Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of
Mini Hydro Power
Volume 1
Site Identification Civil Works Electro-Mechanical
GOOD & BAD
of
Mini Hydro Power
Klaus Jorde
with the resources of Entec AG
Ekart Hartmann, Heinz Unger
Edited by
Roman Ritter
GTZ
Authors:
Klaus Jorde with the resources of Entec AG;
Ekart Hartmann, Heinz Unger
Editing:
Roman Ritter, GTZ
Published by:
The ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)
under the direction of its Executive Director, Nguyen Manh Hung,
supported by the ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)
Photographs, drawings and any other graphical elements are intellectual copyright protected
and therefore must not be extracted separately from this publication.
However, complete chapters of this book may be translated into other languages and thereby
be reproduced for training purposes, provided the publisher is informed of these purposes
and proper acknowledgements are made.
Disclaimer:
The publication has been prepared to illustrate good & bad practice examples in micro and mini hydro power
planning, implementation, operation & management.
While all reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this publication, the authors, editors, ACE, AGMHP,
Entec AG, GTZ, MHPP, PT Entec Indonesia and any other individuals and parties involved accept no responsibility
for damage, injury or any other undesirable events resulting from its application or interpretation.
The ultimate responsibility for quality, reliability and safety remains with designers, suppliers, installation teams
and operating agencies. It is strongly recommended that any design, construction, electrical or mechanical
installation, operation, maintenance and repair works are carried out and/or supervised and checked by qualified
technicians and engineers only.
ISBN : 978-979-8978-26-5/978-979-8978-27-2
1 SITE IDENTIFICATION 1
1.1 General 2
1.2 Run of River Hydro Power Station 2
1.3 Feasibility 4
1.3.1 Site Identification and Flow Measurement 4
1.3.2 Rough Calculation of Possible Hydro and Electrical Power 6
1.3.3 Estimate Electrical Load 7
1.3.4 How to Measure the River/Stream Flow? 7
1.3.5 Discharge Measurements and Flow Duration Curve 14
1.3.6 Head Measurement 15
1.3.7 General Project Data 24
1.3.8 Synergies, Ownership and Management 26
1.3.9 Energy Supply and Demand 27
1.3.10 Consultants 29
2 CIVIL WORKS 31
2.1 Construction Basics 32
2.2 Individual Components 44
2.2.1 Weir and Intake 44
2.2.2 Sand Trap - Settling Basin 53
2.2.3 Headrace Channel 57
2.2.4 Forebay 70
2.2.5 Trash Rack 75
2.2.6 Spillway 81
2.2.7 Penstock and Support 85
2.2.8 Power House and Tailrace 97
The urgent call for reducing the carbon footprint of our economies combined with the worlds
ever growing demand for scaling-up access to energy is a priority challenge on the global
agenda which defines the role for renewables.
Renewable energies offer climate-friendly, low risk technology options for decentralized
power generation. In remote areas, utilizing local renewables to support the development
of poor rural communities is often more economically viable than transporting diesel fuel
or expanding the national electricity grid over long distances. In locations where however
the network infrastructure is already in place, harnessing natural resources for feeding power
into the central grid also offers an important source of local income that contributes to
macroeconomic stability by gaining independence from price-volatile fossil fuels.
In the light of this, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) is emphasizing the
need to strengthen the development of renewable energies. Promoting mutual cooperation
for the transfer of knowledge and skills in order to narrow development gaps among the
ASEAN countries, to empower the regions peoples, and ultimately to alleviate poverty is seen
as the way forward.
With this publication, GOOD & BAD of Mini Hydro Power, the ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)
aims to provide valuable lessons from experiences gained in one member country for the
dissemination of good practices throughout the whole region. This is intended to support
the capacity development of ASEANs human resources in the sustainable planning, design,
implementation, management, operation and maintenance of mini hydro power (MHP).
The two underlying principles of this book are: a picture is worth a thousand words and the
only real mistake is the one from which we learn nothing. Thus along the sequence from
water to wire contrasting pictures of good & bad examples are provided to illustrate what
actually defines the difference. Each picture is complemented by short explanations so that
the book can serve as a technical training manual that offers direct and easy-to-understand
guidance.
Therefore special thanks go to the Indonesian Directorate General for Electricity and Energy
Utilization (DGEEU) and its Mini Hydro Power Project (MHPP) which has been jointly
implemented for more than 10 years by DGEEU and GTZ, the German Technical Cooperation
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit.
Big thanks also go to the team of authors who made great efforts in bringing together Entecs
expertise in MHP development with the didactical concept of using contrasting pictures
which require only short explanations to point out the decisive difference.
Last but certainly not least, the ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) is highly grateful to the German
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) for its continuous support
of the ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP) which provided the necessary resources
for compiling this publication.
1.1GENERAL
Mini hydro power stations (MHP) are installations often referred to as generating less than
1,000 kW electrical energy. The hydraulic sources are:
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To create electricity in a small hydro power station the following two questions are essential:
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Flow and head are the most important parameters for the design of a hydro power plant.
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a channel and/or penstock system
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- Isolated MHP
- Grid connected MHP
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connected. Most components, such as civil works and hydraulic components are the
same
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Note:
1.3 FEASIBILITY
The most important information which must be available is the general location and
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head difference which can be utilized. Additionally it is important to know the distance to the
potential electricity consumers and/or the closest power line near by.
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be sure how much water (in rainy and dry season) is available to run a turbine. These data give
the designer the basic information for the selection of a turbine that works most efficiently.
With this information and the demand of the consumers, the designer can choose the proper
turbine and generator as well as he can define size and length of the grid for an isolated
MHP.
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In reality, such good data are often not available.
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printing them over 100% of the time covered by the measurements. The diagram says for
example that during 23% of the time the discharge is higher than 10 m3/s. This curve is the
most important information for the design of the hydropower plant. If it is not based on good
data everything else becomes equally speculative as well.
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recorded every day during minimum one year in order to get the following curve:
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demand of the customers. Ideally the MHP should allow covering the demand all around the
year. If the demand is higher than the available capacity, alternative energy resources have to
be identified and/or energy efficiency measures have to be taken into consideration.
If you cannot get good measurements over an extended period of time you need the help of
an experienced hydrologist for this analysis.
By answering the following questions youll find out, if the scheme is worth to go ahead with
the planning:
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you have available all year round.
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power:
P = Power in Watt
Q = Minimum available flow
H = Head, difference in height in meter
This formula shows the hydraulic capacity only and refers to 100% efficiency without losses.
Losses in penstock, turbine, gear transmission, generator and electricity transmission reduce
the final electrical power. By calculating losses of 20.30%, the final electrical power will
approximately be:
EXAMPLE:
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EBZTQFSZFBS
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generate less power accordingly. Lets assume that we have a head of 30 m available. In this
case the power generation will be:
If the designer chooses a larger turbine, lets say with the design charge of 220 l/s, the MHP
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remainder of the year, around 300 days, the MHP would generate much less power, depending
on the discharge which is available.
Try to estimate the required electrical power supply needed for all households, public
infrastructure facilities (e.g. schools, markets, clinics, community buildings, and street
lightings), workshops, etc in the electrical system. For each household calculate around
50150 W for lighting, radio, TV, fan, refrigerator, etc.
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by a possible MHP.
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has to be appropriate and robust. Depending on the size of the river or stream there are
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Bucket Method
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POMZ
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liter/seconds can be calculated
Note:
Float Method
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Profile
Define the cross section area first. Normally its more difficult than in our example (Cross
section = H x W). Try to divide the whole cross section into several sections, when the profile
is not rectangular, and add the different sections together to define the whole cross section.
Float
For a known length of the stream (L), an average cross section should be available, where a
half filled plastic bottle of water has to be timed over a measured length (L = 1020 m). By
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made now. For any case a correction factor of +/- 20% must be applied.
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of the rivers cross section by a so called current meter
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laid out piece of steel or timber to get a reference height. Note the location of the cross
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Note:
THIS METHOD IS SUITABLE FOR FLOW VELOCITIES RANGING FROM 0.2 - 5 m/s AND WHERE
YOU CAN SAFELY WADE THE STREAM!
Measuring rod
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But:
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from following table:
B
gauging
point of tracer injection point
tracer cloud A
M=V.C1
FA
FB
tA Time
tB
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electric conductivity of the stream / salt concentrate mixture. So if the river is 10 m wide,
you should measure at least 200 m downstream
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Note:
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time you always measure the stage of the river at the same location and you must install a
permanent staff gauge for this purpose. Then you can develop a relationship between the
stage and the discharge, based in your measurements. It is a simple curve, shown green in
the figure below.
Discharge (l/s)
The red stars represent the measurements which you have taken. From then on you must
only measure the stage, lets say every day at noon, and your curve will tell you what the
discharge is at the same time. The two blue arrows indicate how this works. If you do this for
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Note:
IF YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND THIS PROCEDURE YOU MUST HIRE AN EXPERT TO HELP
YOU!
Head is the difference in height between the water level of the planned forebay and the
planned position of the turbine shaft. There are different ways to measure it.
Level of forebay
Head
turbine
This method is similar to the levelling method, except that a water-filled hose is used
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- The gauge is not properly calibrated
- There are air bubbles in the hose
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reliable results
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around the entire length from intake to tailrace
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uncertainties this method should not be used for heads less than about 50 m
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validated by more accurate measurements
Clinometer
4 scales available
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the bottom/top of the point to be measured
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bottom/top of the point
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forehead or on a pole
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calculated
b foresight
foresight
a
O% O% O%
backsight
O% Change
Point
La -b Lb -c
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terrain, the instrument has to be set up more often
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in height and distance between the two
points where the rod is set up
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them up, the distance and the height (which
is the available head) can be calculated
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clinometer but more accurate
These instruments should be used by people who are trained to handle them as well as to analyze
the data of the measurements
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project?
