Lectures 06 SCSC ElectricityMeters PDF

Introduction to the
Asia-Pacific
Legal Metrology Forum
APEC/APLMF Training Courses in Legal Metrology (CTI-10/2005T)

Training Course on Electricity Meters
February 28 to March 3, 2006 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Training Course
on
Electricity Meters
Prepared and presented by:
George A. Smith, Measurement Canada
Paul G. Rivers, Measurement Canada
2006
Electricity Meters Electricity Meters
This course is intended to allow The purpose of this course is

participants with varying levels of to provide participants with
technical and legislative expertise an awareness of issues
to enhance their understanding that may require consideration
of electricity measurement in your home economies.
from a legal metrology perspective
Metrology, is defined as the

The measurement of electricity
"Science of Measurement"
is a complex process.
Achieving accuracy and equity
Legal Metrology is intended to
in the trade of electricity
ensure the appropriate quality
requires an effective system
and credibility of measurements,
for achieving metrological control,
which can result in
and a consistent application
significant benefits to society.
of the measured quantities.
11
This course on Electricity Meters is comprised of
The process of ensuring accuracy and the following modules:
equity in the trade of electricity requires a 1) Introduction to Electricity Metering
common understanding of: 2) Electricity Metering Circuits
3) Single Phase & Polyphase Load Analysis
4) Measurement Concepts
5) Demand Measurement
- electricity delivery configurations, 6) Volt-Ampere Demand Measurement
- the measurement principles, 7) Basic Induction Meter
8) Electronic Metering
- the quantities being measured, 9) Type Approval of Electricity Meters
10) Verification & Test Methods
- the purpose of the measurements, and 11) Reverification Intervals
- how accuracy and equity are achieved 12) In-Service Compliance Programs
13) Measurement Standards & Test Equipment
14) Measurement Dispute Investigations
There are a number of ways This session is designed to focus on the

to measure electricity. principles of electricity measurement
Measurement accuracy that are required to more effectively
will not necessarily result in equity achieve an acceptable level
if the accurate measurements are used of accuracy and equity
in an inappropriate or inconsistent in the trade of electricity.
manner.
Electricity Meters
Questions?
Comments?
Next: Electricity Distribution Systems
12
Electricity Distribution Systems
The transmission and distribution of

alternating current electricity typically
Electricity Distribution ranges from 100 volts for residential
Systems consumers to 500,000 volts or greater
for transmission lines.
The frequency is usually 50 or 60 hertz,

or cycles per second, but other
frequencies are sometimes used.
Electricity Distribution Systems Electricity Distribution Systems

Electricity Measurement Points: Distribution Systems may deliver
Generation plants electricity using the following
High voltage transmission lines service configurations:
Transmission interchange sites
Distribution substations Single Phase 2-wire
Industrial operations Single Phase 3-wire
Commercial operations Polyphase 3-wire Network
Apartment complexes Polyphase 3-wire Delta
Urban residential services Polyphase 4-wire Delta
Rural services Polyphase 4-wire Wye
Single Phase 2-wire: Polyphase 3-wire Network:

A common residential service in many Common in apartment buildings where it
parts of the world which provides a provides 120 volts and 208 volts.
single voltage, usually 100 to 240 volts
Polyphase 3-wire Delta:

Single Phase 3-wire:
Generally used in industrial operations or for
A common residential service in North
a single polyphase motor load such as water
America which provides 2 voltages, 120
pumping station.
volts and 240 volts
13
Polyphase 4-wire Delta: Polyphase 4-wire Wye:

Sometimes used in supplying Commonly used for industrial and commercial
electricity to sparsely populated rural operations.
areas.
It is widely used for electricity distribution
It is an economical way of providing systems, where it is transformed to other
a combination of a single phase suitable service configurations.
3-wire service and a limited supply
of polyphase power.
During this session the electricity

metering for these various service Questions?
types will be examined.
Comments?
Next: Sine Wave and Phasor (Vector) Concepts
Sine Wave and Phasor Concepts

Sine Wave
Electrical power in alternating current
and systems can be visually represented in
different ways, including the use of
Phasor (Vector) sine waves and phasors.
Concepts
The type of circuit evaluation required
will determine the method used.
14
Sine Wave and Phasor Concepts Sine Wave and Phasor Concepts
Sine waves are useful for illustrating the

quality of the alternating current and Much of this course will involve the
voltage wave forms, including the visual representation of electricity
effects of harmonic distortion. within metering circuits.
Phasors (vectors) are useful in This portion of the session is intended

determining how an electricity meter will to ensure a common understanding of
respond in calculating electrical power the methods used.
and energy.
Voltage Voltage
+ Volts
Current
0 Volts
- Volts
360 degrees
Voltage and Current "in phase"
= 1 Cycle shown as true (pure) sine waves
Time = 1/60 second (60 hertz system)
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Current as a true sine wave Current shown with distortion
The load may cause distortion in both the current and voltage wave forms.
Distortion may cause excessive conductor heating, voltage drops, and line losses
Voltage and Current are in phase
15
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
60 degree lag 60 degree lag

(inductive load)
Phasor representation
Voltage
Voltage and Current are in phase Current lags voltage by 60 degrees Voltage and Current are in phase Current lags voltage by 60 degrees
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
60 degree lag 60 degree lag
Phasor representation Phasor representation
Current Current
Voltage Voltage Voltage
Voltage and Current are in phase Current lags voltage by 60 degrees Voltage and Current are in phase Current lags voltage by 60 degrees
Phasors used in
Sine Wave and Phasor Concepts
Power Calculations
Voltage
Current
The relationship between the phasors can be used
to determine:
- Phase angle - in degrees lead or lag
- Active power - in Watts (W)
- Reactive power - in Reactive Volt-Amperes (VARs)
60 degree lag
- Apparent power - in Volt-Amperes (VA)
Current
- Power factor - as a ratio or percent
Phasor representation
60 degree lag
Current
Voltage Voltage
This can be demonstrated using the circuit
Voltage and Current are in phase
from the previous example
Current lags voltage by 60 degrees
16
Phasors used in Phasors used in
Power Calculations Power Calculations
The relationship between the phasors can be used The relationship between the phasors can be used
to calculate Watts: to calculate Reactive Volt-amperes:
Reactive VA (VARs)
Current Current
Watts (W) Watts (W)
Active power (Watts) is comprised of Reactive power (VARs) is comprised Reactive VA (VARs)
the portion of the current of the portion of the current which is

which is in phase with the voltage Voltage 90 degrees out of phase with the Voltage
Watts (W)
voltage
(the "in phase component")
Phasors used in Phasors used in

Power Calculations Power Calculations
The relationship between the phasors can be used The relationship between the phasors can be used
to calculate Volt-amperes: to calculate values using the Power Triangle
Volt-amperes Volt-amperes
(VA) (VA)
Reactive VA (Vars) Reactive VA (VARs)
Current
Watts (W) Volt-amperes Watts (W) Current

(VA)
Apparent power (VA) is The value of any quantity can be 60 degree lag
comprised of the total current, determined using:
without regard to phase angle. Voltage 1) any other two values, or Voltage
2) one other value and the phase angle
Power Meters Energy Meters

Watt (W) meter: Watt hour (Wh) meter:
Measures active electrical power, Measures active electrical energy, integrating active power
normally displayed as kW. with respect to time, normally displayed as kWh.
Reactive Volt-Ampere (VAR) meter: VAR hour (VARh) meter:

Measures reactive electrical power, Measures reactive electrical energy, integrating reactive
normally displayed as kVAR. power with respect to time, normally displayed as kVARh.
Volt-Ampere (VA) meter VA hour (VAh) meter

Measures apparent electrical power, Measures apparent electrical energy, integrating apparent
normally displayed as kVA. power with respect to time, normally displayed as kVAh.
17
Electrical Power and Energy Sine Wave and Phasor Concepts
Power - the rate of energy output or transfer
Energy - capacity to do work

Questions?
- integration of power over time
The methods for calculation of these values will Comments?

be covered in more detail later in the course.
18
Electricity Metering Circuits
1 Phase Metering
Electricity Metering
Various methods are used to
Circuits supply and measure
1 Phase (Single Phase) electricity

2006
Electricity Metering Circuits Electricity Metering Circuits

1 Phase Metering 1 Phase 2-Wire
1 Phase (single phase) supply methods: Supply Transformer
1 Phase 2-Wire supply, C

1 Phase 2-Wire services are typically
1 Phase 3-Wire supply, supplied from a 3 Phase supply transformer.
A
1 Phase (single phase) metering methods: The 3 Phase supply transformer is shown as
B
1 Phase 1 Element meter a 3 Phase 4-wire Wye configuration, using
1 Phase 1.5 Element meter, a different color for each phase voltage.
1 Phase 2 Element meter

1 Phase 2-Wire 1 Phase 2-Wire
Supply Transformer Supply Transformer Consumer Load
C C
240 volts 240 volts 240 volts
A A
B 1 Phase electricity is supplied B

The consumer is supplied
by one of the 3 phases 1 Phase electricity at one voltage
19
Blondel's Theorum 1 Phase 2-Wire
Supply Transformer Consumer Load Supply Transformer Meter Consumer Load
C C
240 volts 240 volts 240 volts 240 volts
A A
B Blondel's Theorum states: In a system of N conductors, B

Blondel's Theorem requires (N wires - 1) elements
N-1 metering elements, properly connected,
will measure the power or energy taken.
1 Element = 1 Current Sensor + 1 Voltage Sensor
The connection must be such that all voltage coils have a common tie
to the conductor in which there is no current coil.

Supply Transformer 1 Element Meter Consumer Load Supply Transformer 1 Element Meter Consumer Load
C C
A A
B B
1 Element: 1 Current Sensor 1 Element: 1 Current Sensor
1 Voltage Sensor 1 Voltage Sensor
= Current Sensor = Current Sensor = Voltage Sensor

Supply Transformer 1 Element Meter Consumer Load
C 1 Phase 3-Wire services

240 volts 240 volts
are the common method of
A supplying electricity to
B 1 Element Meter satifies Blondel's Theorem, homes in North America
and provides accurate measurement
= Current Sensor = Voltage Sensor
20
Supply Transformer(s) Supply Transformer
C 1 Phase 3-Wire services are typically C The transformer secondary circuits are
supplied from a 3 Phase supply isolated from the primary circuits
Primay
A Secondary
A
B B

Supply Transformer Supply Transformer Consumer Load
C C
120 volts
120 volts
A A
B The secondary circuit supplies B The secondary transformer is given

electricity to the consumer a center tap to ground
Neutral

Supply Transformer Consumer Load Supply Transformer Consumer Load
C C
A A
B B
The consumer has a choice of The consumer has a choice of
Neutral Neutral
120 volts or 240 volts 120 volts or 240 volts
21
Supply Transformer Consumer Load
1 Phase 3-Wire service C

120 volts 120 volts
240 volts 240 volts
using a Blondel Compliant 120 volts 120 volts
2 Element meter A
B
The consumer has a choice of
Neutral
120 volts or 240 volts

Line 1 Line 1
C C
240 volts 240 volts
120 volts Line 2 120 volts 120 volts Line 2 120 volts
A A
Neutral Neutral
B B
Neutral Measurement using a 2 Element meter Neutral A current sensor is added to Line 1
= Current Sensor

Line 1 Line 1
C C
240 volts 240 volts
A A
Neutral Neutral
B B
Neutral A current sensor is added to Line 2 Neutral A voltage sensor is connected between
Line 1 and neutral (ground)
22
Line 1 Line 1
C C
240 volts 240 volts
A A
Neutral Neutral
B B
Neutral A voltage sensor is connected between Neutral 2 Elements: 2 Current Sensors

Line 2 and neutral (ground) 2 Voltage Sensors
= Current Sensor = Voltage Sensor = Current Sensor = Voltage Sensor

C
120 volts 120 volts
1 Phase 3-Wire service
240 volts
120 volts 120 volts
using a Non Blondel Compliant
A
1.5 Element meter
B
2 Element Meter satifies Blondel's Theorem, providing

Neutral measurement accuracy in all loading conditions.

Supply Transformer 1.5 Element Meter Consumer Load Supply Transformer 1.5 Element Meter Consumer Load
Line 1
C C
240 volts 240 volts
120 volts Line 2 120 volts 120 volts 120 volts
A A
Neutral
B B
Neutral The 1.5 element meter still has a current Neutral

sensor connected to Line 1 and Line 2 However only one voltage sensor is used
23
Line 1
C C
240 volts 240 volts
120 volts Line 2 120 volts 120 volts 120 volts
A A
Neutral
B B
Neutral The voltage sensor is connected between the Neutral

1.5 Elements does not satisfy
240 volt supply lines, Line 1 and Line 2 Blondel's Theorem (N-1 elements),
however it will measure accurately
= Current Sensor = Voltage Sensor under balanced voltage conditions.

1 Phase 3-Wire
Transformer Type Installation
C
120 volts 120 volts
240 volts
120 volts 120 volts
The 1 element meter functions similar to a 1.5 element

Neutral meter, and does not satisfy Blondel's Theorem, but will
measure accurately under balanced voltage conditions.
= Ring Style Current Transformer = Voltage Sensor
24
1 Phase Metering
Questions?
Comments?
Next: 3 Phase 4-Wire Open Delta

3 Phase 4-Wire Open Delta 3 Phase 4-Wire Open Delta
Supply Transformer Meter Consumer Load

C Line 1 C
The 3 Phase 4-Wire open delta service 120 volts 120 volts
is an economical way of providing a 120 volts Line 2

120 volts
120 volts
combination of a single phase 3-wire A 120 volts
service and a limited supply of polyphase B

power. Neutral
The service configuration begins as a

single phase 3-wire service.

