. Just as in the single variable case we define this integral as the
limit Z tZ 1
1
lim 3
dydx.
t 1 e x x y
And the integral comes to Z t
1
dx =
1 x2
h 1 it 1
= +1
x 1 t
RR1
Example. Compute the integral 1 e x x 13 y dydx.
Solution. Just as in the single variable case we define this integral as the
limit Z tZ 1
1
lim 3
dydx.
t 1 e x x y
And the integral comes to Z t
1
dx =
1 x2
h 1 it 1
= +1
x 1 t
As we pass through the limit we get 1.
The double integrals of function given in polar form is little different than
the functions given in Cartesian coordinate systems.
The double integrals of function given in polar form is little different than
the functions given in Cartesian coordinate systems.
If A differentiable function f (r , ) is given in polar coordinates over the
region R which lies between the angels
The double integrals of function given in polar form is little different than
the functions given in Cartesian coordinate systems.
If A differentiable function f (r , ) is given in polar coordinates over the
region R which lies between the angels 1 2
The double integrals of function given in polar form is little different than
the functions given in Cartesian coordinate systems.
If A differentiable function f (r , ) is given in polar coordinates over the
region R which lies between the angels 1 2 and the radius
bounded as g1 (1 ) r g2 (2 ) where g1 (), g2 () are continuous
functions.
The double integrals of function given in polar form is little different than
the functions given in Cartesian coordinate systems.
If A differentiable function f (r , ) is given in polar coordinates over the
region R which lies between the angels 1 2 and the radius
bounded as g1 (1 ) r g2 (2 ) where g1 (), g2 () are continuous
functions. RR
Then the integral f (r , )dA is defined as the integral
R
The double integrals of function given in polar form is little different than
the functions given in Cartesian coordinate systems.
If A differentiable function f (r , ) is given in polar coordinates over the
region R which lies between the angels 1 2 and the radius
bounded as g1 (1 ) r g2 (2 ) where g1 (), g2 () are continuous
functions. RR
Then the integral f (r , )dA is defined as the integral
R
Z 2 Z g2 (2 )
f (r , )r drd
1 g1 (1 )
The double integrals of function given in polar form is little different than
the functions given in Cartesian coordinate systems.
If A differentiable function f (r , ) is given in polar coordinates over the
region R which lies between the angels 1 2 and the radius
bounded as g1 (1 ) r g2 (2 ) where g1 (), g2 () are continuous
functions. RR
Then the integral f (r , )dA is defined as the integral
R
Z 2 Z g2 (2 )
f (r , )r drd
1 g1 (1 )
63
Z
2 cos d
=
3
4
sin3
63
Z
2 cos d
=
3
4
sin3
63 h 1 i 2
=
3 2 sin2 4
= 36
.
Himadri Mukherjee Mathematics I October 2, 2015 21 / 37
Example
Example.
R R (xFind the integral by changing to the polar coordinates:
2 +y 2 )
0 0 e dxdy .
Z h 2 i
2
= 1/2 e r d
0 0
Z h 2 i
2
= 1/2 e r d
0 0
=
4
Z h 2 i
2
= 1/2 e r d
0 0
=
4
Try the integral in Cartesian coordinate form.
Z h 2 i
2
= 1/2 e r d
0 0
=
4
Try the integral in Cartesian coordinate form. This shows the power of
polar coordinates in dealing with certain types of functions.
Z h 2 i
2
= 1/2 e r d
0 0
=
4
Try the integral in Cartesian coordinate form. This shows the power of
polar coordinates in dealing with certain types of functions. Namely the
radially symmetric functions.
Himadri Mukherjee Mathematics I October 2, 2015 22 / 37
Area
It will be clear later why these two definitions do give the same quantity.
10
5 5 10
10
10
5 5 10
10
Himadri
Mukherjee Mathematics I October 2, 2015 24 / 37
Example. Find the area of one leaf of the rose r = 12 cos 3.
10
5 5 10
10
Himadri
Mukherjee Mathematics I October 2, 2015 24 / 37
Example. Find the area of one leaf of the rose r = 12 cos 3.
10
5 5 10
10
Himadri
Mukherjee Mathematics I October 2, 2015 24 / 37
Example. Find the area of one leaf of the rose r = 12 cos 3.
10
5 5 10
10
Himadri
Mukherjee Mathematics I October 2, 2015 24 / 37
Example cont.
122
Z
6
=2 cos2 3d
2 0
Z
122 6
=2 cos2 3d
2 0
Z
122 6
=2 1 + cos 6d
4 0
Z
122 6
=2 cos2 3d
2 0
Z
122 6
=2 1 + cos 6d
4 0
= 12
Solution. First let us sketch the region and find the limits in polar
coordinate.
Solution. First let us sketch the region and find the limits in polar
coordinate.
0.5
0.5 1 1.5 2
= +1
2
Solution. Let us find the limits in polar coordinates first: The integral
becomes: Z Z ln2
2
re r drd
0 0
Solution. Let us find the limits in polar coordinates first: The integral
becomes: Z Z ln2
2
re r drd
0 0
= (2ln2 1)/2
We sketch the region. Note that we have to write the region as disjoint
union of the region y 2 and the region y 2.
We sketch the region. Note that we have to write the region as disjoint
union of the region y 2 and the region y 2.
The final integral is
Z 2Z y Z 2 Z 2
1 1
2
dxdy + dxdy
y 1 + y y 1 + y2
0
2
Example. Find the limits of the domain in the first octant bounded by the
plane y + z = 2 and the cylinder x = 4 y 2 .
Example. Find the limits of the domain in the first octant bounded by the
plane y + z = 2 and the cylinder x = 4 y 2 .
Solution. First let us sketch the region.
Example. Find the limits of the domain in the first octant bounded by the
plane y + z = 2 and the cylinder x = 4 y 2 .
Solution. First let us sketch the region.
In the form:
1 dydzdx
In the form:
1 dydzdx
2 dydxdz
In the form:
1 dydzdx
2 dydxdz
3 dxdydz
In the form:
1 dydzdx
2 dydxdz
3 dxdydz
4 dxdzdy
In the form:
1 dydzdx
2 dydxdz
3 dxdydz
4 dxdzdy
5 dzdxdy