CALCULATING STATISTICS WITH SPSS

STATISTICS FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS
CALCULATING AND INTERPRETING

BASIC STATISTICS USING SPSS
Craig A. Wendorf
Department of Psychology
University of Wisconsin Stevens Point
This Textbook is Online:

http://www4.uwsp.edu/psych/cw/statistics/textbook.htm
Textbook Abstract: The materials in this book are intended to facilitate the connection between
standard introductory statistics concepts and their implementation in SPSS. The sections include: a
summary of basic statistical methods, instructions on obtaining basic statistical output using SPSS,
annotated output showing how to calculate and interpret the output, and summaries of how the
results showed be reported in APA style.
Licensing: This textbook is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Although these online reference materials are
primarily designed to accompany my undergraduate statistics course, they are available for use by all
for free. Suggestions for improvements can be directed to the author.
Author Home Page: http://www4.uwsp.edu/psych/cw/

Author Email: cwendorf@uwsp.edu
Original: July, 2009

Updated: September, 2012
PART I:
STATISTICAL METHODS
Section Abstract: This section provides an overview of the basic terminology of statistics.
Emphasis is on the terminology of research designs (e.g., between-subjects vs. within-subjects
designs), and their relationship to statistical methods. Also, a brief primer on statistical
significance, confidence intervals, and effect sizes is included.
Keywords: Research designs, statistical significance, confidence intervals, effect sizes

Section Updated: October 2011
This document is part of an online statistics textbook.

Access to the complete textbook, along with licensing information, is available online:
CHOOSING APPROPRIATE INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
FOR DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNS
A Decision Tree for Basic Statistics
Which type of effect size measure and statistical significance test (and to some extent, which type of confidence interval)
should be calculated depends on the research design.
Some Important Vocabulary Terms
Factor: The variable that identifies the different groups or Outcome Variable: The measured outcome of study. This is
conditions in a study. This is referred to as the independent referred to as the dependent variable in an experiment.
variable in an experiment.
Between-Subjects Design: Research design where different Within-Subjects Design: Research design where one one
groups of people are being compared. Also referred to as group of people is studied, but under multiple conditions.
an independent samples design. Also called a dependent samples design.
Standardized Effect Size: Standardizes the raw mean Variance Accounted For Effect Size: Standardizes the
difference relative to the standard deviation within groups. between group variability relative to the total variability.
2
Cohens d is one example. Eta is one example.
Confidence Interval: Provides a range of means or mean Significance Test: Utilizes probability to determine the
differences that are likely to cover the true population likelihood of the results given assumptions about the
mean or mean difference. population. ANOVA and t are examples.
PART II:
USING SPSS
Section Abstract: This section provides step-by-step instructions on how to obtain basic
statistical output using SPSS, both visually with screenshots and via written instructions. Simple
examples for most undergraduate-level between-subjects and within-subjects research designs
are provided.
Keywords: SPSS (Version 21), screenshots, directions for use

Section Updated: December 2012

Table of Contents for This Section
ENTERING ONE SAMPLE AND REPEATED MEASURES DATA .................................................................. 2
ENTERING MULTIPLE SAMPLE DATA...................................................................................................... 4
ENTERING FACTORIAL DESIGN DATA ..................................................................................................... 6
ENTERING MIXED DESIGN DATA ............................................................................................................ 8
FREQUENCIES (DISTRIBUTIONS AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS) ......................................................... 10
DESCRIPTIVES (DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND STANDARDIZED SCORES)........................................... 12
CORRELATIONS (BIVARIATE) ................................................................................................................ 15
REGRESSION (BIVARIATE) ..................................................................................................................... 17
ONE SAMPLE T TEST .............................................................................................................................. 18
PAIRED SAMPLES T TEST ....................................................................................................................... 20
INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST ............................................................................................................ 22
ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ...................................................................................................... 24
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (USING GENERAL LINEAR MODEL) .............................................................. 26
REPEATED MEASURES ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE .................................................................................. 28
FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE .................................................................................................... 31
MIXED DESIGN FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE .......................................................................... 33
ENTERING ONE SAMPLE AND REPEATED MEASURES DATA
Steps for Defining All Variables
1. First, click on the Variable View tab on the bottom left-hand corner of
the screen. Generally speaking, this is where you will define all of the
variables in the data set.
2. Type in the Name of the variable in the first cell. You may wish to
enter a Label (or longer name) for the variable.
Steps for Entering Data
3. Click on the Data View tab on the bottom left-hand corner. In this
view, you will be able to enter the data.
4. Enter the data in the individual cells of the column for the variable.
Note that each cell should contain a single score for an individual
person. There will be as many rows as people.
Page 2 of 36
Steps for Entering Additional Variables
5. If you wish to add data for additional variables, simply repeat the steps
described above. Return to the Variable View and define the next
variable (which is, in this example, called outcome).
6. Then go to the Data View and enter the scores for each of the same
participants on this second variable. Notice that each individual (i.e.,
the rows) have values for each variable (i.e., the columns).
Steps for Entering Repeated Measurements
7. If you wish to add data for repeated measurements of variables, simply

modify the steps above. Return to the Variable View and define the
next measurement instance (not shown here).
8. For repeated measures data, the columns really represent the different
instances of the within-subjects variable. In the example here, each
variable column is a measurement of the quiz outcome variable.
9. Notice that each participant has scores on both variables. In this

example, each of the five participants has a score on for the Time 1
measurement (t1score) and one for the Time 2 measurement
(t2score).
Your data are now ready to be analyzed!
Page 3 of 36
ENTERING MULTIPLE SAMPLE DATA
2. Type in the Name of the variables in the first column. You may wish
to enter a Label (or longer name) for each variable in your data set.
3. One variable will represent the Factor (Independent Variable) and the
other will represent the Outcome (Dependent) Variable.
Steps for Providing Labels for All Values
4. For categorical variables, you should also provide labels for the different
categories. Do this by clicking on the values cell for the variable of
interest. A button will appear, and clicking on this button will make
another dialog box appear.
5. You will use numbers to represent the two categories (or levels) of the
variable. Do this by entering the number representing the value in the
value box and the actual value in the label box. Click Add after
entering the information for each value. If your data set includes more
than two groups, simply specify values and labels for each of the groups.
6. When you have labeled all of the values, click OK to return to the
Variable View.
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8. Enter the data for all of the participants. Notice that each participant
has scores on both the Factor and Outcome Variables. There will be as
many rows as people.
9. On the categorical Factor, use the values that you indicated when
defining the variables earlier.
10. If your data set has more than two groups, simply be sure to add a
group indicator (a value on the group variable) and a score for each
additional person.
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ENTERING FACTORIAL DESIGN DATA
2. Type in a Name for each of the variables in the first column. You may
wish to enter a Label (or longer name) for each variable in your data
set.
3. Two variables will represent the Factors (Independent Variables) and

the other will represent the Outcome (Dependent) Variable.
Variable View.
Page 6 of 36
has scores on both of the Factors and on the Outcome Variable. There
will be as many rows as people.
9. On the categorical Factors, use the values that you indicated when
defining the variables earlier. Note that the combination of values in
the Factors will define the multiple groups of the factorial design.
10. If your data set has more than two levels for either (or both) of the
Factors, simply be sure to add an indicator and an outcome value for
each additional person.
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ENTERING MIXED DESIGN DATA
2. Type in a Name for each of the variables in the first column. You may
wish to enter a Label (or longer name) for each variable in your data
set.
3. One variable will represent the Factor (Independent Variable) and the
other two will represent the separate instances of the within-subjects
variable.
Variable View.
Page 8 of 36
has scores on both the Factor and on both instances of the Outcome
Variable. There will be as many rows as people.
9. On the categorical Factor, use the values that you indicated when
defining the variables earlier. Note that the combination of values in
the Factors will define the multiple groups of the factorial design.
10. If your data set has more than two levels for either (or both) of the
Factors, simply be sure to add an indicator and an outcome value for
each additional person.
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FREQUENCIES (DISTRIBUTIONS AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS)
Steps for Obtaining Frequency-Related Statistics
1. First, enter the data (described elsewhere).
2. After the data are entered, select the Analyze Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies option from the main menu.
Steps for Obtaining a Frequency Distribution
3. A dialogue box will then appear for you to choose the variables of
interest.
4. Select the variables you wish to analyze by clicking on them and hitting
the arrow to move them into the variables box.
5. Be sure that Display frequency tables is checked. Without this

checked, you will not get a frequency distribution.
6. If all you wish is a frequency table (with no histogram or summary

statistics), click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
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Steps for Obtaining Summary Statistics
7. To obtain summary statistics, select Statistics. Another dialogue box

will appear.
8. In this box, you can request that SPSS calculate the mean, variance, and
standard deviation (or median and quartiles).
9. Once you have selected the desired statistics, click Continue. This will
return you to the original dialogue box.
Steps for Obtaining a Histogram
10. To obtain a histogram, click on the Charts button. Another dialogue

box will appear.
11. In this box, select Histogram and With normal curve.
13. After clicking on OK in the original dialogue box, a separate window

with the output will appear.
Your data have now been analyzed!
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DESCRIPTIVES (DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND STANDARDIZED SCORES)
Steps for Obtaining Descriptive-Related Statistics
2. After the data are entered, select the Analyze Descriptive Statistics
Descriptives option from the main menu.
Steps for Obtaining a Standardized (z) Scores
interest.
the arrow to move them into the variables box.
5. Be sure that Save standardized values as variables is checked.

Without this checked, you will not get the standardized scores.
6. If all you wish are the standardized scores (with descriptive summary
statistics), click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
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Steps for Obtaining Summary Statistics
7. To obtain summary statistics, select Options. Another dialogue box

will appear.
8. In this box, you can request that SPSS calculate the mean, variance, and
standard deviation (and other statistics).
Steps for Viewing the Standardized Scores

11. Finally, note that the standardized variables are not included in the
output. Rather, they are saved as new variables in the data view
window. These variables can be used in subsequent analyses.
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Steps for Obtaining the Compute Menu
12. In addition to (or instead of) calculating standardized scores, you can
perform other data transformations. First, enter the data (described
elsewhere).
13. After the data are entered, select the Transform Compute
Variable option from the main menu.
Steps for Calculating Other Transformations
interest to transform.
15. Under Target Variables, type the name of the new variable that you
are creating. Here transscore is the name of the new variable.
16. In the Numeric Expression box, type the formula that will be used in
the transformation. In this example, the transscore is calculated by
taking the original score and adding one.
17. After clicking on OK in the original dialogue box, the transformed

variables will appear in the data view window. These variables can be
used in subsequent analyses.
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CORRELATIONS (BIVARIATE)
Steps for Obtaining Correlational Statistics
1. First, enter data involving multiple variables. This is described

elsewhere.
2. After the data are entered, select the Analyze Correlate

Bivariate option from the main menu.
Steps for Obtaining the Correlations (and Significance Tests)
interest.
the arrow to move them into the Variables box.
5. By default, SPSS will have the Pearson box checked. This provides the
correlation coefficient we discussed. Similarly, having two-tailed and
flag significant correlations will create and display the significance
tests (discussed later in the class).
6. If all you wish is a table of correlations (with no descriptive statistics),

click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
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Steps for Obtaining Descriptive Statistics
7. If you wish to get the descriptive statistics as well, select the Options
button.
8. Another dialogue box will appear where you can choose various
statistics. Select Means and standard deviations and cross-product
deviations and covariances. When you are done, click Continue. This
will return you to the original dialogue box.
9. Now click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
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REGRESSION (BIVARIATE)
Steps for Obtaining Regression Statistics
1. First, enter data involving multiple variables. This is described

elsewhere.
2. After the data are entered, select the Analyze Regression

Linear option from the main menu.
Steps for Obtaining the Regression Coefficients
interest.
4. Select the outcome variable (i.e., criterion) and clicking the arrow to
move it into the Dependent box.
5. Move the predictor variable to the Independent box. [In regression, it

is possible to have multiple predictors but this is not addressed in this
tutorial.]
6. Click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
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ONE SAMPLE T TEST
Steps for Obtaining One-Sample Inferential Statistics
2. After the data are entered, select the Analyze Compare Means
One-Sample T Test option from the main menu.
Steps for Obtaining the Significance Test
interest.
the arrow to move them into the Test Variables box.
5. Be sure to enter a known or hypothesized mean into the Test Value

field. If you do not enter a value here, SPSS will automatically use zero
as the comparison mean.
6. If you do not wish to alter the default (95%) confidence level, click
OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
Page 18 of 36
Steps for Altering the Confidence Interval
7. If you wish to alter the width of the confidence interval, select the
Options button.
8. Another dialogue box will appear where you can change the confidence
level. When you are done, click Continue. This will return you to the
original dialogue box.

Page 19 of 36
PAIRED SAMPLES T TEST
Steps for Obtaining Paired-Sample Inferential Statistics
Paired-Samples T Test option from the main menu.
interest.
4. Select the variables you wish to analyze by clicking on both of them

while holding down the CTRL key. Then click on the arrow to move
the pair of variables to the Paired Variables box.
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Options button.

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INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST
Steps for Obtaining Two-Sample Inferential Statistics
Independent-Samples T Test option from the main menu.
interest.
4. Select the outcome variables you wish to analyze by clicking on them

and hitting the arrow to move them into the Test Variables box.
5. Move the variable that defines the different groups to the Grouping
Variable box. Note that question marks will appear here and that you
will need to follow the next set of steps in order to run the analyses.
Page 22 of 36
Steps for Defining the Groups to be Analyzed
6. In order to tell SPSS which two groups you wish to compare, click on
the Define Groups box.
7. A new dialog box will appear. Here you will need to indicate the
numeric values you used in setting up the data file to refer to the
groups. In this example, a value of 1 for the variable group referred to
Group 1 and a value of 2 for the variable group referred to Group 2.
8. When you are done, click Continue. This will return you to the original
dialogue box.
Options button.

Page 23 of 36
ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Steps for Obtaining Multiple-Sample Inferential Statistics
1. First, enter the data. This is done in the same manner as entering two
sample data (described elsewhere) but with additional groups.
One-Way ANOVA option from the main menu.
interest.

and hitting the arrow to move them into the Dependent List box.
5. Move the variable that defines the different groups to the Factor box.
SPSS will not ask you to define the groups you wish to compare; it
simply will compare all groups defined by the factor.
6. If all you wish is an ANOVA source table (with no descriptive statistics

or post hoc tests), click OK. A separate window with the output will
appear.
Page 24 of 36
7. If you wish to get the means, standard deviations, standard errors, and
95% confidence intervals for each group, select the Options button.
statistics. Select Descriptive. When you are done, click Continue.
This will return you to the original dialogue box.
9. If all you wish is an ANOVA with the descriptive statistics (and no post
hoc tests), click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
Steps for Obtaining Post Hoc Tests
10. If you wish to obtain post hoc tests for the purpose of making
comparisons between groups, click the Post Hoc button.
11. Another dialogue box will appear where you can choose which post hoc
tests you wish. Select Tukey to get Tukey HSD post hoc tests. When
you are done, click Continue.

Page 25 of 36
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (USING GENERAL LINEAR MODEL)
Steps for Obtaining Multiple-Sample Inferential Statistics
sample data (described elsewhere) but with additional groups.
2. After the data are entered, select the Analyze General Linear Model
Univariate option from the main menu.
interest.
4. Select the outcome variable you wish to analyze by clicking on it and

hitting the arrow to move them into the Dependent Variable box.
5. Move the variable that defines the different groups to the Fixed
Factor(s) box.
6. If all you wish is an ANOVA source table (with no descriptive statistics),

Page 26 of 36
7. If you wish to get the means and standard deviations for each group,
select the Options button.
statistics. Select Descriptive statistics.
9. If you wish to get eta-squared measures for the factor, click on

Estimates of effect size.
dialogue box.
11. If all you wish is an ANOVA with the descriptive statistics (and no post
hoc tests), click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
Steps for Obtaining Post Hoc Tests
12. If you wish to obtain post hoc tests for the purpose of making
comparisons between groups, click the Post Hoc button.
13. Another dialogue box will appear where you can choose which post hoc
tests you wish. Move the name of the Factor to the Post Hoc Tests for
box on the right-hand side. Also, select Tukey to get Tukey HSD post
hoc tests. When you are done, click Continue. This will return you to
the original dialogue box.

Page 27 of 36
REPEATED MEASURES ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Steps for Obtaining Repeated Measures Inferential Statistics
1. First, enter the repeated measures data. This is described elsewhere.
2. After the data are entered, select the Analyze General Linear
Model Repeated Measures option from the main menu.
Steps for Labeling the Within-Subjects Variable/Factor
3. A dialogue box will then appear for you to create the repeated
measures factor. This box is necessary because SPSS does not yet know
which columns you wish to identify as repeated measurements of the
same underlying factor.
4. In the Within-Subject Factor Name box, type in the name you wish to
give to the repeated measures factor. In this example, since the
measurements/columns reflect quizzes at two different times, Time is
used as the name.
5. In the Number of Levels box, indicate the number of levels of the

within-subjects factor. In this example, the quiz was given twice, so
there were 2 levels of the factor.
Page 28 of 36
Steps for Creating the Within-Subjects Factor
6. It is then important that you finalize the creation of the within-subjects

factor by clicking on the Add button. This officially declares the new
factor in SPSS.
7. Note that this factor only exists in the computers memory. For
examples, nowhere in the data set will you see a variable called Time.
8. When you have done this, click on Define. This will take you to the
next step in setting up the analysis.
9. A dialogue box will then appear for you to define which

columns/variables reflect the levels of the within-subjects factor.
and hitting the arrow to move them into the Within-Subjects Variable
box. In this example, t1score reflects the first level of the factor and
t2score reflects the second level of the factor.
11. If all you wish is are ANOVA source tables (with no descriptive statistics
or comparisons), click OK. A separate window with the output will
appear.
Page 29 of 36
statistics. For means and standard deviations, select Descriptive. If
you wish standard errors and confidence intervals, select and move the
variable to the Display Means box. When you are done, click
Continue. This will return you to the original dialogue box.
14. If you wish to alter the width of the confidence interval, change the
alpha value in the Significance Level box to your new value. When
you are done, click Continue. This will return you to the original
dialogue box.

Page 30 of 36
FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Steps for Obtaining Factorial Inferential Statistics
sample data (described elsewhere) but with additional groups and
additional factors.
2. After the data are entered, select the Analyze General Linear Model
Univariate option from the main menu.
interest.
4. Select the outcome variable you wish to analyze by clicking on it and

hitting the arrow to move them into the Dependent Variable box.
5. Move the variable(s) that defines the different groups to the Fixed
Factor(s) box. Note that SPSS will not require you to enter anything for
the interaction if there are multiple factors; it will automatically create
the interactions defined by the factor(s).
6. If all you wish is an ANOVA source table (with no descriptive statistics),

Page 31 of 36
7. If you wish to get the means and standard deviations for each group,
select the Options button.
statistics. Select Descriptive statistics.
9. If you wish to get eta-squared measures for each factor (and the
interaction), click on Estimates of effect size.
dialogue box.

Page 32 of 36
MIXED DESIGN FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Steps for Obtaining Repeated Measures Inferential Statistics
1. First, enter the repeated measures data. This is described elsewhere.
2. After the data are entered, select the Analyze General Linear
Model Repeated Measures option from the main menu.
Steps for Labeling the Within-Subjects Variable/Factor
3. A dialogue box will then appear for you to create the repeated
measures factor. This box is necessary because SPSS does not yet know
which columns you wish to identify as repeated measurements of the
same underlying factor.
4. In the Within-Subject Factor Name box, type in the name you wish to
give to the repeated measures factor. In this example, since the
measurements/columns reflect quizzes at two different times, Time is
used as the name.
5. In the Number of Levels box, indicate the number of levels of the

within-subjects factor. In this example, the quiz was given twice, so
there were 2 levels of the factor.
Page 33 of 36
Steps for Creating the Within-Subjects Factor
6. It is then important that you finalize the creation of the within-subjects

factor by clicking on the Add button. This officially declares the new
factor in SPSS.
7. Note that this factor only exists in the computers memory. For
examples, nowhere in the data set will you see a variable called Time.
8. When you have done this, click on Define. This will take you to the
next step in setting up the analysis.
9. A dialogue box will then appear for you to define which

columns/variables reflect the levels of the within-subjects factor.
and hitting the arrow to move them into the Within-Subjects Variable
box. In this example, t1score reflects the first level of the factor and
t2score reflects the second level of the factor.
11. If all you wish is are ANOVA source tables (with no descriptive statistics
or comparisons), click OK. A separate window with the output will
appear.
Page 34 of 36
statistics. For means and standard deviations, select Descriptive. If
you wish standard errors and confidence intervals, select and move the
variable to the Display Means box. When you are done, click
Continue. This will return you to the original dialogue box.
14. If you wish to alter the width of the confidence interval, change the
alpha value in the Significance Level box to your new value. When
you are done, click Continue. This will return you to the original
dialogue box.