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voltage and transformers/medium voltage lines with length and number of wires/low
voltage lines with length and number of wires
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in km and time should be recorded
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system?
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remittances, etc.
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others?
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monthly?
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least-cost option (electricity supply from the existing grid vs. setting up a stand-alone
MHP scheme vs. selling surplus energy from the MHP to the grid)
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SBEJP
57
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etc ask all households
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street lighting, place of worship etc.
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type, kiosk, manufacturing, cottage industry, etc.?
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long are the peaks of usage
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demand for the village
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demand
1.3.10 Consultants
If communities intend to implement an electrical system they are well advised to ask a
consultant for support:
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of a reliable professional is very important. Only with such a professional you prevent
mistakes in calculation, design, construction and operation
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very carefully. Hydro, wind or solar potential will be checked in detail. The professional
consultant will recommend the most appropriate energy system
Note:
2. Civil Works
This chapter will provide general advice for construction and show a number of good and
bad examples to illustrate what makes the important difference.
+ +
Cement Sand Gravel
+ =
Good quality concrete
Water
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cement, sand, gravel and water
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MPXTUSFOHUIDPODSFUF
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concrete of good quality
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Note:
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CVUMFUJUTMJQ
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from outside etc
Corner bracing
t 5IFCPBSETPGUIFGPSNXPSLBSFPGHPPERVBMJUZ
t 5IF TVQQPSUT BSF GBTUFOFE UP UIF GPSNXPSL BOE CSBDFE BHBJOTU UIF HSPVOE UP BWPJE
movements during placing the concrete
t 1VEEMFBOHFTBSFXFMEFEUPUIFQFOTUPDLQJQFUPCFUUFSBODIPSJU
t 3FJOGPSDFNFOUJTJOQMBDFBOESFBEZGPSDPODSFUJOH
t 'PSNXPSLNVTUCFXFMMYFECFDBVTFJUJTJNQPTTJCMFUPIPMEJUVQXIFOUIFDPODSFUFJT
being poured into the formwork
t #FGPSF QPVSJOH
DMFBSMZ NBSL UIF OFDFTTBSZ UPQ PG DPODSFUF TVSGBDF UP HFU FOPVHI
coverage of reinforcement, at least 3 cm
t 7JCSBUFDPODSFUFXFMMoUIJTXJMMHJWFDPODSFUFUIFEFOTJUZBOEMMBMMWPJETTPJUIBTUIF
strength and quality to fulfill the task of an anchor block
Earthing cable
t 5IFGPVOEBUJPOTPGUVSCJOFBOEHFOFSBUPSNVTUCFCVJMUXJUIDBSF
t "TUBCMFGPVOEBUJPOBWPJETNPWFNFOUTPGUIFFRVJQNFOUXIJDIJTBCTPMVUFMZOFDFTTBSZ
for a trouble-free operation of the plant
t 5IFHFOFSBUPSTIPXOJOUIFQJDUVSFJTQSPQFSMZGBTUFOFEBOEBEKVTUFECZUVSOCVDLMFTUP
keep the equipment stable and horizontal while the concrete is being placed
t "OBCTPMVUFMZIPSJ[POUBMCBTFJTFTTFOUJBMGPSBTNPPUIUSBOTNJTTJPO
t 5IFFBSUIJOHDBCMFJTDPOOFDUFEUPUIFSFJOGPSDFNFOUPGUIFCBTFBOEXJMMCFMBUFSBMTP
connected to the equipment itself. This is very important to avoid short circuits during
operation
t *OPSEFSUPHFUHPPERVBMJUZDPODSFUF
UIFDPODSFUFNVTUCFWJCSBUFEBGUFSCFJOHQPVSFE
Equipment base
25 mm
Sheet metal packing 16 mm
-FWFMPGDPODSFUFPPS
)PMFJODPODSFUFPPSBQQSPYYEJOEJBNFUFS
It must not be larger at the top than the bottom
t *G OP OFX GPVOEBUJPO JT UP CF CVJMU
FRVJQNFOU DBO BMTP CF YFE UP UIF DPODSFUF BT
shown above and described below
t 5IJT NFUIPE JT BMTP BQQMJDBCMF XIFO B GBTUFOJOH CPMU CFDPNFT MPPTF BOE NVTU CF
repaired
t %SJMM B WFSUJDBM IPMF JO UIF DPODSFUF PPS BOE NBLF TVSF UIBU UIF UPQ EJBNFUFS JT OPU
larger than the diameter of the bottom of the hole
t 'PSHSPVUJOHVTFPOMZIJHIEFOTJUZNPSUBS
OPOTISJOL
BOETMPXTFUUJOH
t 1PVS NPSUBS STU BOE UIBO JOTFSU CPMU WFSUJDBMMZ TFU FRVJQNFOU PO UPQ o EVSJOH UIJT
operation the mortar is still soft and all parts are adjustable
Earthing cable
Earthing rod
t &BSUIJOHJTBTBGFHVBSETZTUFNGPSQFPQMFBOENBDIJOFT
t &BSUIJOHDBCMFNVTUIBWFBHPPEDPOOFDUJPOUPUIFFBSUIJOHSPE
t 6TF0/-:BQQSPWFEFBSUIJOHDMBNQT
t -FOHUIPGFBSUIJOHQPMFEFQFOETPOUIFDPOEVDUJWJUZPGUIFHSPVOECVUNVTUCFBUMFBTU
3 m long
t &BSUIJOHTIPVMECFMBJEBSPVOEUIFQPXFSIPVTFBUUIFGPVOEBUJPOMFWFM
t $POOFDUBMMSFJOGPSDFEDPODSFUFGPVOEBUJPOT QPXFSIPVTFBOEQPXFSFRVJQNFOU
BOE
any other electrical equipment to the earthing ring
t -JHIUOJOHDPOEVDUPSUPCFDPOOFDUFEUPFBSUIJOHSJOHo 1 m above ground
t 5IJTDPOOFDUJPOXJMMCFVTFEUPNFBTVSFUIFSFTJTUBODFGPSOEJOHPVUJGUIFFBSUIJOHJT
still functioning as it should be
Note:
Washed out
%FBMJOHXJUITVSGBDFXBUFSIFSFVODPOUSPMMFEXBUFSPX
t 1SPQFSESBJOBHFPGBMMTUSVDUVSFTJTOFDFTTBSZGPSMPOHFSMJGFFYQFDUBODZ
t 5IFCBTFPGTUSVDUVSFT
FHGPVOEBUJPOPGQPXFSIPVTF
QFOTUPDLTVQQPSUTFUD
DBOCF
easily destroyed by water, unless they have a stable concrete foundation
t 'MPXJOHTVSGBDFXBUFSXJMMXBTIPVUTPJMBOEDBVTFFSPTJPOVOEFSOFBUITUSVDUVSFTBOE
foundations - keep an eye on surface water where it comes from and where it goes
t 8BUFSEJTDIBSHFJTBOJNQPSUBOUTVCKFDUPGDPOTUSVDUJPOoEPOPUOFHMFDUJU
Note:
No concrete foundation
Good design
t 5IF EJNFOTJPO PG UIF MPXFTU SPX PG HBCJPOT NVTU CF MBSHFS UIBO UIF NBY XBUFS
pressure, e.g. if the water is 1 m deep, the lowest gabion should be 1.2 m
t "MMTUFQTPGUIFHBCJPOXFJSNVTUCFBCPWFXBUFSQSFTTVSFMJOF
t 5PSFBDICFUUFSTUBCJMJUZPGUIFDPOTUSVDUJPO
EJHUIFMPXFTUHBCJPOJOUPUIFSJWFSCPUUPN
t 5JFUIFHBCJPOFOETJOUPUIFSJWFSCBOLTPSJOUPXJOHXBMMT
t "TBMUFSOBUJWFUPBTUSBJHIUBMJHONFOUTFUUIFHBCJPOTJOBOVQTUSFBNDVSWF
t 'PS CFUUFS GSJDUJPO
UIF MFOHUI PG UIF VQQFS HBCJPO TIPVME CF PG UIF MFOHUI PG UIF
lower one
t .BLFTVSFUIBUUIFNBYJNVNTJ[FPGUIFXJSFNFTIJTDN
EFOJUFMZTNBMMFSUIBOUIF
smallest cobbles in the gabions
t $POOFDUBMMHBCJPOTUPFBDIPUIFS
t 6TFPOMZXJSFNBUFSJBMUIBUEPFTOPUSVTU
TVDIBTHBMWBOJ[FEPSFQPYZDPBUFE
t 5IFTJEFXBMMTPGBDIBOOFMNVTUCFBCMFUPXJUITUBOEUIFXBUFSQSFTTVSF
t 5IFXBUFSQSFTTVSFJTBUUIFIJHIFTUBUUIFCPUUPNPGUIFDIBOOFM
t #VJME UIF DIBOOFM BT B SJHJE CPY BOEPS EJH UIF DIBOOFM JO EFFQFS XJUI FOPVHI
undisturbed material remaining on the down slope side
t *G UIFSF JT OP PUIFS BMJHONFOU QPTTJCMF
VTF NBUFSJBM XIJDI DBO XJUITUBOE UIF XBUFS
pressure o use concrete on a good base foundation
t 5IFBSFBBSPVOEUIFDIBOOFMTIPVMECFXFMMESBJOFEUPMJHIUFOBOZXBUFSQSFTTVSFBOE
keep the slope from sliding
t "DIBOOFMVTVBMMZDPOTJTUTPGUXPTJEFXBMMTBOEBOJOWFSU CFE
t *G B DIBOOFM IBT OP VQTMPQF SFUBJOJOH XBMM
XBUFS XJMM TFFQ UISPVHI VOEFSOFBUI UIF
channel and erode and damage the bed
t 5IFNPOFZTBWFECZOPUCVJMEJOHBOVQTMPQFXBMMXJMMIBWFUPCFTQFOUGPSSFQBJSTPGUIF
channel this becomes more expensive because the channel invert must be repaired
too
t *U JT B HPPE JOWFTUNFOU UP CVJME B SFUBJOJOH XBMM PO UIF VQTMPQF TJEF VOMFTT UIFSF JT B
stable rock face where only a thin liner is needed
t 6QTMPQFSFUBJOJOHXBMMTBMTPIFMQUPQSFWFOUUIBUFSPEFENBUFSJBMESPQTJOUPUIFDIBOOFM
t .BLF TVSF UIBU UIF TMPQF BSPVOE UIF DIBOOFM JT XFMM ESBJOFE UP LFFQ UIF TMPQF GSPN
sliding, place drainpipes underneath the channel
Weir or diversion
structure
Side spillway
Sluice gate
Flushing gate
Intake orifice
Sand trap
*OUBLF NVTU EJWFSU UIF SFRVJSFE TUSFBN PX JOUP UIF IFBESBDF DIBOOFM BU BMM UJNFT BOE
all water levels in the river
Intakes should if possible be located on the outer side of a river bend to minimize
sediment in headrace
1SPWJTJPOT TIPVME CF NBEF UP FYDMVEF MBSHF PBUJOH EFCSJT PBUJOH CBS PS TVCNFSHFE
JOUBLFPSJDF
BOEDPBSTFHSBWFM CPUUPNTJMM
GSPNUIFPXEJWFSUFEJOUPUIFIFBESBDF
5IF TMVJDF HBUF NVTU CF JOTUBMMFE DMPTF UP UIF JOUBLF PSJDF JO PSEFS UP BMMPX VTIJOH PG
sediments depositing in front of the intake orifice
Intake gate
Sluice gate
Wing wall
Intake orifice
This drawing shows a typical combination of weir and intake including a sluice gate which
can be used to remove deposited sand and gravel from the intake. The main function of the
intake is to allow a certain amount of water into the sand trap and headrace and to keep
TFEJNFOUTBOEPBUJOHEFCSJTBXBZGSPNUIFIFBESBDFTZTUFN&YDFTTXBUFSNVTUCFSFUVSOFE
into the river.