Supply Transformer Meter Consumer Load Supply Transformer Meter Consumer Load
C Line 1 C C Line 1 C
120 volts 120 volts
A 120 volts A 120 volts
B B
240 volts 240 volts
Neutral Neutral
208 volts 208 volts

240 volts The non-polarity connection of the 'A' phase 240 volts
'A' phase power is supplied to the consumer
secondary winding is connected to the polarity
connection of the 'C' phase secondary winding.
25
240 volts 240 volts
Supply Transformer Meter Consumer Load Supply Transformer 3 Element Meter Consumer Load
C Line 1 C A C Line 1 C A
120 volts 120 volts 240 volt 120 volts 120 volts 240 volt
120 volts delta 120 volts delta
B B
A 120 volts A 120 volts
B B 208 volts
240 volts 240 volts
Neutral Neutral
240 volts
208 volts
The consumer is provided with a 240 volt 3 240 volts
208 volts A current sensor and voltage
phase open delta power supply sensor are added

240 volts

C Line 1 C A
120 volts
120 volts
120 volts 240 volt
delta
Questions?
120 volts Line 2 120 volts
B
A 120 volts
B 208 volts Comments?

240 volts
Neutral
240 volts
208 volts The A phase voltage sensor
receives 208 volts Next: Polyphase Supply & Metering Methods

Polyphase Metering
Polyphase supply methods
3 Phase 4-Wire Wye,
3 Phase 3-Wire Wye (grounded)
Various methods are used to 2 Phase 3-Wire Wye (network)
supply and measure
polyphase electricity Polyphase metering methods:
2 Element meter,
2.5 Element meter,
3 Element meter
26
3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service 3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service
has a grounded neutral conductor
3 Phase 4-Wire services Consumer Load
Supply Transformer
are a common method of C
A
supplying polyphase electricity
to commercial and B
industrial consumers
Neutral
3 Phase 4-Wire Wye supply


C C
A A
B B
Neutral Neutral
A 1 phase load is applied A 2 phase load is applied


C C
A A
B B
Neutral Neutral
A 3 phase load is applied Blondel's Theorem requires N-1 elements
27
Meter Meter
C C
A A A
B B
Neutral Neutral
A 3 element meter is recommended = Current Sensor

Meter Meter
C C
A A A A
B
B B
Neutral Neutral

Meter Meter
C
C C
A A A A
B B
B B
Neutral Neutral
28
Electricity Metering Circuits Colour coding of the supply wires to a transformer
type meter will reduce the probability of wiring
errors. In Canada, the color code is as follows:
3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service
Red --------------------------- A phase voltage
Yellow ----------------------- B phase voltage
3 Element Meter
Supply Transformer C
Consumer Load Blue -------------------------- C phase voltage
C White ------------------------ Neutral
A A Green ------------------------ Ground
B
Red with White tracer - A phase current, polarity
B Red with Black tracer - A phase current, return
Yellow with White tracer - B phase current, polarity
Neutral Yellow with Black tracer - B phase current, return
Blue with White tracer - C phase current, polarity
= Current Sensor = Voltage Sensor Blue with Black tracer - C phase current, return
3 Element Wye Meter Installation

Electricity Metering Circuits
Current Tranformers
3 Element Meter Installation Electricity Metering Circuits

Questions?
Comments?
Next: 3 Phase 4-Wire Wye, 2.5 element meter
29
3 Phase Metering 3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service
2.5 element meter
2.5 Element Meter
3 Phase 4-Wire Wye service Supply Transformer
C
Consumer Load
C
is sometimes fitted with a A
2.5 element meter A B

B
Neutral
A phase and C phase are complete elements

2.5 element meter 2.5 element meter
2.5 Element Meter 2.5 Element Meter
C C
C C
A A
A B A B
B B
Neutral Neutral
B phase voltage is not measured (1/2 element)

The 2.5 element meter is not recommended
If the voltage is not balanced, errors will occur

3 Phase 3-Wire Grounded Wye 3 Phase 3-Wire Grounded Wye
may be used for high voltage transmission lines
3 Phase 3-Wire grounded Wye Supply Transformer Consumer Load

C
may be used for high voltage A
transmission lines
B
3 Phase 3-Wire Wye supply (grounded)
30
3 Phase 3-Wire Grounded Wye 3 Phase 3-Wire Grounded Wye
3 Element Meter 2 Element Meter

C C
C C
A A A A
B B
B B
Neutral
2 element metering is accurate if there is no ground current

3 Phase 3-Wire Network Service 3 Phase 3-Wire Network Service
120 / 208 volt load
3 Phase 3-Wire Network services
are a common method of providing C
both 120 and 208 volt electricity A
208 volts
to apartment complexes B
120 volts
Neutral

3 Phase 3-Wire Network Service 3 Phase 3-Wire Network Service
120 / 208 volt load 120 / 208 volt load

C
2 Element Meter C
2 Element Meter
is required
A A A
208 volts 208 volts

B B
120 volts 120 volts
Neutral Neutral
31
3 Phase 3-Wire Network Service
120 / 208 volt load

C
2 Element Meter
A A
208 volts
B
B
120 volts
Neutral
120/208v Network meters

in an apartment complex
3 Phase 3-Wire Delta Service 3 Phase 3-Wire Delta Service
3 Phase 3-Wire Delta services Delta connected

C
are a common method of providing C
3 phase electricity to large motor A A
loads such as pumping stations B

B

Delta connected Delta connected Delta connected Delta connected

2 Element Meter
C C
C C
A A A A
B B
B B
32
Delta connected Delta connected Delta connected Delta connected

C C
C C
A A A A
B B
B B

3 Phase 3-Wire Delta Service
Delta connected Delta connected

2 Element Meter
Consumer Load
Supply Transformer
C
C
Questions?
A A
B
B
Comments?
33
Single Phase Load Analysis
Single Phase and Polyphase
- Single Phase 2-Wire Load
Load Analysis - Single Phase 2-Wire Service

1.0 Element Meter
- Single Phase 3-Wire Service

2 Element Meter
1.5 Element Meter
2006
Single Phase 2-Wire Load Single Phase 2-Wire Load
Supply Transformer Watt Meter Consumer Load Supply Transformer Watt Meter Consumer Load
C A
10 AMPS
C A
10 AMPS
120 volts V 120 volts V
A A
B B
Motor Motor
The motor contains many turns in the internal coil windings.
The current is therefore inductive as well as resistive and
The above drawing shows a simple single phase motor circuit,
which contains a wattmeter, an ammeter and a voltmeter. will cause a magnetic field to be present.
As a result the current will lag the voltage. In this case, let's
The basic principles here apply equally to polyphase circuits.
assume the lag to be 30 degrees.
C A
10 AMPS
C A
10 AMPS
A A
B B
Motor Motor
Apparent Power is equal to the voltage times the current Apparent Power = E x I I line = 10 amps
and is expressed in volt-amperes (VA) or more commonly in KVA = 120volts x 10amps
= 1200 VA
This is the power which the utility delivers to the customer and is 30 degrees
measured by the voltmeter and ammeter. E = 120 volts
Note: E = volts
I = amperes
34
C A
10 AMPS
C A
10 AMPS
A A
B B
Motor Motor
Active Power = E x I x cosine 0*
Active Power is equal to the voltage times the in phase = 120volts x 10amps x cos 30 degrees
component of the current and is expressed in watts (W) or more = 1200 VA x .866
commonly in kW. = 1039.2 watts I = 10 amps
This is the power which is used to drive the shaft in the electric motor The Phase angle or Power Factor
and is the power which is of value to the customer and measured
affects the magnitude of 30 degrees
by the wattmeter
Active Power Measurement Iw = (.866) E = 120 volts
0* = theta = phase angle of the current
C A
10 AMPS
C A
10 AMPS
A A
B B
Motor Motor
Reactive Power is equal to the voltage times the component of the Reactive Power = E x I x sine 0*
line current which is displaced from the voltage by 90 degrees and is = 120 volts x 10 amps x 0.5
expressed in volt amp reactance (vars) or more commonly in KVARs. = 600 VARs
I = 10 amps
Im = 5amps
This is the power which is required to create and maintain the magnetic The Phase angle or Power
field in the electric motor. Reactive Power represents the reactive losses Factor also affects the magnitude 30 degrees
created by the customers motor. of the Reactive Power
Iw = (.866) E = 120 volts
0* = Theta = phase angle of the current
Single Phase 2-Wire Load

Single Phase 2-Wire Load
Apparent Power delivered

= 1200 VA
Reactive Power
Power Factor =
30 degrees
losses = 600
VARs
Questions?
Usable Active Power = 1039.2 Watts
The power triangle for this circuit reveals the

Comments?
apparent power delivered, the active power used by
the consumer, and the reactive power losses.
Next: Single Phase 2-Wire Service
35
Single Phase Load Analysis Single Phase 2-Wire Service
Single Phase 2-Wire Service Supply Transformer 1 Element Meter Consumer Load
C
10 amps
110 volts
1 Element Meter
A
B What is the apparent power delivered to this

consumers 1 phase 2 wire service?
Service is 110 volts, Load is drawing 10amps, unity power factor
Single Phase 2-Wire Service Single Phase 2-Wire Service
C C
10 amps 10 amps
110 volts 110 volts
A A
B B What is the active power measured in this 1 phase

2 wire service, by the 1 element meter?
Apparent Power = E x I
Apparent Power = 110volts x 10amps
Apparent Power = 1100 va Service is 110 volts, Load is drawing 10amps, unity power factor
Single Phase 2-Wire Service Single Phase 2-Wire Service
C C
10 amps 10 amps
110 volts 110 volts 1100 watts
A A
B Active Power = E x I x cosine 0* B If this load of 1100 watts was on for 1.5 hrs,
the meter would register the following energy.
Active Power = 110 volts x 10 amps x 1.0
Active Power = 1100 watts Energy = Active Power x Time
= 1100watts x 1.5hrs
0* = theta = phase angle of the current = 1650 watthours
36
Single Phase 2-Wire Service Single Phase Load Analysis
Questions? Single Phase 3-Wire Service
2 Element Meter
Comments?
Next: Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 2 Element Meter
Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 2 Element Meter Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 2 Element Meter

Line 1 Line 1
C 10 amps
C 10 amps
110 volts 110 volts
220 volts 20 amps 220 volts 20 amps
110 volts Line 2 5 amps 110 volts Line 2 5 amps
A A
Neutral Neutral
B B
Neutral Neutral
Active Power = Load 1 + Load 2 + Load 3

How much active power is the consumers load drawing?
= (E x I x cos0*) + (E x I x cos0*) + (E x I x cos0*)
Note : Unity power factor E = Voltage, I = Current, PF = 1.0, 0* = theta = phase angle of the current
Supply Transformer Consumer Load Supply Transformer 2 Element Meter Consumer Load
Line 1 30 amps
C 10 amps
C 10 amps
110 volts 110 volts
220 volts 20 amps 20 amps
110 volts Line 2 5 amps 110 volts 25 amps 5 amps
A A
Neutral Neutral
B B
Neutral Neutral
Active Power = (E x I x cos0*) + (E x I x cos0*) + (E x I x cos 0*)

= (110v x 10a x 1.0) + (110v x 5a x 1.0) + (220v x 20a x 1.0) How much active power is the 2 element meter measuring?
= (1100 watts) + (550 watts) + (4400 watts)
= 6050 watts
37
30 amps 30 amps
C 10 amps
C 10 amps
110 volts 110 volts
20 amps 20 amps
110 volts 25 amps 5 amps 110 volts 25 amps 5 amps
A A
Neutral Neutral
B B
Neutral Neutral
Active Power (meter) = (Element 1) + (Element 2) Active Power = (Element 1) + (Element 2)

= (E x I x cos0*) + (E x I x cos0*)
= (110v x 30a x 1.0) + (110v x 25a x 1.0)
Element = One voltage sensor and one current sensor
= (3300watts) + (2750watts)
Active Power = 6050watts

30 amps
C
110 volts
110 volts 25 amps
10 amps
5 amps
20 amps Questions?
A
Neutral
B
Neutral
Comments?
Active Power calculated for the load = 6050 watts
Active Power indicated by the meter = 6050 watts
Next: Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 1.5 Element Meter
Single Phase Load Analysis Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 1.5 Element Meter

Line 1
C
Single Phase 3-Wire Service 110 volts
110 volts
220 volts
Line 2
10 amps
5 amps
20 amps
1.5 Element Meter B

Neutral
Neutral
Using the same load conditions as with the 2 element meter, let's
see if a 1.5 element meter can also accurately measure this load?
Active Power (load) = 6050 watts
38
Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 1.5 Element Meter Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 1.5 Element Meter
Line 1 Line 1
C C
220 volts 220 volts
A A
B B
However the 1.5 element meter current coils are half
Neutral
The 1.5 element meter has a current coil connected Neutral
to Line 1 and a current coil connected to Line 2, coils,meaning they only have half the windings of a
full current coil.
= Current Sensor = Full Current Coil = Half Current Coil
Line 1 Line 1
C C
220 volts 220 volts
Line 2 Line 2
A A
B B
Neutral Only one voltage sensor is required, connected Neutral

between Line 1 and Line 2 Using the same 6050 watt load from the previous
examples, what active power is measured by the
= Half Current Sensor = Voltage Sensor 1.5 element meter?
Line 1 Line 1
C 10 amps
C 10 amps
110 volts 110 volts
Line 2 Line 2
A A
B B
Neutral Note : The 1.5 element meter shares one Neutral
voltage coil for two elements Active Power calculated for the load = 6050 watts
Active Power indicated by the meter = 6050 watts
Active Power measured = (E x IL1 / 2 x cos0*) + (E x IL2 /
2 x cos0*)
= (220v x 30 / 2 x 1.0) + (220v x 25 / 2 x 1.0) Although the 1.5 Element meter does not satisfy Blondel's Theorem
(N-1 elements), we have shown that the meter will measure accurately
= (3300 watts) + (2750 watts)
under balanced voltage conditions.
= 6050 watts
Active Power calculated = 6050 watts
If voltages L1 - N and L2 - N are not balanced, errors will occur.
39
Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 1.5 Element Meter
Polyphase Load Analysis
- Polyphase Phasors
Questions?
- 3 Phase 4 Wire Wye Service
3 Element Meter
Comments? 2.5 Element Meter
- 3 Phase 3-Wire Delta Service

