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Maurice Dusseault
MBDCI
Common Symbols in RM
E, : Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio
: Porosity (e.g. 0.25, or 25%)
c, ,T : Cohesion, friction , tensile strength
o
T, p, p : Temperature, pressure, initial pres.
o
, : Vertical and horizontal stress
v h
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
hmin, HMAX: Smallest, largest horizontal
, , :Major, intermediate, minor stress
1 2 3
, : Density, unit weight ( = g)
K, C: Bulk modulus, compressibility
These are the most common symbols we use
MBDCI
Reflected
and direct
paths
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
Rock
Properties Borehole
Lab tests (E, , , c, seismics
C, k,) 3-D Seismics
Core data
SVS-337
MBDCI
p, T, C
r radial
Rock properties are needed stress
Deformation properties
r
Fluid transport properties Fa
a =
Thermal properties A
MBDCI
Stress a - (= 1 3)
E1
Anhydrite, carbonates,
granite, cemented sands
For many petroleum E2
geomechanics problems,
linear elastic assump-
tions are sufficient Strain - a
MBDCI
Definitions of E and ?
Youngs modulus (E): E is how deformation Triaxial
much a material compresses
under a uniaxial change in Test
effective stress - L
E=
radial
dilation
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
1D and 3D Compressibility?
Change in volume with v
a change in stress
In 1-D compressibility,
h = 0
h = 0
lateral strain, h, = 0 cylindrical
specimen
Often used for flat-strata
compaction analysis
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
3-D compressibility
1 L
involves all-around C 1D =
L
C3D = 1/K, where K is
the bulk modulus of
elasticity 1 V
C 3D =
V
MBDCI
in situ T, in
10 m the ~0.10 m
p, C lab
MBDCI
homogeneous rock
interval is selected
L ~ 2D
r r
A cylinder is prepared
with flat parallel ends
The cylinder is jacketed
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
stainless steel
cap for drainage
Pore pressure can be
strain
controlled, and
gauges a, r
Vpore can be measured
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
at constant backpressure
Similar set-up for high-
T tests and creep tests
seals
load platen Acoustic wave end caps
impermeable Etc
a membrane
MBDCI
International Society
for Rock Mechanics
(ISRM)
MBDCI
In the Laboratory
Axial deformation is measured directly by the
movement of the test platens
Bonded strain gauges on the specimen sides
are also used
Gives axial strain (calculate E)
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
Reminder: Anisotropy
Different directional stiffness is common!
Bedding planes
Oriented minerals (clays usually)
Reminder: Anisotropy
M = L a
Apparent axial
L
stiffness - M
L Vertical
core
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
0 30 60 90
Bedding
inclination
0 30 60 90
horizontal ones
Properties in the hori- Shales (clay minerals)
--Single discontinuities
--Two discontinuities
--Several disc.
--Rockmass
20-30 m
MBDCI
moduli, ES
The more microfissures, pores, point contacts,
the more ED > ES, x 1.3 to x 10 (for UCSS)
If porosity ~ 0, very high, ES approaches ED
Seismic moduli should be calibrated by testing
MBDCI
Vs = L/ts
U D
Sonic log, preferably dipole
J
Density log (gamma-gamma)
rock
receivers
t
Wave trains
ntac
borehole wall
i
city,
receivers
paths
of lower v near the borehole wall
tant
(damage)
cons
time
Arrival time delay from damage
lower velocity region
MBDCI
Discontinuities & E
Grain contact deformability is
responsible for sandstone stiffness
These may be cemented or not,
and in low- media, they become
interlocked, rocks are stiffer
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
fn =
normal
force
MBDCI
E1
E3
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
Flaws govern
rock stiffness
Stress (1 3)
microfissured materials,
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
e
S
ur
S
problems, a non-linear C
s
clo
U
ck
elastic solution is useful
cra
E2 = ()
Sand compaction, sand
production Strain - a
MBDCI
E
Linear elastic (E = constant)
MBDCI
ij
l =
T, t, , p
p
chemistry
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
high , low ,
small A large A
DIAGENESIS!
MBDCI
virgin
compression curve
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
erosion
present state
stiff reload
response
log(v)
High-Porosity Chalk
Weak cementation
(dog-tooth calcite)
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
initial stiff
response
log(v)
Sandstone Diagenesis
Dense grain packing
Many long contacts
Concavo-convex grain
contacts
SiO2 precipitated in
interstitial regions
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
Only 1% solution at
contacts = 8% loss in
volume
-A stable interpenetrative Fine-grained
fabric, high stiffness unconsolidated
sandstone
MBDCI
diagenetic
porosity loss
@ constant virgin
compression curve
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
present state
stiff load
response
log(v)
MBDCI
Precompaction Effect
A threshold value is necessary before any non-
elastic compression is triggered
This may arise from three processes
True precompaction by burial then erosion
Cementation of grains = stiffer + stronger
1-D Measuring Rock Properties
Issues to Remember
Stiffness (elastic modulus) is a fundamentally
important rock property for analysis
We can measure it with cored rock specimens
Also, in boreholes (much more rarely)
Sometimes, through correlations to other
1-D Measuring Rock Properties