NO side walls
NO intake structure
NO sluice gate
t #VJME B XFJS FRVJQQFE XJUI PWFSPX TQJMMXBZ
TMVJDF HBUF BOE JOUBLF HBUF UP UIF
headrace or a properly dimensioned intake opening with stop log grooves
t 5IFIFBESBDFTIPVMECFCVJMUPGDPODSFUF
NBTPOSZPSTJNJMBSNBUFSJBM
t 4JEFBOEXJOHXBMMTVQBOEEPXOTUSFBNPGUIFXFJSBSFFTTFOUJBM
Why?
t 5IFSJWFSCFEVQTUSFBNPGUIFXFJSNVTUCFVTIFESFHVMBSMZUPQSFWFOUTFEJNFOUTGSPN
entering the headrace
t "O FMFWBUFE JOUBLF HBUF PS JOUBLF PQFOJOH JT OFFEFE UP DPOUSPM UIF PX JOUP UIF
headrace and prevent sediments from entering
t *GUIFSFJTOPHBUF
TUPQMPHTDBOCFVTFEUPDMPTFUIFPQFOJOHGPS0.
t 8JUIPVUQSPQFSTQJMMXBZUIFXFJSTUSVDUVSFNBZCFFSPEFEBOEEBNBHFEEVSJOHPPET
t 8JUIPVUXJOHXBMMTBOETJEFXBMMTUIFSJWFSCBOLTXJMMCFFSPEFE
Sluice gate
Intake gate
Weir
Side walls on
both sides
Headrace
Stilling basin to forebay /
powerhouse
t "MMFMFNFOUTOFDFTTBSZGPSBXFMMGVODUJPOJOHJOUBLFBSFJODMVEFEJOUIJTTUSVDUVSF
t 5IFNBJOFMFNFOUTBSFXFMMBSSBOHFE
t 5IFRVBMJUZPGDPOTUSVDUJPOJTHPPE
t 5IFTUSVDUVSFJTXFMMNBJOUBJOFE
t (BUFTBOEBDDFTTUPUIFHBUFTJTDPWFSFECZBSPPG
t $PODSFUFDPODSFUFNBTPOSZJTUIFQSFGFSSFENBUFSJBMGPSCVJMEJOHXFJST
t .BTTDPODSFUFXJMMXJUITUBOEUIFIJHIIZESBVMJDMPBETEVSJOHPPET
t $PODSFUFJTBTUSPOH
EVSBCMFNBUFSJBM
BMTPSFTJTUBOUUPDIFNJDBMT
t $PODSFUFDBOCFVTFEGPSBOZUZQFPGXFJS
Columns on both
sides missing
An unstable construction
t #VJMEDPODSFUFDPMVNOTPOCPUITJEFT
t 4VQQPSUUIFGSBNF ZPLF
PGUIFHBUFTPMJEMZ
Why?
t 5IFHBUFTMJEFTJOTJEFUIFGSBNF
t *G UIF GSBNF HFUT CFOU PS UXJTUFE
UIF HBUF XJMM OPU NPWF BOZNPSF t PX DBOOPU CF
controlled
t 5IFGSBNFDPVMEBMTPHFUCFOUPSUXJTUFECZBPPEJOUIFSJWFSPSTPNFPUIFSJODJEFOU
TVDIBTPBUJOHEFCSJT
Solid columns
t 5IFGSBNFPGUIFHBUFTIPVMECFCVJMUBTBTPMJEXBMMPSJOTUSPOHDPMVNOT
t 5IFTUFFMGSBNFNVTUCFLFQUTUSBJHIUBMMUIFUJNFUPMFUUIFHBUFTMJEFJOUIFSBJMT
t 5IFHBUFNVTUCFBCMFUPCFNPWFEUPDPOUSPMUIFPXUPUIFTBOEUSBQBOEGVSUIFSPO
to the headrace and forebay
5 1
3
6
Note:
Weir or diversion
structure
Flushing gate
Intake orifice
0.80
Side spillway
0.20
Long Section
A'
2.00 5.00 1.00
Intake channel
A'
NO flushing gate
Headrace
NO Spillway
NO bank
protection
Vortices erode
bank
Intake structure
t #VJMEBDPODSFUFXBMMGVSUIFSCBDLPOUIFIJMMTJEFCBOL
t $VUCBDLBMMTISVCTBOENBJOUBJOSFHVMBSMZ
t 4QJMMXBZTIPVMECFMPDBUFEBUUIFFOEPGUIFTBOEUSBQ
/05JOUIFIFBESBDFtrap
Why?
t 0OHPJOHTDPVSJOHCZXBUFSXJMMDBVTFUIFCBOLUPFSPEF
t 4FUUMJOHPVUPGTFEJNFOUXJMMCFMFTTFFDUJWFJGPXJTOPUMJOFBS
t 4FEJNFOUT GSPN CBOL FSPTJPO XJMM TJMU VQ UIF IFBESBDF BOE XJMM IBWF UP CF NBOVBMMZ
SFNPWFECFDBVTFUIFSFJTOPVTIJOHHBUF
Transition
Spillway
Sandtrap
This picture shows all main elements of a well designed water intake with sandtrap
t 5IFUSBOTJUJPOJTJNQPSUBOUUPDBMNBOETMPXEPXOUIFPXWFMPDJUZ
t 4FEJNFOUTTFUUMFPVUNPSFFBTJMZXIFOUIFWFMPDJUZJTMPXBOEUIFPXJTMJOFBS
t 5IFTQJMMXBZDPOUSPMTUIFNBYJNVNWPMVNFPGPXJOUPUIFIFBESBDF
t 4UPQ MPH HSPPWFT BMMPX UIF JOTFSUJPO PG CPBSET UP CMPDL UIF PX GPS DMFBOJOH BOE
repairing the headrace
But:
5
5
2
2
1 3FNPWFBOZSFNBJOJOHTFEJNFOUNBOVBMMZBGUFSVTIJOHUIFTBOEUSBQ
2 Clean concrete surface from vegetation
3 Repair broken parts of the sandtrap
4 Check gates and/or stop logs to be ready for use (not shown in the picture)
5 Remove all grass, shrubs, debris and dirt and do it regularly
Note:
Retaining wall
Drainage below channel
is needed on water-
Covered channel because of rockfalls or eroded material saturated slopes
t %POPUCVJMEIFBESBDFDIBOOFMDMPTFUPTUFFQFSPEJOHTMPQFT
t $VUCBDLTMPQFTTPUIFSFJTOPFSPTJPONBUFSJBMDBSSJFEJOUPDIBOOFM
t $IFDLIFBESBDFDIBOOFMSFHVMBSMZ
BOEDMFBOBTOFFEFE
t *O TFDUJPOT XIFSF FSPTJPO NBUFSJBM DBOOPU CF QSFWFOUFE
DPWFS UIF DIBOOFM FH XJUI
wooden boards
t 3FNPWFFSPTJPONBUFSJBMBOETFEJNFOUTGSPNUIFDIBOOFM
Why?