2 Element Meter
Next: Polyphase Load Analysis
Polyphase Phasors Polyphase Phasors
Ecb
Ecn Enb
In order to describe how Phasors are a visual Eca Eab
representation of the
polyphase meters operate, it is various voltage and
necessary to have a common current values, and Ena Ean
understanding of how their relationship to

each other during
phasors are used one cycle Eba Ebn Enc Eac
Ebc
Voltage Ean is often

used as the
C C point of reference
30 30
30 30
120 30
120 deg. This diagram can be used to 120

120 30 A Ean
N
30 deg
A plot voltage phasors and
30
120 deg 30
N 30 deg
120 deg. establish their relationship to
each other. B
30
30
The phasor Ean shows the position
of voltage A in relation to Neutral
B
40
C Ecn C Ecn
30 30
30 30
120 30 120 30
120
120 30 A Ean
120
120 30 A Ean
N N
30 30
30 30
B Other phasors are added to represent B Ebn
the other line to neutral voltage values

in the polyphase circuit
Ecb
C Ecn C Ecn
Eab Eab
30 30
30 30
120 30 120 30
120
120 30 A Ean
120
120 30 A Ean
N N
30 30
30 30
B Ebn B Ebn
The phasor Eab shows the position The phasor Ecb shows the position
of voltage A in relation to voltage B of voltage C in relation to voltage B

Ecb Ecb
C Eca Ecn C Eca Ecn Enb

Eab Eab
30 30
30 30
120 30 120 30
120
120 30 A Ean
120
120 30 A Ena Ean
N N
30 30
30 30
B Eba Ebn Eac B Eba Ebn Enc Eac
The phasor positions of other voltages Ebc Ebc

can be added as required
41
Polyphase Phasors
Questions?
Comments? 3 Element Meter
Next: 3 Phase 4-wire Wye Services, 3 Element Meter
3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 3 Element Meter 3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 3 Element Meter
3 Element Meter
A
3 Element Meter B
Ecn
A N
C Ic
Ia Ean
B Phasor Representation
ABC Rotation
N Ib
Ebn
3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 3 Element Meter 3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 3 Element Meter
Ecn
3 Element Meter
A Ic
Ia Ean
C
Questions?
B Ib
N Ebn
Comments?
Power Formula :
Active Power = (Ean x Ia x cos0*) + (Ebn x Ib x cos0*) + (Ecn x Ic x cos0*)
cos0* = cosine of the current phase angle relative to unity power factor Next: 3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 2.5 Element Meter
42
3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 2.5 Element Meter
3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service 2.5 Element Meter

A
2.5 Element Meter B
3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 2.5 Element Meter 3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 2.5 Element Meter
2.5 Element Meter 2.5 Element Meter
Ecn
A A
-Ib
B B
Ic
C C
Ia Ean
N N
Ecn
Phasor Representation Ic
-Ib
Active Power = (Ean x Ia x (cos 0*)) + (Ean x -Ib x (cos60-0*))
ABC Rotation +
Ia Ean
(Ecn x Ic x (cos0*)) + (Ecn x -Ib x (cos60+0*))
0* = theta = phase angle of the current relative to unity power factor
3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 2.5 Element Meter

Questions? 3 Phase 3-Wire Delta Service
2 Element Meter
Comments?
Next: 3 Phase 3-wire Delta Service
43
LOAD
10 Amps
A
600 Volts 5.77 Amps
10 Amps
C 5.77 Amps
600 Volts 5.77 Amps
2 Element Meter 10 Amps
B
A
Consider a 3 phase 3- wire delta load:
C
Phase voltage: 600v
Line current = 10 amperes, balanced load, unity power factor
B
Phase current = Line current / 3
Phase current = 5.7735 amperes
Ecb
LOAD 2 Element Meter
10 Amps
A A
600 Volts 5.77 Amps
10 Amps Ic 30 Eab
C 5.77 Amps C deg.
600 Volts 5.77 Amps
10 Amps
B B 30 deg.
Ia
Calculate the Active Power:
Active Power = 3 x E phase x I phase cos0*

Active Power = 3 x 600 x 5.7735 x 1.0 = 10392 watts
Ia is at unity power factor, but measures in relation to Eab
or; Active Power = 3 x E line x I line cos0* Ic is at unity power factor, but measures in relation to Ecb
Active Power = 1.732 x 600 x10 x 1.0 = 10392 watts
cos0* = cosine of the current phase angle relative to unity power factor
Ecb Ecb
A A
Ic 30 Eab
Ic 30 Eab
C deg. C deg.
B 30 deg. B 30 deg.
Ia Ia
Active Power = (Eab x Ia x cos(30+0*)) Active Power = (Eab x Ia x cos(30+ 0* )) + (Ecb x Ic x cos(30- 0* ))
= (600v x 10a x cos(30+0*)) + (600v x 10a x cos(30- 0* ))
+
= (600 x 10 x 0.866) + (600 x 10 x 0.866)
(Ecb x Ic x cos(30-0*))
= 5196 + 5196
= 10392 watts
Active Power is correctly measured by the meter
0* = theta = phase angle of the current relative to unity power factor
44
3 Phase 3-Wire Delta Service
Questions?
Comments?
45
Measurement Concepts Measurement Concepts
4 Quadrant Measurement
VA
Watts hours, (Wh) VARs
Reactive Volt-Ampere hours (VARh) Watts
and Volt-Ampere hours (VAh) The Power Triangle

2006
Measurement Concepts 4 Quadrant Measurement
Most metering points require measurement

12,000 VA of electricity being delivered to a consumer.
6,000 VARs
30 degrees Electricity is often transferred between
10,392 Watts suppliers, and require that electricity
be measured in two directions, with both
lagging and leading power factor.
VA = Square root of (10,392 W squared + 6,000 VARs squared)
= 12,000 VA Where bi-directional measurement is required,

4 Quadrant metering is often used.
4 Quadrant Measurement 4 Quadrant Measurement

Quadrant 1:
+ Vars Watts delivered,
Lagging Vars
4 Quadrant measurement can be Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1

PF lead PF lag
represented using a single phasor diagram
that combines the measurement of Received Delivered
electricity in all phases, in both directions, - Watts + Watts
including all possible power factors.

Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4
PF lag PF lead
- Vars
46
Quadrant 2:
+ Vars Watts received, + Vars
Leading Vars
Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1 Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1
PF lead PF lag PF lead PF lag
Received Delivered Received Delivered

- Watts + Watts - Watts + Watts
Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4 Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4

PF lag PF lead PF lag PF lead
- Vars Quadrant 4: - Vars

Watts delivered,
Leading Vars

+ Vars
PF lead PF lag Questions?
Received Delivered
- Watts + Watts
Comments?
PF lag PF lead
Quadrant 3:
- Vars
Watts received,
Lagging Vars Next: Watthour Measurement
Watthour Measurement Watt Measurement

Ecn
Watthour measurement can be calculated by Ia

multiplying total Watts X time Ic 30 lag
Ean
Watthours = Watts X Time (in hours) Ib 30 lead

An unbalanced
The following example shows polyphase load:
Ebn
the calculation of Watts
in an unbalanced polyphase circuit. Ean = 120 V, Ia = 100 A, 30 degree lag
Ebn = 120 V, Ib = 100 A, 30 degree lead
Ecn = 120 V, Ic = 50 A, In phase
47
Watt Measurement Watt Measurement
+ Vars
All phases combined
Watts are calculated using the portion of the on the "x" axis:
current which is in phase with Ia (30 degree lag)
Ia is plotted 12,000VA
the associated voltage.
'x' axis + Volts
In a polyphase circuit the watts in the 3 phases 10,392 W
can be represented on a phasor diagram
Total Watts: 10,392
using the same 'x' axis as reference.
+
+
-Vars
Watt Measurement Watt Measurement

+ Vars + Vars
All phases combined All phases combined
on the "x" axis: on the "x" axis:
Ia (30 degree lag) Ia (30 degree lag)
Ib is added Ic is added
10,392 W Ic = 6,000 W (zero VARs)

'x' axis + Volts 'x' axis
12,000VA
Total Watts: 10,392 Total Watts: 10,392
+ 10,392 Ib (30 degree lead) + 10,392 Ib (30 degree lead)
+ + 6,000
-Vars -Vars
Watt Measurement Watthour Measurement

+ Vars
All phases combined
on the "x" axis: total
Ia (30 degree lag) The meter can then use the
Watts are calculated
Ib total Watts to determine Watthours
10,392 W + 10,392 W + 6,000 W
'x' axis
= 26,784 Watts total Watthours = Watts X Time (in hours)
Total Watts: 10,392
+ 10,392 Ib (30 degree lead)
+ 6,000
26,784 W
-Vars
48
Watthour Measurement VARhour Measurement
Reactive Volt-Ampere hours (VARhours)

are calculated using the portion of the current
Questions? which is 90 degrees out of phase
with the associated voltage
Comments? In a polyphase circuit the VARs in each phase

can be represented on the 'y' axis,
where lagging power factor gives positive VARs
while leading power factor gives negative VARs
Next: VAR hour Measurement
VAR Measurement VAR Measurement

+ Vars
All phases combined
The total VARs within a polyphase system may
on the "x" axis:
be added differently in different meters. Ia (30 degree lag)
Ia is plotted
+ 6,000 VARs
Adding VARs algebraically, as positive and negative
values, will result in the NET value for VARs. 'x' axis + Volts
Adding the absolute value of VARs, without

considering them as positive and negative
will result in the GROSS value for VARs.
-Vars

+ Vars + Vars
on the "x" axis: on the "x" axis:
Ia (30 degree lag) Ia (30 degree lag)
Ib is added Ic is added
+ 6,000 VARs + 6,000 VARs
Ic ( zero VARS)
'x' axis + Volts 'x' axis + Volts
- 6,000 VARs - 6,000 VARs
Ib (30 degree lead) Ib (30 degree lead)
-Vars -Vars
49
+ Vars + Vars
Net VARS are Gross VARs are
calculated by adding calculated by adding
them algebraically Ia (30 degree lag) absolute values. Ia (30 degree lag)
+ 6,000 VARs + 6,000 VARs
Ic ( zero VARS) Ic ( zero VARS)
'x' axis + Volts 'x' axis + Volts
- 6,000 VARs - 6,000 VARs
Net VARS: +6,000 Gross VARs: 6,000
+ (-6,000) Ib (30 degree lead) + 6,000 Ib (30 degree lead)
+ 0 + 0
0 VARs 12,000 VARs
-Vars -Vars
VARhour Measurement VARhour Measurement
Calculation of NET VARs treats a

VARhours = VARs X Time (in hours) three phase service as a single entity.
VARhours can be calculated using either Calculation of GROSS VARs treats the
net VARs or gross VARs three phases as three separate
and independant entities.
Since the two methods will result in different
quantities, the calculation method (net or gross)
Both methods can be performed accurately,
should be clearly defined.
but the method used can have a significant
effect on the calculation of VARs and VA.
VARhour Measurement VARhour Measurement
The meter can then use the Questions?

total VARs to determine VARhours
VARhours = VARs X Time (in hours)

Comments?
Next: Volt-Ampere hour Measurement
50
VAhour Measurement VA Measurement
The calculation of volt-amperes in a polyphase

Volt-Ampere hour (VAhour) measurement
system is generally based upon one of two
is used to determine line losses, internationally recognized methods:
transformer losses, and the
sizing of equipment required for 1) Phasor (Vector) Additon
supplying electrical energy or
to a consumer. 2) Arithmetic Addition
VA Measurement VA Measurement
All phases combined

using Arithmetic Addition
Arithmetic Addition of VA involves Ia = 12,000 VA
the simple addition of the VA
Ic = 6,000 VA
in each of the phases. 'x' axis + Volts
Arithmetic VA: 12,000

+ 12,000 Ib = 12,000 VA
+ 6,000
30,000 VA
All phases combined

using Phasor Addition:
Phasor Addition involves the addition Ia is plotted
Ia = 12,000VA
of the phasor value of VA

in each of the phases.
51

using Phasor Addition: using Phasor Addition
Ia = 12,000VA Ia = 12,000VA
Ib is added Ib = 12,000VA IC is added Ib = 12,000VA
Ic = 6,000VA
Ib Ib

using Phasor Addition: using Phasor Addition:
Ia = 12,000VA Ia = 12,000VA
Phasor VA = 26,784 VA Ib = 12,000VA Phasor VA = 26,784 VA Ib = 12,000VA
Ic = 6,000VA Ic = 6,000VA
Phasor VA = 26,784 Phasor VA = 26,784

Net VARs = 0 VARs
Phasor VA = 26,784 VA
Ib Gross VARs = 12,000 VARs Ib
Arithmetic VA= 30,000 VA
Difference = +12%
VA hour Measurement Energy Measurement

Calclation of Phasor VA treats a three
phase service as a single entity.
Calculation of Arithemetic VA treats the

three phases as three separate and Questions?
independant entities.
The calculation method selected should be

Comments?
clearly defined and consistently used.
VA hours = VA X Time (in hours)
52
Electricity Metering Demand Measurement
First introduced over 100 years

Demand Measurement ago, in 1892 by a gentleman by
the name of Hopkinson.
Mr. Hopkinson recognized that

there are two main components
in the measurement of electricity.
2006
Demand Measurement Demand Measurement
First Component : Second Component :

Energy in kilowatthours (kWh) Power in kilowatts (kW)
It was clear that the measured kWh in a Hopkinson determined that kW provided a
system provided a good representation of good representation of the cost to the utility
for supplying the electricity to the customer.
the cost of the electricity supplied to the
customer.
What is Demand?
As a result, this was the first
introduction to demand measurement
and the very beginning of demand Demand is often referred to as the
metering. maximum rate of energy transfer demanded
by the consumer.
53
What is Demand? What is Demand?