Page 35 of 36
PART III:
ANNOTATED SPSS OUTPUT
Section Abstract: This section is intended to facilitate the connection between standard
introductory statistics concepts and their implementation in SPSS. It shows the output from
various types of analyses, describes how to interpret the output, and shows the link between
hand calculation formulas and SPSS output. Results derive from the examples in the previous
section of this project.
Keywords: SPSS output, annotation, statistical interpretation

Section Updated: November 2011

FREQUENCIES......................................................................................................................................2
CORRELATIONS....................................................................................................................................3
T-TEST (ONE SAMPLE) ..........................................................................................................................4
T-TEST (PAIRED SAMPLES) .....................................................................................................................5
T-TEST (INDEPENDENT SAMPLES).............................................................................................................6
ONEWAY (ANOVA) ............................................................................................................................7
POST HOC TESTS (ANOVA) ...................................................................................................................8
GENERAL LINEAR MODEL (REPEATED MEASURES ANOVA)............................................................................9
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (FACTORIAL ANOVA) ......................................................................... 11
Frequencies N provides the sample size for the entire The Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance are all calculated as
data set. Missing refers to the number of unbiased estimates of the respective population parameter. Here, the mean
entries that are blank, whereas Valid is is determined as the average of the scores weighted by their frequencies:
Statistics
the number of entries that are not blank.
Score on Quiz M
(nY ) (1 5) (2 6) (3 7) (2 8) (1 9) 7
N Valid 9
N 9
Missing 0 The Variance and Std. Deviation are both functions of the Sum of Squares
Mean 7.0000 (not shown by SPSS) of the scores in the frequency distribution:
Std. Deviation 1.22474 SS n(Y M )
Variance 1.500
Percentiles 25 6.0000 1(5 7) 2 2(6 7) 2 3(7 7) 2 2(8 7) 2 1(9 7) 2 12
50 7.0000 Then, the Variance (also known as Mean Squares) is calculated as:
75 8.0000
MS SS ( N 1) 12 / 8 1.50
Finally, the Std. Deviation is determined by:
SD MS 1.5 1.22474
Score on Quiz Percentiles provide the scores associated with particular percentile
th
ranks. For example, the 50 percentile is the score in the following
position or location:
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Position PR( N 1) .50(9 1) 5
Valid 5.00 1 11.1 11.1 11.1 th th
6.00 2 22.2 22.2 33.3
Thus, the score at the 50 percentile is the 5 score in the frequency
th
distribution a score of 7. Similarly, a score of 6 is at the 25
7.00 3 33.3 33.3 66.7 th
percentile and a score of 8 is at the 75 percentile. Importantly, in
8.00 2 22.2 22.2 88.9 some cases, the score values can be a non-integer.
9.00 1 11.1 11.1 100.0
Total 9 100.0 100.0
The Valid column lists all of The Percent column provides The Valid Percent column Cumulative Percent is the sum
the actual scores in the entire the percentage of cases for each provides the percentage of cases of all percentages up to and
data set. Frequency indicates possible score. For example, of for each possible score divided by including the row in question. For
the number of times that score the 9 scores in the entire data the total number of cases. Here, example, 11.1% of scores were a
exists. For example, the score set, the score of 7 was listed 3 there were no missing scores, so 5 or smaller. Similarly, 33.3%
7 was listed 3 times. times and 3/9 is 33.3%. the percent columns are equal. were a 6 or smaller.
Page 2 of 12
These values of the statistics are identical to the values that would be provided by the Frequencies or
Correlations Descriptives commands. See the earlier annotated output for details of how these are computed from
frequency distributions. Note that they are calculated separately for each variable.
Descriptive Statistics
These boxes represent the conjunction of both variables and
Mean Std. Deviation N therefore present the statistics relevant to the relationship
between the two variables. (Thus, the boxes are redundant.)
Score on Quiz 7.0000 1.22474 9
Score on Exam 80.8889 6.90008 9 This Sum of Cross Products is not easily determined from the
summary statistics of the SPSS output, but rather from the data
(and the calculations are therefore not shown here).
Correlations The Covariance is a function of the Sum of Cross Products and

the sample size:
Score on Quiz Score on Exam .
SCP 47.00
Score on Quiz Pearson Correlation 1 .695
* COV 5.875
N 1 9 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .038
The Pearson Correlation coefficient is a function of the
Sum of Squares and Cross-products 12.000 47.000 covariance and the standard deviations of both variables:
COV 5.875
Covariance 1.500 5.875 r .695
N 9 9
SDX SDY 1.224746.90008
*
Score on Exam Pearson Correlation .695 1 Though the statistic is not shown, t provides the standardized
statistic for testing whether the correlation differs from zero:
Sig. (2-tailed) .038
r .695
Sum of Squares and Cross-products 47.000 380.889 tOBSERVED 2.557
(1 r ) N 2
2
(1 .6952 ) (9 2)
Covariance 5.875 47.611
The t statistic follows a non-normal (studentized or t) distribution
N 9 9 that depends on degrees of freedom. Here, df = N 2 = 9 2 = 7.
SPSS calculated that a t with 7 df that equals 2.557 has a
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). two-tailed probability of .038.
This box presents information about the first variable that can be derived This box presents information about the second variable that can be
from the Std. Deviation above. The Covariance here actually derived from the Std. Deviation above. The Covariance here actually
represents the estimated variance (or Mean Squares) of the variable: represents the estimated variance (or Mean Squares) of the variable: MS
2 2 2 2
MS = SD = 1.22474 = 1.500. The Sum of Squares for this variable is = SD = 6.90008 = 47.611. The Sum of Squares for this variable is then
then found (knowing that MS = SS/df) to be equal to 12.000. Finally, note found (knowing that MS = SS/df) to be equal to 380.889. Finally, note that,
that, by definition, the variable is perfectly correlated with itself (r = 1.0). by definition, the variable is perfectly correlated with itself (r = 1.0).
Page 3 of 12
These values of the one-sample statistics are identical to the values that would be
T-Test (One Sample) provided by the Frequencies or Descriptives commands. See the earlier annotated
One-Sample Statistics output for details of how these are computed from frequency distributions.
Std. Error
Mean
The Standard Error of the Mean provides an estimate of how
N Mean Std. Deviation spread out the distribution of all possible random sample means
Score on Quiz 9 7.0000 1.22474 .40825 would be. Here its calculated as:
SEM SD 1.22474 .40825

One-Sample Test N 9
Test Value = 6 The Mean Difference is the difference

between the sample mean (M = 7) and the
95% Confidence Interval user-specified test value (u = 6). For the
of the Difference
example, the sample had a mean one point
Mean
higher than the test value. This raw effect size
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
is important for both the significance test and
Score on Quiz 2.449 8 .040 1.00000 .0586 1.9414 the confidence interval.
The t, df, and Sig. columns provide the results of the statistical This section provides a confidence interval around (centered on)
significance test. First, t provides the standardized statistic for the the Mean Difference. Calculation requires the appropriate critical
mean difference: value. Specifically, the t statistic (with 8 df) that has a probability
of .05 would equal 2.306. As a result:
M u 1
tOBSERVED 2.449 CI D M D (tCRITICAL )(SEM ) 1 (2.306)(.40825)
SEM .40825
The t statistic follows a non-normal (studentized or t) distribution Thus, the researcher would have 95% confidence that the interval
that depends on degrees of freedom. Here, df = N 1 = 9 1 = 8. ranging from .0586 to 1.9414 covers the true population mean
SPSS calculated that a t with 8 df that equals 2.449 has a two-tailed difference.
probability of .040.
Page 4 of 12
T-Test (Paired Samples) These values of the group statistics are calculated separately for each level or condition.
There are not identical to the values obtained from analyzing the variable as a whole.
Paired Samples Statistics
Std. Error These are the standard errors for each condition separately.
Mean N Std. Deviation Mean For the first condition:
Pair 1 Score on First Quiz 6.4000 5 1.14018 .50990
SEM SD 1.14018 .50990
Score on Second Quiz 7.8000 5 .83666 .37417 N 4
Notice that the standard errors are not equal because both
conditions do not have the same standard deviation.
Paired Samples Correlations
Though the statistic is not shown, t provides the standardized statistic for
N Correlation Sig.
testing whether the correlation differs from zero:
Pair 1 Score on First Quiz &
Score on Second Quiz 5 .891 .042 r .891
tOBSERVED 3.399
(1 r 2 ) N 2 (1 .8912 ) (5 2)
This is the correlation between the scores of the two conditions.
This correlation is not easily determined from the summary The t statistic follows a non-normal (studentized or t) distribution that depends
statistics of the SPSS output, but rather from the data (and the on degrees of freedom. Here, df = N 2 = 5 2 = 3. SPSS calculated that a t
calculations are therefore not shown here). with 3 df that equals 3.399 has a two-tailed probability of .042.
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
Std. Error
Mean Std. Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 Score on First Quiz -
Score on Second Quiz -1.40000 .54772 .24495 -2.08009 -.71991 -5.715 4 .005
The Paired Differences This confidence interval is centered on the Mean of the The t, df, and Sig. columns provide the results of
statistics are determined by paired differences of the two conditions. Calculation the statistical significance test. First, t provides the
taking the differences of each requires the appropriate critical value. Specifically, the t standardized statistic for the mean difference:
persons pairs of scores on statistic (with 4 df) that has a probability of .05 would
M Differences
the two variables. Thus, the equal 2.776. As a result: tOBSERVED 1.40 5.715
Std. Deviation of these is SEDifferences .24495
not determinable from the CI D M D (tCRITICAL )(SEM ) 1.4 (2.776)(.24495)
summary statistics. However, The t statistic follows a non-normal (studentized or t)
Thus, the researcher would have 95% confidence that the
the Mean here is the interval ranging from -2.08009 to -.71991 covers the true
distribution that depends on degrees of freedom. Here,
difference between the two population mean difference between the two conditions. df = N 1 = 5 1 = 4. SPSS calculated that a t with 4 df
means provided above. that equals -5.715 has a two-tailed probability of .005.
Page 5 of 12
T-Test (Independent Samples) These values of the group statistics are calculated separately for each group. There are not
identical to the values obtained from analyzing the variable as a whole.
Group Statistics
N Std. Error These are the standard errors for each mean separately.
Mean
Lab Group Mean Std. Deviation
SEM SD .81650 .40825
Score on Quiz Control 4 6.0000 .81650 .40825 N 4
Experimental 4 8.0000 .81650 .40825 Notice that the standard errors are equal because both
groups have the same standard deviation and sample size.
Levenes Test determines Independent Samples Test
whether the variability from
the two groups is significantly Levene's Test for
t-test for Equality of Means
different. If this were Equality of Variances
significant, one might
consider using the t-test for 95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
unequal variances.
Mean Std. Error
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper
Score on Quiz Equal variances
assumed .000 1.000 -3.464 6 .013 -2.00000 .57735 -3.41273 -.58727
Equal variances
not assumed -3.464 6.000 .013 -2.00000 .57735 -3.41273 -.58727
The t, df, and Sig. columns provide the The Mean Difference is the difference between the This section provides a confidence
results of the statistical significance test. First, two group means. For the example, the group ones interval around (centered on) the
t provides the standardized statistic for the mean was 2 points lower. Mean Difference. Calculation
mean difference: requires the appropriate critical value.
The Standard Error of the Difference is a function of Specifically, the t statistic (with 6 df)
M1 M 2
tOBSERVED the two groups individual standard errors. When that has a probability of .05 would
SED sample sizes are equal: equal 2.447. As a result:
2 3.464 SED SE12 SE22 CI D M D (tCRITICAL )( SED )
.57735
2 (2.447)(.57735)
The t statistic follows a non-normal
(studentized or t) distribution that depends on
.408252 .408252 .57735
Thus, the researcher would have
degrees of freedom. Here, df = N 2 = 8 2 = This value is important for both the significance test
95% confidence that the interval
6. SPSS calculated that a t with 6 df that and the confidence interval. [Note that the
ranging from -3.41273 to -.58727
equals -3.464 has a two-tailed probability computation of the standard error of the difference is
covers the true population mean
of .013. more complex for unequal sample sizes.]
difference.
Page 6 of 12
These values of the group statistics These are the standard errors for each mean separately. Notice that the standard errors are
Oneway are calculated separately for each equal because all groups have the same standard deviation and sample size.
group. They are not identical to the
values obtained from analyzing the SEM SD 1.000 .57735
variable as a whole. Descriptives N 3
Score on Quiz
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Minimum and
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum
Maximum values
Control 3 4.0000 1.00000 .57735 1.5159 6.4841 3.00 5.00
are the lowest and
Experimental 1 3 8.0000 1.00000 .57735 5.5159 10.4841 7.00 9.00 highest scores in
Experimental 2 3 9.0000 1.00000 .57735 6.5159 11.4841 8.00 10.00 each group.
Total 9 7.0000 2.44949 .81650 5.1172 8.8828 3.00 10.00
These values are all calculated for the set of data as a whole (i.e., not This section provides a confidence interval around (centered on)
separately for each group). Because the mean and standard deviation is each mean separately. Calculation requires the appropriate
different from the respective group values, the SE and CI will also be different: critical value. Specifically, the t statistic (with 2 df) that has a
probability of .05 would equal 4.303. For example, in the first
SEM SD 2.44949 .81650 group:
N 9
CI M M (tCRITICAL )(SEM ) 7 (2.306)(.81650) CI M M (tCRITICAL )(SEM ) 4 (4.303)(.57735)
Thus, the researcher would have 95% confidence that the interval ranging from Thus, the researcher would have 95% confidence that the
5.1172 to 8.8828 covers the true population grand (or overall) mean. interval ranging from 1.5159 to 6.4841 covers the true population
mean.
ANOVA
Score on Quiz
F Mean Squares are estimates of the variance for each
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square Sig. source. For the Between Groups:
Between Groups 42.000 2 21.000 21.000 .002 SS BETWEEN 42.000
Within Groups 6.000 6 1.000
MS BETWEEN 21.000
df BETWEEN 2
Total 48.000 8
Within Groups statistics are a Between Groups statistics are a function of the
The F statistic is a ratio of the between and within group
function of the group variabilities. group means and sample sizes:
variance estimates:
Because SS for each group equals
2
2.00 (SS = SD x df): SS BETWEEN n( M GROUP M TOTAL ) 2 MS BETWEEN 21.000
F 21.000
SSWITHIN SS1 SS 2 SS3 3(4 7) 3(8 7) 3(9 7)
2 2 2
MSWITHIN 1.000
222 6 42.000 SPSS calculated that an F with 2 and 6 df that equals
dfWITHIN = df1 + df2 + df3 = 6 dfBETWEEN = # groups 1 = 2 21.000 has a two-tailed probability of .002.
Page 7 of 12
Post Hoc Tests Tukeys HSD procedure is appropriate for post-hoc pairwise The Sig. column provides the probability
comparisons between groups. SPSS lists all possible pairwise of the HSD statistic (which is not listed). The
Multiple Comparisons
comparisons, including those that are redundant. HSD statistic is a function of the Mean
Difference and the Std. Error. For the first
Dependent Variable: Score on Quiz comparison in the example:
Tukey HSD
M 1 M 2 4.000
HSD 4.899
95% Confidence Interval SED .81650
Mean
Difference
SPSS calculated the probability of a HSD of
(I) Lab Group (J) Lab Group (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
4.899 (with 2 dfBETWEEN and 6 dfWITHIN like in
Control Experimental 1 -4.00000(*) .81650 .006 -6.5052 -1.4948
Experimental 2
the ANOVA source table) as equaling .006.
-5.00000(*) .81650 .002 -7.5052 -2.4948
Experimental 1 Control 4.00000(*) .81650 .006 1.4948 6.5052
Experimental 2 -1.00000 .81650 .483 -3.5052 1.5052 This section provides confidence intervals
Experimental 2 Control 5.00000(*) .81650 .002 2.4948 7.5052 around (centered on) the Mean
Experimental 1 1.00000 .81650 .483 -1.5052 3.5052 Differences. Calculation requires the
* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. appropriate critical value. Specifically, the
HSD statistic (with 2 dfBETWEEN and 6
dfWITHIN) that has a probability of .05 would
Mean Difference (I-J) is the difference These Standard Errors are for the difference between equal 3.068. For the first comparison in the
between the means for the I and J the two group means. The values are a function of the example:
groups. Even though half of the listed MSWITHIN (from the ANOVA) and the sample sizes:
comparisons are redundant, the mean CI D M D ( HSDCRITICAL )( SED )
differences will have the opposite signs MSWITHIN MSWITHIN
because of subtraction order. This will
SED 4 (3.068)(.81650)
nGROUP nGROUP
also change the signs of the associated
Thus, the researcher would have 95%
confidence intervals. 1.000 1.000
.81650 confidence that the interval ranging from
3 3 -6.5052 to -1.4948 covers the true
Homogeneous Subsets population mean difference.
In this case,
Score onbecause
Quiz all groups are of the same size, the
standard error for each comparison is the same.
Tukey HSD
N Subset for alpha = .05
Lab Group 1 2 Homogeneous Subsets provide groupings for the means. Means within the
Control 3 4.0000 same subset are not significantly different from each other (note the Sig. value
Experimental 1 3 8.0000 at the bottom of the column for the subset). This offers a useful summary of the
Experimental 2 3 9.0000 comparisons as analyzed above.
Sig. 1.000 .483
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
Page 8 of 12
General Linear Model (Repeated Measures ANOVA)
(Note that some aspects of this output have been deleted and rearranged for the sake of presentation!)
Within-Subjects Factors
Measure: MEASURE_1
This provides a description of the
Dependent
time Variable variable levels (i.e., columns in the data
1 set) that are linked by being separate
t1score
instances of the dependent variable.
2 t2score
These values of the descriptive statistics are calculated
separately for each level or condition of the
Mean Std. Deviation N
within-subjects factor. They are identical to what would
Score on First Quiz 6.4000 1.14018 5 be obtained if the Frequencies or Descriptives
Score on Second Quiz 7.8000 .83666 5 procedure had been used separately for each.
Estimated Marginal Means