t 4UFFQCBOLTXJUIPVUWFHFUBUJPOtNPSFFSPTJPONBUFSJBMJOUIFDIBOOFM
t &SPTJPONBUFSJBMDBOTJMUVQBOEFWFOUVBMMZCMPDLUIFDIBOOFM
t &SPTJPONBUFSJBM TFEJNFOU
BMTPSFEVDFTUIFPXDBQBDJUZ
t &SPTJPONBUFSJBMDPVMEEBNBHFUIFUVSCJOFJGOPUDBVHIUJOUIFTBOEUSBQ
The channel should be free of vegetation and away from steep slopes
But:
t 5IF EJUDI CFUXFFO UIF DIBOOFM BOE UIF TMPQF NVTU CF DMFBOFE GSPN EFCSJT BOE LFQU
open
t $IFDLIFBESBDFSFHVMBSMZBOEDVUCBDLWFHFUBUJPO
t 3FNPWFQMBOUT
MFBWFT
EFCSJT
FUDGSPNUIFDIBOOFMSFHVMBSMZ
Why?
t 7FHFUBUJPO JO UIF IFBESBDF SFEVDFT UIF PX WFMPDJUZ BOE DBQBDJUZ XIJDI XJMM DBVTF
NPSFTFEJNFOUBUJPOJOUIFDIBOOFMBOEMFTTPXUPUIFQPXFSIPVTF
t 5PPNBOZMFBWFTJOUIFIFBESBDFNBZDMPHUIFUSBTISBDL
Free of vegetation
t 5IFBSFBBMPOHIFBESBDFDIBOOFMJTLFQUGSFFPGEJTUVSCJOHWFHFUBUJPO
t (SBTTBOETISVCTBSFDVUUPLFFQQBUIBOEMFGUDIBOOFMCBOLGSFF
Note:
THE SLOPE ON THE RIGHT SIDE IS VERY STEEP AND EROSION MATERIAL WILL EASILY DROP
IN THE EARTH CHANNEL. MAINTENANCE IS VERY IMPORTANT IN THIS SECTION OF THE
HEADRACE!
TRY TO STABILIZE THE STEEP SLOPE WITH VEGETATION AND/OR OTHER BIO-ENGINEERING
MEASURES!
Eroded slope
t -JOFUIFDIBOOFMXJUINBTPOSZPSDPODSFUF
JGQPTTJCMF
t #VJMEESPQTJOUIFDIBOOFMUPSFEVDFUIFWFMPDJUZPGUIFPX
t 1SPUFDUUIFESPQTXJUISJQSBQBHBJOTUCFEFSPTJPO
t 1SPUFDUUIFPVUFSDVSWFPGFBSUIDIBOOFMTXJUISPDLT SJQSBQ
UPSFEVDFFSPTJPO
t 1SJPSUPDPOTUSVDUJPO
ESBXBMPOHJUVEJOBMTFDUJPOUPEFUFSNJOFUIFPQUJNBMTMPQFCBTFE
on the proposed channel material
Why?
t 5IFTMPQFPGUIFDIBOOFMEFUFSNJOFTUIFWFMPDJUZPGUIFPX
t 5IF GPSDF PG PXJOH XBUFS DBO DBVTF FSPTJPO EFQFOEJOH PO UIF DIBOOFM NBUFSJBM BOE
slope
t $IBOOFMTXJUIUPPTUFFQTMPQFTPXUPPGBTUBOEUIVTXJMMFSPEFGBTUFS
t $IBOOFMTXJUITMPQFTUPPBUXJMMCFCMPDLFECZTFUUMFETFEJNFOUT
t #VJME DIBOOFM TMPQF BDDPSEJOH UP SFDPNNFOEFE WFMPDJUJFT JO DIBOOFMT
VOOFDFTTBSZ
drops reduce the available head for MHP:
- Earth channel : < 0.4 m/s
- Masonry lining : < 2.0 m/s
$PODSFUFMJOJOH NT
.JOJNVNWFMPDJUZ NTUPBWPJETFEJNFOUBUJPO
t 4JEFTMPQFJTXFMMCBDLGSPNFEHFPGDIBOOFM
t 5IFSFJTOPWFHFUBUJPOHSPXJOHJOUPUIFDIBOOFM
t "TBDPOTFRVFODFZPVDBOFYQFDU
- less debris in the channel
- a clean trash rack
- well operating turbine
- efficient electricity generation
- happy consumers
t *GUIFDVUJTOPUTUBCMF
CVJMESFUBJOJOHXBMMTUPQSFWFOUFSPTJPONBUFSJBMGSPNGBMMJOHJOUP
the channel
t $PWFSUIFIFBESBDFXJUIQSFGBCDPODSFUFTMBCTPSXPPEFOCPBSET
t 3FQMBDFUIFPQFOIFBESBDFDIBOOFMXJUIBCVSJFEQJQF
Why?
t %FFQBOETUFFQDVUTXJMMBMXBZTCFQSPOFUPCBOLFSPTJPO
t &YDFTTJWFNBJOUFOBODFPGTUFFQCBOLTNBZCFWFSZDPTUMZ
t 4UFFQCBOLTNBZTMJEFBOECMPDLDIBOOFMDPNQMFUFMZ
Note:
Retaining wall
Space to walk
t "SFUBJOJOHXBMMSFEVDFTUIFOBUVSBMBOHMFPGSFQPTFPGUIFTMPQF
t -FTTFSPTJPONBUFSJBMXJMMGBMMJOUIFIFBESBDF
t .BJOUFOBODF PG UIF IFBESBDF JT FBTJFS o less sediment, which however still must be
removed
t 5IFSFBSFOBSSPXXBMLXBZTBMPOHUIFDIBOOFMGPSFBTJFSNBJOUFOBODF
Shaky supports
t 3FQMBDFUIFXPPEFOTVQQPSUTXJUIDPODSFUFDPMVNOTVQQPSUT
t 4FUUIFTVQQPSUTPOHPPEGPVOEBUJPOT
FTQFDJBMMZVOEFSXBUFS
t "EEBODIPSCMPDLTPOCPUITJEFTPGUIFTUSFBNUPTVQQPSUUIFQJQF
Why?
t 1JQFDSPTTJOHTOFFETUBCMFTVQQPSUT
PUIFSXJTFUIFQJQFNBZCVDLMFBOEDPMMBQTF
t 8PPEFOTVQQPSUTNBZSPUSBUIFSRVJDLMZXJUIUJNF
UIFQJQFXJMMTJOLBOEXJMMFWFOUVBMMZ
fail
t "TJOLJOHQJQFDBVTFTUIFBOHFDPOOFDUJPOTUPDPNFMPPTF
Spillway
Strong supports
Stable abutments
Storm water creek
t 5IF DPOOFDUJPO PG UIF PQFO IFBESBDF DIBOOFM UP UIF QJQF DSPTTJOH JT B TPMJE DPODSFUF
structure
t 5IFTQJMMXBZVQTUSFBNPGUIFQJQFJOMFUJTBHPPETPMVUJPOUPEJTDIBSHFFYUSBPPEXBUFS
it does not seem to affect the stability of the abutments
t 5IFTJ[FPGUIFDSPTTJOHQJQFJTMBSHFFOPVHIUPDBSSZUIFPXJOUIFIFBESBDF
UIFSFGPSF
the pipe cross section equals the wetted area of the channel
t 5IF QJQF JOMFU TIPVME IBWF B TNPPUI
SPVOEFE USBOTJUJPO UP SFEVDF IFBE MPTTFT BOE
backwater effects
t 5IF TQJMMXBZ JT MPDBUFE VQTUSFBN PG UIF DSPTTJOH QJQF
JG UIFSF JT UPP NVDI CBDLXBUFS
effect, the water will be spilled in a controlled way
3
2
Note:
2.2.4 Forebay
River
Spillway
Flushing gate
Headrace
Penstock to
Forebay power house
Trash rack
t " GPSFCBZ GVODUJPOT JO B TJNJMBS NBOOFS BT B TBOE USBQ
UIF PX TMPXT EPXO TP
sediments can settle down
t 5IFUSBOTJUJPOBUUIFCFHJOOJOHPGUIFGPSFCBZBOEUIFXJEUIPGUIFGPSFCBZBSFFTTFOUJBM
GPSTMPXJOHEPXOUIFPXWFMPDJUZ
t 4FEJNFOUTDBOTFUUMFPVUJOTMPXPXJOHXBUFSPOMZ
t 5IFUSBTISBDLBUUIFFOEQSFWFOUTEFCSJTGSPNPXJOHJOUPUIFQFOTUPDL
t 5IFGPSFCBZQSPWJEFTTVCNFSHFODFGPSUIFQFOTUPDLJOMFUUPQSFWFOUBJSGSPNFOUFSJOH
t 5IF TQJMMXBZ BMMPXT FYDFTT BOE PPE PXT UP PX CBDL UP UIF SJWFS
FTQFDJBMMZ VOEFS
rapid shut down conditions following load rejection
t 5IFVTIJOHHBUFJTFTTFOUJBMGPSDMFBOJOHUIFGPSFCBZPGTFEJNFOUTBTSFRVJSFE
Service area
Transition to
Penstock Trash rack forebay
Overflow channel
Flush gate
Headrace
Spillway
The drawing shows a typical forebay which marks the transition between the open headrace
channel and the penstock. The water level in the forebay determines the head which is
available for power generation. The trash rack in the forebay and the forebay itself is the last
QPJOU UP SFNPWF BOZUIJOH UIBU DPVME EBNBHF UIF UVSCJOF GSPN UIF XBUFS
TVDI BT PBUJOH
debris or sediment. Also it provides a controlled way of escape over the spillway for surplus
water in case of a load rejection or when too much water enters the open channel part of the
headrace.