Kw demand is determined from
Kilowatt demand is generally the energy (kwh's) consumed and the
defined as the kilowatt load (power) time (hours) it takes to consume the
averaged over a specified interval of energy.
time.
The rate or speed of energy transfer to the

Basic Power formula customers load will directly impact the measured
kilowatts, otherwise known as the customers
demand.
Energy = Power x Time
Power (kw) = Energy (kwh) / Time (hours)
or
Power
Power (Kw's) = Energy(Kwh's) / Time (hours) Power
Power
Time Time Time
A B C
Consider Customer A's Load Consider Customer B's Load
Power or KW demand = 2000 kilowatts
Power or KW demand = 1000 kilowatts Energy consumed remains at 2000 kwh

Energy consumed = 2000kwh's
Time = 2 hours
Time = 1 hour
Power (kw) = Energy (kwh) / Time (hours) Power (kw) = Energy (kwh) / Time (hours)
54
Consider Customer C's Load Review All Three Customers
2000 kw
1000 kw
Power or KW demand = 500 kilowatts
Energy consumed remains at 2000 kwh 500 kw
Time = 4 hours
2 hours 1 hour 4 hours
A B C
Power (kw) = Energy (kwh) / Time (hours)
Energy consumed in all three cases is the same = 2000 kwh's

Energy Usage
Time / Demand Interval Average Demand

per interval
The demand interval is the length of time over which

demand is measured. Power
Kilowatts
The demand interval is usually 5, 10, 15, 30 or 60

minutes.
Demand Demand Demand Demand

Interval Interval Interval Interval
Demand Intervals = 5, 10, 15, 30 or 60 minutes
Maximum Demand? Why is Demand Measured?
The maximum measured demand for any

customer is the greatest of all the demands The size and capacity of transformer banks,
measured within a given time interval, which sub-stations, transmission lines, switch gear,
has occured during the billing period. etc is determined by the maximum demand
imposed on these devices by the customer.
A billing period may be one month.
55
As a result, the utility must install larger, more costly equipment in
order to supply the same amount of energy in a shorter time period for
customer B. Demand Measurement
The measured maximum demand of 2000 kw's is a result of this high
(Considerations)
rate of transfer and can be used to charge the customer for the up front
cost to meet his/her needs.
When establishing the appropriate length of the
demand interval, (5, 10, 15, 30 or 60 minutes) one
2000 kw
must take into consideration the type of load being
measured.
1000 kw
500 kw
A B C Steady loading versus fluctuating loading

2 hours 1 hour 4 hours

(Considerations)
Maximum
Demand
Reached
For example measuring the demand over a
longer time interval, such as 60 minutes will work
well when the loading is fairly steady.
Power
Kilowatts
The average measured demand and the
maximum demand within a demand interval will be Average Measured Demand
very close if not the same.

Demand Interval = 60 minutes

(Considerations) Maximum
Demand
Average Measured Demand

However, measuring a fluctuating load with the same
time interval (60 minutes) may not provide a measured
demand value which is representative of the customers
maximum or peak usage during the billing period.
Power
Kilowatts
Unless a shorter time interval is used , there can be a

significant difference between the average demand
measured and the maximum demand required by the
customer.
Demand Interval = 60 minutes
56
(Considerations) Maximum
Demand Average Measured Demand
By shortening the demand interval length from

60 minutes to 15 minutes, the average measured
demand for each 15 minute interval becomes a
Power
better representation of the energy consumed within Kilowatts
the shortened time period.
The highest measured demand, becomes the

maximum or peak demand value in which the
customer is billed upon.
15 minute Demand Intervals
Questions?
Principle Methods of
Determining Maximum
Comments? Demand
Next: Methods of Determining Maximum Demand
Principle Methods Average Demand Method?
1) Average Demand Method

Integrating Demand Average demand or integrating demand
is based upon the average power
2) Exponential Demand Method measured during a minimum time
Thermal Demand interval of 15 minutes.
Thermal Emulation
Lagged Demand
57
Demand Measurement Average / Integrating Demand
Method
15 Minute Interval - Load = 1500 watts
Average Demand Measured is 1500 watts
Average Demand Method? (100% of the load) in 15 minutes
1600
1500
The response characteristic of an 1400
1300
Demand Indication
average or integrating demand meter is 1200
1100
linear. 1000
900
800
700
600
It will register 50 % of the load in half 500
400
the demand interval and 100% of the 300

200
100
load by the end of the demand interval. 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time in Minutes
Exponential or Lag Demand Method? Exponential or Lag Demand Method?
The exponential or lag demand meter has a

Exponential demand or Lag demand is exponential response characteristic.
based upon the rate of conductor
temperature rise, measured over a In this case, it will register 90% of the load
minimum time interval of 45 minutes. within a third of the interval, 99% in two
thirds the interval and 99.9% by the end of
the demand interval.
Exponential / Lag Demand Method Demand Measurement

45 Minute Interval - Load = 1500 watts
Exponential Demand Measured in 15 minutes ( 1/3 of the Demand Method Comparison
demand interval) = 1360 watts = 90% of the load
1600
1500
1400 Average verses Exponential
1300
Demand Indication
1200
1100
1000
900
The values in the following graphs provide
800
700
the response of the two demand methods
600
500
in relation to steady state load conditions,
400
300
and must be taken in context with the base
200
100 load conditions.
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time in Minutes
58
Demand Method Comparison Demand Method Comparison
2 Minute Duration 5 Minute Duration
Exponential Method = 345 Exponential Method = 790
Average Method = 200 Average Method = 500
1600 1600
1500 1500
1400 1400
1300 1300
Demand Indication
Demand Indication
1200 1200
1100 1100
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
700 700
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time in Minutes Time in Minutes

1600 1600
1500 1500
1400 1400
1300 1300
Demand Indication
Demand Indication
1200 1200
1100 1100
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
700 700
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1600 1600
1500 1500
1400 1400
1300 1300
Demand Indication
Demand Indication
1200 1200
1100 1100
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
700 700
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
59
Demand Meter Response Characteristics Overall Considerations

(Considerations)
Consideration should be given to the
Similiar to the length of the demand interval, the
standardization of both the demand interval
response characteristics of a demand meter (linear vs length and the response type of the demand
exponential) can also impact on the measurements end meter used within one's respective economy to
result, depending on the type of loading imposed on the ensure all customers are billed equitably.
system, by the customer.
Demand Measurement
Questions?
Comments?
60
Volt-Ampere Demand
Volt-Ampere Demand The cost of supplying electrical

energy to a consumer increases as
the power factor decreases.
Measurement
The cost increase is due to 2 factors:
1) increased capital costs, and
2) increased line losses
2006
Volt-Ampere Demand Volt-Ampere Demand
The method of integrating energy consumption

over time (e.g. 15 minutes)
Volt- Ampere demand measurement to establish Volt-Ampere demand,
is a common method for electricity is similar to the method used to
suppliers to recover these calculate Watt demand.
increased costs.
However, there is only one generally accepted
definition of total Watts in a polyphase circuit,
but there are more than one definition
of total Volt-Amperes.
Volt-Ampere Demand Volt-Ampere Demand
The addition of volt-amperes in a polyphase 'Phasor Addition' and 'Arithmetic Addition'

system is generally based upon one of two methods use the same units of measure
internationally recognized methods: (VA) but can yield significantly different
values for the same load conditions.
1) Phasor (Vector) Additon
or This can lead to measurement inequity,
2) Arithmetic Addition consumer complaints, and a reduced
confidence in measurement.
61
VA Demand Calculations
Volt-Ampere Demand
Ecn
Calculation Comparison
60 lag Ia
Ean
Ic
The following example provides a
comparison of the calculated VA values
30 lag
in a three phase circuit, where the
Ebn Ib
individual currents are lagging the voltage
by different phase angles. Ia is in phase with Ean
Ib lags Ebn by 30 degrees
Ic lags Ecn by 60 degrees
VA Demand Calculations VA Demand Calculations

Ecn Ecn
EL-N = 120 Volts 60 lag Ia EL-N = 120 Volts 60 lag Ia

Ia = 100 Amps Ean Ia = 100 Amps Ean
Ib = 100 Amps Ic Ib = 100 Amps Ic
Ic = 100 Amps Ic = 100 Amps
30 lag 30 lag
60 lag
Ebn Ib Ebn Ib
30 lag
Ia is in phase with Ean 12,000 VA, 12,000 W, 0 VARs Total Watts = 28,392 Watts
Ib lags Ebn by 30 degrees 12,000 VA, 10,392 W, +6,000 VARs Total Vars = +16,392 Vars
Ic lags Ecn by 60 degrees 12,000 VA, 6,000 W , +10,392 VARs Vectorial VA = 32,784 VA = (28,392 sqd + 16,392 sqd) VA
Arithmetic VA = 36,000 VA, 28,392 W, +16,392 VARs Arithmetic VA = 36,000 VA = 12,000 + 12,000 + 12,000 VA
% Difference = +9.8%
Volt-Ampere Demand
Ecn
Ic 30 lag Ia
30 lag
Ean
The next example provides a
comparison of the calculated VA values Ib 30 lead
in a three phase circuit

where two of the currents are lagging, Ebn
and one current is leading the voltage.
62
Ecn Ecn
Ic 30 lag Ia Ic 30 lag Ia
EL-N = 120 Volts EL-N = 120 Volts
30 lag 30 lag
Ib = 100 Amps Ib = 100 Amps
Ic = 100 Amps Ic = 100 Amps
Ib 30 lead Ib 30 lead
30 lead
Ebn Ebn
30 lag
Total Watts = 31177 Watts Total Watts = 31177 Watts Vectorial VA = 31749 VA
Gross Vars = 18000 Vars Gross Vars = 18000 Vars Arithmetic VA = 36000 VA
Net Vars = +6000 Vars Net Vars = +6000 Vars % Difference = +13.4%
Volt-Ampere Demand
Ia
30 lag
This last example provides a comparison Ean
of the calculated VA values in a Ib 30 lead

120/208 volt network service with a
purely resistive (1.0 PF) 208 volt load. Ebn
Example of a purely resistive (1.0 PF) 208 volt load

Ia and Ib represent the same current, connected between Ean and Ebn. (zero VARs)
Ia & Ib represent the same current,
with Ib serving as the return for Ia.
with Ib serving as the return for Ia.

Ecn is not connected
Ia Ia
EL-N = 120 Volts EL-N = 120 Volts
30 lag 30 lag
Ib = 100 Amps Ib = 100 Amps
Ic = n/a Ic = n/a
Ib 30 lead Ib 30 lead
30 lead
Ebn Ebn 30 lag
Total Watts = 20785 Watts Total Watts = 20785 Watts Vectorial VA = 20785 VA
Gross Vars = 12000 Vars Gross Vars = 12000 Vars Arithmetic VA = 24000 VA
Net Vars = 0 Vars Net Vars = 0 Vars % Difference = +15.5%
63
VA Demand Calculation Comparison VA Demand Calculation Comparison
Phasor addition of VA treats a three phase In order for VA demand measurement to be

service as a single entity.
equitable within a geographical area,
the method of VA addition
Arithmetic addition of VA treats the
must be consistent.
three phases as three separate
and independant entities.
Volt-Ampere Demand Measurement
Questions?
Comments?
64
Basic Induction Meter Basic Induction Meter
Three Main Components are ;
a) Motor Section
b) Braking Section
c) Gear Train Section

2006
The watthour meter works on the Induction Principle Motor Section :

and is essentially an induction motor driving an eddy
current dampening unit.
As an induction type motor, the potential and
The stator consists of an electromagnet and the rotor current coils can be considered the stator part of
is an aluminum disc mounted on a shaft. the motor, and the disc can be considered the
rotor part of the motor.
A permanent magnet or braking system is used to
keep the disc at a manageable speed. The stator will provide the torque upon which the
rotor (disc) will move or rotate.
A train of gears and dials come off the disc shaft and
register the energy consumed

The stator section of the motor consists of a potential
electromagnet and a current electromagnet
Motor Section :
Potential
Electromagnets - magnetic fluxes of the potential and current
electromagnets.
Meter Base
(Stator) - interact with the aluminum disc
- providing the necessary torque needed to move
the disc
- and register the energy
Meter Disc Current
(Rotor) Electromagnets
65
Potential Coil Flux Interaction Current Coil Flux Interaction
Line Line
Voltage Voltage
Potential Lines Current Lines

of Flux of Flux
Meter Disc Meter Disc
Potential Coil Flux : Current Coil Flux :
The flux produced by the potential coil lags the voltage by 90 The flux produced by the current coil is in phase with the
degrees due to the coils high inductance characteristics. current due to the coils highly resistive characteristics.
(many turns of fine wire) (few turns of course wire)
E I
Iflux
Eflux
1ST Quarter
The two fluxes are 90 degrees apart. Even uniform torque is
therefore applied to the disc at any given time in the current
and voltage cycles.
I flux I flux E flux

max max Every quarter of a cycle, the maximum rate of change (slope) of either
the voltage or current signwave will produce the maximum amount of
eddy currents within the disc, producing maximum torque on the disc.
Eflux 90 degrees Here in the 1st quarter, the voltage flux is at it's maximum rate of
apart change.
66
2 nd Quarter 3rd Quarter
Every half cycle the flow of the fluxes through the disc change direction
In the 2nd quarter, current flux is now at it's maximum rate of due to the alternating signwave of the voltage and current.
change in the cycle
- 3rd quarter, the voltage is at it's maximum rate of change.
- flux flowing opposite direct through the disc.
4th Quarter
- driving torque on the disc is a result of eddy currents within

the disc.
- 4th quarter the current flux is at it's maximum rate of change
- flux flowing in opposite direction from 2nd quarter.
- due to the interaction between the disc and magnetic lines
of fluxes.