This section provides a confidence interval around (centered on)
Time each conditions mean separately. Calculation requires the
appropriate critical value. Specifically, the t statistic (with 4 df)
Measure: MEASURE_1
that has a probability of .05 would equal 2.776. For example, for
95% Confidence Interval the first time:
Time Mean Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound
CI M M (tCRITICAL )(SEM ) 6.4 (2.776)(.510)
1 6.400 .510 4.984 7.816
2 7.800 .374 6.761 8.839 Thus, the researcher would have 95% confidence that the
interval ranging from 4.984 to 7.816 covers the true population
mean for the measure at Time 1.
Page 9 of 12
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
The Between-Subjects Intercept here refers to the average
Measure: MEASURE_1 score of the participants in the study and the significance test
Transformed Variable: Average determines whether that average is different from zero. This is
Source often not an informative test.
Type III Sum
of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Intercept 504.100 1 504.100 272.486 .000 Between-Subjects Error refers to the average differences
Error 7.400 4 1.850 across the participants of the study. This Sum of Squares is not
easily determined from the summary statistics of the SPSS
output, but rather from the data (and the calculations are
therefore not shown here). However:
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects dfSUBJECTS = # cases 1 = 4
Measure: MEASURE_1 The Mean Square is the usual ratio of the Sum of Squares to
Source the degrees of freedom.
Type III Sum
of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
time Sphericity Assumed 4.900 1 4.900 32.667 .005 The statistics for the effect (or change)
Greenhouse-Geisser 4.900 1.000 4.900 32.667 .005 over time are functions of the means of
Huynh-Feldt 4.900 1.000 4.900 32.667 .005 the levels or conditions and the sample
Lower-bound 4.900 1.000 4.900 32.667 .005
sizes:
Error(time) Sphericity Assumed .600 4 .150 SS EFFECT n( M LEVEL M TOTAL ) 2
Greenhouse-Geisser .600 4.000 .150
Huynh-Feldt 5(6.4 7.1) 2 5(7.8 7.1) 2
.600 4.000 .150
Lower-bound .600 4.000 .150 4.900
dfEFFECT = # levels 1 = 1
The Mean Square is the usual ratio of
These rows provide statistics adjusted for the Sphericity test (not shown). Because that the Sum of Squares to the degrees of
test showed absolutely no problem, these statistics show the exact same results as freedom.
those in which sphericity is properly assumed.
The F statistic is a ratio of the effect
and within-subjects error variance
The Within-Subjects Error is important for the F ratio. It is a function of variabilties of the separate
estimates:
levels or conditions of the independent variable and the between-subjects error given above. Because
2
SS for each level can be determined (SS = SD x df, equals 5.20 and 2.80 for time 1 and 2 respectively): MS EFFECT 4.900
F 32.667
SS ERROR SS1 SS 2 SS SUBJECTS MS ERROR .150
5.20 2.80 7.40 .60 SPSS calculated that an F with 1 and 4
dfERROR = df1 + df2 dfSUBJECTS = 4 df that equals 32.667 has a two-tailed
probability of .005.
The Mean Square is the usual ratio of the Sum of Squares to the degrees of freedom.
Page 10 of 12
Univariate Analysis of Variance (Factorial ANOVA)
Descriptive Statistics These descriptive statistics are calculated separately for each condition as
defined by the factors. They are not identical to the values obtained from
Dependent Variable: Outcome
analyzing the variable as a whole.
FactorA FactorB Mean Std. Deviation N
1 1 7.0000 2.00000 3 These descriptive statistics are calculated separately for each factor. They
represent the marginal means of one factor collapsing across the levels of the
2 5.0000 2.00000 3
other factor. They are not identical to the values obtained from analyzing the
Total 6.0000 2.09762 6 variable as a whole.
2 1 4.0000 2.00000 3
2 8.0000 2.00000 3 These descriptive statistics represent the grand (or overall) values obtained from
analyzing the variable as a whole. There are identical to what would be obtained if
Total 6.0000 2.82843 6
the Frequencies or Descriptives procedure had been used.
Total 1 5.5000 2.42899 6
2 6.5000 2.42899 6 The Corrected Model statistics reflect the overall
Total 6.0000 2.37410 12 The Intercept between-group variability. They are a function of the
information is generally group means and sample sizes.
not informative.
SS MODEL n( M GROUP M TOTAL ) 2
Dependent Variable: Outcome
Type III Sum of
Source Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 3(7 6) 2 3(5 6) 2 3(4 6) 2 3(8 6) 2
a
Corrected Model 30.000 3 10.000 2.500 .133 30.000
Intercept 432.000 1 432.000 108.000 .000
Factor A .000 1 .000 .000 1.000 dfMODEL = # of groups 1 = 3
Factor B 3.000 1 3.000 .750 .412
Mean Squares are estimates of the
Factor A * Factor B 27.000 1 27.000 6.750 .032
variances associated with each source. For
Error 32.000 8 4.000
Factor B:
Total 494.000 12
11The Factor A * Factor B (interaction) statistics reflect the SS FACTORB 3.000
Corrected Total 62.000
between- group variability not accounted for by the factors:
MS FACTORB 3.000
a. R Squared = .484 (Adjusted R Squared = .290) df FACTORB 1
SS INTERACTIO N SS MODEL SS FACTORA SS FACTORB
The Factor A and Factor B statistics The F statistic is a ratio of the effect and
are a function of the level (marginal) 30 0 3 27.000 within group (error) variance estimates. For
means and sample sizes. For Factor B: dfINTERACTION = dfA * dfB = 1 Factor B:
SS FACTORB n( M LEVEL M TOTAL ) 2 Error statistics are a function of the within group variabilities. FFACTORB
MS FACTORB 3.000
.750
2
Because SS for each group can be determined (SS = SD x df): MS ERROR 4.000
6(5.5 6) 2 6(6.5 6) 2
SS ERROR SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SPSS calculated that an F with 1 and 8 df
3.000
that equals .750 has a two-tailed probability
dfFACTORB = # levels 1 = 1
8 8 8 8 32
of .412.
dfERROR = df1 + df2 + df3 + df4 = 8
Page 11 of 12
PART IV:
STATISTICS IN APA STYLE
Section Abstract: This section describes basic rules for presenting statistical results in APA style.
All rules come from the newest APA style manual. Specific examples of mini Results summaries
(and data tables) are provided, using the analyses in the previous section of this project.
Keywords: APA style, Results sections, statistical interpretation

Section Updated: December 2012

GENERAL RULES FOR APA STYLE RESULTS SECTIONS .....................................................................................2

EXAMPLES OF APA STYLE ......................................................................................................................3
SUMMARY OF PARAMETRIC STATISTICS .....................................................................................................5
GENERAL RULES FOR APA STYLE RESULTS SECTIONS
Overview
The APA manual describes appropriate strategies for presenting statistical information. These guidelines were established
to provide basic minimal standards and to provide some uniformity across studies.
Using a Sufficient Set of Statistics
Information to Include: Significance testing is but a starting point and that additional reporting elements such as effect
sizes, confidence intervals, and extensive description are needed to convey the most complete meaning of the results (p.
33).
1. Descriptive statistics are essential and such a set usually includes at least the following: the per-cell sample sizes; the
observed cell means (or frequencies of cases in each category for a categorical variable); and the cell standard
deviations (p. 33).
2. For statistical significance tests, include the obtained magnitude or value of the test statistics, the degrees of
freedom, the probability of obtaining a value as extreme as or more extreme than the one obtained (the exact p
value) (p. 34).
3. When possible, confidence intervals should be emphasized. The inclusion of confidence intervals (for estimates of
parameters, for functions of parameters such as differences in means, and for effect sizes) can be an extremely
effective way of reporting results (p. 34).
4. For the reader to appreciate the magnitude or importance of a studys findings, it is almost always necessary to
include some measure of effect size (p. 34). These can be in the original (raw) units or in a standardized metric.
Information in Text versus Data Displays: Statistical and mathematical copy can be presented in text, in tables, and in
figures. . . Select the mode of presentation that optimizes understanding of the data by the reader (p. 116).
Generally speaking, the more data you have, the more likely it is that they should be presented in a table or figure. If
you need to present 4 to 20 numbers, first consider a well-prepared table (p. 116).
If you present descriptive statistics in a table or figure, you do not need to repeat them in text, although you should
(a) mention the table in which the statistics can be found and (b) emphasize particular data in the narrative when
they help in interpretation (p. 117).
As a result, it is necessary that the text include a description of the variable(s) under study and a description of the
statistical procedures used. The text often includes a description of whether the results support the hypotheses.
All quotations pertaining to reporting results are taken from: American Psychological Association. (2010).
th
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6 Ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
Page 2 of 6
EXAMPLES OF APA STYLE RESULTS IN THE TEXT
Descriptive Statistics: The purpose of the descriptive statistics is to provide the reader with an idea about the basic
elements of the group(s) being studied. Note that this also forms the basis of the in-text presentation of descriptive
statistics for the inferential analyses below.
On the quiz, the nine students had a mean score of 7.000 (SD = 1.225). Scores
of 6.000, 7.000, and 8.000 represented the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles,
respectively.
Correlations: Correlations provide a measure of statistical relationship between two variables. Note that correlations can
be tested for statistical significance (and that this information should be summarized if it is available and of interest).
For the nine students, the scores on the first quiz (M = 7.000, SD = 1.225) and
the first exam (M = 80.889, SD = 6.900) were strongly and significantly
correlated, r(8) = .695, p = .038.
One Sample t Test: In this case, a sample mean has been compared to a user-specified test value (or a population mean).
Thus, the summary and the inferential statistics focus on that difference.
A one sample t test showed that the difference in quiz scores between the current
sample (N = 9, M = 7.000, SD = 1.225) and the hypothesized value (6.000) were
statistically significant, t(8) = 2.449, p = .040, 95% CI [0.059, 1.941], d =
0.816.
Independent Samples t Test: For this analysis, the emphasis is on comparing the means from two groups. Here again the
summary and the inferential statistics focus on the difference.
An independent sample t test showed that the difference in quiz scores between
the control group (N = 4, M = 6.000, SD = 0.817) and the experimental group (N
= 4, M = 8.000, SD = .817) were statistically significant, t(6) = -3.464, p =
.013, 95% CI [-3.413, -0.587], d = -2.449.
One Way ANOVA: The ANOVA provides an omnibus test of the differences across multiple groups. Because the ANOVA
tests the overall differences among the groups, the text discusses the differences only in general.
A one way ANOVA showed that the difference in quiz scores between the control
group (N = 3, M = 4.000, SD = 1.000), the first experimental group (N = 3, M =
8.000, SD = 1.000), and the second experimental group (N = 3, M = 9.000, SD =
1.000) were statistically significant, F(2,6) = 21.000, p = .002, 2 = .875.
Page 3 of 6
One Way ANOVA with Post Hoc Tests: Post hoc tests build on the ANOVA results and provide a more focused
comparison among the groups. Notice that the post hoc summary duplicates the presentation of the omnibus ANOVA
statistics.
A one way ANOVA showed that the difference in quiz scores between the control
group (N = 3, M = 4.000, SD = 1.000), the first experimental group (N = 3, M =
8.000, SD = 1.000), and the second experimental group (N = 3, M = 9.000, SD =
1.000) were statistically significant, F(2,6) = 21.000, p = .002, 2 = .875.
Tukeys HSD tests showed that both experimental groups scored statistically
significantly higher than the control group. However, the two experimental groups
did not differ significantly.
Repeated Measures ANOVA: The RMD ANOVA tests for overall differences across the repeated measures. As such, its
summary parallels that of the One Way ANOVA.
A repeated measures ANOVA showed that, for the five people, the difference in
quiz scores between the first time point (M = 6.400, SD = 1.140) and second time
point (M = 7.800, SD = 0.837) were statistically significant, F(1,4) = 32.667,
p = .005, partial 2 = .875.
Factorial ANOVA: The factorial ANOVA provides statistics for all of the main effects and interactions in a factorial design.
Each effect would be summarized in a style analogous to a One Way ANOVA.
A 2 (Factor A) x 2 (Factor B) ANOVA was conducted on the quiz scores. Neither

Factor A, F(1,8) = 0.000, p = 1.000, partial 2 = .000, nor Factor B, F(1,8) =
.750, p = .412, partial 2 = .086, had a statistically significant impact on quiz
scores. However, the interaction was statistically significant, F(1,8) = 6.750,
p = .032, partial 2 = .458. The descriptive statistics for these analyses are
presented in Table 1.
Page 4 of 6
EXAMPLES OF APA STYLE RESULTS IN TABLES
Page 5 of 6
SUMMARY OF PARAMETRIC STATISTICS
Statistic What Its Purpose Is How To Report It What It Indicates

Indicates the center point of the
To provide an estimate of the
distribution and serves as the
Mean population from which the sample was M = _____ reference point for nearly all
selected.
other statistics.
To provide an estimate of the amount Indicates the variability of scores
Standard
of variability/dispersion in the SD = _____ around their respective mean.
Deviation distribution of population scores. Zero indicates no variability.
Measures of Effect Size
To provide a standardized measure of Indicates the size of the
Cohens d an effect (defined as the difference d = _____. treatment effect relative to the
between two means). within-group variability of scores.
Indicates the strength of the
To provide a measure of the
relationship between two
Correlation association between two variables r(df) = _____ variables and can range from 1
measured in a sample.
to +1.
Indicates the proportion of
To provide a standardized measure of
variance in the dependent
Eta-Squared an effect (defined as the relationship 2 = _____. variable accounted for by the
between two variables).
independent variable.
Confidence Intervals
Indicates that there is the given
To provide an interval estimate of the
probability that the interval
CI for a Mean population mean. Can be derived from ____% CI [ ___, ___ ] specified covers the true
both the z and t distributions.
population mean.
To provide an interval estimate of the Indicates that there is the given
CI for a Mean population mean difference. Can be probability that the interval
derived from both the z and t
____% CI [ ___, ___ ] specified covers the true
Difference
distributions. population mean difference.
Significance Tests
To compare a single sample mean to a
One Sample t
population mean when the population
Test standard deviation is not known A small probability is obtained
To compare two sample means when when the statistic is sufficiently
Independent
the samples are from a single-factor t(df) = ____, p = ____. large, indicating that the two
Samples t Test between-subjects design. means significantly differ from
To compare two sample means when each other.
Related Samples
the samples are from a single-factor
t Test within-subjects design.
To compare two or more sample
One-Way
means when the means are from a
ANOVA single-factor between-subjects design. A small probability is obtained
Repeated To compare two or more sample when the statistic is sufficiently
Measures means when the means are from a F(df1,df2) = ___, p = ___. large, indicating that the set of
ANOVA single-factor within-subjects design. means differ significantly from
To compare four or more groups each other.
Factorial
defined by a multiple variables in a
ANOVA factorial research design.
Note. Many of the statistics from each of the categories are frequently and perhaps often appropriately presented in
tables or figures rather than in the text.
Page 6 of 6
PART V:
STATISTICAL TABLES
Section Abstract: This section provides basic statistical tables for Statistics for Psychologists.
Tables included are the Standard Normal, Student's (t) Distribution, F, Tukey's HSD, and power
tables for Cohen's d and Eta-Squared. These tables were used in the Annotated SPSS Output
section of this textbook.
Keywords: Statistical tables, normal distribution, critical values, power tables

Section Updated: October 2011

TABLE 1: THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION .............................................................................................. 2

TABLE 2: VALUES OF THE t DISTRIBUTION .......................................................................................................... 4
TABLE 3: POWER TABLE FOR COHENS d ........................................................................................................... 5
TABLE 4: CRITICAL VALUES OF THE F DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................... 11
TABLE 5: POWER TABLE FOR ETA-SQUARED..................................................................................................... 16
TABLE 6: VALUES OF TUKEYS HSD STATISTIC .................................................................................................. 20
TABLE 1: THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
PR = Percentile Rank and p = Two-Tailed Probability
Z PR p Z PR p Z PR p Z PR p
< -3.400 <.001 <.001 -2.560 .005 .010 -1.700 .045 .089 -0.840 .200 .401
-3.400 <.001 .001 -2.540 .006 .011 -1.680 .046 .093 -0.820 .206 .412
-3.380 <.001 .001 -2.520 .006 .012 -1.660 .048 .097 -0.800 .212 .424
-3.360 <.001 .001 -2.500 .006 .012 -1.640 .051 .101 -0.780 .218 .435
-3.340 <.001 .001 -2.480 .007 .013 -1.620 .053 .105 -0.760 .224 .447
-3.320 <.001 .001 -2.460 .007 .014 -1.600 .055 .110 -0.740 .230 .459
-3.300 <.001 .001 -2.440 .007 .015 -1.580 .057 .114 -0.720 .236 .472
-3.280 .001 .001 -2.420 .008 .016 -1.560 .059 .119 -0.700 .242 .484
-3.260 .001 .001 -2.400 .008 .016 -1.540 .062 .124 -0.680 .248 .497
-3.240 .001 .001 -2.380 .009 .017 -1.520 .064 .129 -0.660 .255 .509
-3.220 .001 .001 -2.360 .009 .018 -1.500 .067 .134 -0.640 .261 .522
-3.200 .001 .001 -2.340 .010 .019 -1.480 .069 .139 -0.620 .268 .535
-3.180 .001 .001 -2.320 .010 .020 -1.460 .072 .144 -0.600 .274 .549
-3.160 .001 .002 -2.300 .011 .021 -1.440 .075 .150 -0.580 .281 .562
-3.140 .001 .002 -2.280 .011 .023 -1.420 .078 .156 -0.560 .288 .575
-3.120 .001 .002 -2.260 .012 .024 -1.400 .081 .162 -0.540 .295 .589
-3.100 .001 .002 -2.240 .013 .025 -1.380 .084 .168 -0.520 .302 .603
-3.080 .001 .002 -2.220 .013 .026 -1.360 .087 .174 -0.500 .309 .617
-3.060 .001 .002 -2.200 .014 .028 -1.340 .090 .180 -0.480 .316 .631
-3.040 .001 .002 -2.180 .015 .029 -1.320 .093 .187 -0.460 .323 .646
-3.020 .001 .003 -2.160 .015 .031 -1.300 .097 .194 -0.440 .330 .660
-3.000 .001 .003 -2.140 .016 .032 -1.280 .100 .201 -0.420 .337 .674
-2.980 .001 .003 -2.120 .017 .034 -1.260 .104 .208 -0.400 .345 .689
-2.960 .002 .003 -2.100 .018 .036 -1.240 .107 .215 -0.380 .352 .704
-2.940 .002 .003 -2.080 .019 .038 -1.220 .111 .222 -0.360 .359 .719
-2.920 .002 .004 -2.060 .020 .039 -1.200 .115 .230 -0.340 .367 .734
-2.900 .002 .004 -2.040 .021 .041 -1.180 .119 .238 -0.320 .374 .749
-2.880 .002 .004 -2.020 .022 .043 -1.160 .123 .246 -0.300 .382 .764
-2.860 .002 .004 -2.000 .023 .046 -1.140 .127 .254 -0.280 .390 .779
-2.840 .002 .005 -1.980 .024 .048 -1.120 .131 .263 -0.260 .397 .795
-2.820 .002 .005 -1.960 .025 .050 -1.100 .136 .271 -0.240 .405 .810
-2.800 .003 .005 -1.940 .026 .052 -1.080 .140 .280 -0.220 .413 .826
-2.780 .003 .005 -1.920 .027 .055 -1.060 .145 .289 -0.200 .421 .841
-2.760 .003 .006 -1.900 .029 .057 -1.040 .149 .298 -0.180 .429 .857
-2.740 .003 .006 -1.880 .030 .060 -1.020 .154 .308 -0.160 .436 .873
-2.720 .003 .007 -1.860 .031 .063 -1.000 .159 .317 -0.140 .444 .889
-2.700 .003 .007 -1.840 .033 .066 -0.980 .164 .327 -0.120 .452 .904
-2.680 .004 .007 -1.820 .034 .069 -0.960 .169 .337 -0.100 .460 .920
-2.660 .004 .008 -1.800 .036 .072 -0.940 .174 .347 -0.080 .468 .936
-2.640 .004 .008 -1.780 .038 .075 -0.920 .179 .358 -0.060 .476 .952
-2.620 .004 .009 -1.760 .039 .078 -0.900 .184 .368 -0.040 .484 .968
-2.600 .005 .009 -1.740 .041 .082 -0.880 .189 .379 -0.020 .492 .984
-2.580 .005 .010 -1.720 .043 .085 -0.860 .195 .390 0.000 .500 1.000
Page 2 of 24
TABLE 1 (CONTINUED)
PR = Percentile Rank and p = Two-Tailed Probability
Z PR p Z PR p Z PR p Z PR p
0.000 .500 1.000 0.860 .805 .390 1.720 .957 .085 2.580 .995 .010
0.020 .508 .984 0.880 .811 .379 1.740 .959 .082 2.600 .995 .009
0.040 .516 .968 0.900 .816 .368 1.760 .961 .078 2.620 .996 .009
0.060 .524 .952 0.920 .821 .358 1.780 .962 .075 2.640 .996 .008
0.080 .532 .936 0.940 .826 .347 1.800 .964 .072 2.660 .996 .008
0.100 .540 .920 0.960 .831 .337 1.820 .966 .069 2.680 .996 .007
0.120 .548 .904 0.980 .836 .327 1.840 .967 .066 2.700 .997 .007
0.140 .556 .889 1.000 .841 .317 1.860 .969 .063 2.720 .997 .007
0.160 .564 .873 1.020 .846 .308 1.880 .970 .060 2.740 .997 .006
0.180 .571 .857 1.040 .851 .298 1.900 .971 .057 2.760 .997 .006
0.200 .579 .841 1.060 .855 .289 1.920 .973 .055 2.780 .997 .005
0.220 .587 .826 1.080 .860 .280 1.940 .974 .052 2.800 .997 .005
0.240 .595 .810 1.100 .864 .271 1.960 .975 .050 2.820 .998 .005
0.260 .603 .795 1.120 .869 .263 1.980 .976 .048 2.840 .998 .005
0.280 .610 .779 1.140 .873 .254 2.000 .977 .046 2.860 .998 .004
0.300 .618 .764 1.160 .877 .246 2.020 .978 .043 2.880 .998 .004
0.320 .626 .749 1.180 .881 .238 2.040 .979 .041 2.900 .998 .004
0.340 .633 .734 1.200 .885 .230 2.060 .980 .039 2.920 .998 .004
0.360 .641 .719 1.220 .889 .222 2.080 .981 .038 2.940 .998 .003
0.380 .648 .704 1.240 .893 .215 2.100 .982 .036 2.960 .998 .003
0.400 .655 .689 1.260 .896 .208 2.120 .983 .034 2.980 .999 .003
0.420 .663 .674 1.280 .900 .201 2.140 .984 .032 3.000 .999 .003
0.440 .670 .660 1.300 .903 .194 2.160 .985 .031 3.020 .999 .003
0.460 .677 .646 1.320 .907 .187 2.180 .985 .029 3.040 .999 .002
0.480 .684 .631 1.340 .910 .180 2.200 .986 .028 3.060 .999 .002
0.500 .691 .617 1.360 .913 .174 2.220 .987 .026 3.080 .999 .002
0.520 .698 .603 1.380 .916 .168 2.240 .987 .025 3.100 .999 .002
0.540 .705 .589 1.400 .919 .162 2.260 .988 .024 3.120 .999 .002
0.560 .712 .575 1.420 .922 .156 2.280 .989 .023 3.140 .999 .002
0.580 .719 .562 1.440 .925 .150 2.300 .989 .021 3.160 .999 .002
0.600 .726 .549 1.460 .928 .144 2.320 .990 .020 3.180 .999 .001
0.620 .732 .535 1.480 .931 .139 2.340 .990 .019 3.200 .999 .001
0.640 .739 .522 1.500 .933 .134 2.360 .991 .018 3.220 .999 .001
0.660 .745 .509 1.520 .936 .129 2.380 .991 .017 3.240 .999 .001
0.680 .752 .497 1.540 .938 .124 2.400 .992 .016 3.260 .999 .001
0.700 .758 .484 1.560 .941 .119 2.420 .992 .016 3.280 .999 .001
0.720 .764 .472 1.580 .943 .114 2.440 .993 .015 3.300 >.999 .001
0.740 .770 .459 1.600 .945 .110 2.460 .993 .014 3.320 >.999 .001
0.760 .776 .447 1.620 .947 .105 2.480 .993 .013 3.340 >.999 .001
0.780 .782 .435 1.640 .949 .101 2.500 .994 .012 3.360 >.999 .001
0.800 .788 .424 1.660 .952 .097 2.520 .994 .012 3.380 >.999 .001
0.820 .794 .412 1.680 .954 .093 2.540 .994 .011 3.400 >.999 .001
0.840 .800 .401 1.700 .955 .089 2.560 .995 .010 > 3.400 >.999 <.001
Page 3 of 24
TABLE 2: VALUES OF THE t DISTRIBUTION
Tabled Values are t Statistics for the Given Probability and Degrees of Freedom
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR .90 .80 .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .001
2 .142 .289 .445 .617 .816 1.06 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 5.643 6.965 9.925 31.599
3 .137 .277 .424 .584 .765 .978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 3.896 4.541 5.841 12.924
4 .134 .271 .414 .569 .741 .941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.298 3.747 4.604 8.610
5 .132 .267 .408 .559 .727 .920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.003 3.365 4.032 6.869
6 .131 .265 .404 .553 .718 .906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 2.829 3.143 3.707 5.959
7 .130 .263 .402 .549 .711 .896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.715 2.998 3.499 5.408
8 .130 .262 .399 .546 .706 .889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.634 2.896 3.355 5.041
9 .129 .261 .398 .543 .703 .883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.574 2.821 3.250 4.781
10 .129 .260 .397 .542 .700 .879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.527 2.764 3.169 4.587
11 .129 .260 .396 .540 .697 .876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.491 2.718 3.106 4.437
12 .128 .259 .395 .539 .695 .873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.461 2.681 3.055 4.318
13 .128 .259 .394 .538 .694 .870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.436 2.650 3.012 4.221
14 .128 .258 .393 .537 .692 .868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.415 2.624 2.977 4.140
15 .128 .258 .393 .536 .691 .866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.397 2.602 2.947 4.073
16 .128 .258 .392 .535 .690 .865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.382 2.583 2.921 4.015
17 .128 .257 .392 .534 .689 .863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.368 2.567 2.898 3.965
18 .127 .257 .392 .534 .688 .862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.356 2.552 2.878 3.922
19 .127 .257 .391 .533 .688 .861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.346 2.539 2.861 3.883
20 .127 .257 .391 .533 .687 .860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.336 2.528 2.845 3.850
21 .127 .257 .391 .532 .686 .859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.328 2.518 2.831 3.819
22 .127 .256 .390 .532 .686 .858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.320 2.508 2.819 3.792
23 .127 .256 .390 .532 .685 .858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.313 2.500 2.807 3.768
24 .127 .256 .390 .531 .685 .857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.307 2.492 2.797 3.745
25 .127 .256 .390 .531 .684 .856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.301 2.485 2.787 3.725
26 .127 .256 .390 .531 .684 .856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.296 2.479 2.779 3.707
27 .127 .256 .389 .531 .684 .855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.291 2.473 2.771 3.690
28 .127 .256 .389 .530 .683 .855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.286 2.467 2.763 3.674
29 .127 .256 .389 .530 .683 .854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.282 2.462 2.756 3.659
30 .127 .256 .389 .530 .683 .854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.278 2.457 2.750 3.646
35 .127 .255 .388 .529 .682 .852 1.052 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.133 2.262 2.438 2.724 3.591
40 .126 .255 .388 .529 .681 .851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.250 2.423 2.704 3.551
45 .126 .255 .388 .528 .680 .850 1.049 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.115 2.241 2.412 2.690 3.520
50 .126 .255 .388 .528 .679 .849 1.047 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.109 2.234 2.403 2.678 3.496
55 .126 .255 .387 .527 .679 .848 1.046 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.104 2.228 2.396 2.668 3.476
60 .126 .254 .387 .527 .679 .848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.223 2.390 2.660 3.460
70 .126 .254 .387 .527 .678 .847 1.044 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.093 2.215 2.381 2.648 3.435
80 .126 .254 .387 .526 .678 .846 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.088 2.209 2.374 2.639 3.416
90 .126 .254 .387 .526 .677 .846 1.042 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.084 2.205 2.368 2.632 3.402
100 .126 .254 .386 .526 .677 .845 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.081 2.201 2.364 2.626 3.390
120 .126 .254 .386 .526 .677 .845 1.041 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.076 2.196 2.358 2.617 3.373
240 .126 .254 .386 .525 .676 .843 1.039 1.285 1.651 1.970 2.065 2.183 2.342 2.596 3.332
.126 .253 .385 .524 .674 .842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.170 2.326 2.576 3.291
Page 4 of 24
TABLE 3: POWER TABLE FOR COHENS d
One-Sample Design, = .05, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities
Cohens d Effect Size