t .BLFHSBEVBMUSBOTJUJPOXJUIBOBOHMFPG SBUJP
PSMFTT
t 1MBDFUIFUSBTISBDLPOUPQPGBTJMMBUUIFCPUUPNPGUIFGPSFCBZ
t *OTUBMMBVTIJOHHBUFBUUIFCPUUPNPGUIFGPSFCBZBOEDPOOFDUJUXJUIUIFTQJMMXBZ
t .BLF TQBDJOH XJEUI PG USBTI SBDL CBST EFQFOEFOU PO UVSCJOF NBOVGBDUVSFST
requirements
Why?
t "WPJEFEEJFTBOEEFBE[POFTJOUIFGPSFCBZ
t 'MPXBQQSPBDIJOHUIFUSBTISBDLTIPVMECFTUFBEZ MJOFBS
t 8BMM TJMM
XJMMIPMECBDLUIFTFUUMFEPVUTFEJNFOUT
t 'MVTIJOHHBUFBMMPXTUPFNQUZBOEDMFBOUIFGPSFCBZ
Note:
Trash rack
min. 2x width of
Spillway headrace
Width of headrace
Ratio 1:2
t 'PSFCBZXJUITFEJNFOUBUJPONVTUCFXJEFSBOEEFFQFSUIBOUIFIFBESBDF
t 8JEUIPGGPSFCBZTIPVMECFBUMFBTUUJNFTUIFXJEUIPGUIFIFBESBDFDIBOOFM
t -FOHUIPGUSBOTJUJPOTIPVMECFBCPVUUJNFTUIFXJEUIPGIFBESBDF
PSUIFBOHMFPGUIF
transition should be around 25 degrees (a ratio of 1:2)
t 4UPQMPHHSPPWFTBMMPXUIFJOTFSUJPOPGCPBSET MPHT
UPCMPDLUIFPXXIFODMFBOJOH
and repairing the forebay
Flow 4 x DN
DN Penstock
20cm
20cm min. high sill (low wall)
t 5IFBOHMFPGBUSBTISBDLUPUIFIPSJ[POUBMTIBMMCFUP
t 5SBTISBDLTIPVMECFYFEUPUIFTJEFXBMMTBOEUPUIFTJMMXBMMBTXFMMCVUJOTVDIBXBZ
that the trash rack can be removed for service
t 6TF 0/-: WFSUJDBM CBST
XIJDI DBO CF TVQQPSUFE CZ IPSJ[POUBM CSBDJOH BU UIF CBDL
TP
that rack can be cleaned easily
t 5IF CBST NVTU CF EFTJHOFE UP XJUITUBOE UIF XBUFS QSFTTVSF PG B DPNQMFUFMZ DMPHHFE
rack with maximum water level upstream and no water downstream
t 5IFTQBDFCFUXFFOCBSTTIPVMECFIBMGPGUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOUVSCJOFSVOOFSPSHVJEF
vane blades, in accordance with the turbine manufacturer. Here are some examples:
$SPTTPXUVSCJOF FH5
NN
Pelton turbine: 0.5 times nozzle diameter
t 5SBTI SBDL TIBMM CF EJWJEFE JOUP TFDUJPOT TP UIBU JU DBO CF SFNPWFE
SFQBJSFE BOE
transported more easily
t 1SPWJEFBTFSWJDFBSFBGPSFBTJFSDMFBOJOH
JODMVEJOHBQMBUGPSNUPTUBOEPO
Avoid horizontal
bars
min. 20 cm
t 6TFUSBTISBDLTXJUIWFSUJDBMCBSTPOMZ
t 4QBDFCFUXFFOCBSTTIPVMECFIBMGUIFTJ[FPGBQBSUJDMFXIJDIDBONPWFUISPVHIUIF
turbine without doing any damage
t 1MBDFUSBTISBDLBUBOBOHMFPGBSPVOEUPUIFCPUUPN
t 'JYUSBTISBDLXJUICPMUTUPUIFTJEFXBMMTBOEUPUIFCPUUPNXBMMoCVUJUTUJMMTIPVMECF
removable
t 'PSMBSHFSUSBTISBDLT
EJWJEFJUJOTFQBSBUFTFDUJPOT
t )FJHIUPGTJMM MPXXBMM
CFBNJOJNVNPGDN
Why?
t 7FSUJDBMCBSTNBLFDMFBOJOHUIFUSBTISBDLFBTJFS
t 5SBTISBDLQMBDFEBUBOJODMJOFEBOHMFXJMMOPUDMPHBTFBTJMZXJUIEFCSJT
t "QMBDFUPTUBOEBTTFSWJDFBSFBXJMMNBLFUIFNBJOUFOBODFFBTJFS
Trash rack at a
good angle
%FCSJTDBVTFTIFBEMPTTFTBOEPSSFEVDFTUIFXBUFSPXJOUPUIFQFOTUPDL
t 5SBTISBDLJTNPVOUFEBUBOBOHMFPGBCPVUGSPNUIFIPSJ[POUBM
t 5SBTISBDLJTYFEUPUIFXBMMTCVUJUTIPVMETUJMMCFSFNPWBCMF
t 5IFUSBTISBDLIBTWFSUJDBMCBSTXIJDINBLFTJUFBTJFSUPDMFBO
t 5IFHBQTCFUXFFOCBSTBQQFBSUJHIUFOPVHIUPLFFQEBNBHJOHEFCSJTBXBZGSPNUIF
turbine
t -BSHFTFSWJDFBSFBBOEBQMBDFUPTUBOEGPSFBTZNBJOUFOBODF
t %FCSJTDBOCFDMFBOFEBOEUFNQPSBSJMZTUPSFEJOUIFTFSWJDFBSFB
Horizontal support
should be at the rear
side of the rack
4PNFCBETBNQMFToBWPJEUIFN
4PNFHPPEFYBNQMFToEPMJLFUIJT
Service area
1 Remove all debris and rubbish a rake is a good tool for this job
2 Trough at the top end of the trash rack makes the removal of debris easier
o store organic debris on a compost pile
Note:
2.2.6 Spillway
This drawing shows an example of a forebay and a stepped spillway which allows excess
XBUFSUPPXCBDLUPUIFSJWFSPWFSUIFTQJMMXBZXJUIPVUEPJOHEBNBHFUPUIFQFOTUPDLPS
its supports. The steps in the spillway reduce the velocity of the water and cause energy
dissipation. This is very important to prevent damage from the spill to the powerhouse and
other structures.
Power house
Penstock
8BUFSDBSSJFTIJHIFOFSHZXIFOPXJOHEPXOBTUFFQTMPQF
t #VJMEPCTUBDMFTJOUPUIFTQJMMXBZUPSFEVDFUIFWFMPDJUZBOEEJTTJQBUFUIFXBUFSTFOFSHZ
t *U XPVME FWFO CF CFUUFS UP CVJME ESPQT JO UIF TQJMMXBZ
XIJDI JT UIFO DBMMFE B TUFQQFE
spillway
Why?
t 5IF EZOBNJD GPSDF PG XBUFS JT WFSZ IJHI XIFO PXJOH EPXO B TUFFQ TMPQF t JU DPVME
damage and destroy even concrete structures
Multiple drops
t "TUFQQFETQJMMXBZSFEVDFTUIFWFMPDJUZBOEEJTTJQBUFTUIF JOUIJTDBTFIBSNGVM
FOFSHZ
of the water step by step
Vent
Pipe
Restrained
Power house
Expansion joint
Slide Block
t 4FUBODIPSCMPDLBUFBDIDIBOHFPGEJSFDUJPOoIPSJ[POUBMBOEWFSUJDBMoPGUIFQFOTUPDL
t 4VQQPSUFBDIQJFDFPGQJQFXJUIB TMJEF
CMPDL
t 'BTUFOUIFQFOTUPDLUPUIFTVQQPSUTXJUITUFFMTUSBQT
t &OTVSF UIBU BMM CMPDLT IBWF B TPMJE BOE TUBCMF GPVOEBUJPO
XIJDI EFQFOET PO HSPVOE
material and slope
t #FGPSFQFOTUPDLFOUFSTQPXFSIPVTFUIFSFNVTUCFBUISVTUCMPDLUPBCTPSCBMMEZOBNJD
water forces in the pipe
t 1FOTUPDLJOMFUNVTUCFDNBCPWFCPUUPNJOWFSU
BOEXBUFSEFQUIBCPWFJOMFUTIPVME
be 4 times the diameter of the penstock pipe
Anchor block Is
missing
NO base for a
solid support
t 6TFDPODSFUF PSTUFFM
TVQQPSU
TFUPOBTPMJEGPVOEBUJPO
t 5IFSF NVTU CF BO BODIPS CMPDL BU FWFSZ IPSJ[POUBM BOE WFSUJDBM CFOE JO UIF QFOTUPDL
pipe
t 1JQFNVTUCFYFEUPUIFTVQQPSUTXJUITUFFMTUSBQT
Why?
t 5SFFTBOEUSVOLTSPUBOEMPTFUIFJSTUSFOHUI
t "ODIPSCMPDLTSFTJTUUIFIZESBVMJDGPSDFTBUCFOETJOUIFQJQF
t 8FBLPSVOTUBCMFTVQQPSUTNBZDBVTFUIFQFOTUPDLUPNPWFXIJDIDPVMEDBVTFVOEVF
stress on the pipe o risk of major failure
t "CSFBLJOB IJHI
QSFTTVSFQFOTUPDLDPVMEDBVTFTFSJPVTXBUFSEBNBHF
Note:
PVC PENSTOCKS HAVE TO BE COVERED TO AVOID PVC MATERIAL BECOMING BRITTLE AND
EVENTUALLY FAILING!