Braking Section
Applied Torque :
The torque applied to the meter disc is proportional to the

power (voltage and current) flowing through electromagnets.
Since the meter register does not produce
enough load to prevent the meter from
running at an excessive speed, permanent
magnets are used to provide a braking or
retarding force on the disc.
Power Torque Power Torque
67
Braking Section Braking Section
Dampening
In order for the driving torque to remain proportional to the Torque
Direction of Rotation
power, the counter torque or braking effect must also be
proportional to the load. Permanent Magnet
Power Torque Disc
The magnetic fields interact with the permanent magnet flux

to produce a dampening torque of opposite thrust.
Moving the magnet inward or outward, will increase or

decrease the braking force, slowing or speeding up the disc.
Braking Torque
Disc Constant (Kh) Disc Constant (Kh)
The disc constant (Kh) represents the watthours of Therefore;

energy required to rotate the disc one complete
revolution. Kh = Power x Time = Watt hours
Speed Revolutions
The watthour meter constant (disc constant)
depends upon the fundamental design of the meter.

Gear Trains (Registers) Gear Trains (Registers)
How many revolutions of the disc must the register

The function of the gear train is to count and totalize
record to measure 1000 watthours if the meter Kh
the number of disc revolutions in terms of energy
is 7.2?
units (kilowatthours)
Revolutions = Energy = 1000 watthours
Formula:
Kh 7.2 wh/rev
Revolutions = Energy
Kh = 138.889 revolutions of the disc
68
Gear Trains (Registers) Gear Trains (Registers)
Shaft Ratio = number of disc revolutions

In the gear train section of the meter, there are three one revolution of take-off gear
ratio's to consider
Shaft Ratio take-off gear
Register Ratio
Disk
Gear Ratio

Register Ratio = number of revolutions of take-off gear Gear Ratio = number of disc revolutions
one revolution of unit dial pointer one revolution of unit dial pointer
Unit Dial Pointer Unit Dial Pointer
take-off gear
Disk

Adjustments and Compensation Adjustments and Compensation
Full Load Adjustment :

Induction watthour meters must have the capability
This is a course adjustment by way of magnetic shunting.
to make adjustments to the meter in order that the Permanent magnets are used to divert some of the
speed of the disc correctly measures the energy permanent magnet flux away from the disc.
consumed. Disk
Shunted Fluxes
Permanent Magnet Screw
69
Light Load Adjustment : Anti Creep Adjustment :
This is a fine adjustment by applying a small but constant Creep is a slow continuous rotation of the disc when the
additional torque to the disc. The potential coil flux is used to potential coil is energized, but no current is flowing.
produce this additional torque, using a movable plate.
Potential Coil Energized

Light load plate Potential Coil
Disk Disk Slowly

Rotating

Anti Creep Adjustment : Anti Creep Adjustment :
Creep can be a result of mechanical or magnetic To prevent creep, the disk is designed with fixed anti-creep
dissymmetry, stray magnetic fields or excessive line voltage. compensation, two holes or slots are inserted through the
disc and are diametrically opposed to one another.
Energized
Anti Creep Holes
Potential Coil
Disk Slowly
Rotating

Anti Creep Adjustment : Temperature Compensation :
As the potential lines of flux make contact with the holes, the Any change in temperature can effect the strength of the
resulting distortions of the eddy currents produce a small braking magnets or change any resistance found in the
locking torque, stopping the disc. meter.
Dampening
Torque
Anti Creep Holes

Permanent Magnet
DISK STOPS
Disc
70
Temperature Compensation : An induction type meter must also be designed with

current and voltage overload compensations.
To compensate for temperature effects, the permanent
magnet has a temperature sensitive alloy shunt, whose These compensations are addressed by the use of
permeability varies inversely with the temperature. magnetic shunts which divert some of the fluxes
Dampening
Torque away from the disc, produced by excessively high
voltages and currents.
Permanent Magnet
Disc
Alloy Shunt
Basic Induction Meter
Questions?
Comments?
71
Electronic Metering Electronic Metering
Since the late 1970's several electronic

technologies have been developed.
The intent was to both replicate and improve

on the Principle of Induction Metering.

2006
The first step in the process of improving on the

Hybrid Meters :
Electro-mechanical Induction Meter was to develop
a Hybrid Meter before the advent of a fully
A hybrid meter is a device
Electronic Meter.
that uses two types of
technologies;
This was known as the transition stage
Mechanical and Electronic
Hybrid Meters :
Solid State Meters :
A hybrid meter is a device that uses two types of
technologies; Mechanical and Electronic A solid state meter is a
device that uses only one
The mechanical component usually consists of an type of technology;
induction meter and the disc. The electronic
component consists of a microprocessor based Electronic
register
72
Measurement Capabilities:
Solid State Meters :
A single electronic meter is capable of measuring a
A solid state meter is a device that uses only one multitude of billing functions such as ;
type of technology; Electronic
Watts / Watthours
The device is completely microprocessor based VA / VAhours Amp squared hours
with no induction meter disc. Var / Varhours Volt squared hours
Transformer / line loss compensation
Measurement Capabilities: Measurement Capabilities:
The demand section of the meter can be programmed In addition, the demand intervals or sub-intervals can
to measure ; be programmed to different values such as;
- Averaging or Block Interval 60 minute interval, 15 minute sub-interval

- Sliding Average or Sliding Block Interval
- Exponential (or thermal emulation) 15 minute interval, 5 minute sub-interval
Measurement Capabilities: Features and Functionality :
The VA function can be programmed to measure ; Electronic meters have many different features and
functionalities which can be utilized for;
- Arithmetic VA, or,
- Phasor (Vector) VA various billing applications
load monitoring purposes
communication and programming efficiencies
73
Additional Features and Functionalities :

Features and Functionality :
- Communication Ports (optical / modems)
Mass Memory Recorder - Automatic Meter Readers
Pulse Outputs (KYZ) - Pre-payment metering
Load Profiling - Loss Compensation
Time of Use - Bi-directional
Interval Data or Time Stamping - 4 quadrant metering
Modes of Operation: Normal Mode :
Electronic meters typically have three modes of This is the default mode and is the mode in which
operation: the meter operates while in service.
- Normal (Main) Mode Typically this mode is used to display main billing
- Alternate Mode quantities, such as KWH, maximum KW,
maximum KVA.
- Test Mode
Test Mode :
Alternate Mode :
Purpose of this mode is to provide a convenient
means of testing a meters accuracy. Allows
Used to display quantities that are not needed on testing of the registers without altering billing data.
a regular basis, such as power factor, volts, amps,
etc. In test mode operation the demand interval is
reduced to 3 minutes in order to facilitate
Typically accessed via a magnetic read switch. accelerated testing.
Meter automatically returns to normal mode
74
An electricity meter, electromechanical or electronic

An electricity meter, whether fully electro-mechanical can be divided into four elemental components;
a hybrid or fully electronic can always be divided
SENSORS
into four elemental components.
MULTIPLIERS
NUMERICAL CONVERSION
REGISTERS
SENSORS MULTIPLIERS
Provide interface between incoming voltage and Perform the heart of the metering function by
current and the metering circuit. providing the product of the voltage and current.
NUMERICAL CONVERSION REGISTERS
Process of transforming the output of the multiplier The devices that store and display the metering
stage into a form which can be processed by the quantities.
register
75
Of course an electronic meter is a little more
complicated, also has components such as;
Of course an electronic meter is a little more
complicated, also has components such as;
-Multiplexers
-Anologe to Digital Converters
-Microprocessors
-Displays / Registers
-Communication and Input/Output Ports
-LED's and Clocks
Methods of Measurement :
Time Division Multiplication :

Four basic forms of electronic metering measurement
have been introduced to the industry;
TDM is a well established form of electronic metering
- Mark-Space Amplitude or Time Division Multiplicaton
- Transconductance Based on analogue multiplication of instantaneous
- Digital Sampling voltage and current waveforms to derive power, which
- Hall Effect is output as a series of pulses.
Electronic Metering
Electronic Metering
Time Division Multiplication : Time Division Multiplication :
Physical Electrical Width (W) A signal is formed with amplitude proportional to

Parameter Parameter
instantaneous current, and duration proportional to
Width Voltage (E) instantaneous volts.
Height Current (I) Area = W x H Height
(H)
Average value of the waveform is equal to
Area Power (ExI)
instantaneous power
76
Time Division Multiplication : Time Division Multiplication :
-good cost to accuracy ratio

v
Power -excellent linearity and reliability
V I
ExI
-performance under distortion is limited
-direct measurement limited to watts / vars
I
-calibration is necessary
Hall Effect : Hall Effect :
The Hall effect is based on well known principles A resistor is placed in series with the line voltage to
create a current that is applied to the Hall Cell
If a current conducting material is subject to a
magnetic field, a voltage proportional to the product of Vline I-res
the current and the magnetic field strength will
develop across the material Bias
Resister
Hall Sensor
Hall Effect : ILine Hall Effect :

Magnetic
The line current is used to Core The developed Hall Voltage will be a product of the
create a magnetic field that line voltage and line currents, therefore proportional to
flows through the Hall Cell instantaneous line power Integration /
at right angles. Calibration
Vhall Inst. Watts
Hall Sensor
Hall Sensor
77
Hall Effects : ILine Hall Effect :

Magnetic
Core -very cost effective technology
Integration / -can measure watts / vars, but not va
Calibration
LED -linearity less than TDM technology
Vline -excellent response for harmonic content
-susceptable to large temperature changes
Bias
Resister
Hall Sensor Register Module
Transconductance : Transconductance :
Transconductance is another form of metering that The secondary current from the meters transformers
incorporates both TDM and Hall Effect technology by; is converted to a voltage and applied across the
bases of the two transistors.
- conducting analogue multiplication of the line voltage
and current to produce a voltage signal proportional to The line voltage is applied between the collectors and
line power via the use of transistors. the emitters of the transistors.
Transconductance : Transconductance :
A potential difference between the two collector legs -excellent cost to accuracy ratio
is created. -requires four quadrant amplifier for superior
performance under varying power factors and
This voltage is the product of the line voltage and line harmonic distortion.
currents and therefore proportional to the line power.
78
Sampling Process
Digital Sampling :
In the following example, 8 samples are taken per cycle.
Digital sampling is the only technology that does not
use an analogue values of voltage and current. 2
1 3
In this process, the analogue values of voltage and 4
8
current are converted to digital data, prior to any
multiplication taking place. 5 7
6
Sampling Process Two consecutive cycles have samples that are 34

microseconds apart, this is called sample migration
2
1 3
and ensures that each group of samples is not taken
at an identical point during the cycling of the signal.
4
2
8
Each group includes 1 3
5 7 a sample of voltage and

6 4
current on each of the
8
three phases
5 7
6
After 60 cycles the microcontroller has a complete Theory of Operation:

picture of the waveform. Sample rate is 8 times 60
cycles = 480 plus 1 because of the migration.
- Transformers sense the input signals from the
(401 samples for 50 hz frequency)
voltage and current
2
Inputs
1 3 Ia
Ib
Ic
4
5 7 Ea
6 Eb
Ec
79
Theory of Operation: Theory of Operation:
- A multiplexer polls sequentially the different - These quantities are fed to the measurement
quantities being measured circuit, sampled and converted to digital signals
Transformer /
Inputs Multiplexing Board
representing voltage and current.
Ia
Ib
Ic
A/D
Converters
Ea Measurement
Eb Circuit
Ec
Theory of Operation: Theory of Operation:
- These pulses are then processed by the - The calculated quantities can now be displayed
microprocessor of the computation circuit to on the main display or stored in the meters
obtain the calculated quantities internal registers
Registers
Main Display
Microprocessor
(Computation
Circuitry)

Typical Electronic Meter Block Diagram
Theory of Operation: Inputs
Ia
Ib
Ic
- The power to energize the electronic portion is
taken from A phase potential circuit
Ea
From A Phase Eb
Potential Ec
Power Supply
Board
80
Typical Electronic Meter Block Diagram Typical Electronic Meter Block Diagram
Transformer / Transformer /
Multiplexing Board Multiplexing Board
Inputs Inputs
Ia Ia
Ib Ib
Ic Ic
A/D
Converters
Measurement
Circuit
Ea Ea
Eb Eb
Ec Ec

Transformer / Transformer / Main Display
Inputs Inputs
Ia Ia
Ib Ib
Ic Ic
Microprocessor Microprocessor
A/D A/D
Converters (Computation Converters (Computation
Circuitry) Circuitry)
Measurement Measurement
Circuit Circuit
Ea Ea
Eb Eb
Ec Ec

Transformer / Main Display Transformer / Main Display
Inputs Inputs
Registers Registers
Ia Ia
Ib Watts / Watthour Ib Watts / Watthour
Ic Ic
Microprocessor VA / VA hour Microprocessor VA / VA hour

A/D A/D
Circuitry) VAR / VAR hour Circuitry) VAR / VAR hour
Circuit Circuit
Ea Power Factor Ea Power Factor
Eb Eb
Ec Ec
Volts Volts
Power Supply
Amps Amps
A Phase To All Electronics
81
Inputs Inputs
Registers Registers
Ia Ia
Ib Watts / Watthour Ib Watts / Watthour
Ic Ic

A/D A/D
Circuit Circuit I/O
Ea Power Factor Ea Board Power Factor
Eb Eb
Ec Ec
Communication Volts Communication Volts
Optical Ports Optical Ports
Power Supply Power Supply
Amps Amps
A Phase To All Electronics A Phase To All Electronics

Multiplexing Board Multiplexing Board Test LED
Inputs Inputs
Registers Registers
Ia Ia
Ib Memory / Watts / Watthour Ib Memory / Watts / Watthour
Ic Clock Ic Clock
A/D A/D
Circuit I/O Circuit I/O
Ea Board Power Factor Ea Board Power Factor
Eb Eb
Ec Ec
Communication Volts Communication Volts
Optical Ports Optical Ports
Power Supply Power Supply
Amps Amps
A Phase To All Electronics A Phase To All Electronics
Digital Sampling Meters: Advantages :
Most inaccuracies can be fully compensated - ability to handle complex billing rates
algorithmically eliminating the need for any physical - increased accuracy
calibration of the meter. - ability to measure various quantities, one device
- ability to collect meter data remotely
Not very cost effective technology for single phase - ability to program meter remotely
residential compared to TDM, Hall Effect or
- have time saving features
Transconductance technologies
- ability to measure all four quadrants
82
Disadvantages :
- more sophisticated testing apparatus required