n .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60
3 .032 .041 .052 .065 .079 .095 .113 .133 .155 .179 .204 .230 .258 .287 .316 .347
4 .035 .048 .064 .084 .108 .136 .169 .205 .245 .289 .335 .383 .433 .483 .533 .582
5 .037 .054 .076 .104 .138 .180 .227 .281 .339 .401 .466 .530 .594 .654 .711 .762
6 .039 .060 .088 .124 .169 .224 .286 .356 .430 .507 .583 .655 .722 .781 .833 .875
7 .041 .066 .099 .144 .200 .268 .345 .428 .515 .600 .681 .754 .816 .867 .908 .938
8 .043 .071 .111 .164 .231 .311 .401 .496 .591 .681 .761 .828 .882 .922 .951 .971
9 .045 .077 .122 .184 .262 .354 .455 .559 .659 .748 .823 .882 .925 .955 .975 .986
10 .047 .082 .134 .204 .293 .396 .506 .616 .717 .803 .871 .920 .954 .975 .987 .994
11 .049 .087 .145 .224 .323 .436 .554 .668 .767 .848 .907 .947 .972 .986 .994 .997
12 .050 .092 .156 .244 .353 .475 .599 .714 .810 .883 .933 .965 .983 .993 .997 .999
13 .052 .098 .168 .264 .382 .512 .640 .754 .845 .911 .953 .977 .990 .996 .999 >.999
14 .053 .103 .179 .283 .410 .547 .678 .790 .875 .932 .967 .985 .994 .998 .999 >.999
15 .055 .108 .190 .303 .438 .580 .713 .821 .899 .949 .977 .991 .997 .999 >.999 >.999
16 .057 .113 .202 .322 .465 .612 .745 .848 .919 .962 .984 .994 .998 .999 >.999 >.999
17 .058 .118 .213 .341 .491 .642 .773 .872 .936 .972 .989 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
18 .059 .123 .224 .360 .516 .670 .799 .892 .949 .979 .992 .998 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
19 .061 .128 .235 .379 .541 .696 .823 .909 .960 .984 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
20 .062 .133 .246 .397 .564 .721 .844 .924 .968 .989 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
21 .064 .139 .258 .415 .587 .744 .862 .936 .975 .992 .998 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
22 .065 .144 .269 .433 .609 .765 .879 .947 .980 .994 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
23 .067 .149 .280 .450 .630 .785 .894 .956 .985 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
24 .068 .154 .291 .467 .650 .804 .907 .963 .988 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
25 .069 .159 .302 .484 .670 .821 .919 .970 .991 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
26 .071 .164 .312 .500 .688 .836 .929 .975 .993 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
27 .072 .169 .323 .517 .706 .851 .938 .979 .994 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
28 .074 .174 .334 .532 .723 .864 .946 .983 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
29 .075 .179 .345 .548 .739 .877 .953 .986 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
30 .076 .184 .355 .563 .754 .888 .959 .988 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
35 .083 .209 .407 .633 .820 .932 .980 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
40 .090 .234 .456 .694 .869 .959 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
45 .096 .259 .503 .747 .907 .976 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
50 .103 .283 .548 .792 .934 .986 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
55 .109 .307 .589 .830 .954 .992 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
60 .115 .331 .628 .862 .968 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
70 .128 .378 .697 .910 .985 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
80 .141 .424 .755 .942 .993 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
90 .154 .467 .804 .964 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
100 .166 .508 .844 .977 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
120 .191 .584 .903 .991 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
240 .338 .870 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
360 .473 .966 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
Page 5 of 24
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
One-Sample Design, = .01, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities

n .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60
3 .007 .008 .011 .013 .016 .020 .024 .028 .033 .039 .045 .052 .059 .066 .074 .083
4 .007 .010 .014 .018 .024 .031 .040 .050 .062 .076 .091 .108 .128 .149 .172 .196
5 .008 .012 .017 .024 .034 .046 .061 .080 .102 .128 .158 .192 .229 .269 .313 .358
6 .008 .013 .021 .031 .045 .064 .088 .117 .153 .194 .242 .294 .350 .410 .471 .532
7 .009 .015 .024 .038 .058 .084 .118 .160 .211 .269 .334 .403 .476 .548 .619 .685
8 .009 .017 .028 .046 .072 .106 .151 .207 .273 .348 .428 .511 .593 .671 .741 .802
9 .010 .018 .033 .055 .087 .131 .188 .258 .339 .427 .519 .610 .694 .769 .832 .883
10 .010 .020 .037 .064 .103 .157 .226 .310 .404 .504 .603 .696 .777 .844 .896 .934
11 .011 .022 .042 .073 .120 .184 .266 .362 .468 .576 .678 .768 .841 .897 .937 .964
12 .011 .024 .046 .083 .137 .212 .306 .415 .530 .642 .743 .826 .890 .934 .964 .981
13 .012 .026 .051 .093 .156 .241 .347 .466 .587 .701 .797 .872 .925 .959 .979 .990
14 .012 .028 .056 .104 .175 .271 .388 .515 .641 .752 .842 .907 .950 .975 .989 .995
15 .013 .030 .061 .115 .194 .301 .428 .562 .689 .797 .878 .933 .967 .985 .994 .998
16 .013 .031 .066 .126 .214 .331 .467 .606 .733 .835 .907 .953 .978 .991 .997 .999
17 .014 .033 .072 .137 .235 .361 .505 .648 .772 .866 .930 .967 .986 .995 .998 .999
18 .014 .035 .077 .149 .255 .391 .542 .686 .806 .893 .947 .977 .991 .997 .999 >.999
19 .015 .037 .083 .161 .276 .421 .577 .721 .836 .915 .961 .984 .994 .998 >.999 >.999
20 .015 .040 .089 .174 .297 .450 .611 .754 .862 .932 .971 .989 .997 .999 >.999 >.999
21 .016 .042 .095 .186 .318 .479 .642 .783 .885 .947 .979 .993 .998 .999 >.999 >.999
22 .016 .044 .101 .199 .340 .507 .672 .809 .904 .958 .985 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
23 .017 .046 .107 .212 .361 .534 .701 .833 .920 .968 .989 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
24 .017 .048 .113 .225 .381 .560 .727 .855 .934 .975 .992 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
25 .017 .050 .120 .238 .402 .586 .752 .873 .946 .981 .994 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
26 .018 .052 .126 .252 .423 .610 .775 .890 .956 .985 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
27 .018 .055 .133 .265 .443 .634 .796 .905 .964 .989 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
28 .019 .057 .139 .278 .463 .657 .815 .918 .970 .991 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
29 .019 .059 .146 .292 .483 .678 .833 .929 .976 .993 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
30 .020 .062 .153 .305 .503 .699 .850 .939 .980 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
35 .022 .074 .188 .373 .594 .788 .913 .973 .993 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
40 .024 .086 .224 .439 .674 .854 .952 .988 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
45 .027 .100 .262 .503 .743 .902 .974 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
50 .029 .113 .299 .562 .799 .936 .986 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
55 .032 .128 .338 .618 .846 .959 .993 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
60 .034 .142 .376 .668 .882 .974 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
70 .039 .173 .450 .755 .934 .990 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
80 .045 .205 .520 .823 .964 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
90 .050 .238 .586 .874 .981 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
100 .056 .271 .646 .913 .990 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
120 .067 .339 .747 .959 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
240 .150 .692 .979 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
360 .246 .885 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
Page 6 of 24
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
Dependent-Samples Design, = .05, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities

n .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60
3 .034 .046 .061 .079 .100 .126 .155 .188 .226 .267 .311 .357 .406 .455 .506 .555
4 .037 .053 .074 .100 .133 .173 .219 .271 .329 .391 .456 .521 .586 .648 .707 .760
5 .039 .059 .086 .121 .166 .219 .281 .351 .425 .502 .579 .653 .722 .783 .835 .878
6 .041 .065 .098 .142 .198 .265 .341 .425 .513 .599 .681 .755 .818 .870 .911 .941
7 .043 .071 .110 .162 .229 .309 .399 .495 .590 .681 .762 .830 .884 .924 .953 .972
8 .045 .076 .121 .183 .261 .352 .454 .558 .659 .749 .824 .884 .927 .957 .976 .987
9 .047 .081 .133 .203 .291 .394 .505 .616 .717 .804 .872 .922 .955 .976 .988 .994
10 .048 .087 .144 .223 .322 .435 .554 .668 .768 .848 .908 .948 .973 .987 .994 .998
11 .050 .092 .156 .243 .352 .474 .598 .714 .810 .884 .934 .966 .984 .993 .997 .999
12 .052 .097 .167 .263 .381 .511 .640 .754 .846 .911 .953 .978 .990 .996 .999 >.999
13 .053 .103 .178 .283 .409 .546 .678 .790 .875 .933 .967 .986 .994 .998 .999 >.999
14 .055 .108 .190 .302 .437 .580 .713 .822 .900 .950 .977 .991 .997 .999 >.999 >.999
15 .056 .113 .201 .321 .464 .612 .744 .849 .920 .962 .984 .994 .998 .999 >.999 >.999
16 .058 .118 .212 .341 .490 .642 .773 .872 .936 .972 .989 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
17 .059 .123 .224 .359 .516 .670 .799 .892 .949 .979 .993 .998 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
18 .061 .128 .235 .378 .540 .696 .823 .909 .960 .985 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
19 .062 .133 .246 .396 .564 .721 .843 .924 .968 .989 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
20 .064 .138 .257 .414 .587 .744 .862 .936 .975 .992 .998 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
21 .065 .143 .268 .432 .609 .765 .879 .947 .980 .994 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
22 .067 .148 .279 .450 .630 .785 .894 .956 .985 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
23 .068 .153 .290 .467 .650 .804 .907 .963 .988 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
24 .069 .159 .301 .484 .669 .821 .919 .970 .991 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
25 .071 .164 .312 .500 .688 .836 .929 .975 .993 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
26 .072 .169 .323 .516 .706 .851 .938 .979 .994 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
27 .074 .174 .334 .532 .722 .864 .946 .983 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
28 .075 .179 .344 .547 .738 .877 .953 .986 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
29 .076 .184 .355 .562 .754 .888 .959 .988 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
30 .078 .189 .365 .577 .768 .898 .965 .991 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
35 .084 .214 .417 .645 .830 .938 .983 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
40 .091 .239 .466 .705 .878 .963 .992 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
45 .097 .263 .512 .756 .913 .978 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
50 .104 .288 .556 .800 .938 .987 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
55 .110 .312 .597 .836 .957 .993 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
60 .117 .336 .635 .867 .970 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
70 .129 .383 .703 .914 .986 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
80 .142 .428 .760 .945 .994 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
90 .155 .471 .808 .965 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
100 .167 .512 .847 .978 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
120 .192 .588 .905 .992 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
240 .339 .871 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
360 .474 .966 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
Page 7 of 24
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
Dependent-Samples Design, = .01, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities

n .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60
3 .007 .010 .013 .018 .023 .030 .039 .049 .061 .075 .091 .110 .130 .153 .179 .206
4 .008 .012 .017 .025 .035 .048 .065 .085 .110 .140 .175 .214 .258 .306 .357 .410
5 .008 .014 .021 .032 .048 .068 .095 .129 .170 .218 .273 .334 .399 .467 .536 .603
6 .009 .015 .025 .040 .062 .091 .129 .177 .235 .301 .375 .453 .533 .612 .686 .753
7 .010 .017 .030 .049 .077 .116 .166 .229 .303 .386 .474 .564 .650 .729 .798 .855
8 .010 .019 .034 .058 .093 .142 .205 .283 .372 .468 .566 .660 .745 .817 .875 .919
9 .011 .021 .039 .067 .110 .169 .245 .337 .439 .545 .648 .741 .819 .881 .925 .956
10 .011 .023 .044 .077 .128 .198 .287 .391 .504 .616 .719 .806 .874 .924 .957 .977
11 .012 .025 .048 .088 .146 .227 .328 .444 .564 .679 .778 .857 .915 .953 .976 .988
12 .012 .027 .053 .098 .166 .257 .370 .495 .620 .734 .827 .896 .943 .971 .987 .994
13 .013 .029 .059 .109 .185 .288 .411 .544 .671 .782 .867 .926 .962 .983 .993 .997
14 .013 .030 .064 .120 .205 .318 .451 .589 .717 .822 .898 .947 .976 .990 .996 .999
15 .014 .032 .069 .132 .226 .349 .490 .632 .759 .856 .923 .963 .984 .994 .998 .999
16 .014 .034 .075 .144 .247 .379 .528 .672 .795 .885 .942 .975 .990 .997 .999 >.999
17 .014 .036 .080 .156 .268 .409 .564 .709 .827 .908 .957 .983 .994 .998 .999 >.999
18 .015 .039 .086 .168 .289 .439 .598 .743 .854 .927 .968 .988 .996 .999 >.999 >.999
19 .015 .041 .092 .181 .310 .468 .631 .773 .878 .943 .977 .992 .998 .999 >.999 >.999
20 .016 .043 .098 .194 .331 .496 .662 .801 .898 .955 .983 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
21 .016 .045 .104 .207 .352 .524 .691 .826 .915 .965 .988 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
22 .017 .047 .111 .220 .373 .551 .718 .848 .930 .973 .991 .998 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
23 .017 .049 .117 .233 .394 .577 .743 .868 .942 .979 .994 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
24 .018 .051 .123 .246 .415 .602 .767 .885 .953 .984 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
25 .018 .054 .130 .260 .436 .626 .789 .901 .961 .988 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
26 .019 .056 .136 .273 .456 .649 .809 .914 .968 .991 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
27 .019 .058 .143 .287 .476 .671 .828 .926 .974 .993 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
28 .020 .061 .150 .300 .495 .692 .845 .936 .979 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
29 .020 .063 .157 .314 .515 .712 .860 .946 .983 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
30 .021 .065 .164 .327 .534 .731 .874 .953 .986 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
35 .023 .078 .199 .395 .622 .812 .928 .979 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
40 .025 .091 .236 .460 .698 .872 .960 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
45 .028 .104 .274 .523 .763 .915 .979 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
50 .030 .118 .312 .581 .816 .945 .989 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
55 .032 .132 .350 .635 .859 .964 .994 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
60 .035 .147 .388 .684 .893 .978 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
70 .040 .178 .462 .767 .940 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
80 .045 .210 .532 .833 .968 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
90 .051 .243 .596 .882 .983 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
100 .057 .277 .655 .918 .991 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
120 .068 .345 .754 .962 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
240 .151 .696 .980 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
360 .247 .887 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
Page 8 of 24
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
Two-Sample Design, = .05, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities

