Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented By:
Syeda Mahfuza Begum
Akhlaqur Rahman Rahi
JOURNEY OF GSM
The most popular 2G cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery.
Development background:
Developed by Groupe Spciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative of CEPT (Conference of European
Post and Telecommunication).
In 1989, ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) took the control of GSM and defined new
acronym Global System for Mobile Communications.
Speech
Time
NETWORK COMPONENTS: GSM ARCHITECTURE
Mobile
Terminal (MT)
Mobile Terminal (MT)
Mobile equipment for transmitting and receiving signals.
Base Transceiver Base Station Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) for storing necessary
System (BTS) Controller (BSC) permanent and temporary data.
2. Call Request
9. Reply
3. MSC determines the address of HLR of the called MT
7. Forward and sends location request message.
information 8. Send Request
to called MSC 4-5. HLR determines the serving VLR of the called MT
and sends route request message. VLR then sends
3. Location
Request MSC the message to the MSC serving the MT.
HLR
6. MSC allocates a TLDN to the MT and reply to
HLR with TLDN.
4. Route
Request 7. HLR forward information to the MSC of the
VLR calling MT.
MSC
4. Route
5. Route Request
Request VLR
TLDN: Temporary local directory number.
5
RADIO INTERFACE: GSM ARCHITECTURE
Most GSM Networks operate at 900 MHz and/or 1800MHz
Uplink
Downlink
TDMA Frame:
Each frame contains 8 time slots. 25 MHZ: 890 to 915 MHz (UL) Frequency band
935 to 960 MHz (DL)
Channel data rate: 270.833 kbps
Frame duration: 4.615 mS
148+8.25=156.25 bits
1TS=0.577ms
1bit=3.69ms
GSM: SITE
Green Field [GF] Site: Usually in Rural area
These two above type of sites may have the following solutions
o IBS [In Building Solution]: For better coverage, capacity and quality.
CELL STRUCTURE: GSM ARCHITECTURE
Cell is a area covered by one BS.
GSM Network Areas
Public Land Mobile Network Depending on the sizes, there are four types of cells:
(one operators network)
Macro-cell: 5-35 km radius. For rural or suburban areas.
MSC/VLR Service Area
(Covered by one MSC) Micro-cell: 1-5 km radius. Used in town or urban areas.
Location Area
(one MSC covers several location
Pico-cell: radius <100 meters. For a campus area.
areas)
Umbrella-cell: Fill-up the gaps between two cells or
Cell
(Covered by one BS) cover shadow areas of a cell.
In building
Cell Representation communications Suburban
R R
Macro- Pico-cell
cell Urban Micro-cell
BSC
BSC
GSM SERVICES
Supplementary Services:
Call forwarding and call barring,
Calling/connected line identification presentation and restriction
Malicious call identification
Multi-party services (i.e. tele-conferencing), etc.
GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
NETWORK LAYERED ARCHITECTURE
Access Layer:
Type: Low capacity transmission Access
Capacity: E1 to 16E1
Technology: PDH
Media: Microwave (Free Space) Backbone
PDH SDH
STM-1
North American
STM-4
European
STM-16
Japan
STM-64
Non Unified International
Unified International
Interface
Interface
PDH & SDH
o There is no standard for speeds over 140Mbps o The SDH is based on global international
standard.
o Clocks are not synchronized centrally
o De-multiplexing is achieved by getting
o Stuffing bits are added to compensate difference
out the required byte from the digital
in clocks and resulting phase shift
stream.
o Bit interleaved multiplexing at higher levels
o Easier management of bandwidth.
o E1 signals can only be accessed by de-
o Optical & Microwave Transmission
multiplexing
interfaces.
o Mostly used for air interface
o Clock is synchronized with master clock
N9 N 261
1
RSOH
3
AU pointer
9 rows 5 Payload
MSOH
9
Frame Length 125 ms
SOH: Section Overhead MSOH: Multiplexer Section Overhead
Au: Administration Unit RSOH: Repeater Section Overhead
First GSM Call
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkZn7jFd9Rc
TRAFFIC CONCEPT
Nyquist Theorem:
Sample rate=2xhighest
audible frequency (4KHz)
TRANSMISSION METHODS - AN OVERVIEW
Digital Analog Analog Digital
information information information information
1001101 1001101
A/D A/D
Modulation Demodulation
Radio
Copper
Wavelength Wavelength
multiplexing
R demultiplexing
Fibre
FIBER OPTIC
t
WDM
DWDM
DWDM networks with linear architecture used in P2P link, as a high bandwidth pipes between
two network element.
These system are integrated with optical amplifier and electronic regenerator
Advantage:
o Low concentration of equipment at TX point.
o Frequency planning is easier.
Disadvantage:
o High capacity requires near TX end
o One link failure affects all sites after that link.
o Extended bandwidth
STAR TOPOLOGY
Advantage:
Independent link for BTS
One link failure do not affect many link.
Disadvantage:
Require Clear LOS
High concentration of equipment at TX point.
Difficult frequency planning.
Require large space for antennas mounting.
TREE TOPOLOGY
Advantage:
Independent link for BTS
Short hop distance and so require small
antenna system.
Easy to find LOS
Frequency reuses is easier.
Disadvantage:
One link failure may affects many link
1+1 hop for protection
High concentration of equipment at TX
point.
Advantage:
Traffic can be rerouted easily if any link fails.
Easy to monitor from Management System.
Disadvantage:
Every site must be connected with its two neighbors sites.
High bandwidth required.
MUX equipment is required for digital cross connection.
PROTECTION SCHEMES
RING SNCP
A
Node Node
01 02
E B
X X
D C
QUALITY OF SERVICE [QOS]
MOS: Mean Opinion Score (Used for speech quality), Scale 1-5, 1 means
worst, 5 means best
Thank You!