Questions?
- more accurate reference standards are required
- more advanced training is required
Comments?
83
TYPE APPROVAL
TYPE APPROVAL Purpose of Type Approval:
- to determine if a meter type is suitable

for trade measurement, and,
OF
- to reduce the amount of testing required
during meter verification
ELECTRICITY METERS
This avoids complete testing of each device,
and reduces the cost of achieving
measurement accuracy.
2006
TYPE APPROVAL TYPE APPROVAL
Type Approval Testing:

Suitability for use:
The legal metrology legislation of a nation
will establish: The meter must accurately measure
- the requirement for type approval and record electricity consumption, and
prior to use in trade measurement; indicate the quantities in appropriate units
- the metrological requirements;
- the technical requirements; It must be durable, reliable,
- the performance requirements; withstand expected operating conditions,
- the qualifications of the organization(s) and provide sustained accuracy
responsible for the testing
Meter Type:
Quality requirements: Same uniform construction

Same manufacturer
A meter type must be of consistent quality. Similar metrology properties
The submitted example must represent Use the same parts & modules
the subsequent (future) production. Specified range(s) of operation
Specified configuration(s)
Meters should be manufactured under a
Quality Management System. Software flexibility makes a
meter type more difficult to define.
84
Documentation:
Accuracy requirements:
The documentation submitted
must provide evidence that Electricity meters are presently tested using
the meter type complies with National, Regional, or IEC Standards
the specified requirements (International Electrotechnical Commission)
International Standards:
International Standards and Recommendations:
OIML Recommendation IR-46
An international standard for Electrical Energy Meters
which is accepted in most parts of the world, has been withdrawn and is being revised
should reduce testing costs for to address changing technology
manufacturers, nations and consumers.
(Technical Committee TC12)
Rated operating conditions:

Accuracy in relation to current range:
The meter operating conditions
should be clearly defined
Meter accuracy can vary considerably over
- Configuration
the range from zero current to maximum current.
- Voltage range
- Current range
Terminolgy defines the different current values
- Frequency range
used in type approval testing
- Phase angle range
(e.g.from 0.5 inductive
to 1 to 0.8 capacitive)
85
Starting current (Ist ): No-load registration:
The lowest current required for No energy registration should occur

the meter to register energy within the current range from
zero to the starting current (Ist )
Energy registration below this value
may be the result of electrical "noise" (Can be tested at a percentage of
rather than actual electrical energy starting current at unity power factor.)
Transitional current (Itr ): Low current (Ilow):
- the transition point between The current range between

the range of highest accuracy, and starting current and transitional current
the lower current range.
Large metering errors can occur if the
- there is reduced measurement accuracy load is lower than the transitional current
below the transitional current value for a large part of the time. (starved meters)
Meter Accuracy Class:

Meter Accuracy Class: Quantity Maximum
permissible
errors (%) for
meters of class
Greater accuracy usually means greater cost A B (1) C D
Current I from Itr to I max 2.0% 1.0% 0.5% (2) 0.2%
and power factor variation
Accuracy requirements vary with the application from 0.8 cap to 0.5 ind,
Current I between Itr and 2.5% 1.5% 1.0% 0.4%
Meters may be rated by accuracy class Ilow(3), at unity power
factor
(1) This class is the lowest accuracy class recommended for large consumers,
OIML defines accuracy class A, B, C & D e.g. above 5000 kWh/year, or other value chosen by the National Authority.
(2) For this class the requirement is from power factor 0.5 ind. To 1.0 to 0.5 cap.
(3) The relation Ilow / Itr shall be 0.4 for class A and B and 0.2 for class C and D.
The meter shall be able to carry Imax continuously without larger error than
base maximum permissible error.
86
Suitability for use in trade measurement:

Technical requirements
The meter must accurately indicate the Resistance to Severe Operating Conditions:
quantities in appropriate units
Meters require the ability to withstand
The legal units of measure, and the expected electrical disturbances
calculation methods used, may be
determined by the government authority These may be transient disturbances or
semi steady-state disturbances
The approval process evaluates the correct
application of these legal requirements
Transient disturbances: Temperature dependence:

Electrostatic discharge
Transient bursts on I/O ports The meter must operate accurately
within specified requirements
Short-time overcurrent during over the range between the upper
a short-circuit when the load is and lower temperature limits
protected with the proper fuses
Load Asymmetry: Voltage variation:

The accuracy with current in only one element, Meter operation from 0.9 to 1.1 rated voltage
Load Imbalance: Frequency variation:

The accuracy when load is varied from fully Meter accuracy when the frequency is varied
balanced current conditions to where the current from 0.98 to 1.02 of the rated frequency
in one of the meter's elements is zero.
87
Harmonics Effects:
Meter should maintain accuracy with: Harmonics in the AC circuit:

- voltage harmonic distortion up to 5% The distortion of the voltage
- current harmonic distortion up to 40% or current sine wave
(up to 20th or 50th harmonics)
- DC and even harmonics in the AC current Harmonic:
- when the current is half-wave rectified. One of the frequencies used to describe
the distortion in the sine wave
Security:
Distortion factor (d): Security is required to provide sustained
The ratio of the r.m.s. value of the harmonic content confidence in measurement results
to the r.m.s. value of the sinusoidal quantity
Mechanical Security:
Expressed in % THD, (% total harmonic distortion) Prevents access to accuracy adjustments
Maintains mechanical integrity
Access should require breaking the seal(s)
Software security:
Questions?
Software security should require
either breaking a seal, or leaving Comments?
permanent evidence of the change.
88
Meter Verification Process
Electricity Meter Verification is intended to confirm

Verification that a meter conforms to an
approved pattern,
and and
Test Methods complies with the applicable
technical requirements and
performance criteria.
2006
Meter Verification Process Meter Verification Process
Technical requirements should include:

The meter verification process may use
one of the following methods: - required Type Approval markings
- applicable measurement unit identifiers
1) screening (all meters tested); - electronic display functionality
2) acceptance sampling; - circuit association is correct (voltage & current coils)
- detent operation of registers
3) compliance sampling.
- data retention requirements (power outage)
- battery condition
- meter is free of material deficiencies
Nameplate marking should include:

- manufacturer The meter verification process
- model, type should confirm the performance of
- element configuration each approved measurement function that
- measurement functions may be used for establishing a charge
- type of demand, demand interval in the trade of electricity.
- meter multiplier(s), test constants
- pulse output constants Type approval documents may require
- voltage rating, current rating additional verification tests
- frequency rating for certain meter types.
- register ratio (electromechanical meters)
- firmware version
89
The meter verification process may require either

Verification of accuracy is based upon single phase testing of all meter types
test results at a few specified points. or
three phase testing of polyphase meter types.
However, the intent is that
all measurement functions will be Measuring apparatus or standards used for meter
accurate within specified tolerances verification should be calibrated and certified.
throughout their range.
The error determined for a meter at any test point
should be recorded to the nearest 0.1%.

Meter Test Conditions:
Certificate of Inspection:
- meters should be fully assembled;
- within 3 degrees of level (electromechanical meters);
The results of a meter inspection should be - normal operating mode approved for verification;
recorded, as evidence of the meter's compliance - within 2.0% of test current, voltage, and test load;
with specified requirements in the event of an - power factor within 2.0 degrees;
audit or measurement complaint. - transformer type meters - use representative current range
- Errors shall be determined to a resolution of 0.1%
The record should include a description of the meter, Some test specifications may require:
all approved and verified measurement functions, - voltage circuits connected in parallel
and the associated test errors. - current circuits connected in series
METROLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS Error Calculations:
Verify the following: The meter error is generally calculated using the
- accuracy at all energy test points following equation:
- accuracy at all demand test points
%Error = (R / T - 1) x 100
- bi-directional operation in each direction
- transformer / line loss compensation R = the quantity registered (indicated) by
- programmable metrological values are correct the meter under test
- multi-rate register operation T = the true value of the quantity indicated
- meter multipliers by the reference meter.
- pulse initiator constants
90
Voltage Squared Hour Meters:

Prepayment meters:
Voltage squared hour function shall be evaluated at
95% and 105% of the nominal nameplate voltage. - Verify the programmed parameters.
Ampere Squared Hour Meters: - Perform tests which confirm correct operation
of the programmed parameters.
Ampere squared hour function shall be evaluated at
2.5%Imax and 25%Imax.
Zero load test

- An electromechanical meter should not Electromechanical meters have a long
complete one revolution of its disc. history of being relatively consistent in
- An electronic meter should not register energy construction and operating
at a current less than the starting current. characteristics.
Comparative registration (dial) test The test points required for the
- Electromechanical meters - zero error relative to verification of this meter type are quite
the disc, tested to a resolution of 3.0%. well established, as are indicated in
- Electronic meters - 1.0% the following test tables.
Energy Tests: Polyphase 2 Element and 3 Element meters
Power Power Power

Energy Tests: Single Phase, 1 Element and 1 Element Meters Test Configuration Current
Factor Factor Factor
Tolerance
Wh, VAh varh (1) Qh (1)
Series Test 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0%
Test Configuration Current Power Factor Tolerance
Series Test 2.5% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0%
Series Test 25% Imax 1.0 1.0%
Series Test 25% Imax 0.5 1.0% Each Element 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0%
Series Test 2.5% Imax 1.0 1.0% Each Element 25% Imax 0.5 0.866 1.0 1.0%
Var hour and Q hour meters that operate on the crossed phase
principle shall be tested as watt hour meters.
91
Energy Tests: Polyphase 2 Element Wye Meters Energy Tests: Polyphase 2 Element Delta meters
Test Power Power Power
Configuration Current Factor Factor Factor Tolerance
Current Tolerance
Configuration Factor Factor Factor Wh, VAh varh Qh
Series Test 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0%
Wh, VAh varh Qh
Series Test 2.5% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0%
Series Test 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0% Each Element 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0%
Series Test 2.5% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0% Each Element 25% Imax 0.5 0.866 1.0 1.0%
Each Element 2.5% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0%
Each element 50% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0%
Each element 50% Imax 0.5 0.866 1.0 1.0% The tests for each element of 2 element 4-wire Delta meters shall be applied to:
(a) the 2-wire element;
Split coil element 50% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0%
(b) the 3-wire element in series.
Var hour and Q hour meters that operate on the crossed phase principle
The series test for 3 element 4-wire Delta meters shall be conducted at the
shall be tested as watt hour meters. rated voltage of the lower rated potential coil.
The split coil element test is not required on reverification. The individual element tests shall be conducted at the rated voltage of the
respective potential coil.
Electromechanical Demand Meters:

Demand meter verification requirements:
- zero load must register within 1/32 inch of true zero
- demand Type (block/rolling block or exponential) - take readings only after the driving pointer has disengaged
- demand Interval (15 minute, 5 minute update etc) - block interval must be within 1.0% of the set interval.
- three full demand response periods
- demand reset operation Grease dampened demand pointers:
- normal mode demand interval - tested for hysteresis (grease memory)
- tested for pull-back after the test load is removed

Demand Tests: Electromechanical 2, 2 and 3 Element
Demand Tests: Electromechanical 1 and 1 Element Thermal Demand Meters
Thermal Demand Meters
Test Configuration Test Point Power Factor Tolerance
Test Configuration Test Point Power Factor Tolerance Series test 66.6% F.S. 1.0 1.5% F.S.
Series 66.6% F.S. 1.0 1.5% F.S. VA only: Series test 66.6% F.S. 0.5
VA only: Series 66.6% F.S. 0.5 1.5% F.S. 2 el: Any one element 20 % F.S. 1.0 1.5% F.S.
Any one element 20% F.S. 1.0 1.5% F.S.
3 el: Any two elements 20 % F.S. 1.0 1.5% F.S.
2 el: Each single element
20 % F.S. 1.0 1.5% F.S.
(delta meters)
2 el: Each single element
16.6 % F.S. 1.0 1.5% F.S.
(wye meters)
92
Electronic meter types often vary in

measurement capabilities and Electronic Energy Meters:
operational characteristics.
It is generally agreed that, due to
The verification requirements for these their operating charcteristics,
meters are not yet firmly established.
electronic meters may be verified
using a reduced set of test points, as
As electronic metering technology matures, indicated in the following test tables .
and meter types become more uniform in
operational charcteristics, it may be
possible to refine and standardize the test
points for electronic meter verification.