n .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60
3 .031 .039 .048 .058 .070 .083 .099 .116 .136 .157 .181 .206 .233 .262 .293 .325
4 .033 .043 .055 .070 .087 .108 .131 .158 .189 .222 .259 .299 .341 .385 .430 .476
5 .034 .047 .062 .081 .104 .131 .163 .200 .241 .286 .335 .386 .440 .495 .549 .603
6 .036 .050 .068 .092 .120 .154 .195 .240 .292 .347 .406 .467 .529 .591 .650 .705
7 .037 .053 .075 .102 .136 .177 .226 .280 .341 .406 .473 .541 .608 .672 .731 .785
8 .038 .056 .081 .112 .152 .200 .256 .320 .389 .461 .535 .608 .677 .740 .797 .845
9 .039 .059 .087 .123 .168 .223 .287 .358 .434 .513 .592 .667 .735 .796 .848 .890
10 .040 .062 .093 .133 .184 .245 .316 .395 .478 .562 .643 .718 .785 .841 .887 .922
11 .041 .065 .099 .143 .200 .268 .346 .431 .520 .607 .690 .763 .826 .877 .917 .946
12 .042 .068 .104 .153 .215 .290 .374 .466 .559 .649 .731 .802 .861 .906 .939 .963
13 .043 .071 .110 .163 .231 .312 .403 .499 .596 .687 .768 .835 .889 .928 .956 .974
14 .044 .074 .116 .174 .246 .333 .430 .531 .630 .721 .800 .863 .911 .946 .968 .983
15 .045 .076 .122 .184 .262 .355 .457 .562 .663 .753 .828 .887 .930 .959 .977 .988
16 .046 .079 .127 .194 .277 .376 .483 .591 .693 .781 .853 .907 .945 .969 .984 .992
17 .047 .082 .133 .204 .293 .396 .508 .619 .721 .807 .875 .924 .957 .977 .989 .995
18 .048 .084 .139 .214 .308 .417 .532 .645 .746 .830 .894 .938 .966 .983 .992 .997
19 .048 .087 .145 .224 .323 .436 .556 .670 .770 .851 .910 .949 .974 .987 .994 .998
20 .049 .090 .150 .234 .338 .456 .578 .693 .792 .869 .924 .959 .980 .991 .996 .999
21 .050 .092 .156 .244 .352 .475 .600 .716 .812 .885 .935 .967 .984 .993 .997 .999
22 .051 .095 .162 .253 .367 .494 .621 .736 .830 .900 .946 .973 .988 .995 .998 .999
23 .052 .097 .167 .263 .382 .512 .641 .756 .847 .912 .954 .978 .991 .996 .999 >.999
24 .053 .100 .173 .273 .396 .530 .661 .774 .863 .924 .962 .983 .993 .997 .999 >.999
25 .053 .103 .179 .283 .410 .547 .679 .791 .877 .934 .968 .986 .994 .998 .999 >.999
26 .054 .105 .184 .293 .424 .564 .697 .807 .889 .942 .973 .989 .996 .999 >.999 >.999
27 .055 .108 .190 .302 .438 .581 .714 .822 .901 .950 .978 .991 .997 .999 >.999 >.999
28 .056 .110 .196 .312 .451 .597 .730 .836 .911 .957 .981 .993 .998 .999 >.999 >.999
29 .056 .113 .201 .322 .465 .612 .745 .849 .920 .963 .984 .994 .998 .999 >.999 >.999
30 .057 .115 .207 .331 .478 .627 .760 .861 .929 .968 .987 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
35 .061 .128 .235 .378 .541 .697 .823 .910 .960 .985 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
40 .064 .141 .263 .423 .598 .755 .871 .942 .978 .993 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
45 .068 .153 .290 .467 .650 .804 .907 .964 .988 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
50 .071 .166 .318 .508 .697 .844 .934 .977 .994 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
55 .075 .179 .344 .547 .738 .877 .953 .986 .997 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
60 .078 .191 .371 .584 .775 .903 .967 .991 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
70 .085 .216 .422 .652 .836 .941 .984 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
80 .092 .241 .470 .710 .882 .965 .993 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
90 .098 .266 .517 .761 .916 .979 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
100 .105 .290 .560 .804 .940 .988 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
120 .117 .338 .638 .870 .971 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
240 .193 .590 .907 .992 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
360 .268 .764 .980 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
Page 9 of 24
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
Two-Sample Design, = .01, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities

n .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60
3 .006 .008 .010 .013 .015 .019 .023 .028 .033 .039 .046 .054 .063 .073 .084 .097
4 .007 .009 .012 .016 .021 .027 .034 .043 .054 .066 .080 .097 .116 .137 .161 .187
5 .007 .010 .014 .020 .027 .036 .047 .061 .077 .097 .121 .148 .178 .213 .251 .291
6 .008 .011 .016 .023 .033 .045 .061 .080 .104 .132 .166 .204 .247 .294 .345 .399
7 .008 .012 .018 .027 .039 .055 .075 .101 .133 .170 .214 .264 .318 .377 .439 .503
8 .008 .013 .021 .031 .046 .065 .091 .123 .163 .210 .264 .325 .390 .458 .528 .597
9 .009 .014 .023 .035 .053 .076 .108 .147 .195 .252 .316 .386 .459 .535 .609 .679
10 .009 .015 .025 .039 .060 .088 .125 .172 .228 .294 .367 .445 .525 .605 .680 .748
11 .009 .016 .027 .043 .067 .100 .143 .197 .262 .336 .417 .502 .587 .668 .741 .805
12 .009 .017 .029 .048 .075 .112 .162 .223 .296 .378 .467 .556 .643 .723 .793 .851
13 .010 .018 .031 .052 .083 .125 .181 .250 .331 .420 .514 .607 .694 .772 .837 .888
14 .010 .019 .034 .057 .091 .138 .200 .277 .365 .461 .559 .654 .740 .813 .872 .916
15 .010 .020 .036 .061 .099 .152 .220 .304 .399 .500 .602 .697 .780 .848 .901 .938
16 .010 .021 .038 .066 .108 .166 .241 .331 .432 .538 .642 .735 .815 .877 .923 .955
17 .011 .022 .040 .071 .117 .180 .261 .358 .465 .575 .679 .770 .845 .902 .941 .967
18 .011 .023 .043 .076 .126 .194 .282 .385 .497 .609 .713 .801 .871 .922 .955 .976
19 .011 .023 .045 .081 .135 .209 .303 .412 .528 .642 .745 .829 .893 .938 .966 .983
20 .012 .024 .048 .086 .144 .223 .323 .438 .558 .673 .773 .853 .912 .951 .975 .988
21 .012 .025 .050 .091 .153 .238 .344 .464 .587 .702 .799 .875 .928 .962 .981 .992
22 .012 .026 .053 .097 .163 .253 .365 .489 .614 .729 .823 .893 .941 .970 .986 .994
23 .012 .027 .055 .102 .173 .269 .385 .514 .641 .754 .844 .910 .952 .977 .990 .996
24 .012 .028 .058 .108 .183 .284 .406 .538 .666 .777 .863 .924 .961 .982 .992 .997
25 .013 .029 .060 .113 .193 .299 .426 .562 .690 .799 .881 .936 .968 .986 .994 .998
26 .013 .030 .063 .119 .203 .314 .446 .584 .713 .818 .896 .946 .975 .989 .996 .999
27 .013 .031 .066 .125 .213 .329 .466 .606 .734 .837 .909 .955 .980 .992 .997 .999
28 .013 .032 .068 .130 .223 .345 .485 .628 .754 .853 .921 .962 .984 .994 .998 .999
29 .014 .033 .071 .136 .233 .360 .504 .648 .773 .868 .932 .968 .987 .995 .998 >.999
30 .014 .034 .074 .142 .244 .375 .523 .668 .791 .882 .941 .974 .990 .996 .999 >.999
35 .015 .039 .088 .173 .296 .449 .611 .755 .864 .934 .972 .990 .997 .999 >.999 >.999
40 .016 .045 .103 .205 .349 .520 .687 .823 .914 .964 .987 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
45 .017 .050 .119 .238 .402 .586 .752 .874 .947 .981 .994 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
50 .019 .056 .135 .271 .453 .646 .806 .912 .968 .990 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
55 .020 .061 .152 .305 .502 .699 .850 .940 .981 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
60 .021 .067 .170 .339 .549 .747 .886 .959 .989 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
70 .023 .080 .205 .406 .636 .824 .935 .982 .996 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
80 .026 .093 .242 .471 .710 .881 .964 .992 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
90 .028 .106 .280 .533 .772 .921 .981 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
100 .030 .120 .318 .591 .824 .949 .990 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
120 .035 .150 .394 .692 .898 .979 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
240 .069 .347 .758 .963 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
360 .108 .540 .925 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
Page 10 of 24
TABLE 4: CRITICAL VALUES OF THE F DISTRIBUTION
Tabled Values are F Statistics for the Given Probabilities and Degrees of Freedom
dfEFFECT = 1 dfEFFECT = 2 dfEFFECT = 3 dfEFFECT = 4

