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Direct Cyclic Procedure

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L3.2

Direct Cyclic Procedure

Overview
Direct cyclic analysis is a cost-effective
technique for predicting the low-cycle fatigue
life of an elastic-plastic structure subjected
to cyclic thermo-mechanical loading.
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It can be used to predict the likelihood of


plastic shakedown as well as plastic
ratcheting in the structure.
It can be also used to model low-cycle
fatigue in ductile metals (discussed in
Lecture 5).
Example: A hot component in the
automotive industry such as a cylinder head
subjected to cyclic temperature fluctuations
and clamping loads.

Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus


L3.3

Direct Cyclic Procedure

Motivation
The classical approach to obtaining a stabilized state is to apply multiple
loading cycles to the structure until the cycle stabilizes.
This can be very expensive as it may take many loading cycles
before the response stabilizes.
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Difficult to determine when all material points have stabilized since


they may not all stabilize simultaneously.

50-60 cycles

Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus

L3.4

Direct Cyclic Procedure

The direct cyclic analysis procedure avoids considerable numerical


expense associated with a transient analysis.
It uses a modified Newton method in conjunction with Fourier
representations of the displacement solution variables and right-
hand-side vectors to obtain the stabilized cyclic response directly.
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Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus


L3.5

Direct Cyclic Procedure

User interface
Direct cyclic procedure with
fixed time incrementation:
*DIRECT CYCLIC
Direct cyclic procedure with
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automatic time incrementation:


*DIRECT CYCLIC,
CETOL=tolerance, DELTMX=Dq
Direct cyclic procedure with time
points directly specified by the user:
*DIRECT CYCLIC
*TIME POINTS
The last two options can be
combined to use automatic time
incrementation between fixed time
points.

Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus

L3.6

Direct Cyclic Procedure

Defining the direct cyclic procedure

*DIRECT CYCLIC, [CETOL=tolerance, DELTMX=Dqmax]


Dt0, T, Dtmin, Dtmax, n0, nmax, Dn, imax
incrementation
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Dt0: initial time increment


controls the

T: time of a single loading cycle


Dtmin: minimum time increment allowed
Dtmax: maximum time increment allowed
series representations

n0: initial number of terms


controls the Fourier

in the Fourier series


nmax: maximum number of terms
in the Fourier series
Dn: increment in number of terms
in the Fourier series
imax: maximum number of iterations controls the iteration
allowed in a step

Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus


L3.7

Direct Cyclic Procedure

The number of Fourier terms can be adapted automatically from iteration


to iteration
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Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus

L3.8

Direct Cyclic Procedure

Multiple direct cyclic steps can be included in a single analysis. A direct


cyclic procedure can follow a general step or another direct cyclic step.
*STEP
*DIRECT CYCLIC
*END STEP
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*STEP
*DIRECT CYCLIC
*END STEP

or
*STEP
*STATIC
*END STEP

*STEP
*DIRECT CYCLIC
*END STEP

Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus


L3.9

Direct Cyclic Procedure

You can restart a direct cyclic step from a general step or another direct
cyclic step.
*RESTART, READ, STEP=, ITERATION=, ENDSTEP, WRITE, FREQ=
*DIRECT CYCLIC, CONTINUE=YES (NO)
The maximum number of Fourier terms can be increased upon
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restart.
Contact conditions in a direct cyclic step are fixed.
Abaqus/Viewer supports visualization of field and history output
generated from the direct cyclic procedure.
The element output includes stress; strain; energies; and the
values of state, field, and user-defined variables.
The nodal output variable includes displacements, reaction forces,
and current coordinates

Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus

L3.10

Direct Cyclic Procedure

Post-analysis output of a direct cyclic step can be obtained to recover


additional results for iterations rather than the final stabilized iteration.
The following example creates a new output database ( .odb) file,
which contains stress and strain of the elements in the element set
ELIST from each increment in iterations 5 and 10 of Step1.
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*POST OUTPUT, STEP=1, ITERATION=5


*OUTPUT, HISTORY
*ELEMENT OUTPUT=ELSET=ELIST
S,E
*POST OUTPUT, STEP=1, ITERATION=10
*OUTPUT, HISTORY
*ELEMENT OUTPUT=ELSET=ELIST
S,E

Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus


L3.11

Direct Cyclic Procedure

Use *CONTROLS, TYPE=DIRECT CYCLIC to set non-default


parameters that will be used to control the stabilized state and plastic
ratcheting detections, and to specify when to impose the periodicity
condition.
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Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus

L3.12

Direct Cyclic Procedure

Prescribed boundary conditions must have an amplitude definition that is


cyclic over the step: the start value must be equal to the end value.
Prescribed loads *CLOAD or *DLOAD must have an amplitude definition
that is cyclic over the step where the start value must be equal to the
end value.
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Prescribed predefined fields/temperatures must be cyclic over the step:


the start value must be equal to the end value (use *AMPLITUDE).
If the temperatures are read from the results file, use the BTRAMP
parameter on the *TEMPERATURE option to ramp the
temperatures back to their initial condition values.

It may take a long time for the


structure to cool down;
simulating the cool down may
not add much value to the
analysis; thus, increase the
cool down rate artificially.

Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus


L3.13

Direct Cyclic Procedure

Results and performance: CPU time (seconds) for the cylinder head
with 80,000 Dofs
Direct Cyclic (31 terms; Classical Approach
200 x 120 Increments) (60 x 120 Increments)
Decomposition 51 (performed once; subsequent passes 38
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through solver only involve backsubstitution)


Backsubstitution 15
Total (excl. output) 4.3E5 6.3E5

The area enclosed is


more important than the
direct cyclic curves themselves;
there is some
arbitrariness in where
the stabilized cycle is.
classical

Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus

L3.14

Direct Cyclic Procedure

Summary
The direct-cyclic procedure:
is a quasi-static analysis;
can be the only step, can follow a general or linear perturbation
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step, or can be followed by a general or linear perturbation step;


is ideally suited for very large problems in which many load cycles
must be applied to obtain the stabilized response if transient
analysis is performed;
avoids the considerable numerical expense associated with a
transient analysis;
assumes geometrically linear behavior and fixed contact conditions;
uses the elastic stiffness at the beginning of the analysis as the
Jacobian, so that the equation system is inverted only once.

Metal Inelasticity in Abaqus

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