Energy Tests: Electronic Polyphase 2, 2 delta
Energy Tests: Electronic Single Phase, 1 and 1 Element Meters and 3 Element Energy Meters
Test Current Power Power Power Power Tolerance

Test Power Power Power Power Configuration Factor Factor Factor Factor
Current Tolerance
Configuration Factor Factor Factor Factor
Wh VAh Varh Qh
Wh VAh Varh Qh
Series Test 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0% Series 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0%
Series Test 25% Imax 0.5 0.5 0.866 1.0% Series 25% Imax 0.5 0.5 0.866
Series Test 2.5% Imax 1.0 1.0% Each Element 25% Imax 0.5
Series 2.5% Imax 1.0
The series test for 2 and 3 element 4-wire Delta meters

shall be conducted at the nameplate rated voltage.
The individual element tests shall be conducted at the rated voltage
of the respective potential coil.
Energy Tests: Electronic Polyphase 2 Element Wye Energy Meters Electronic Demand Functions:
Power Power Power Power
Test Configuration Current
Factor Factor Factor Factor
Tolerance Each demand calculation type, such as:
Wh VAh Varh Qh - exponential,
Series Test 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0% - block interval,
Series Test 25% Imax 0.5 0.5 0.866 1.0% - sliding block interval,
Each element 25% Imax 0.5 1.0% should be verified by conducting one test at
Split coil element 25% Imax 0.5 1.0% 25% Imax 0.5 Pf, for each demand type.
Series Test 2.5% Imax 1.0 1.0%
93
Demand Tests: Electronic 1 and 1 Element Demand Meters Demand Tests: Electronic 2, 2 and 3 Element
Demand Meters

Current Tolerance Test Power Power Power
Configuration Factor Factor Factor Current Tolerance
Configuration Factor Factor Factor
W VA Var 1.0%
W VA Var
Series Test 25% Imax 0.5 0.5 0.866 1.0%
Series Test 25% Imax 0.5 0.5 0.866 1.0%
Any one element 25% Imax 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0%
Meters with Multiple or Auto-ranging Voltages: Combination electromechanical / electronic meters:
Electronic meters which are capable of operating Meters which have electronic metering elements
at multiple voltages should be verified and electromechanical metering elements
at additional nominal service voltage ranges which are independent of each other
using a previously verified current and power factor shall be verified as two independent meters.
test point (i.e. energy or demand).
The electronic portion of such devices shall be verified
Gain Switching Circuits: in accordance with the electronic requirements,
and
Meters which are equipped with gain switching circuits the electromechanical portion of such devices shall be verified
should be tested at one test point in in accordance with electromechanical requirements.
each gain switching range.
Hybrid electromechanical-electronic meters:
This meter type has the disc of the electromechanical

induction meter monitored electronically to provide Questions?
metering functions.
Each approved function which is provided electronically, Comments?

should be verified using the performance requirements
for electromechanical meters.
94
Reverification Intervals
Reverification Process
Reverification
Intervals The reverification
process refers to the
Initial
Verification
periodic retesting of
Placed in
a measurement Service
ReVerified
device.
Removed or
re-assessed
2006
Reverification Intervals Reverification Intervals

Reverification Process Reverification Process
Purpose of the Reverification Process; Benefits to Society;
To ensure there is a continuing and sustained - helps maintain high level of confidence in
confidence level in the performance of a the overall measurement system.
measurement device, over a period of time. - helps identify poor performers and or potential
component failures in devices.
- ensures long term performance of devices

(Seal Periods)
Typically, a reverification interval would be;
- long enough to obtain the maximum benefits

of a device, while in service.
Reverification Intervals or Seal Periods are
pre-determined periods of time in which a meter
type, design or functionality is allowed to remain
in service, before requiring some type of
re-accessment of it's continuing performance.
95
Typically, a reverification interval would be;

Establishing Intervals or Seal Periods ;
- long enough to obtain the maximum benefits
of a device, while in service. - Reviewing Historical Data,
- short enough to ensure any re-accessment of

a devices performance is completed prior to any
component or system failures. (life expectancy)
Establishing Intervals or Seal Periods ; Establishing Intervals or Seal Periods ;
- Reviewing Historical Data, - Reviewing Historical Data,

- Reviewing Past Practices, - Reviewing Past Practices,
- Reliability analysis,
Considerations :
Establishing Intervals or Seal Periods ;
- manufactures performance data
- Reviewing Historical Data,
- Reviewing Past Practices,
- Reliability analysis,
- Approval of Type evaluation.
96
Considerations : Considerations :
- manufactures performance data - manufactures performance data

- quality of materials and processes used - quality of materials and processes used
- mechanical verses electronic components
Considerations : Considerations :
- manufactures performance data - manufactures performance data

- quality of materials and processes used - quality of materials and processes used
- mechanical verses electronic components - mechanical verses electronic components
- device functionality - device functionality
- simple verses complex
- single verses polyphase

Reverification Intervals
(Examples) The reverification interval can be influenced by the
level of confidence which is desired or considered
Electro-mechanical Hybrid Electronic acceptable to society in general, as provided by
Single/ Single/ the legal metrology legislation of a nation.
Single Poly Single / Single / Single/ Polyphase Polyphase
Phase Phase Polyphase Polyphase Polyphase Energy/Demand Energy/Demand
Energy TDM/Hall Effect Digital
Energy Demand Energy Demand Technology Technology At the end of the reverification interval, the meters
Possible
are required to be removed from service.
Seal
12 8 6 8 6 10 12
Periods
(years)
97
Methods of Reverification Methods of Reverification
Sampling:
The meters require reverification prior to
return to service. The reverification process Depending on the level of confidence desired,
may include: sampling is a cost effective alternative to 100 %
inspection.
1) Screening (inspection of all meters), or
A sample of the reserviced meters is taken, and
2) Sample inspection the overall performance is accessed, using a
sampling plan such as ISO 2859.
The reverification interval is influenced by the

expected reliability of the device.
The reliability of a meter is reduced after

Questions?
being in servce.
The reverification interval for a reverified Comments?

meter may be reduced as a result of the
reduction in expected reliability.
98
In-Service Compliance Programs
In-Service Compliance The use of meter reverification

intervals is intended to ensure that
Programs the meters removed from service
before reliability deteriorates, or
accuracy drifts beyond specified
accuracy requirements.

2006
In-Service Compliance Programs In-Service Compliance Programs
While this prevents meters of

The purpose of the in-service
inferior accuracy from remaining compliance program is to establish
in service, it also requires the
the appropriate reverification interval,
removal of meter types with
based upon the performance of a
superior accuracy retention. group of homogeneous meters.
COMPLIANCE SAMPLE PROCESS Homogeneous lot criteria is contained

in ISO 2859-1:1999*, section 6.6.
The process begins with meters that
were first verified using the accepted The criteria requires that "each lot
method, and placed into service. shall, as far as practicable, consist of
items of a single type, grade, class,
The in-service meters are then listed size and composition, manufactured
in homogeneous compliance sample under the same uniform conditions at
groups, or lots. essentially the same time."
* Sampling procedures for Inspection by Attributes
99
Electricity meter homogeneous

When the lot of meters approaches the
criteria may include:
end of the reverification interval, a
- manufacturer,
- model,
random sample is selected from the lot,
- number of elements
removed from service, and tested.
- voltage,
- current range An analysis is performed on the test
- metering functions results to determine the degree of
- year of manufacture compliance with performance criteria.
- year of reservicing
- recervicing organization
Meter lots which demonstrate a lower The higher the level of accuracy, the
level of compliance are required to be longer the extension applied to the
removed from service at the end of reverification interval.
the original reverification interval.
The interval could be extended from
Meter lots which demonstrate a high 1/6 to to a maximum of 2/3 of the
level of compliance are granted an original reverification interval.
extension beyond the original
reverification interval.
The performance based approach to

re-evaluation of the reverification interval
Excellent Performance
Meter lots that receive extensions
Very Good Performance
are elegible for compliance sampling
Good Performance
as they approach the end of the
Poor Performance
extended reverification interval.
Failure 2 4 6
Extension - Years
The results of the assessment determine the

length of extension to the reverificationinteval.
100
This process has been used in Canada
for the past thirty years.
It has demonstrated that some meter Questions?

models will receive short, or no
extension to their reverification intervals,
while other meter models have Comments?
remained in service after receiving
numerous consecutive extensions to the
reverification interval.
101
Electricity Metering Measurement Standards
and Test Equipment
Some considerations when selecting the appropriate

Measurement Standards measurement standards and test equipment include
the following:
and
- accuracy requirements of the meter under test;
Test Equipment
- accuracy requirements of the test equipment
- the accuracy of all standards used to calibrate
the test equipment
Measurement Standards Measurement Standards

and Test Equipment and Test Equipment
Other considerations include;

In addition, accurate electricity meter
- Sensitivity verification requires measurement
- Resolution standards and test equipment which
- Stability are traceable to national and
- Reproducibility international standards.
Measurement Standards and Test Apparatus

Traceability of Standards: Hierarchy of Standards and Traceability
Traceability is defined by the International International Standard

Standards Organization (ISO) as:
National Primary Standard
"the property of the result of a measurement or the
Secondary Standards
value of a standard whereby it can be related to
stated references, usually national or international Local Standards
standards, through an unbroken chain of
Calibration Console
comparisons all having stated uncertainties."
Electricity Meter
102
Multi-function Measurement Standards
Measurement Standards
and Test Equipment
Single Phase Transfer Standard
1 voltage sensor
Multi-Function Measurement Standards 3 current sensors
These standards are available with

various levels of accuracy, and are
capable of measuring a wide variety of
electrical quantities.
Multi-function Measurement Standards Multi-function Measurement Standards
3 Phase Transfer Standard Measurement Functions include;

- Volts, Amps, Power factor
- Watts / Watthour
- VA / VAhour
- VARs / VARhour
- Q / Qhour
- Volt squared hour
- Amp squared hour
- Harmonic distortion
Multi-function Measurement Standards Multi-function Measurement Standards
Certification of Standards:
Typical Ratings ;
Up to 600 volt input - autoranging Any electricity transfer standard used for
Up to 150 amp input- autoranging electricity meter verification requires
a valid calibration certificate.
Capabilities ;
- Pulse Outputs - Programable Electricity transfer standards used to certify
- Pulse Inputs - Programable calibration consoles are one level higher
- Communication Interfaces and more on the traceability chain, and require a
higher level of accuracy.
103
Measurement Standards Calibration Consoles
Calibration Consoles Calibration consoles are subject to a variety of
operational characteristics:
Calibration consoles are complex devices,
with many sources of error, and are subject - wide variations of current loading
to various conditions of use. - several test voltages
- different meter types
- different meter configuations
- various meter burdens
- various numbers of meters under test
- extended loading at high currents
Calibration Consoles Calibration Consoles
Safety considerations:
The accuracy of a calibration console
is reflected on every meter that it is
used to verify. - master shut-down switch
- indication that it is energized
It should be tested extensively to - electrical isolation of current and voltage
reduce potential sources of error, circuits from the primary power source
reduce measurement uncertainty, - effective grounding of exposed panels,
calibrated to established specifications or ground fault protection
and certified. - circuit protection
Meter Mounting Arrangements: Electrical Requirements:
When testing electromechanical meters, the console Creep Switch - zero load test
should support the meters within 3 degrees of level.
Capable of Maximum Test Voltages and Currents
Operating Mode:
- Single Phase Testing

- Individual Element test capability
- Test with test Links closed
104
Indicating Instruments:
Accuracy and Repeatability of
Voltage (volts) Calibration Consoles
Current (amps)
Phase angle meter
Power: - capable of setting all currents, voltages, phase
Watt meter angles, and loads within the tolerances
Volt-ampere meter
VAR meter
Metrological Requirements:
Calibration Console Reference Meters - should meet all accuracy requirements without
including Manual Correction Factors.
- Energy Reference Meters
- Demand Reference Meters
Error Calculations:
- Console errors are calculated in %Error
- Control Circuits for Energy Meters - Recorded to 0.01%
- Control Circuits for Demand Meters
Minimum Duration of Accuracy Tests:
- 0.01% resolution (10,000 pulses)
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD);

- voltage and current are tested
Test Positions and Test Loads
- thermal demand <3% THD,
- all other test conditions <5% THD Current Switching Effects:
- switching back to a set load within +/- 0.2%
Load Regulation:
- <0.25% variation in 1 hour Sensitivity to Number of Meters under Test:
- electronic meters 0.2% over each minute, - vary number of test positions in operation
- all others 0.3% over each minute. from 1 position to all positions.
105
Sources of Errors
Burden Effects:
- high burden vs low burden test deviation <0.1%
Intervening current transformer errors:
- perform tests using the burden producing
Intervening voltage transformer errors:
the highest error.
1:1 isolation transformers:

Variations from Position to Position:
- for testing single phase 3-wire meters
- errors < 0.1% allows testing in one position
- each position,
only when determining console errors.
- each test point
- 0.1 to 0.2% requires testing in all positions for
determining individual position errors.
Interchanging certified console reference meters

is permitted. USE REQUIREMENTS
Pulse Counters and Generators are verified Certified calibration consoles require periodic
accuracy checks to ensure accuracy deviations
Rangeability of console error calculation is do not exceed specified tolerances.
verified to ensure that meters with large errors
are correctly calculated Daily or weekly accuracy checks, with a
tolerance of 0.20% are recommended,
Statistical Calculations are verified
Quality Management System Audits are

During use, accuracy deviations may occur recommended to evaluate the process, and
for many reasons including: ensure the following:
- equipment degradation - the appropriate test equipment is used

- inadequate maintenance - the test equipment is used appropriately
- inadequate accuracy checks - use requirements are performed
- inappropriate accuracy checks - additional processes required to fulfill
- inadequate test procedures use requirements are performed
- inadequate training - the complete process achieves the
intent of meter verification
106
Calibration Consoles Measurement Standards
and Test Equipment
Calibration consoles and measurement

standards are clearly an inherent part
Questions?
of any traceable measurement system
and require a high level of calibration
accuracy, with corresponding Comments?
documented results.
107
Measurement Dispute Investigations
An effective meter approval

Measurement Dispute and verification process
should increase
Investigations measurement accuracy,
and reduce the number of
measurement complaints.