dfERROR p = .05 p = .01 dfERROR p = .05 p = .01 dfERROR p = .05 p = .01 dfERROR p = .05 p = .01
2 18.513 98.503 2 19.000 99.000 2 19.164 99.166 2 19.247 99.249
3 10.128 34.116 3 9.552 30.817 3 9.277 29.457 3 9.117 28.710
4 7.709 21.198 4 6.944 18.000 4 6.591 16.694 4 6.388 15.977
5 6.608 16.258 5 5.786 13.274 5 5.409 12.060 5 5.192 11.392
6 5.987 13.745 6 5.143 10.925 6 4.757 9.780 6 4.534 9.148
7 5.591 12.246 7 4.737 9.547 7 4.347 8.451 7 4.120 7.847
8 5.318 11.259 8 4.459 8.649 8 4.066 7.591 8 3.838 7.006
9 5.117 10.561 9 4.256 8.022 9 3.863 6.992 9 3.633 6.422
10 4.965 10.044 10 4.103 7.559 10 3.708 6.552 10 3.478 5.994
11 4.844 9.646 11 3.982 7.206 11 3.587 6.217 11 3.357 5.668
12 4.747 9.330 12 3.885 6.927 12 3.490 5.953 12 3.259 5.412
13 4.667 9.074 13 3.806 6.701 13 3.411 5.739 13 3.179 5.205
14 4.600 8.862 14 3.739 6.515 14 3.344 5.564 14 3.112 5.035
15 4.543 8.683 15 3.682 6.359 15 3.287 5.417 15 3.056 4.893
16 4.494 8.531 16 3.634 6.226 16 3.239 5.292 16 3.007 4.773
17 4.451 8.400 17 3.592 6.112 17 3.197 5.185 17 2.965 4.669
18 4.414 8.285 18 3.555 6.013 18 3.160 5.092 18 2.928 4.579
19 4.381 8.185 19 3.522 5.926 19 3.127 5.010 19 2.895 4.500
20 4.351 8.096 20 3.493 5.849 20 3.098 4.938 20 2.866 4.431
21 4.325 8.017 21 3.467 5.780 21 3.072 4.874 21 2.840 4.369
22 4.301 7.945 22 3.443 5.719 22 3.049 4.817 22 2.817 4.313
23 4.279 7.881 23 3.422 5.664 23 3.028 4.765 23 2.796 4.264
24 4.260 7.823 24 3.403 5.614 24 3.009 4.718 24 2.776 4.218
25 4.242 7.770 25 3.385 5.568 25 2.991 4.675 25 2.759 4.177
26 4.225 7.721 26 3.369 5.526 26 2.975 4.637 26 2.743 4.140
27 4.210 7.677 27 3.354 5.488 27 2.960 4.601 27 2.728 4.106
28 4.196 7.636 28 3.340 5.453 28 2.947 4.568 28 2.714 4.074
29 4.183 7.598 29 3.328 5.420 29 2.934 4.538 29 2.701 4.045
30 4.171 7.562 30 3.316 5.390 30 2.922 4.510 30 2.690 4.018
35 4.121 7.419 35 3.267 5.268 35 2.874 4.396 35 2.641 3.908
40 4.085 7.314 40 3.232 5.179 40 2.839 4.313 40 2.606 3.828
45 4.057 7.234 45 3.204 5.110 45 2.812 4.249 45 2.579 3.767
50 4.034 7.171 50 3.183 5.057 50 2.790 4.199 50 2.557 3.720
55 4.016 7.119 55 3.165 5.013 55 2.773 4.159 55 2.540 3.681
60 4.001 7.077 60 3.150 4.977 60 2.758 4.126 60 2.525 3.649
70 3.978 7.011 70 3.128 4.922 70 2.736 4.074 70 2.503 3.600
80 3.960 6.963 80 3.111 4.881 80 2.719 4.036 80 2.486 3.563
90 3.947 6.925 90 3.098 4.849 90 2.706 4.007 90 2.473 3.535
100 3.936 6.895 100 3.087 4.824 100 2.696 3.984 100 2.463 3.513
120 3.920 6.851 120 3.072 4.787 120 2.680 3.949 120 2.447 3.480
240 3.880 6.742 240 3.033 4.695 240 2.642 3.864 240 2.409 3.398
3.842 6.635 2.996 4.605 2.605 3.782 2.372 3.319
Page 11 of 24
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
Tabled Values are F Statistics for the Given Criteria and dfEFFECT = 1
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR .90 .80 .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .001
2 .020 .083 .198 .381 .667 1.13 1.922 3.556 8.526 18.51 23.51 31.84 48.51 98.50 998.50
3 .019 .077 .180 .342 .585 .957 1.562 2.682 5.538 10.13 12.12 15.18 20.62 34.12 167.03
4 .018 .073 .172 .323 .549 .885 1.415 2.351 4.545 7.709 8.991 10.87 14.04 21.20 74.137
5 .017 .071 .167 .313 .528 .846 1.336 2.178 4.060 6.608 7.598 9.017 11.32 16.26 47.181
6 .017 .070 .163 .306 .515 .820 1.286 2.073 3.776 5.987 6.824 8.003 9.876 13.75 35.507
7 .017 .069 .161 .302 .506 .803 1.253 2.002 3.589 5.591 6.334 7.369 8.988 12.25 29.245
8 .017 .069 .160 .298 .499 .790 1.228 1.951 3.458 5.318 5.998 6.937 8.389 11.26 25.415
9 .017 .068 .158 .295 .494 .780 1.209 1.913 3.360 5.117 5.753 6.624 7.961 10.56 22.857
10 .017 .068 .157 .293 .490 .773 1.195 1.883 3.285 4.965 5.566 6.388 7.638 10.04 21.040
11 .017 .067 .156 .292 .486 .767 1.183 1.859 3.225 4.844 5.420 6.203 7.388 9.646 19.687
12 .016 .067 .156 .290 .484 .761 1.173 1.839 3.177 4.747 5.303 6.055 7.188 9.330 18.643
13 .016 .067 .155 .289 .481 .757 1.165 1.823 3.136 4.667 5.206 5.933 7.024 9.074 17.815
14 .016 .067 .155 .288 .479 .754 1.158 1.809 3.102 4.600 5.125 5.832 6.888 8.862 17.143
15 .016 .067 .154 .287 .478 .750 1.152 1.797 3.073 4.543 5.056 5.746 6.773 8.683 16.587
16 .016 .066 .154 .286 .476 .748 1.147 1.787 3.048 4.494 4.997 5.672 6.674 8.531 16.120
17 .016 .066 .154 .286 .475 .745 1.143 1.778 3.026 4.451 4.945 5.608 6.589 8.400 15.722
18 .016 .066 .153 .285 .474 .743 1.139 1.770 3.007 4.414 4.900 5.552 6.515 8.285 15.379
19 .016 .066 .153 .284 .473 .741 1.135 1.763 2.990 4.381 4.861 5.502 6.449 8.185 15.081
20 .016 .066 .153 .284 .472 .740 1.132 1.757 2.975 4.351 4.825 5.458 6.391 8.096 14.819
21 .016 .066 .153 .284 .471 .738 1.129 1.751 2.961 4.325 4.794 5.419 6.339 8.017 14.587
22 .016 .066 .152 .283 .470 .737 1.127 1.746 2.949 4.301 4.765 5.383 6.292 7.945 14.380
23 .016 .066 .152 .283 .470 .735 1.124 1.741 2.937 4.279 4.739 5.351 6.249 7.881 14.195
24 .016 .066 .152 .282 .469 .734 1.122 1.737 2.927 4.260 4.716 5.322 6.211 7.823 14.028
25 .016 .066 .152 .282 .468 .733 1.120 1.733 2.918 4.242 4.694 5.295 6.176 7.770 13.877
26 .016 .066 .152 .282 .468 .732 1.118 1.729 2.909 4.225 4.674 5.271 6.144 7.721 13.739
27 .016 .065 .152 .282 .467 .731 1.117 1.726 2.901 4.210 4.656 5.248 6.114 7.677 13.613
28 .016 .065 .152 .281 .467 .730 1.115 1.723 2.894 4.196 4.639 5.228 6.087 7.636 13.498
29 .016 .065 .151 .281 .467 .730 1.114 1.720 2.887 4.183 4.624 5.208 6.062 7.598 13.391
30 .016 .065 .151 .281 .466 .729 1.112 1.717 2.881 4.171 4.609 5.190 6.038 7.562 13.293
35 .016 .065 .151 .280 .465 .726 1.107 1.706 2.855 4.121 4.550 5.117 5.942 7.419 12.896
40 .016 .065 .151 .279 .463 .724 1.103 1.698 2.835 4.085 4.507 5.064 5.872 7.314 12.609
45 .016 .065 .150 .279 .462 .722 1.099 1.692 2.820 4.057 4.473 5.022 5.818 7.234 12.392
50 .016 .065 .150 .279 .462 .721 1.097 1.687 2.809 4.034 4.447 4.990 5.776 7.171 12.222
55 .016 .065 .150 .278 .461 .719 1.095 1.683 2.799 4.016 4.425 4.963 5.741 7.119 12.085
60 .016 .065 .150 .278 .460 .719 1.093 1.679 2.791 4.001 4.407 4.941 5.713 7.077 11.973
70 .016 .065 .150 .278 .460 .717 1.090 1.674 2.779 3.978 4.380 4.907 5.668 7.011 11.799
80 .016 .065 .150 .277 .459 .716 1.088 1.670 2.769 3.960 4.359 4.882 5.635 6.963 11.671
90 .016 .065 .149 .277 .459 .715 1.087 1.667 2.762 3.947 4.343 4.862 5.610 6.925 11.573
100 .016 .065 .149 .277 .458 .714 1.085 1.664 2.756 3.936 4.330 4.847 5.590 6.895 11.495
120 .016 .064 .149 .276 .458 .713 1.084 1.661 2.748 3.920 4.311 4.823 5.559 6.851 11.380
240 .016 .064 .149 .276 .456 .711 1.079 1.651 2.727 3.880 4.264 4.766 5.485 6.742 11.099
.016 .064 .148 .275 .455 .708 1.074 1.642 2.706 3.842 4.218 4.709 5.412 6.635 10.828
Page 12 of 24
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR .90 .80 .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .001
2 .111 .250 .429 .667 1.00 1.50 2.333 4.000 9.000 19.00 24.00 32.33 49.00 99.00 999.00
3 .109 .241 .403 .609 .881 1.26 1.847 2.886 5.462 9.552 11.32 14.04 18.86 30.82 148.50
4 .108 .236 .390 .582 .828 1.16 1.651 2.472 4.325 6.944 8.000 9.547 12.14 18.00 61.246
5 .108 .233 .383 .567 .799 1.11 1.547 2.259 3.780 5.786 6.560 7.665 9.454 13.27 37.122
6 .107 .232 .379 .557 .780 1.07 1.481 2.130 3.463 5.143 5.772 6.655 8.052 10.92 27.000
7 .107 .230 .375 .550 .767 1.05 1.437 2.043 3.257 4.737 5.280 6.032 7.203 9.547 21.689
8 .107 .229 .373 .545 .757 1.03 1.405 1.981 3.113 4.459 4.944 5.611 6.637 8.649 18.494
9 .107 .229 .371 .541 .749 1.02 1.380 1.935 3.006 4.256 4.702 5.309 6.234 8.022 16.387
10 .106 .228 .370 .538 .743 1.01 1.361 1.899 2.924 4.103 4.518 5.082 5.934 7.559 14.905
11 .106 .228 .368 .535 .739 .997 1.346 1.870 2.860 3.982 4.375 4.905 5.701 7.206 13.812
12 .106 .227 .367 .533 .735 .990 1.333 1.846 2.807 3.885 4.260 4.764 5.516 6.927 12.974
13 .106 .227 .367 .531 .731 .984 1.323 1.826 2.763 3.806 4.165 4.648 5.366 6.701 12.313
14 .106 .227 .366 .530 .729 .979 1.314 1.809 2.726 3.739 4.087 4.552 5.241 6.515 11.779
15 .106 .226 .365 .529 .726 .975 1.306 1.795 2.695 3.682 4.020 4.470 5.135 6.359 11.339
16 .106 .226 .365 .527 .724 .971 1.299 1.783 2.668 3.634 3.963 4.401 5.046 6.226 10.971
17 .106 .226 .364 .526 .722 .968 1.293 1.772 2.645 3.592 3.913 4.340 4.968 6.112 10.658
18 .106 .226 .364 .526 .721 .965 1.288 1.762 2.624 3.555 3.870 4.288 4.900 6.013 10.390
19 .106 .226 .363 .525 .719 .962 1.284 1.754 2.606 3.522 3.831 4.241 4.840 5.926 10.157
20 .106 .226 .363 .524 .718 .960 1.279 1.746 2.589 3.493 3.797 4.200 4.788 5.849 9.953
21 .106 .226 .363 .523 .717 .957 1.276 1.739 2.575 3.467 3.767 4.163 4.740 5.780 9.772
22 .106 .225 .363 .523 .715 .956 1.272 1.733 2.561 3.443 3.739 4.130 4.698 5.719 9.612
23 .106 .225 .362 .522 .714 .954 1.269 1.728 2.549 3.422 3.715 4.100 4.660 5.664 9.469
24 .106 .225 .362 .522 .714 .952 1.266 1.722 2.538 3.403 3.692 4.073 4.625 5.614 9.339
25 .106 .225 .362 .521 .713 .951 1.264 1.718 2.528 3.385 3.671 4.048 4.593 5.568 9.223
26 .106 .225 .362 .521 .712 .949 1.261 1.713 2.519 3.369 3.652 4.025 4.564 5.526 9.116
27 .106 .225 .361 .521 .711 .948 1.259 1.709 2.511 3.354 3.635 4.004 4.538 5.488 9.019
28 .106 .225 .361 .520 .711 .947 1.257 1.706 2.503 3.340 3.619 3.985 4.513 5.453 8.931
29 .106 .225 .361 .520 .710 .946 1.255 1.702 2.495 3.328 3.604 3.967 4.491 5.420 8.849
30 .106 .225 .361 .520 .709 .945 1.254 1.699 2.489 3.316 3.590 3.950 4.470 5.390 8.773
35 .106 .225 .360 .518 .707 .941 1.246 1.686 2.461 3.267 3.534 3.883 4.384 5.268 8.470
40 .106 .224 .360 .517 .705 .938 1.241 1.676 2.440 3.232 3.492 3.833 4.321 5.179 8.251
45 .106 .224 .360 .517 .704 .935 1.237 1.668 2.425 3.204 3.461 3.795 4.273 5.110 8.086
50 .106 .224 .359 .516 .703 .933 1.233 1.662 2.412 3.183 3.435 3.764 4.235 5.057 7.956
55 .106 .224 .359 .516 .702 .932 1.231 1.657 2.402 3.165 3.415 3.740 4.204 5.013 7.853
60 .106 .224 .359 .515 .701 .930 1.228 1.653 2.393 3.150 3.398 3.720 4.179 4.977 7.768
70 .106 .224 .358 .515 .700 .928 1.225 1.647 2.380 3.128 3.372 3.688 4.139 4.922 7.637
80 .105 .224 .358 .514 .699 .927 1.222 1.642 2.370 3.111 3.352 3.665 4.110 4.881 7.540
90 .105 .224 .358 .514 .699 .926 1.220 1.639 2.363 3.098 3.337 3.647 4.087 4.849 7.466
100 .105 .224 .358 .513 .698 .925 1.219 1.636 2.356 3.087 3.325 3.632 4.069 4.824 7.408
120 .105 .224 .358 .513 .697 .923 1.216 1.631 2.347 3.072 3.307 3.611 4.042 4.787 7.321
240 .105 .223 .357 .512 .695 .920 1.210 1.620 2.325 3.033 3.262 3.558 3.976 4.695 7.110
.105 .223 .357 .511 .693 .916 1.204 1.609 2.303 2.996 3.219 3.507 3.912 4.605 6.908
Page 13 of 24
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR .90 .80 .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .001
2 .183 .346 .541 .792 1.13 1.64 2.484 4.156 9.162 19.16 24.16 32.50 49.17 99.17 999.17
3 .186 .341 .516 .728 1.00 1.37 1.940 2.936 5.391 9.277 10.96 13.53 18.11 29.46 141.11
4 .187 .338 .504 .699 .941 1.26 1.721 2.485 4.191 6.591 7.557 8.972 11.34 16.69 56.177
5 .188 .337 .497 .682 .907 1.20 1.605 2.253 3.619 5.409 6.098 7.080 8.670 12.06 33.202
6 .189 .337 .493 .672 .886 1.16 1.532 2.113 3.289 4.757 5.305 6.073 7.287 9.780 23.703
7 .190 .336 .490 .664 .871 1.13 1.482 2.019 3.074 4.347 4.811 5.454 6.454 8.451 18.772
8 .190 .336 .488 .659 .860 1.11 1.446 1.951 2.924 4.066 4.476 5.039 5.901 7.591 15.829
9 .191 .336 .487 .655 .852 1.10 1.419 1.901 2.813 3.863 4.234 4.741 5.510 6.992 13.902
10 .191 .336 .485 .651 .845 1.08 1.398 1.861 2.728 3.708 4.052 4.517 5.218 6.552 12.553
11 .191 .336 .484 .649 .840 1.07 1.381 1.830 2.660 3.587 3.910 4.344 4.993 6.217 11.561
12 .192 .336 .483 .646 .835 1.07 1.366 1.804 2.606 3.490 3.795 4.205 4.814 5.953 10.804
13 .192 .335 .483 .645 .832 1.06 1.355 1.783 2.560 3.411 3.702 4.092 4.669 5.739 10.209
14 .192 .335 .482 .643 .828 1.05 1.345 1.765 2.522 3.344 3.624 3.998 4.549 5.564 9.729
15 .192 .335 .482 .642 .826 1.05 1.336 1.749 2.490 3.287 3.558 3.918 4.447 5.417 9.335
16 .192 .335 .481 .640 .823 1.04 1.328 1.736 2.462 3.239 3.502 3.850 4.361 5.292 9.006
17 .193 .335 .481 .639 .821 1.04 1.322 1.724 2.437 3.197 3.453 3.791 4.286 5.185 8.727
18 .193 .335 .480 .638 .819 1.04 1.316 1.713 2.416 3.160 3.410 3.740 4.221 5.092 8.487
19 .193 .335 .480 .638 .818 1.03 1.311 1.704 2.397 3.127 3.372 3.694 4.164 5.010 8.280
20 .193 .335 .480 .637 .816 1.03 1.306 1.696 2.380 3.098 3.338 3.654 4.113 4.938 8.098
21 .193 .335 .479 .636 .815 1.03 1.302 1.688 2.365 3.072 3.308 3.618 4.068 4.874 7.938
22 .193 .335 .479 .636 .814 1.03 1.298 1.682 2.351 3.049 3.281 3.586 4.028 4.817 7.796
23 .193 .335 .479 .635 .813 1.02 1.295 1.676 2.339 3.028 3.257 3.557 3.991 4.765 7.669
24 .193 .335 .479 .635 .812 1.02 1.292 1.670 2.327 3.009 3.234 3.530 3.958 4.718 7.554
25 .193 .335 .479 .634 .811 1.02 1.289 1.665 2.317 2.991 3.214 3.506 3.928 4.675 7.451
26 .193 .335 .479 .634 .810 1.02 1.286 1.660 2.307 2.975 3.196 3.484 3.900 4.637 7.357
27 .193 .335 .478 .633 .809 1.02 1.284 1.656 2.299 2.960 3.178 3.464 3.874 4.601 7.272
28 .193 .335 .478 .633 .808 1.02 1.281 1.652 2.291 2.947 3.163 3.445 3.851 4.568 7.193
29 .193 .335 .478 .633 .808 1.02 1.279 1.648 2.283 2.934 3.148 3.428 3.829 4.538 7.121
30 .193 .335 .478 .632 .807 1.01 1.277 1.645 2.276 2.922 3.135 3.412 3.809 4.510 7.054
35 .194 .335 .477 .631 .804 1.01 1.269 1.630 2.247 2.874 3.079 3.346 3.727 4.396 6.787
40 .194 .335 .477 .630 .802 1.01 1.263 1.620 2.226 2.839 3.038 3.298 3.667 4.313 6.595
45 .194 .335 .477 .629 .801 1.00 1.258 1.611 2.210 2.812 3.007 3.261 3.622 4.249 6.450
50 .194 .335 .477 .629 .800 1.00 1.255 1.605 2.197 2.790 2.982 3.231 3.585 4.199 6.336
55 .194 .335 .476 .628 .799 1.00 1.252 1.599 2.186 2.773 2.962 3.208 3.556 4.159 6.246
60 .194 .335 .476 .628 .798 .998 1.249 1.595 2.177 2.758 2.946 3.188 3.532 4.126 6.171
70 .194 .335 .476 .627 .796 .996 1.245 1.588 2.164 2.736 2.920 3.158 3.494 4.074 6.057
80 .194 .335 .476 .626 .795 .994 1.242 1.583 2.154 2.719 2.901 3.135 3.467 4.036 5.972
90 .194 .335 .476 .626 .795 .993 1.240 1.579 2.146 2.706 2.886 3.118 3.445 4.007 5.908
100 .194 .335 .476 .626 .794 .992 1.238 1.576 2.139 2.696 2.874 3.104 3.428 3.984 5.857
120 .194 .335 .475 .625 .793 .990 1.235 1.571 2.130 2.680 2.856 3.083 3.403 3.949 5.781
240 .195 .335 .475 .624 .791 .986 1.228 1.559 2.107 2.642 2.813 3.032 3.340 3.864 5.598
.195 .335 .475 .623 .789 .982 1.222 1.547 2.084 2.605 2.770 2.983 3.279 3.782 5.422
Page 14 of 24
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR .90 .80 .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .001
2 .231 .405 .606 .860 1.21 1.72 2.561 4.236 9.243 19.25 24.25 32.58 49.25 99.25 999.25
3 .239 .402 .581 .793 1.06 1.43 1.985 2.956 5.343 9.117 10.75 13.25 17.69 28.71 137.10
4 .243 .403 .570 .763 1.00 1.31 1.753 2.483 4.107 6.388 7.305 8.648 10.90 15.98 53.436
5 .247 .404 .565 .747 .965 1.24 1.629 2.240 3.520 5.192 5.835 6.751 8.233 11.39 31.085
6 .249 .404 .562 .736 .942 1.20 1.551 2.092 3.181 4.534 5.038 5.744 6.859 9.148 21.924
7 .251 .405 .559 .729 .926 1.17 1.499 1.994 2.961 4.120 4.543 5.127 6.035 7.847 17.198
8 .253 .406 .558 .723 .915 1.15 1.460 1.923 2.806 3.838 4.207 4.713 5.489 7.006 14.392
9 .254 .406 .556 .719 .906 1.13 1.431 1.870 2.693 3.633 3.965 4.417 5.103 6.422 12.560
10 .255 .407 .556 .716 .899 1.12 1.408 1.829 2.605 3.478 3.783 4.195 4.816 5.994 11.283
11 .256 .407 .555 .713 .893 1.11 1.390 1.796 2.536 3.357 3.641 4.023 4.594 5.668 10.346
12 .257 .407 .554 .711 .888 1.10 1.375 1.768 2.480 3.259 3.527 3.886 4.419 5.412 9.633
13 .257 .408 .554 .709 .885 1.09 1.362 1.746 2.434 3.179 3.434 3.773 4.276 5.205 9.073
14 .258 .408 .553 .708 .881 1.09 1.352 1.727 2.395 3.112 3.356 3.680 4.158 5.035 8.622
15 .258 .408 .553 .706 .878 1.08 1.342 1.710 2.361 3.056 3.290 3.602 4.058 4.893 8.253
16 .259 .408 .553 .705 .876 1.08 1.334 1.696 2.333 3.007 3.234 3.534 3.974 4.773 7.944
17 .259 .409 .552 .704 .874 1.07 1.327 1.684 2.308 2.965 3.185 3.476 3.901 4.669 7.683
18 .260 .409 .552 .703 .872 1.07 1.321 1.673 2.286 2.928 3.142 3.425 3.837 4.579 7.459
19 .260 .409 .552 .702 .870 1.07 1.316 1.663 2.266 2.895 3.105 3.380 3.781 4.500 7.265
20 .260 .409 .552 .702 .868 1.06 1.311 1.654 2.249 2.866 3.071 3.341 3.731 4.431 7.096
21 .260 .409 .552 .701 .867 1.06 1.306 1.646 2.233 2.840 3.041 3.305 3.687 4.369 6.947
22 .261 .409 .551 .700 .866 1.06 1.302 1.639 2.219 2.817 3.014 3.273 3.647 4.313 6.814
23 .261 .409 .551 .700 .864 1.06 1.298 1.633 2.207 2.796 2.990 3.244 3.611 4.264 6.696
24 .261 .409 .551 .699 .863 1.06 1.295 1.627 2.195 2.776 2.968 3.218 3.579 4.218 6.589
25 .261 .410 .551 .699 .862 1.05 1.292 1.622 2.184 2.759 2.948 3.194 3.549 4.177 6.493
26 .261 .410 .551 .698 .861 1.05 1.289 1.617 2.174 2.743 2.929 3.173 3.522 4.140 6.406
27 .262 .410 .551 .698 .861 1.05 1.286 1.612 2.165 2.728 2.912 3.153 3.498 4.106 6.326
28 .262 .410 .551 .698 .860 1.05 1.284 1.608 2.157 2.714 2.896 3.134 3.475 4.074 6.253
29 .262 .410 .551 .697 .859 1.05 1.282 1.604 2.149 2.701 2.882 3.117 3.453 4.045 6.186
30 .262 .410 .551 .697 .858 1.05 1.280 1.600 2.142 2.690 2.868 3.101 3.434 4.018 6.125
35 .262 .410 .550 .696 .856 1.04 1.271 1.585 2.113 2.641 2.813 3.036 3.354 3.908 5.876
40 .263 .410 .550 .695 .854 1.04 1.264 1.574 2.091 2.606 2.773 2.989 3.295 3.828 5.698
45 .263 .411 .550 .694 .852 1.03 1.259 1.565 2.074 2.579 2.742 2.952 3.251 3.767 5.564
50 .263 .411 .550 .693 .851 1.03 1.255 1.558 2.061 2.557 2.717 2.923 3.215 3.720 5.459
55 .264 .411 .550 .693 .850 1.03 1.252 1.552 2.050 2.540 2.697 2.900 3.187 3.681 5.375
60 .264 .411 .550 .693 .849 1.03 1.249 1.548 2.041 2.525 2.680 2.881 3.163 3.649 5.307
70 .264 .411 .549 .692 .847 1.03 1.245 1.540 2.027 2.503 2.655 2.851 3.127 3.600 5.201
80 .264 .411 .549 .691 .846 1.02 1.242 1.535 2.016 2.486 2.636 2.828 3.100 3.563 5.123
90 .265 .411 .549 .691 .846 1.02 1.239 1.531 2.008 2.473 2.621 2.811 3.079 3.535 5.064
100 .265 .411 .549 .691 .845 1.02 1.237 1.527 2.002 2.463 2.609 2.798 3.062 3.513 5.017
120 .265 .412 .549 .690 .844 1.02 1.234 1.522 1.992 2.447 2.592 2.777 3.037 3.480 4.947
240 .265 .412 .549 .689 .842 1.02 1.227 1.510 1.968 2.409 2.549 2.727 2.976 3.398 4.778
.266 .412 .549 .688 .839 1.01 1.220 1.497 1.945 2.372 2.506 2.678 2.917 3.319 4.617
Page 15 of 24
TABLE 5: POWER TABLE FOR ETA-SQUARED
Single-Factor Design, dfEFFECT = 2, = .05, n = Sample Size per Condition
Eta-Squared
n 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.49 0.56 0.64 0.72
3 .053 .056 .062 .069 .079 .091 .108 .127 .154 .186 .232 .288 .368 .467 .608 .770
4 .055 .060 .071 .083 .102 .123 .154 .190 .241 .299 .381 .473 .594 .722 .860 .957
5 .057 .065 .081 .098 .127 .158 .205 .258 .333 .415 .523 .637 .765 .876 .960 .994
6 .059 .069 .091 .114 .152 .195 .258 .328 .424 .525 .647 .763 .875 .950 .990 .999
7 .062 .074 .101 .131 .179 .233 .312 .398 .510 .622 .747 .852 .937 .982 .998 >.999
8 .064 .079 .112 .147 .207 .272 .366 .465 .588 .705 .824 .911 .970 .994 >.999 >.999
9 .066 .084 .122 .165 .235 .311 .418 .528 .659 .773 .880 .948 .986 .998 >.999 >.999
10 .069 .089 .133 .182 .263 .350 .469 .587 .720 .829 .920 .970 .994 .999 >.999 >.999
11 .071 .094 .145 .200 .291 .388 .518 .641 .772 .872 .947 .983 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999
12 .074 .099 .156 .218 .320 .425 .564 .689 .817 .906 .966 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
13 .076 .104 .167 .237 .348 .462 .607 .733 .853 .931 .978 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
14 .079 .110 .179 .255 .376 .497 .647 .772 .884 .950 .986 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
15 .081 .115 .191 .273 .403 .531 .684 .806 .908 .964 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
16 .083 .120 .202 .292 .430 .564 .718 .836 .928 .975 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
17 .086 .126 .214 .310 .457 .595 .750 .861 .944 .982 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
18 .088 .131 .226 .328 .483 .625 .778 .884 .957 .987 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
19 .091 .137 .238 .346 .508 .653 .804 .903 .967 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
20 .093 .142 .250 .364 .533 .680 .827 .919 .975 .994 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
21 .096 .148 .262 .382 .556 .705 .848 .933 .981 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
22 .099 .153 .274 .400 .579 .728 .867 .944 .985 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
23 .101 .159 .286 .418 .602 .750 .883 .954 .989 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
24 .104 .164 .298 .435 .623 .771 .898 .962 .992 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
25 .106 .170 .310 .452 .644 .790 .911 .969 .994 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
26 .109 .176 .322 .469 .664 .808 .923 .975 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
27 .111 .181 .334 .486 .683 .825 .933 .979 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
28 .114 .187 .346 .502 .701 .840 .942 .983 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
29 .117 .193 .357 .518 .718 .854 .950 .986 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
30 .119 .199 .369 .534 .735 .867 .957 .989 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
35 .133 .228 .427 .608 .807 .919 .980 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
40 .146 .257 .482 .674 .862 .951 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
45 .160 .286 .535 .731 .903 .972 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
50 .174 .316 .584 .780 .932 .984 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
55 .188 .345 .630 .821 .954 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
60 .203 .374 .672 .856 .968 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
70 .231 .430 .745 .909 .986 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
80 .260 .485 .805 .943 .994 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
90 .290 .536 .853 .965 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
100 .319 .584 .890 .979 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
120 .376 .670 .940 .993 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
240 .669 .938 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
360 .847 .991 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
Page 16 of 24
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED)
Eta-Squared
n 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.49 0.56 0.64 0.72
3 .053 .056 .063 .070 .082 .095 .114 .136 .168 .207 .261 .328 .424 .540 .695 .854
4 .055 .061 .073 .085 .107 .131 .167 .208 .269 .338 .433 .540 .674 .803 .921 .984
5 .058 .066 .083 .102 .134 .171 .225 .288 .375 .472 .594 .715 .840 .932 .985 .999
6 .060 .071 .094 .120 .164 .213 .287 .369 .480 .594 .724 .836 .930 .980 .998 >.999
7 .062 .076 .105 .138 .194 .257 .350 .449 .576 .697 .821 .912 .972 .995 >.999 >.999
8 .065 .081 .117 .158 .226 .302 .412 .525 .661 .780 .888 .955 .989 .999 >.999 >.999
9 .067 .086 .129 .177 .258 .348 .472 .595 .734 .844 .933 .978 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999
10 .070 .092 .141 .198 .291 .392 .530 .659 .794 .892 .960 .989 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
11 .073 .097 .154 .218 .324 .437 .584 .715 .843 .927 .977 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
12 .075 .103 .167 .239 .357 .479 .634 .764 .882 .951 .987 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
13 .078 .109 .180 .260 .390 .521 .679 .806 .912 .968 .993 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
14 .080 .115 .193 .281 .422 .560 .721 .842 .935 .979 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
15 .083 .121 .207 .303 .454 .598 .759 .872 .953 .986 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
16 .086 .126 .220 .324 .485 .633 .792 .897 .966 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
17 .088 .132 .234 .346 .515 .667 .822 .918 .975 .995 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
18 .091 .139 .248 .367 .544 .698 .848 .935 .983 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
19 .094 .145 .261 .388 .572 .727 .870 .948 .988 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
20 .097 .151 .275 .409 .599 .754 .890 .959 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
21 .099 .157 .289 .430 .625 .778 .907 .968 .994 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
22 .102 .164 .303 .450 .650 .801 .922 .975 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
23 .105 .170 .317 .470 .674 .822 .935 .981 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
24 .108 .176 .331 .490 .696 .841 .945 .985 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
25 .111 .183 .345 .509 .717 .858 .954 .989 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
26 .114 .189 .359 .528 .738 .874 .962 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
27 .117 .196 .373 .547 .757 .888 .969 .993 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
28 .119 .202 .387 .565 .775 .901 .974 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
29 .122 .209 .401 .583 .792 .912 .979 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
30 .125 .216 .414 .600 .807 .922 .982 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
35 .140 .249 .480 .680 .873 .959 .994 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
40 .156 .283 .543 .747 .918 .979 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
45 .171 .318 .601 .803 .948 .990 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
50 .187 .352 .654 .849 .968 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
55 .204 .386 .703 .885 .981 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
60 .220 .419 .746 .913 .988 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
70 .254 .484 .817 .952 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
80 .287 .545 .871 .975 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
90 .321 .602 .911 .987 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
100 .355 .654 .939 .993 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
120 .422 .744 .973 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
240 .743 .971 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
360 .906 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
Page 17 of 24
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED)
Eta-Squared
n 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.49 0.56 0.64 0.72
3 .011 .011 .013 .015 .018 .021 .026 .031 .040 .051 .067 .089 .124 .175 .264 .408
4 .011 .013 .016 .019 .025 .032 .042 .056 .076 .102 .143 .198 .283 .399 .573 .775
5 .012 .014 .019 .024 .034 .045 .064 .088 .125 .172 .244 .337 .470 .627 .809 .945
6 .013 .016 .022 .030 .044 .062 .090 .126 .183 .254 .358 .482 .642 .797 .930 .990
7 .013 .017 .026 .037 .056 .080 .120 .170 .248 .342 .473 .615 .775 .901 .978 .999
8 .014 .019 .030 .043 .069 .100 .153 .218 .317 .432 .581 .727 .867 .956 .994 >.999
9 .015 .021 .034 .051 .083 .123 .189 .270 .388 .518 .675 .813 .926 .981 .999 >.999
10 .016 .022 .039 .059 .098 .146 .227 .322 .457 .598 .755 .876 .960 .993 >.999 >.999
11 .017 .024 .043 .067 .114 .172 .266 .376 .524 .670 .819 .921 .980 .997 >.999 >.999
12 .017 .026 .048 .076 .130 .198 .307 .429 .587 .733 .869 .950 .990 .999 >.999 >.999
13 .018 .028 .053 .086 .148 .226 .347 .481 .645 .787 .906 .970 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999
14 .019 .030 .058 .095 .167 .254 .388 .531 .698 .832 .934 .982 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999
15 .020 .032 .064 .106 .186 .283 .429 .578 .745 .869 .955 .989 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
16 .021 .034 .070 .116 .205 .312 .469 .623 .786 .899 .969 .994 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
17 .022 .036 .076 .127 .225 .341 .507 .665 .822 .923 .979 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
18 .023 .039 .082 .138 .246 .371 .545 .703 .853 .941 .986 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
19 .023 .041 .088 .150 .266 .400 .581 .739 .879 .956 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
20 .024 .043 .094 .162 .288 .429 .615 .771 .901 .967 .994 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
21 .025 .046 .101 .174 .309 .458 .648 .800 .920 .976 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
22 .026 .048 .108 .187 .330 .486 .678 .826 .935 .982 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
23 .027 .050 .115 .199 .352 .513 .707 .849 .948 .987 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
24 .028 .053 .122 .212 .373 .540 .734 .870 .959 .990 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
25 .029 .056 .129 .225 .394 .566 .759 .888 .967 .993 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
26 .030 .058 .136 .238 .415 .592 .783 .904 .974 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
27 .031 .061 .144 .252 .436 .616 .804 .918 .979 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
28 .032 .064 .151 .265 .457 .640 .824 .930 .984 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
29 .033 .066 .159 .279 .478 .662 .842 .940 .987 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
30 .034 .069 .167 .292 .498 .684 .859 .950 .990 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
35 .040 .084 .208 .361 .593 .777 .921 .979 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
40 .046 .100 .251 .430 .677 .848 .958 .992 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
45 .052 .117 .296 .496 .749 .899 .978 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
50 .058 .134 .341 .559 .807 .934 .989 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
55 .065 .153 .386 .618 .855 .958 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
60 .072 .172 .430 .671 .892 .974 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
70 .087 .213 .516 .762 .942 .990 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
80 .103 .255 .596 .833 .971 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
90 .119 .299 .667 .885 .986 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
100 .137 .343 .730 .923 .993 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
120 .175 .431 .828 .967 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
240 .431 .823 .994 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
360 .662 .962 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
Page 18 of 24
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED)
Eta-Squared
n 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.49 0.56 0.64 0.72
3 .011 .012 .013 .015 .018 .022 .028 .035 .046 .060 .081 .111 .160 .232 .355 .542
4 .011 .013 .016 .020 .027 .035 .048 .064 .091 .125 .180 .253 .366 .511 .706 .889
5 .012 .014 .020 .026 .037 .051 .074 .104 .152 .214 .308 .425 .585 .751 .907 .985
6 .013 .016 .023 .032 .049 .070 .106 .152 .226 .317 .447 .593 .760 .894 .978 .999
7 .014 .018 .028 .040 .063 .093 .143 .208 .307 .425 .579 .731 .875 .961 .996 >.999
8 .014 .019 .032 .048 .078 .118 .185 .268 .392 .530 .693 .833 .940 .987 .999 >.999
9 .015 .021 .037 .057 .095 .145 .230 .332 .476 .625 .785 .902 .973 .996 >.999 >.999
10 .016 .023 .042 .066 .114 .175 .277 .396 .556 .709 .854 .945 .989 .999 >.999 >.999
11 .017 .025 .047 .076 .134 .207 .326 .460 .630 .778 .904 .970 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999
12 .018 .027 .053 .087 .154 .240 .375 .522 .696 .835 .939 .984 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999
13 .019 .030 .059 .098 .177 .274 .425 .580 .753 .879 .962 .992 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999
14 .019 .032 .065 .110 .200 .309 .473 .635 .802 .913 .977 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
15 .020 .034 .072 .123 .223 .345 .520 .685 .843 .938 .986 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
16 .021 .036 .078 .136 .248 .380 .565 .730 .877 .957 .992 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
17 .022 .039 .086 .150 .273 .416 .608 .770 .905 .970 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
18 .023 .041 .093 .164 .298 .451 .648 .806 .927 .980 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
19 .024 .044 .101 .178 .324 .485 .686 .837 .944 .986 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
20 .025 .047 .108 .193 .350 .519 .721 .864 .958 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
21 .026 .050 .117 .208 .376 .551 .753 .887 .968 .994 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
22 .027 .052 .125 .224 .401 .583 .782 .907 .977 .996 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
23 .028 .055 .133 .239 .427 .613 .808 .924 .983 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
24 .030 .058 .142 .255 .452 .642 .832 .938 .987 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
25 .031 .061 .151 .272 .477 .670 .854 .949 .991 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
26 .032 .064 .160 .288 .502 .696 .873 .959 .993 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
27 .033 .068 .170 .304 .526 .721 .890 .967 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
28 .034 .071 .179 .321 .550 .744 .905 .974 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
29 .035 .074 .189 .338 .573 .766 .918 .979 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
30 .036 .078 .199 .355 .595 .786 .930 .983 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
35 .043 .095 .250 .438 .697 .868 .969 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
40 .049 .115 .303 .518 .779 .922 .987 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
45 .057 .136 .358 .593 .844 .956 .995 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
50 .064 .158 .412 .661 .892 .976 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
55 .072 .181 .466 .721 .927 .987 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
60 .081 .205 .518 .773 .951 .993 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
70 .099 .255 .614 .855 .979 .998 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
80 .118 .308 .698 .910 .992 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
90 .139 .361 .769 .947 .997 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
100 .161 .414 .826 .969 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
120 .208 .518 .907 .990 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
240 .518 .903 .999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
360 .763 .988 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999 >.999
Page 19 of 24
TABLE 6: VALUES OF TUKEYS HSD STATISTIC
Tabled Values are HSD Statistics for the Given Probabilities and Degrees of Freedom
dfEFFECT = 1 dfEFFECT = 2 dfEFFECT = 3 dfEFFECT = 4