Penstock
Drainage of
surface water
Steel strap
t &WFSZQJQFTFDUJPOJTXFMMTVQQPSUFE
t 1JQFJTYFEUPUIFDPODSFUFTVQQPSUTXJUITUFFMTUSBQT
t $PODSFUFJTUIFCFTUNBUFSJBMGPSQJQFTVQQPSUT
t 1JQFJTBCPVUNFUFSBCPWFUIFHSPVOE
t 1SPQFSUSFODIESBJOBHFo important for long-term stability of supports
Note:
STEEL PENSTOCKS REQUIRE EXPANSION JOINTS BETWEEN ANCHOR BLOCKS AND FOR
SECTIONS LONGER THAN 30 m o INSTALL EXPANSION JOINTS DOWNSTREAM OF ANCHOR
BLOCKS!
Missing expansion
joint possibly caused
broken support
Penstock
Unsolid foundation
t #VJMEBOFXBODIPSCMPDLXJUIBTPMJEGPVOEBUJPO
t "GUFSFBDIBODIPSCMPDLUIFSFNVTUCFBOFYQBOTJPOKPJOUPOUIFQJQF
Why?
t *GUIFSFJTOPFYQBOTJPOKPJOUUIFQJQFDBOOPUBCTPSCUIFMPOHJUVEJOBMNPWFNFOUTPGUIF
pipe due to hydraulic forces and temperature changes
t "CSFBLJOB IJHI
QSFTTVSFQFOTUPDLDPVMEDBVTFTFSJPVTXBUFSEBNBHFBOEXBTIPVU
the supports and even damage the powerhouse
Note:
RISK OF FAILURE!
Expansion joint
Anchor block
Pipe support
t 5IFBODIPSCMPDLBCTPSCTUIFXFJHIUBOEIZESBVMJDGPSDFTPGUIFQJQFTFDUJPOBCPWFUIF
anchor block
t &YQBOTJPOKPJOUTBMMPXGPSMPOHJUVEJOBMNPWFNFOUTPGUIFQJQFTFDUJPOEPXOTUSFBNPG
the anchor block
t 1JQFDBOFYQBOEPSDPOUSBDUBTBSFTVMUPGUFNQFSBUVSFDIBOHFTBOEIZESBVMJDGPSDFT
NO straps
Support is broken -
strap is not fixed
t %PQFSJPEJDJOTQFDUJPOBOENBJOUFOBODFUPOEBOEYQSPCMFNT
t "EETUFFMTUSBQTUPYUIFQJQFUPUIFTVQQPSUT
t 3FQMBDFQJQFTFDUJPOTXIFOQJQFJTMFBLJOHPSDSBDLFE
t 6TFBOHFEUUJOHTGPSQJQFDPOOFDUJPOT
t 3FQMBDFGBVMUZ FYQBOTJPO
KPJOUT
Why?
t -FBLJOHPSGBVMUZQJQFTBOEKPJOUTDPVMEDBVTFBCVSTUQJQFBOETFSJPVTXBUFSEBNBHF
oNO electrical power generation would result
t 8BUFSJOUIFQPXFSIPVTFPSBUUIFUSBOTGPSNFSDBODBVTFFMFDUSJDBMTIPDLT
t *NQSPQFSMZTVQQPSUFEBOEYFEQJQFDPVMEGBJM
SFTVMUJOHJOMPTTPGQPXFSBOESFRVJSJOH
costly repairs
Penstock
Steel straps
Pipe supports
t 5IFSFBSFTVQQPSUTGPSFBDIQJQFTFDUJPOEVFUPUIFQJQFTIJHIXFJHIU
t 4UFFMTUSBQTGBTUFOUIFQJQFUPUIFDPODSFUFTVQQPSUT
t 5IFSFJTBEFRVBUFHSPVOEDMFBSBODFPGBCPVUDN
t 5IFSFBSFOPTJHOTPGNPWFNFOUT
EFGPSNBUJPOPSDSBDLT
t 5IFQJQFJTXFMMQBJOUFEBTQSPUFDUJPOBHBJOTUDPSSPTJPO
t (SBTT
PUIFSWFHFUBUJPOBOEEJSUIBWFCFFODMFBSFEBXBZGSPNQFOTUPDL
4PNFCBEFYBNQMFTPGQFOTUPDLTVQQPSUToUPCFBWPJEFE
NO ventilation pipe
Inlet gate
t *OTUBMMBWFOUJMBUJPOQJQFJOUIFQFOTUPDLEPXOTUSFBNPGUIFHBUF
Why?
t 5IF WFOUJMBUJPO QJQF BMMPXT BJS UP FOUFS UIF QFOTUPDL XIFO UIF QFOTUPDL JT SBQJEMZ
emptied. Without ventilation pipe the penstock could easily be damaged by a vacuum
collapse of the pipe
t *GQFOTUPDLJTFRVJQQFEXJUIBOJOMFUHBUFUIFSFNVTUCFBWFOUJMBUJPOQJQF
Note:
t 1FOTUPDLQJQFTXJUIBOJOMFUHBUFNVTUIBWFBWFOUJMBUJPOQJQF
t %JBNFUFSPGWFOUJMBUJPOQJQFEFQFOETPOQFOTUPDLEJBNFUFS
Note:
THE VENTILATION PIPE PREVENTS A VACUUM COLLAPSE OF THE PENSTOCK PIPE WHEN IT
IS EMPTIED!
1 4
3
5
1 Check for rust and condition of paint clean and re-paint as needed
2 Check pipe supports and anchor blocks for deformation, settlings or any other
movements repair cracks with cement grout
3 $IFDLUJHIUOFTTPGOVUTCPMUTPGBOHFTBOETUSBQToUJHIUFOBTOFFEFE
4 Check all joints, especially expansion joints, for leaks fix if needed
5 Remove grass, shrubs and dirt do it regularly
Note:
Tailrace
The drawing shows a typical setup for a small powerhouse and a short tailrace which takes the
XBUFSCBDLUPUIFSJWFSPODFJUIBTPXOUISPVHIUIFUVSCJOF5IFQPXFSIPVTFNVTUDMFBSMZ
TJUXFMMQSPUFDUFEBOEBCPWFQPTTJCMFPPEXBUFSMFWFMTJOUIFSJWFSTPJUDBOOPUHFUEBNBHFE
The tailrace is a part of the hydraulic system of the MHP and needs to function well just like
the headrace. It must not be blocked or full of vegetation or debris. Usually the tailrace is very
short but there are also MHP with tailraces several hundred meters or even kilometres long.
This depends on the specific situation or topography.
t 1BJOUUIFXBMMTBTXFMMBTUIFXPPEFOQBSUTMJLFXJOEPXTBOEEPPS
t 'JYUIFSPPG
t ,FFQUIFPPSUJEZ
t $MFBOUIFPVUTJEFXPSLJOHTQBDF
Why?
t 5IFQPXFSIPVTFQSPUFDUTDPTUMZNFDIBOJDBMFMFDUSJDBMFRVJQNFOU
t *UQSFWFOUTBDDFTTCZVOBVUIPSJ[FEQFSTPOT
t "EWFSTFXFBUIFSDPOEJUJPOTDPVMEEBNBHFUIFFRVJQNFOU
t "MMJNQPSUBOUFMFNFOUTIBWFCFFODPOTJEFSFE
t "MMOFDFTTBSZGFBUVSFTIBWFCFFOJODMVEFE
t 5IFCVJMEJOHJTXFMMNBJOUBJOFEBOENBLFTBOFBUJNQSFTTJPO
t 5IFIPVTFJTXFMMBDDFTTJCMFXIJDIJTJNQPSUBOUQBSUJDVMBSMZEVSJOHOJHIUIPVST
Wall
5IJTQPXFSIPVTFQSPWFE/05UPCFPPEQSPPG
t #VJME B SFUBJOJOH XBMM BSPVOE UIF CVJMEJOH BOE CBDLMM UIF BSFB UP QSPUFDU UIF
GPVOEBUJPOTPGUIFQPXFSIPVTF5BLFDBSFUPOPUCMPDLUIFPXPGUIFSJWFSCZUIFXBMM
Why?