dfERROR p = .05 p = .01 dfERROR p = .05 p = .01 dfERROR p = .05 p = .01 dfERROR p = .05 p = .01
2 4.303 9.925 2 5.891 13.449 2 6.928 15.764 2 7.694 17.478
3 3.182 5.841 3 4.179 7.508 3 4.826 8.605 3 5.304 9.422
4 2.776 4.604 4 3.564 5.742 4 4.071 6.486 4 4.446 7.042
5 2.571 4.032 5 3.254 4.933 5 3.690 5.518 5 4.012 5.955
6 2.447 3.707 6 3.068 4.476 6 3.462 4.973 6 3.751 5.343
7 2.365 3.499 7 2.945 4.186 7 3.310 4.626 7 3.578 4.953
8 2.306 3.355 8 2.857 3.985 8 3.202 4.387 8 3.455 4.684
9 2.262 3.250 9 2.792 3.838 9 3.122 4.212 9 3.363 4.488
10 2.228 3.169 10 2.741 3.727 10 3.059 4.079 10 3.291 4.339
11 2.201 3.106 11 2.701 3.639 11 3.010 3.974 11 3.234 4.222
12 2.179 3.055 12 2.668 3.568 12 2.969 3.890 12 3.187 4.127
13 2.160 3.012 13 2.640 3.510 13 2.935 3.821 13 3.149 4.049
14 2.145 2.977 14 2.617 3.461 14 2.907 3.763 14 3.116 3.984
15 2.131 2.947 15 2.597 3.420 15 2.882 3.714 15 3.088 3.929
16 2.120 2.921 16 2.580 3.384 16 2.861 3.671 16 3.064 3.881
17 2.110 2.898 17 2.565 3.353 17 2.843 3.634 17 3.042 3.840
18 2.101 2.878 18 2.552 3.326 18 2.826 3.602 18 3.024 3.803
19 2.093 2.861 19 2.540 3.302 19 2.812 3.574 19 3.007 3.771
20 2.086 2.845 20 2.530 3.280 20 2.799 3.548 20 2.992 3.743
21 2.080 2.831 21 2.521 3.261 21 2.787 3.526 21 2.979 3.717
22 2.074 2.819 22 2.512 3.244 22 2.777 3.505 22 2.967 3.694
23 2.069 2.807 23 2.504 3.228 23 2.767 3.487 23 2.956 3.674
24 2.064 2.797 24 2.497 3.214 24 2.759 3.470 24 2.946 3.655
25 2.060 2.787 25 2.491 3.201 25 2.751 3.454 25 2.937 3.637
26 2.056 2.779 26 2.485 3.189 26 2.743 3.440 26 2.928 3.621
27 2.052 2.771 27 2.479 3.178 27 2.737 3.427 27 2.921 3.607
28 2.048 2.763 28 2.474 3.168 28 2.730 3.415 28 2.913 3.593
29 2.045 2.756 29 2.470 3.159 29 2.725 3.404 29 2.907 3.581
30 2.042 2.750 30 2.465 3.150 30 2.719 3.394 30 2.901 3.569
35 2.030 2.724 35 2.447 3.114 35 2.697 3.351 35 2.875 3.522
40 2.021 2.704 40 2.434 3.088 40 2.680 3.320 40 2.856 3.487
45 2.014 2.690 45 2.424 3.068 45 2.668 3.296 45 2.841 3.460
50 2.009 2.678 50 2.415 3.052 50 2.658 3.277 50 2.830 3.438
55 2.004 2.668 55 2.409 3.039 55 2.649 3.262 55 2.820 3.421
60 2.000 2.660 60 2.403 3.028 60 2.643 3.249 60 2.812 3.407
70 1.994 2.648 70 2.395 3.011 70 2.632 3.229 70 2.800 3.384
80 1.990 2.639 80 2.388 2.999 80 2.624 3.214 80 2.791 3.368
90 1.987 2.632 90 2.383 2.989 90 2.618 3.203 90 2.784 3.355
100 1.984 2.626 100 2.379 2.981 100 2.613 3.193 100 2.778 3.345
120 1.980 2.617 120 2.373 2.970 120 2.605 3.180 120 2.770 3.329
240 1.970 2.596 240 2.358 2.941 240 2.587 3.146 240 2.749 3.292
1.960 2.576 2.344 2.914 2.569 3.113 2.728 3.255
Page 20 of 24
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
Tabled Values are HSD Statistics for the Given Criteria and dfEFFECT = 1
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR .90 .80 .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .001
2 .142 .289 .445 .617 .816 1.06 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 5.643 6.965 9.925 31.599
3 .137 .277 .424 .584 .765 .978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 3.896 4.541 5.841 12.924
4 .134 .271 .414 .569 .741 .941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.298 3.747 4.604 8.610
5 .132 .267 .408 .559 .727 .920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.003 3.365 4.032 6.869
6 .131 .265 .404 .553 .718 .906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 2.829 3.143 3.707 5.959
7 .130 .263 .402 .549 .711 .896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.715 2.998 3.499 5.408
8 .130 .262 .399 .546 .706 .889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.634 2.896 3.355 5.041
9 .129 .261 .398 .543 .703 .883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.574 2.821 3.250 4.781
10 .129 .260 .397 .542 .700 .879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.527 2.764 3.169 4.587
11 .129 .260 .396 .540 .697 .876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.491 2.718 3.106 4.437
12 .128 .259 .395 .539 .695 .873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.461 2.681 3.055 4.318
13 .128 .259 .394 .538 .694 .870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.436 2.650 3.012 4.221
14 .128 .258 .393 .537 .692 .868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.415 2.624 2.977 4.140
15 .128 .258 .393 .536 .691 .866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.397 2.602 2.947 4.073
16 .128 .258 .392 .535 .690 .865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.382 2.583 2.921 4.015
17 .128 .257 .392 .534 .689 .863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.368 2.567 2.898 3.965
18 .127 .257 .392 .534 .688 .862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.356 2.552 2.878 3.922
19 .127 .257 .391 .533 .688 .861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.346 2.539 2.861 3.883
20 .127 .257 .391 .533 .687 .860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.336 2.528 2.845 3.850
21 .127 .257 .391 .532 .686 .859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.328 2.518 2.831 3.819
22 .127 .256 .390 .532 .686 .858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.320 2.508 2.819 3.792
23 .127 .256 .390 .532 .685 .858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.313 2.500 2.807 3.768
24 .127 .256 .390 .531 .685 .857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.307 2.492 2.797 3.745
25 .127 .256 .390 .531 .684 .856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.301 2.485 2.787 3.725
26 .127 .256 .390 .531 .684 .856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.296 2.479 2.779 3.707
27 .127 .256 .389 .531 .684 .855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.291 2.473 2.771 3.690
28 .127 .256 .389 .530 .683 .855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.286 2.467 2.763 3.674
29 .127 .256 .389 .530 .683 .854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.282 2.462 2.756 3.659
30 .127 .256 .389 .530 .683 .854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.278 2.457 2.750 3.646
35 .127 .255 .388 .529 .682 .852 1.052 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.133 2.262 2.438 2.724 3.591
40 .126 .255 .388 .529 .681 .851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.250 2.423 2.704 3.551
45 .126 .255 .388 .528 .680 .850 1.049 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.115 2.241 2.412 2.690 3.520
50 .126 .255 .388 .528 .679 .849 1.047 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.109 2.234 2.403 2.678 3.496
55 .126 .255 .387 .527 .679 .848 1.046 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.104 2.228 2.396 2.668 3.476
60 .126 .254 .387 .527 .679 .848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.223 2.390 2.660 3.460
70 .126 .254 .387 .527 .678 .847 1.044 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.093 2.215 2.381 2.648 3.435
80 .126 .254 .387 .526 .678 .846 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.088 2.209 2.374 2.639 3.416
90 .126 .254 .387 .526 .677 .846 1.042 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.084 2.205 2.368 2.632 3.402
100 .126 .254 .386 .526 .677 .845 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.081 2.201 2.364 2.626 3.390
120 .126 .254 .386 .526 .677 .845 1.041 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.076 2.196 2.358 2.617 3.373
240 .126 .254 .386 .525 .676 .843 1.039 1.285 1.651 1.970 2.065 2.183 2.342 2.596 3.332
.126 .253 .385 .524 .674 .842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.170 2.326 2.576 3.291
Page 21 of 24
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR .90 .80 .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .001
2 .449 .674 .883 1.10 1.35 1.65 2.063 2.701 4.054 5.891 6.621 7.685 9.461 13.45 42.765
3 .445 .661 .855 1.05 1.27 1.52 1.835 2.295 3.159 4.179 4.550 5.066 5.873 7.508 16.487
4 .443 .655 .842 1.03 1.23 1.45 1.735 2.124 2.811 3.564 3.826 4.180 4.715 5.742 10.595
5 .442 .651 .835 1.02 1.21 1.42 1.679 2.030 2.628 3.254 3.465 3.746 4.162 4.933 8.253
6 .441 .649 .830 1.01 1.19 1.40 1.643 1.972 2.516 3.068 3.251 3.492 3.842 4.476 7.042
7 .441 .647 .826 1.00 1.18 1.38 1.618 1.931 2.440 2.945 3.110 3.325 3.634 4.186 6.315
8 .440 .646 .823 .995 1.17 1.37 1.600 1.902 2.386 2.857 3.010 3.207 3.489 3.985 5.833
9 .440 .644 .821 .992 1.17 1.36 1.586 1.879 2.345 2.792 2.935 3.120 3.382 3.838 5.493
10 .440 .644 .820 .989 1.16 1.35 1.575 1.861 2.312 2.741 2.877 3.053 3.300 3.727 5.240
11 .439 .643 .818 .986 1.16 1.35 1.566 1.847 2.287 2.701 2.832 2.999 3.235 3.639 5.045
12 .439 .642 .817 .984 1.16 1.34 1.559 1.835 2.266 2.668 2.794 2.956 3.182 3.568 4.891
13 .439 .642 .816 .983 1.15 1.34 1.553 1.826 2.248 2.640 2.763 2.920 3.139 3.510 4.766
14 .439 .642 .815 .981 1.15 1.33 1.547 1.817 2.233 2.617 2.737 2.890 3.102 3.461 4.662
15 .439 .641 .815 .980 1.15 1.33 1.543 1.810 2.220 2.597 2.715 2.864 3.071 3.420 4.575
16 .439 .641 .814 .979 1.15 1.33 1.539 1.804 2.209 2.580 2.695 2.841 3.044 3.384 4.501
17 .439 .641 .813 .978 1.15 1.33 1.535 1.798 2.199 2.565 2.679 2.822 3.021 3.353 4.437
18 .439 .640 .813 .977 1.14 1.33 1.532 1.793 2.191 2.552 2.664 2.805 3.000 3.326 4.381
19 .438 .640 .813 .977 1.14 1.32 1.529 1.789 2.183 2.540 2.651 2.790 2.982 3.302 4.332
20 .438 .640 .812 .976 1.14 1.32 1.527 1.785 2.176 2.530 2.639 2.776 2.966 3.280 4.289
21 .438 .640 .812 .975 1.14 1.32 1.525 1.782 2.170 2.521 2.628 2.764 2.951 3.261 4.250
22 .438 .640 .811 .975 1.14 1.32 1.523 1.778 2.164 2.512 2.619 2.753 2.938 3.244 4.215
23 .438 .640 .811 .974 1.14 1.32 1.521 1.775 2.159 2.504 2.610 2.743 2.926 3.228 4.184
24 .438 .639 .811 .974 1.14 1.32 1.519 1.773 2.155 2.497 2.602 2.734 2.915 3.214 4.156
25 .438 .639 .811 .973 1.14 1.32 1.518 1.770 2.150 2.491 2.595 2.726 2.905 3.201 4.130
26 .438 .639 .810 .973 1.14 1.31 1.516 1.768 2.146 2.485 2.588 2.718 2.896 3.189 4.106
27 .438 .639 .810 .973 1.14 1.31 1.515 1.766 2.143 2.479 2.582 2.711 2.888 3.178 4.084
28 .438 .639 .810 .972 1.14 1.31 1.514 1.764 2.140 2.474 2.576 2.704 2.880 3.168 4.065
29 .438 .639 .810 .972 1.14 1.31 1.512 1.762 2.136 2.470 2.571 2.698 2.873 3.159 4.046
30 .438 .639 .810 .972 1.14 1.31 1.511 1.761 2.134 2.465 2.566 2.693 2.866 3.150 4.029
35 .438 .639 .809 .971 1.13 1.31 1.507 1.754 2.122 2.447 2.546 2.670 2.838 3.114 3.959
40 .438 .638 .808 .970 1.13 1.31 1.504 1.749 2.113 2.434 2.531 2.653 2.818 3.088 3.909
45 .438 .638 .808 .969 1.13 1.30 1.501 1.745 2.106 2.424 2.519 2.639 2.802 3.068 3.870
50 .438 .638 .808 .968 1.13 1.30 1.499 1.742 2.100 2.415 2.510 2.629 2.790 3.052 3.839
55 .438 .638 .808 .968 1.13 1.30 1.498 1.739 2.096 2.409 2.503 2.620 2.780 3.039 3.814
60 .438 .638 .807 .968 1.13 1.30 1.496 1.737 2.092 2.403 2.497 2.613 2.772 3.028 3.794
70 .438 .637 .807 .967 1.13 1.30 1.494 1.734 2.086 2.395 2.487 2.602 2.759 3.011 3.762
80 .438 .637 .807 .967 1.13 1.30 1.492 1.731 2.082 2.388 2.480 2.594 2.749 2.999 3.738
90 .437 .637 .806 .966 1.13 1.30 1.491 1.729 2.079 2.383 2.474 2.588 2.741 2.989 3.720
100 .437 .637 .806 .966 1.13 1.30 1.490 1.728 2.076 2.379 2.470 2.583 2.735 2.981 3.706
120 .437 .637 .806 .966 1.13 1.30 1.489 1.725 2.072 2.373 2.463 2.575 2.726 2.970 3.684
240 .437 .637 .805 .965 1.12 1.29 1.485 1.719 2.062 2.358 2.447 2.556 2.704 2.941 3.632
.437 .636 .805 .964 1.12 1.29 1.481 1.714 2.052 2.344 2.430 2.538 2.682 2.914 3.581
Page 22 of 24
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR .90 .80 .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .001
2 .672 .926 1.16 1.40 1.68 2.02 2.490 3.223 4.789 6.928 7.780 9.023 11.10 15.76 50.056
3 .676 .918 1.13 1.34 1.58 1.85 2.201 2.710 3.676 4.826 5.246 5.830 6.746 8.605 18.839
4 .679 .914 1.12 1.32 1.53 1.77 2.073 2.494 3.243 4.071 4.360 4.752 5.345 6.486 11.906
5 .681 .913 1.11 1.30 1.50 1.73 2.001 2.375 3.015 3.690 3.919 4.224 4.676 5.518 9.166
6 .683 .912 1.10 1.29 1.48 1.70 1.955 2.300 2.874 3.462 3.657 3.914 4.290 4.973 7.753
7 .684 .911 1.10 1.28 1.47 1.68 1.924 2.248 2.780 3.310 3.484 3.711 4.039 4.626 6.907
8 .685 .911 1.10 1.28 1.46 1.66 1.900 2.210 2.711 3.202 3.361 3.568 3.864 4.387 6.348
9 .686 .911 1.10 1.27 1.45 1.65 1.882 2.182 2.660 3.122 3.270 3.462 3.735 4.212 5.953
10 .686 .910 1.10 1.27 1.45 1.64 1.868 2.159 2.619 3.059 3.200 3.380 3.636 4.079 5.661
11 .687 .910 1.09 1.27 1.44 1.63 1.856 2.141 2.587 3.010 3.143 3.315 3.558 3.974 5.436
12 .687 .910 1.09 1.27 1.44 1.63 1.847 2.125 2.560 2.969 3.098 3.263 3.494 3.890 5.258
13 .688 .910 1.09 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.839 2.113 2.538 2.935 3.060 3.219 3.442 3.821 5.113
14 .688 .910 1.09 1.26 1.43 1.62 1.832 2.102 2.519 2.907 3.028 3.182 3.398 3.763 4.993
15 .688 .910 1.09 1.26 1.43 1.62 1.826 2.093 2.503 2.882 3.000 3.151 3.360 3.714 4.893
16 .688 .910 1.09 1.26 1.43 1.61 1.821 2.085 2.489 2.861 2.977 3.124 3.328 3.671 4.808
17 .689 .910 1.09 1.26 1.43 1.61 1.816 2.078 2.477 2.843 2.956 3.100 3.299 3.634 4.734
18 .689 .910 1.09 1.26 1.43 1.61 1.812 2.071 2.466 2.826 2.938 3.079 3.275 3.602 4.670
19 .689 .910 1.09 1.26 1.42 1.60 1.809 2.066 2.456 2.812 2.922 3.061 3.253 3.574 4.613
20 .689 .910 1.09 1.26 1.42 1.60 1.805 2.061 2.448 2.799 2.907 3.044 3.233 3.548 4.564
21 .689 .910 1.09 1.26 1.42 1.60 1.803 2.056 2.440 2.787 2.894 3.029 3.216 3.526 4.519
22 .689 .909 1.09 1.25 1.42 1.60 1.800 2.052 2.433 2.777 2.882 3.016 3.200 3.505 4.479
23 .690 .909 1.09 1.25 1.42 1.60 1.797 2.048 2.426 2.767 2.872 3.004 3.185 3.487 4.444
24 .690 .909 1.09 1.25 1.42 1.60 1.795 2.045 2.421 2.759 2.862 2.993 3.172 3.470 4.411
25 .690 .909 1.09 1.25 1.42 1.59 1.793 2.042 2.415 2.751 2.853 2.983 3.160 3.454 4.381
26 .690 .909 1.09 1.25 1.42 1.59 1.791 2.039 2.410 2.743 2.845 2.973 3.149 3.440 4.354
27 .690 .909 1.09 1.25 1.42 1.59 1.790 2.036 2.406 2.737 2.838 2.965 3.139 3.427 4.330
28 .690 .909 1.09 1.25 1.42 1.59 1.788 2.034 2.402 2.730 2.831 2.957 3.130 3.415 4.307
29 .690 .909 1.09 1.25 1.42 1.59 1.787 2.031 2.398 2.725 2.824 2.949 3.121 3.404 4.286
30 .690 .909 1.09 1.25 1.42 1.59 1.785 2.029 2.394 2.719 2.818 2.943 3.113 3.394 4.266
35 .691 .909 1.09 1.25 1.41 1.59 1.780 2.020 2.379 2.697 2.793 2.915 3.080 3.351 4.186
40 .691 .909 1.09 1.25 1.41 1.58 1.775 2.014 2.368 2.680 2.775 2.894 3.056 3.320 4.128
45 .691 .909 1.09 1.25 1.41 1.58 1.772 2.009 2.359 2.668 2.761 2.878 3.037 3.296 4.084
50 .691 .909 1.09 1.25 1.41 1.58 1.769 2.005 2.352 2.658 2.750 2.865 3.022 3.277 4.049
55 .691 .909 1.09 1.25 1.41 1.58 1.767 2.001 2.347 2.649 2.741 2.855 3.010 3.262 4.020
60 .691 .909 1.08 1.25 1.41 1.58 1.765 1.999 2.342 2.643 2.733 2.846 3.000 3.249 3.997
70 .692 .909 1.08 1.25 1.41 1.57 1.763 1.994 2.335 2.632 2.721 2.833 2.984 3.229 3.961
80 .692 .909 1.08 1.25 1.40 1.57 1.760 1.991 2.329 2.624 2.712 2.823 2.972 3.214 3.934
90 .692 .909 1.08 1.25 1.40 1.57 1.759 1.988 2.325 2.618 2.705 2.815 2.963 3.203 3.913
100 .692 .909 1.08 1.24 1.40 1.57 1.757 1.986 2.321 2.613 2.700 2.809 2.956 3.193 3.897
120 .692 .909 1.08 1.24 1.40 1.57 1.755 1.983 2.316 2.605 2.692 2.800 2.945 3.180 3.872
240 .692 .909 1.08 1.24 1.40 1.57 1.751 1.976 2.304 2.587 2.672 2.777 2.918 3.146 3.812
.693 .909 1.08 1.24 1.40 1.56 1.746 1.968 2.291 2.569 2.652 2.754 2.892 3.113 3.754
Page 23 of 24
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR .90 .80 .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .001
2 .834 1.11 1.36 1.62 1.92 2.29 2.800 3.605 5.330 7.694 8.637 10.01 12.31 17.48 55.467
3 .847 1.10 1.33 1.55 1.80 2.09 2.466 3.013 4.057 5.304 5.762 6.397 7.394 9.422 20.596
4 .855 1.10 1.31 1.52 1.75 2.00 2.317 2.762 3.560 4.446 4.756 5.176 5.813 7.042 12.888
5 .861 1.10 1.31 1.51 1.71 1.95 2.234 2.624 3.298 4.012 4.254 4.578 5.059 5.955 9.850
6 .865 1.10 1.30 1.49 1.69 1.91 2.180 2.537 3.136 3.751 3.956 4.227 4.622 5.343 8.287
7 .868 1.10 1.30 1.49 1.68 1.89 2.143 2.477 3.027 3.578 3.759 3.996 4.339 4.953 7.351
8 .871 1.10 1.30 1.48 1.67 1.87 2.115 2.433 2.948 3.455 3.619 3.834 4.141 4.684 6.733
9 .873 1.11 1.30 1.48 1.66 1.86 2.094 2.399 2.888 3.363 3.515 3.713 3.995 4.488 6.297
10 .874 1.11 1.30 1.47 1.65 1.85 2.077 2.373 2.841 3.291 3.435 3.620 3.883 4.339 5.975
11 .876 1.11 1.29 1.47 1.65 1.84 2.064 2.351 2.804 3.234 3.371 3.546 3.794 4.222 5.726
12 .877 1.11 1.29 1.47 1.64 1.83 2.052 2.333 2.773 3.187 3.318 3.486 3.722 4.127 5.530
13 .878 1.11 1.29 1.47 1.64 1.83 2.043 2.318 2.747 3.149 3.275 3.437 3.663 4.049 5.370
14 .879 1.11 1.29 1.46 1.64 1.82 2.035 2.306 2.725 3.116 3.238 3.395 3.613 3.984 5.239
15 .880 1.11 1.29 1.46 1.63 1.82 2.028 2.295 2.706 3.088 3.207 3.359 3.570 3.929 5.128
16 .880 1.11 1.29 1.46 1.63 1.81 2.022 2.285 2.690 3.064 3.180 3.328 3.534 3.881 5.034
17 .881 1.11 1.29 1.46 1.63 1.81 2.016 2.277 2.676 3.042 3.156 3.301 3.502 3.840 4.953
18 .882 1.11 1.29 1.46 1.63 1.81 2.012 2.270 2.663 3.024 3.135 3.277 3.474 3.803 4.882
19 .882 1.11 1.29 1.46 1.63 1.80 2.007 2.263 2.652 3.007 3.117 3.256 3.449 3.771 4.820
20 .883 1.11 1.29 1.46 1.62 1.80 2.004 2.257 2.642 2.992 3.101 3.237 3.427 3.743 4.766
21 .883 1.11 1.29 1.46 1.62 1.80 2.000 2.252 2.633 2.979 3.086 3.221 3.407 3.717 4.717
22 .883 1.11 1.29 1.46 1.62 1.80 1.997 2.247 2.625 2.967 3.072 3.205 3.389 3.694 4.673
23 .884 1.11 1.29 1.46 1.62 1.80 1.994 2.243 2.617 2.956 3.060 3.192 3.373 3.674 4.634
24 .884 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.62 1.79 1.992 2.238 2.611 2.946 3.049 3.179 3.358 3.655 4.598
25 .884 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.62 1.79 1.989 2.235 2.604 2.937 3.039 3.167 3.344 3.637 4.565
26 .885 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.62 1.79 1.987 2.231 2.599 2.928 3.029 3.157 3.332 3.621 4.536
27 .885 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.62 1.79 1.985 2.228 2.593 2.921 3.021 3.147 3.320 3.607 4.508
28 .885 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.62 1.79 1.983 2.225 2.588 2.913 3.013 3.138 3.310 3.593 4.483
29 .885 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.62 1.79 1.981 2.223 2.584 2.907 3.005 3.130 3.300 3.581 4.460
30 .886 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.61 1.79 1.980 2.220 2.579 2.901 2.999 3.122 3.291 3.569 4.439
35 .886 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.61 1.78 1.973 2.210 2.562 2.875 2.970 3.090 3.253 3.522 4.351
40 .887 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.61 1.78 1.968 2.202 2.549 2.856 2.949 3.066 3.226 3.487 4.287
45 .888 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.61 1.78 1.964 2.196 2.539 2.841 2.933 3.048 3.204 3.460 4.239
50 .888 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.61 1.77 1.961 2.191 2.531 2.830 2.920 3.033 3.187 3.438 4.200
55 .888 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.61 1.77 1.958 2.187 2.524 2.820 2.910 3.022 3.174 3.421 4.169
60 .889 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.61 1.77 1.956 2.184 2.519 2.812 2.901 3.012 3.162 3.407 4.144
70 .889 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.60 1.77 1.953 2.178 2.510 2.800 2.887 2.996 3.144 3.384 4.104
80 .889 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.60 1.77 1.950 2.175 2.504 2.791 2.877 2.985 3.131 3.368 4.074
90 .890 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.60 1.77 1.948 2.172 2.499 2.784 2.869 2.976 3.121 3.355 4.052
100 .890 1.11 1.29 1.45 1.60 1.76 1.946 2.169 2.495 2.778 2.863 2.969 3.113 3.345 4.034
120 .890 1.11 1.29 1.44 1.60 1.76 1.944 2.166 2.489 2.770 2.854 2.959 3.100 3.329 4.007
240 .891 1.11 1.29 1.44 1.60 1.76 1.938 2.157 2.474 2.749 2.831 2.933 3.070 3.292 3.942
.892 1.11 1.29 1.44 1.60 1.76 1.932 2.148 2.460 2.728 2.808 2.907 3.040 3.255 3.878
Page 24 of 24
PART VI:
BLANK SPSS OUTPUT
Section Abstract: This section is used as worksheets for in-class problems. Students fill in their
answers on these sheets, thus making clear the links between non-computer (hand)
calculations and the SPSS output.
Keywords: SPSS output, worksheets