t 5IFSF JT DPTUMZ NFDIBOJDBM FMFDUSJDBM FRVJQNFOU JO UIF QPXFS IPVTF UIBU NVTU CF
QSPUFDUFE&WFOXJUIBSFUBJOJOHXBMM
UIJTQPXFSIPVTFJTOPUPPEQSPPGCFDBVTFJUJT
located too low in the river. Waterproof doors and temporary sand bags can help possibly
JODBTFPGBTNBMMFSPPE#FUUFS
DMPTFUIFXJOEPXBOEEPPSPQFOJOHXJUIDPODSFUFBOE
CVJMEBOFXBDDFTTWJBUIFSPPG,FFQQVNQTSFBEZJOUIFQPXFSIPVTFJODBTFPGBPPE
to protect the equipment
t "TUIFQJDUVSFJOUIFSJHIUDPSOFSTIPXT
BTFWFSFPPEXIJDIPDDVSSFETIPSUMZCFGPSF
completion of this book has caused serious damage unfortunately even to a second
turbine which was installed at the same location
Penstock
Retaining walls protect the
power house area against
erosion and floods
Tailrace
t 5IFQPXFSIPVTFJTXFMMQSPUFDUFEBHBJOTUPPETJOUIFSJWFSCFDBVTFJUTJUTBCPWFPPE
water level
t 5IFXBUFSJOUIFUBJMSBDFSFUVSOTUPUIFSJWFSXJUIBTNBMMESPQBOEEPFTOPUFSPEFUIF
river bank
t 5IFQPXFSIPVTFJTBTPMJEBOEOFBUMPPLJOHTUSVDUVSF
Power house
Penstock
Pipe support does NOT replace the need for a thrust block
t #VJMEBDPODSFUFUISVTUCMPDLBSPVOEUIFQFOTUPDL
t -FBWFBKPJOUCFUXFFOUIFCMPDLBOEUIFCVJMEJOH
t *OTUBMMBOFYQBOTJPOKPJOUBIFBE VQTUSFBN
PGUIFUISVTUCMPDL
Why?
t " UISVTU CMPDL BCTPSCT UIF QFOTUPDLT XFJHIU BOE IZESBVMJD GPSDFT PG UIF XBUFS JO UIF
penstock
t "OFYQBOTJPOKPJOUBCTPSCTQJQFFYQBOTJPOEVFUPUFNQFSBUVSFDIBOHFT
BOEBMTPUIF
hydraulic forces in the pipe between anchor blocks
Power House
Thrust block
Power House
Penstock
t 5IFUISVTUCMPDLBTTVSFTUIBUUIFQFOTUPDLJTYFEBOEEPFTOPUNPWFBOEQVTIPSQVMM
the house wall
t *UJTCFUUFSJGUIFUISVTUCMPDLJTTFQBSBUFEGSPNUIFIPVTF
t %SBJOBHFEJUDIFTBSPVOEUIFCVJMEJOHLFFQTVSGBDFXBUFSBXBZGSPNUIFQPXFSIPVTF
Note:
3. Electro -Mechanical
Equipment
3. Electro-Mechanical
Equipment
3.1 BASICS
to Panel
Automatic voltage
regulator (AVR)
Turbine Generator
Mechanical Flywheel
transmission
t 5VSCJOF
t .FDIBOJDBMUSBOTNJTTJPOHFBS
t (FOFSBUPS
t 5VSCJOFDPOUSPMMFS
t $POUSPMBOEQPXFSDBCJOFU
Generator
Belt drive in a cage Turbine
Coupling
Bearings
Adjustable steel
base
It is most important that the electro-mechanical components and their baseframe are sitting
on a solid and stable foundation and that the shafts of all components are perfectly aligned
as required.
Runner TURBINE
GENERATOR Bearing
Pulley
Gen. Shaft Turbine Shaft
V = Vertical deviation
t 5IFJOTUBMMBUJPOPGUVSCJOFBOEHFOFSBUPSNVTUCFEPOFXJUIDBSF
t .BLF TVSF UIBU UIF TIBGUT PG UVSCJOF BOE HFOFSBUPS BSF QFSGFDUMZ QBSBMMFM UP UIF
IPSJ[POUBMBOEUPUIFWFSUJDBMQMBOF
t 5IJTQBSBMMFMBMJHONFOUJTWFSZJNQPSUBOUGPSBTNPPUIUSBOTNJTTJPOBOEMPOHFSMJGFUJNF
t #FMUQVMMFZTSFRVJSFBYJBMBMJHONFOU
t 5IFBEKVTUNFOUTPGUIFTIBGUTNVTUCFEPOFXJUIBMPUPGDBSF
t 4VCGSBNFOFFETUPCFBEKVTUBCMF
JOPSEFSUPBMMPXQSFDJTFBMJHONFOU
t 'PSCFMUUJHIUFOJOH
UIFTVCGSBNFTIPVMEBMXBZTCFNPWFEJOQBSBMMFM
t .JTBMJHONFOUDBVTFTUSBOTNJTTJPOQSPCMFNTUIFSFXJMMCFBMPUPGXFBSBOEUFBSPOCFMU
and bearings they may have to be replaced much sooner
t $BSF TIPVME CF UBLFO EVSJOH DBTUJOH PG UIF DPODSFUF GPVOEBUJPO UP HFU JU QFSGFDUMZ
horizontal to make adjustments of the equipment bases at a later stage easier
In-line coupling
Turbine runner
3.2.1 Turbine
Guide vane
Runner blades
.BJOFMFNFOUTPGBDSPTTPXUVSCJOF
Note:
Bolt slots
Washers should be
of this size
t 6TFUIFDPSSFDUTJ[FPGXBTIFST JOUIJTDBTFMBSHFS
t 5IFFEHFTPGUIFXBTIFSTNVTUCFQBSBMMFMUPUIFCPMUTMPUBOENVTUDPWFSJUDPNQMFUFMZ
Why?
t #PMUTDPOOFDUUIFUVSCJOFUPUIFTUFFMCBTFBOEYJUTQPTJUJPO
t 5IFXBTIFSTEJTUSJCVUFUIFMPBEFWFOMZPOUIFTUFFMCBTF
Note:
Correct size
Turbine
Inclination
Steel base,
horizontally
Turbine housing
Tapper washer
compensates inclination
t 5IFXBTIFSTIBWFDPSSFDUEJNFOTJPOTBOEBSFDFOUFSFEUPUIFIPMF
t 5IF UBQQFS XBTIFS JT OFDFTTBSZ UP DPNQFOTBUF UIF TMPQF PG UIF TUFFM TFDUJPO XJUI UIF
horizontal steel base
t 4DSFXTIBWFUPCFJOTUBMMFEWFSUJDBMMZ
t 1SFWFOUEFCSJTGSPNHFUUJOHJOUPUIFQFOTUPDLCZJOTUBMMJOHBOFUSBTISBDLBDDPSEJOHUP
the requirements of the turbine manufacturer
t $MFBOBOENBJOUBJOUIFUSBTISBDLSFHVMBSMZ
Why?
t %FCSJTJOUIFUVSCJOFCMBEFTJOJUJBMMZSFEVDFTUIFQFSGPSNBODFPGUIFUVSCJOFCVU
eventually will clog and damage the turbine
t &TQFDJBMMZ'SBODJTBOEQSPQFMMFSUVSCJOFTBSFTVTDFQUJWFUPHFUCMPDLFECZEFCSJT
No debris all
clean
A turbine in good condition thanks to a functional sand trap and trash rack
t 5IFQFSGPSNBODFPGUIFUVSCJOFJTOPUJOVFODFECZEFCSJT
t 5IF USBTI SBDL JT CVJMU BDDPSEJOH UP UIF SFDPNNFOEBUJPO PG UIF UVSCJOF TVQQMJFS BOE
keeps the turbine clean
t 5IBOLTUPBTBOEUSBQOPBCSBTJPOJTWJTJCMFPOUIFUVSCJOFSVOOFS
Note:
PROTECT THE TURBINE AND IT WILL KEEP RUNNING FOR A LONG TIME!
CLEAN TRASH RACK AND SAND TRAP REGULARLY!
Cable in ducts to
panel AVR
Ventilation grating
Shaft of generator
connected with pulley
The drawing depicts a synchronous generator with an AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator).
In island mode, the AVR controls the generator voltage which is the system voltage as well.
In grid-connected mode, the AVR is not able to change the system voltage but by adjusting
the excitation current it can determine the reactive power characteristics. Asynchronous
generators do not have an AVR.
t 3FQMBDFBMMNJTTJOHQBSUTPGUIFHFOFSBUPSBOE"73
t .BLFQSPQFSDBCMFDPOOFDUJPOTJOBDDPSEBODFXJUITBGFUZSFHVMBUJPOT
t 1PXFSDBCMFNVTUCFMBJEJOBEVDU
t $POOFDUHFOFSBUPSBOEDPOUSPMMFSUPBOFBSUIJOHTZTUFN
t 5SBOTNJTTJPOCFMUNVTUCFQSPUFDUFEXJUIBDBHF
Why?
t 5IF QSFTFODF PG VOUSBJOFE QFSTPOT JO UIF QPXFSIPVTF JT QPTTJCMF 5IFZ NVTU CF
protected from the dangers of electricity and mechanical power.
t 4BGFUZSFHVMBUJPOTBMXBZTNBLFTFOTFBOEIBWFBSFBTPO
UIFZIFMQUPQSFWFOUBDDJEFOUT
and injuries
t (PPEBOEDPOTDJFOUJPVTPQFSBUJPOBOENBJOUFOBODFXPSLXJMMMFBEUPHPPEPQFSBUJPO
AVR
Belt cover
Generator
Earthing
connection
Sledge
Well protected
power cable
Adjustment screws
t 5IFFRVJQNFOUJTJOTUBMMFEJOBDDPSEBODFXJUITBGFUZSFHVMBUJPOT
t 1PXFSDBCMFJTQSPUFDUFECZBFYJCMFQJQF
t (FOFSBUPSBOEDPOUSPMMFSBSFDPOOFDUFEUPUIFFBSUIJOHTZTUFN
t 5IFCFMUJTQSPUFDUFEXJUIBDPWFS
t 5IFSFJTFOPVHITQBDFUPTIJGUUIFHFOFSBUPSJOUPUIFSJHIUQPTJUJPO5IFCFMUDBOCF
tightened by moving it on the sledge on the frame
t 5IFPPSJTDMFBO
BMMPXJOHUPEFUFDUXBUFSMFBLBHFTPUIFSJSSFHVMBSJUJFTJNNFEJBUFMZ
The control cubicle provides a safe place, dry and free of dust, for the electrical devices and
also protects people working in the powerhouse from electrical shocks.