Section Updated: November 2011

FREQUENCIES......................................................................................................................................2
CORRELATIONS....................................................................................................................................3
REGRESSION .......................................................................................................................................4
T-TEST (ONE SAMPLE) ..........................................................................................................................5
T-TEST (PAIRED SAMPLES) .....................................................................................................................6
T-TEST (INDEPENDENT SAMPLES).............................................................................................................7
ONEWAY (ANOVA) ............................................................................................................................8
MULTIPLE COMPARISONS (ANOVA) ........................................................................................................9
GENERAL LINEAR MODEL (REPEATED MEASURES ANOVA).......................................................................... 10
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (FACTORIAL ANOVA) ......................................................................... 11
Frequencies
Variable: ________________________
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid _____ _______ _______ _______ _______
_____ _______ _______ _______ _______
_____ _______ _______ _______ _______
_____ _______ _______ _______ _______
_____ _______ _______ _______ _______
_____ _______ _______ _______ _______
_____ _______ _______ _______ _______
_____ _______ _______ _______ _______
_____ _______ _______ _______ _______
_____ _______ _______ _______ _______
Total _______ _______ _______
Statistics
Variable:__________________________
N Valid __________
Mean __________
Std. Deviation __________
Variance __________
Percentiles 25 __________
50 __________
75 __________
Correlations
Mean Std. Deviation N

Variable: _____________ ________ _________ _______
Variable: _____________ ________ _________ _______
Correlations
Variable: Variable:
_________ _________
Variable: Pearson Correlation _______ _______
_________ Sig. (2-tailed) XXXXX
Sum of Squares and
_______ _______
Cross-products
Covariance _______ _______
N _______ _______
Variable: Pearson Correlation _______ _______
_________ Sig. (2-tailed) XXXXX
Sum of Squares and
_______ _______
Cross-products
Covariance _______ _______
N _______ _______
Regression
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method

1 Variable:__________________ XXXXXXXX Enter
a All requested variables entered.
b Dependent Variable: ____________________
Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the

Model R R Square Square Estimate
1 _______ _________ XXXXXX XXXXXXX
a. Predictors: (Constant), ______________________
Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Std.
Model B Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) ______ XXXX XXXXXX XXXX XXX
___________ ______ XXXX XXXXXX XXXX XXX
a Dependent Variable: _____________________
T-Test (One Sample)
One-Sample Statistics
Std. Std. Error

N Mean Deviation Mean
DV _____ ______ ________ _______
One-Sample Test
Test Value = _______

Sig. Mean 95% Confidence Interval
t df (2-tailed) Difference of the Difference
Lower Upper
DV _____ ____ _____ ______ ______ ______
T-Test (Paired Samples)
Paired Samples Statistics

Std. Std. Error
Mean N Deviation Mean
Pair Variable 1:
______ ____ _______ _______
1 _________
Variable 2:
______ ____ _______ ________
_________
Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.
Pair Variable 1 &
____ _______ _____
1 Variable 2
Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
Std. 95% Confidence Interval
Std. Error of the Difference Sig.
Mean Dev. Mean Lower Upper t df (2-tailed)
Pair Variable 1 &
_____ _____ ______ ________ ________ ______ ____ ______
1 Variable 2
T-Test (Independent Samples)
Group Statistics
Std. Std. Error
Group N Mean Deviation Mean
DV 1.00 _____ ______ ________ _______
2.00 _____ ______ ________ _______
Independent Samples Test
t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence
Sig. Mean Std. Error Interval of the
t df (2-tailed) Difference Difference Difference
Lower Upper
DV Equal
variances _____ ____ _____ ______ _______ ______ ______
assumed
Equal
variances not XXXX XXX XXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX
assumed
Oneway (ANOVA)
Descriptives
95% Confidence Interval for

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Group 1 ____ _______ ________ _______ ________ ________
Group 2 ____ _______ ________ _______ ________ ________
Group 3 ____ _______ ________ _______ ________ ________
Total ____ _______ ________ _______ ________ ________
ANOVA
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups ________ ________ __________ ________ ________
Within Groups ________ ________ __________
Total ________ ________
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: _____________________

Comparison Procedure : __________________
Mean 95% Confidence Interval

Difference
(I) IV (J) IV (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
1.00 2.00 ________ ________ _______ _________ _________
3.00 ________ ________ _______ _________ _________
2.00 1.00 ________ ________ _______ _________ _________
3.00 ________ ________ _______ _________ _________
3.00 1.00 ________ ________ _______ _________ _________
2.00 ________ ________ _______ _________ _________
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
General Linear Model (Repeated Measures ANOVA)
Type III Sum

Source of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Intercept XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX
Error ________ ______ ________
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Type III Sum

Source of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Treatment Sphericity Assumed ________ _____ ________ _______ _______
Greenhouse-Geisser XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX
Huynh-Feldt XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX
Lower-bound XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX
Error Sphericity Assumed ________ _____ ________
Greenhouse-Geisser XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX
Huynh-Feldt XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX
Lower-bound XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX
Univariate Analysis of Variance (Factorial ANOVA)
Dependent Variable: ____________________

Partial
Type III Sum Mean Eta
Source of Squares df Square F Sig. Squared
Corrected Model XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXXX
Intercept XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXXX
Factor A ________ ______ ________ ________ ______ ______
Factor B ________ ______ ________ ________ ______ ______
Factor A * Factor B ________ ______ ________ ________ ______ ______
Error ________ ______ ________
Total XXXXXXX XXXXX
Corrected Total ________ ______

CALCULATING STATISTICS WITH SPSS

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CALCULATING STATISTICS WITH SPSS

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STATISTICS FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS

CALCULATING AND INTERPRETING

This Textbook is Online:

Author Home Page: http://www4.uwsp.edu/psych/cw/

Original: July, 2009

Keywords: Research designs, statistical significance, confidence intervals, effect sizes

This document is part of an online statistics textbook.

A Decision Tree for Basic Statistics

Some Important Vocabulary Terms

Keywords: SPSS (Version 21), screenshots, directions for use

This document is part of an online statistics textbook.

Steps for Entering Data

Steps for Entering Repeated Measurements

7. If you wish to add data for repeated measurements of variables, simply

9. Notice that each participant has scores on both variables. In this

Your data are now ready to be analyzed!

Steps for Providing Labels for All Values

Your data are now ready to be analyzed!

3. Two variables will represent the Factors (Independent Variables) and

Steps for Providing Labels for All Values

Your data are now ready to be analyzed!

Steps for Providing Labels for All Values

Your data are now ready to be analyzed!

1. First, enter the data (described elsewhere).

Steps for Obtaining a Frequency Distribution

5. Be sure that Display frequency tables is checked. Without this

6. If all you wish is a frequency table (with no histogram or summary

7. To obtain summary statistics, select Statistics. Another dialogue box

Steps for Obtaining a Histogram

10. To obtain a histogram, click on the Charts button. Another dialogue

11. In this box, select Histogram and With normal curve.

13. After clicking on OK in the original dialogue box, a separate window

Your data have now been analyzed!

1. First, enter the data (described elsewhere).

Steps for Obtaining a Standardized (z) Scores

5. Be sure that Save standardized values as variables is checked.

7. To obtain summary statistics, select Options. Another dialogue box

Steps for Viewing the Standardized Scores

10. After clicking on OK in the original dialogue box, a separate window

Steps for Calculating Other Transformations

17. After clicking on OK in the original dialogue box, the transformed

Your data have now been analyzed!

1. First, enter data involving multiple variables. This is described

2. After the data are entered, select the Analyze Correlate

Steps for Obtaining the Correlations (and Significance Tests)

6. If all you wish is a table of correlations (with no descriptive statistics),

Your data have now been analyzed!

1. First, enter data involving multiple variables. This is described

2. After the data are entered, select the Analyze Regression

Steps for Obtaining the Regression Coefficients

5. Move the predictor variable to the Independent box. [In regression, it

6. Click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.

Your data have now been analyzed!

1. First, enter the data (described elsewhere).

Steps for Obtaining the Significance Test

5. Be sure to enter a known or hypothesized mean into the Test Value

9. After clicking on OK in the original dialogue box, a separate window

Your data have now been analyzed!

1. First, enter the data (described elsewhere).

Steps for Obtaining the Significance Test

4. Select the variables you wish to analyze by clicking on both of them

8. After clicking on OK in the original dialogue box, a separate window

Your data have now been analyzed!