Electro-Mechanical Equipment
Mouse in panel
t .PVOUFMFDUSJDDPNQPOFOUTBOEXJSJOHJOBXFMMBSSBOHFETDIFNF
t &MFDUSJDBMDPNQPOFOUTNVTUCFJOTUBMMFEJOBMPDLBCMFNFUBMDBTF
t 1SFWFOU QVCMJD BDDFTT UP FMFDUSJD DPNQPOFOUT XJSJOH o JODMVEJOH BDDFTT GPS BOJNBMT
which can bite away the insulation of cables
Why?
t *NQSPQFSMZCVJMUQBOFMTBSFBQPUFOUJBMTPVSDFGPSUFDIOJDBMGBJMVSFT
t &WFOFYQFSUTDBOVOEFSTUBOE BOEUIFSFBGUFSY
BTZTUFNPOMZXIFOJUJTXFMMBSSBOHFE
t #BSFXJSFTBSFEBOHFSPVT
Note:
Panel of control
cubicle
t $MFBSBSSBOHFNFOUPGBMMDPNQPOFOUTNBLFTNBJOUFOBODFTJNQMFBOEGBTU
t $BCMFTBOEEFWJDFTBSFQSPQFSMZMBCFMFE
t 3FQBJSTBSFRVJDLBOEFBTZUPEP
t 8PSLJOHPOUIFDVCJDMFJTTBGFS
Note:
Ventilation
t 3FJOTUBMMCBMMBTUBUBXFMMWFOUJMBUFEQMBDF
t "UUBDICBMMBTUIJHIFSoPVUPGSFBDIPGQFPQMF
t .PVOUBTBGFUZDBHFBSPVOEUIFCBMMBTU
t *OTUBMMBIFBUTIJFMEBHBJOTUUIFXPPEFOXBMMBOEDFJMJOHCPBSET
Why?
t )PUCBMMBTUJTBSFIB[BSEFTQFDJBMMZGPSXPPEFOCPBSET
t 1MBTUJDDBCMFDPBUJOHTNBZNFMU
t *GUIFCBMMBTUJTJOTUBMMFEUPPMPXTPNFCPEZNBZUPVDIJUBOEHFUCVSOFE
Note:
RISK OF INJURY!
Protected and
shaded by roof
Inner cage
Outer cage
t 5IFSPPGQSPUFDUTUIFCBMMBTUJOTUBMMBUJPOBHBJOTUSBJO
t #BMMBTUJTXFMMWFOUJMBUFE
t 5IFPVUFSDBHFQSFWFOUTBDDFTTCZVOBVUIPSJ[FEQFSTPOT
Note:
IN CASE OF LOW LOAD IN THE VILLAGE (WITH MOST APPLIANCES SWITCHED OFF) THE
CONTROLLER DIVERTS ELECTRICITY TO THE BALLAST WHERE IT IS CONVERTED TO HEAT!
RODS ARE GLOWING HOT!
Ceiling
The distance between ceiling and the top edge of ballast must be at least 50 cm
Why?
t *GUIFFMFDUSJDJUZEFNBOEJTMPX
UIFFYDFTTFOFSHZJTTFOUUPUIFCBMMBTU5IFSPETHFUWFSZ
hot and enough space to the roof plus a good ventilation is required to convey the heat
Note:
RISK OF FIRE!
Roof
Ballast in a cage
Penstock
t #BMMBTUJTXFMMQSPUFDUFEJOBTUFFMDBHF
t #BMMBTUJTQSPQFSMZWFOUJMBUFEBTJUHFUTWFSZIPU
t *OTUBMMBUJPOVOEFSUIFSPPGJTBHPPESBJOQSPUFDUJPO
t 5IFXJSJOHUPUIFCBMMBTUJTSVOUISPVHIEVDUT
t 6OBVUIPSJ[FE QFSTPOT IBWF OP BDDFTT UP UIF CBMMBTU BOE DPVME OPU CF CVSOFE CZ UIF
glowing rods
Note:
CABLE DUCTS SHOULD BE GUIDED INSIDE THE CAGE TO PREVENT DAMAGE OF THE
CABLES!
IF THESE CABLES ARE INTERRUPTED THE TURBINE CANNOT BE CONTROLLED ANYMORE!
2
3
Note:
Tailrace to river
Thrust block
Electro-mechanical
equipment
Penstock
Panel
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equipment
Why?
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the length of the shaft
B C
Note:
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Why?
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t %JSUBOEHSFBTFDBODBVTFUIFFMFDUSJDBMFRVJQNFOUUPGBJM
Note:
Panels
Tool shelf
AVR
Generator
Turbine
Penstock
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t "MMFRVJQNFOUoUPPMT
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t $MFBOMJOFTTBOEUJEJOFTTBTTVSFUIBUOPUIJOHJTMPTUPSEBNBHFECZEVTUPSMUI
t "DMFBOPPSQSFWFOUTJUGSPNCFDPNJOHTMJQQFSZBOENBLFTXPSLTBGFS
Belt drive in
operation !!!
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avoid accidents
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Why?
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operation and electricity is generated
Note:
3 1
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Clean all parts of the equipment after maintenance
At the end of maintenance work put all removable parts back in place again
Note:
Nail!!
Wires!!!
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t *OTFSUBMMGVTFTSFRVJSFEJOUIFQBOFMBOELFFQQBOFMDMPTFEEVSJOHUIFPQFSBUJPO
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Why?
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house
Note:
DEADLY DANGER!
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Note:
Bad cable
connections
No cable extention
like this!
Good cable
connections
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Why?
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t #BEDPOOFDUJPOTDBVTFJNQSPQFSPQFSBUJPOBOEDBOCFUIFSFBTPOPGTIPSUDJSDVJUT
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interruptions in operation
Proper cable
connections
A proper and
simple way to fix
cables
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panel
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Use earthing
clamps only
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reinforcement of foundations of power house, equipment and all the other pieces
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Why?
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power house
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the installations has to be at least 1 m and must be done with earthing clamps
t 5IJTBCPWFUIFHSPVOEDPOOFDUJPOJTFTTFOUJBMUPNFBTVSFUIFSFTJTUBODFJOPSEFSUP
find out if the earthing system functions properly
Equipment base of
steel
Earthing
connection Earthing cable
Reinforcement of
foundation
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connected to the earthing system with earthing clamps
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malfunctioning of a device
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people working there against lightning and stray currents
Note:
Generator
Belt drive in a cage
Turbine
Coupling
Bearings
Adjustable steel
base
The mechanical transmission links the turbine to the generator. It is also often called speed
increaser. It is needed because the generator usually runs at a much higher rotational velocity
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turbines, belt drives are very commonly used. They are not suitable for turbines and generators
with more than 100 - 200 kW.
Electro-Mechanical Equipment
Turbine is running
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Why?
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everybody else entering the powerhouse)
Note:
Panel
All fast moving
parts are covered
Turbine
AVR
Generator
Flywheel and drive
belt
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Generator shaft
Fast moving parts!
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t 6TFPOMZESJWFCFMUTPGUIFTBNFNBOVGBDUVSFSBOETBNFBHFo buy and replace all belts
at the same time
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Why?
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t "XFMMSVOOJOHHFOFSBUPSQSPEVDFTNPSF
t "QSPQFSMZBMJHOFEBOEUFOTJPOFEUSBOTNJTTJPOMFBETUPBIJHIFDJFODZ
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reduces efficiency and can cause additional strain on bearings
Note:
Must be on same
level
Coupling 2
Coupling 1
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pressure is necessary to ensure long service life of the coupling
Why?
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the seal will soon be destroyed and has to be replaced more often o avoidable costs
Note:
EVERY INTERRUPTION OF THE OPERATION CAUSES A POWER OUTAGE FOR THE CONSUMERS
AND MEANS NO INCOME FOR THE MHP!
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Why?
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house oPPSTCFDPNFTMJQQFSZ
Note:
When grease
appears - it is
greased enough
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Note:
What a mess !
Spare parts and tools have to be cleaned and stored well organized
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Why?
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regularly
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work
Various wrenches
Screwdrivers
Pliers
Compartments for
small spare parts
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t 5PPMTBSFTUPSFEPOUIFUPPMCPBSETBOETIFMWFTBGUFSVTF
t 5IFUPPMCPBSETBOETIFMWFTBSFDMFBOoUIJTJTBMTPHPPEGPSBTBGFXPSLJOHFOWJSPONFOU
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Note:
KEEP TOOLS AND SPARE PARTS CLEAN AND COMPLETE ALL THE TIME!
GOOD TOOLS MAKE THE JOB EASY!
SPARE PARTS IN STOCK SHORTEN MAINTENANCE WORKS!
CHECK COMPLETENESS OF TOOLS AND SPARE PARTS AT LEAST AFTER EACH MAINTENANCE
ROUTINE!
Use snaplinks
instead of knots
Heavy and costly equipment must only be moved with a lot of care
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PSB
heavy steel pipe (but test it first for its strength)
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Why?
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Note:
RISK OF INJURIES!
Wall-mounted type
of crane
Two types of lifting equipment for heavy loads in larger power houses
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and with regard to all necessary safety procedures
Weak-looking
branches
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loads
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Why?
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damaged and hurt operator
Note:
RISK OF INJURY!
Tripod made of
steel Solid steel top
But:
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