2006
Measurement Dispute Investigations Measurement Dispute Investigations
However, there will be times When a purchaser or seller is dissatisfied with:

where the accuracy and equity
in the trade measurement of - the condition or registration of a meter, or
electricity comes into question.
- the application of the measured
quantities in the billing process,
When this occurs, a dispute
resolution process should be in
a process for requesting a measurement
place, and supported by the dispute investigation should be available to the
appropriate legislation. person(s) making the complaint.
Legislation can assist the dispute resolution The investigation should include one or more
of the following steps:
process if it is an offence to supply less
electricity* than the seller:
(1) Seek information from the buyer, seller or
any person who could be expected to have
(1) professes to supply, or
knowledge relevant to the matter;
(2) should supply, based upon the total price
charged, and the stated price per unit of (2) Examine any records that may be relevant
measurement used to determine the total price. to the matter; and
* subject to accepted limits of error (3) Test the meter for accuracy.
108
Billing Corrections
The testing of the meter should
be scheduled so that the buyer
and seller can witness the meter If a meter is found to register with
test if they choose. an error exceeding specified
tolerances, the error duration will
need to be established.
The duration of error may be easily

determined where: The measurement error resulting
from these types of conditions
(a) the meter was incorrectly connected, or can be reasonably determined to
have existed from the date of
installation of the meter, or for
(b) an incorrect multiplier has been used, or the period that the multiplier or
incorrect equipment was in use.
(b) there has been an incorrect use of
equipment effecting meter registration.
Where the duration of the error is

determined from past readings of a Where the duration of the error is not
meter or other information, the buyer clearly evident, the legislation should
or seller can be made liable for the specify a time duration, beginning at a
amount of the charge for electricity period of time before the date of the
based on the full error, and for the full complaint or request for an investigation.
duration of time the error existed.
109
EXPRESSIONS OF MEASUREMENT ACCURACY:
When a dispute investigation results in the
ACCURACY: The closeness of agreement between the
need for a correction to the quantity used
registered value and the true value.
for billing, the calculation methods used to
calculate the error and correction should
ERROR: The deviation between the registered value
be verified for accuracy.
and the true value.
The various terms for error calculation, and Absolute Error = Registered value - True value
the applicable formulas, must be used
correctly if the revised billing corrections CORRECTION: The amount required to correct
are to be accurate. the registered value.
Correction = True Value - Registered value
Expressions of Measurement Accuracy Measurement Dispute Investigations

EXPRESSION FORMULA APPLICATION
Overall Registration Factor and Overall Correction Factor
e.g. meter registers of true value When the error of one device is passed on to the error of the next device,
1 Absolute Error = R-T = - 50 units * (see below)
such as where an incorrect transformer is connected to a meter with an
unacceptable error, the Overall Correction Factor can be calculated as
2 %True Error = (R - T) / T x 100 = - 50% follows:
or = (R / T - 1) x 100 = - 50%
3 % Field Note Error = (R - T) / R x 100 = - 100% 1) Calculate the Registration Factor (RF) for each component.
4 % Fiducial Error = (R - T) / F x 100 = - 25% (i.e. RF1 , RF2, RF3 , etc.)
5 % Proof = R / T x 100 = 200%
6 Registration Factor = R/T = 0.5 2) Calculate the Overall Registration Factor (RFo)
7 % Registration = R / T x 100 = 50%
8 Correction = T-R = + 50 units * (see below) RFo = RF1 x RF2 x RF 3, etc.
9 Correction Factor = T/R = 2.0
10 % Correction = (T - R) / R x 100 = + 100% 3) The Overall Correction Factor (CFo) can then be calculated;
* T = True value determined using certified traceable standards e.g. 100 units (T)
R = Registered value as indicated by the device under test e.g. 50 units (R)
F = Fiducial (Full Scale) range of the device. e.g. 200 units (F) CFo = 1 / RFo
The legislation should be supported

by a documented Measurement
Dispute Investigation Process Questions?
and
and an official Appeal Process in the
event that either of the parties are not
satisfied with the findings. Comments?
110
APEC/APLMF Seminars and Training Courses
in Legal Metrology; (CTI-10/2005T) Contents
February 28 - March3, 2006 AsiaPacific
in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Legal Metrology
Forum
1. Legislation
2. Type Approval
Overview of the Electricity Meters in Japan
3. Verification
Takao Oki 4. Verification Standards
Masatoshi Tetsuka
Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation
Types of Legislation (1) Types of Legislation (2)

The measuring instruments used for tariff purposes
(specified measuring instruments) are regulated by the Measurement Law
following law and regulation
1. The Measurement Law obligates us to do
1. Measurement Law accurate measurement to secure proper
administration of measurement as stipulated by its
2. Cabinet Order on Enforcement of Measurement Law objectives.
3. Regulation for Verification and Inspection of Specified 2. The Measurement Law, enforced in November
Measuring Instruments 1st,1993, forms the backbone of the measurement
regime.
4. Regulation on Inspection of Verification Standard
Types of Legislation (3) Types of Legislation (4)

Regulation for Verification and Inspection of
Cabinet Order on Enforcement of Measurement Law Specified Measuring Instruments
1. Application for type approval and verification

1. Administration of proper Measurement
Any person who intends to take the type approval or
Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry(METI), verification as to specified measuring instruments shall
Local Government, JEMIC submit an application form to the METI, a governor of
prefecture or JEMIC in accordance with the classification
2. Classification of specified measuring instruments prescribed by Cabinet Order.
2. Requirements for type approval and verification

3. Duration of verification for specified measuring
instruments: Technical Standards for Structure (Markings,
Performance)
Water meter : 8 years
Gas meter : 10 years 3. Requirements for specified measuring instruments in-
service
Performance, Maximum permissible errors in service
111
Specified Measuring Instruments
Types of Legislation (5)
Classification of specified measuring instruments
Taxi meter Weighing instrument
Regulation on inspection of Verification Standards
Thermometer Hide planimeter
JEMIC has been requested to perform the inspection of
Volume meter Current meter verification standard by the specified standard
Density hydrometer Pressure gauge
1. Application for inspection
Flow meter Calorimeter
Maximum demand meter Watt-hour meter 2. Requirements for verification standards

Var-hour meter Vibration level meter
3. Construction
Illuminometer Noise level meter
Instruments for measuring concentration Relative density hydrometer 4. Method of inspection
Documentary Standards for Electricity Meters

Organization for Type Approval and
Measurement Law
Verification Services
JIS: Standards for Mechanical Type Enforcement of Measurement
Electricity Meters Law
Verification and Inspection of The Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation
Specified Measuring Instruments (JEMIC) provide type approval and verification
Inspection of Verification for the electricity meters used for tariff or
Standard
certification purposes.
Products Official Notice by METI
Test Procedures for
Watt-hour meters
Specified Measuring
Var-hour meters Instruments with Electric
Maximum demand meters Circuits
JEMIC Regulation for Type

Approval and Verification
What is JEMIC ? (1) What is JEMIC ? (2)

1. In Japan the verification act of the electricity 4. Simultaneously, JEMIC took over the verification
meter started at ETL (now AIST NMIJ) in 1912. activity which was being undertaken in ETL, the
Japan Electric Association, and Tokyo
2. Then, the demand of verification increased with metropolitan government.
development of industry, and the more efficient
and low cost system for verification is desired. 5. Since then JEMIC has carried out the verification
of electricity meters for 40 years.
3. In such a reason, JEMIC was launched as a
semi- government organization in 1964 based on
the JEMICs law.
112
Organization Structure
What does JEMIC do? Regional Offices
President Hokkaido
[Legal Metrology Services]
1. Type Approval for Electricity Meters Tohoku
Vice President Head Office
JEMIC 2. Type Approval for Illuminance Meters Niigata
3. Verification of Electricity Meters Managing Directors Chubu
Activities 4. Verification of Illuminance Meters
Planning Office Hokuriku
5. Inspection of Legal Standards
Kansai
General Affairs Division
Kyoto
Verification Management Div.
R&D Amagasaki
[Calibration Services] Verification Division Chugoku
1. JCSS Cal. Service Technical Calibration Laboratory Okayama
2. Calibration Service Cooperation Technical Research Laboratory Shikoku
3. Mobile Cal.Service Kyushu
Auditor Auditors Office Kumamoto
JCSS: The calibrations using the primary standards of the
Okinawa
accredited calibration laboratories are carried out for the general
industries
Relationship Between JEMIC and METI

Location of Lab.s

Supervisor for JEMIC
Agency of Natural
Hokkaido Electricity and Gas Industry
Resources and Department Policy Planning
Okinawa Energy division
Measurement Law
METI Industrial Science and Measurement and Intellectual
Tohoku
Hokuriku Technology Policy and Infrastructure Division Weight
Niigata Environment Bureau and Measures Office JEMIC
Amagasaki Head Office Technical Guidance
Okayama Chubu Ministry of Economy,
Chugoku Kyoto Trade and Industry AIST
Kyushu Shikoku Kansai National Institute of
Kumamoto Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology
Classifications of the Electricity Meters in Japan Purpose of Type Approval

1. Induction type
Principle 2. Electronic type
Distribution 1. Single-phase 1. It is practically impossible to conduct all
System 2. Three-phase
1. Single-rate
electrical performance tests for every mass-
Faculty 2. Multi-rate produced electricity meters due to the huge
Electricity cost and time involved.
Watt-hour meter class 2.0
Meters House 1. Type 3
meter 2. Type 4
3. Type 5 2. Therefore, these tests are conducted on
Consumers
Transformer Operated Meter samples of newly developed electricity meters
1. Watt-hour meter
Industrial ordinary meter class 2.0 and those passing the test are given a type
use precision meter class 1.0 approval number.
high-precision meter class 0.5
2. Var-hour meter
3. Maximum demand meter
113
Summary of Legislation
1. Legal basis
The measuring instruments used for tariff purposes
(specified measuring instruments) are regulated by the
relevant regulations based on the Measurement Law of
Japan.
2. National regulatory organization

Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry(METI)
3. Type approval and Verification body for

Electricity meters
Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC)
114
Type Approval General Flowchart (1)
in Legal Metrology; (CTI-10/2005T)
February 28 - March 3, 2006, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Asia-Pacific
Legal Metrology
Forum
Type Approval
APEC/APLMF Seminars and Training Courses in Legal Metrology, Electricity Meters, Ho Chi minh City, Vietnam, 2006 page_1
Type Approval General Flowchart (2) Type Approval General Flowchart (3)
APEC/APLMF Seminars and Training Courses in Legal Metrology, Electricity Meters, Ho Chi minh City, Vietnam, 2006 page_3 APEC/APLMF Seminars and Training Courses in Legal Metrology, Electricity Meters, Ho Chi minh City, Vietnam, 2006 page_4
Type Approval General Flowchart (4) Type Approval General Flowchart (5)
115
Type Approval General Flowchart (6) Outline of Type Test (1) - Appearance,Mechanism
Outline of Type Test (2) - Insulation Outline of Type Test (3) - Basic Performance
Outline of Type Test (4) - Disturbances(1) Outline of Type Test (5) - Disturbances(2)
116
SHOCK TEST
117
Outline of Type Test (12) Statistics (1) - The Number of Approval : Mechanical & Static
Statistics (2) - The Number of Approval : New & Modification Statistics (3) - The Number of Approval : New & Modification
Statistics (4) - The Number of Approval : Mechanical & Static Statistics (5) - The Number of Approval : Meter Categories
118
Conclusion
119
Verification (1) Verification (2)
Verification body (JEMIC) Verification body (designated manufacturer)
1. Under the ministerial ordinance, JEMIC 1. In 1992, the new Measurement Law came into
carries out verification tests on each meter force in JAPAN.
submitted for verification. 2. The Major change is the introduction of self-
verification system for electricity meters by the
designated manufacturers of meters which has
2. The tests specified in the ordinance are the the same effect as the national verification.
same for both new and repaired meters. 3. The self-verification of electricity meters was
introduced on October 31, 1998 after the grace
period of six years.
Verification (3) Designation Procedure for Manufacturers in Japan

(6)
Designation Procedure for Manufacturers in Japan notification
(less than 3 months from application)
(indefinite period)
1. Before manufacturers can certify meters they have to meet (6) designation
certain conditions imposed by the ministerial ordinance of (1) application

the Measurement Law. manufacturers request (2) METI
inspection (3)
2. One of conditions imposed by the ordinance requires JEMIC report (4)
manufacturers to have a Quality Assurance System that
meets closely the requirement of ISO9001. (5)
judgment
3. Manufacturers have to nominate a representative who takes
responsibility for the quality assurance of production and Inspection by JEMIC document check of quality manual METI
certification of meters. inspection of manufacturing process designation
final test
committee
Verification (4) Verification(5)
Tests for type approved meters Test Conditions

1. Temperature: 23C+/- 5 .
Meters tested for verification shall comply with the (23 C +/- 2 C for high precision watt-hour meters)
following requirements: 2. Voltage: rated voltage +/- 0.3%

1. Insulation requirement 3. Frequency: rated frequency +/- 0.5%
2. Starting current requirement
4. Voltage and Current waveforms: Distortion Factor
3. No-load requirement Mechanical Type <3%
4. Error test Static Type <2%
(<1% for high precision watt-hour meters)
120
Verification (6) Verification Mark and Sealing (2)
Verification Mark and Sealing (1)
1. The verification mark shall be affixed

to the meters which have passed the
verification.
2. JEMIC has devised new sealing system, consisting of

an ABS plastic cap loaded with a stainless steel spring.
3. The system permits a simple sealing process.
Legal Electricity Meters Verification Scheme in Japan

Verification System for Electricity Meters in Japan (1)
Designated Notified Manufacturers
Manufacturers Repairers
Developed 1. In Japan, all the electricity meters used for electric
Developed
New Type Meters
New Type Overhauled dealings are examined.
Meters Mass- Meters
produced New Meter
Mass-produced Meters 2. The number of the examination items performed in
Meters after Approved Renewal Meter
after Approved order to test the performance of the electricity meter
Inspection at exceeds 30 items.
JEMIC
Manufacturers
Type Approval Verification 3. In the daily examination, a huge amount of time
Self-Verification and expense are required to examine all of these
New Meter examination items.
Power Utilities
5 Years
Valid Period 7 Years
10 Years Consumers

4. The examination system is divided into the type
approval and the daily examination in order to carry Verification System
out the verification system more efficiently and
economically. That is, the sampled meter is Type approval Verification
submitted to JEMIC. The examination of all items is
performed about these meters. Insulation test Visual check for meters
Accuracy test Insulation test
Climatic test Starting test
5. The sampled meter which passed all examinations Mechanical test Test of no-load condition
receives type recognition. Durability test Error test
EMC test for static type
Verification Mark and Sealing
6. As for the meter of the same type as the meter which And others
Certificate with
received type recognition, many of examination items are more than 30 test items
approved number
omitted.
121
Time Limit to Perform Verification The daily Verification process
Manufacturer, Repairer
Periods prescribed by the Regulation are as follows:
Application of the Electricity Meters
1. Type approved direct-connected meter (Domestic meter): 20 days Visual check
Insulation test
2. Type approved transformer operated meter: 20 days
Test of no-load condition
Starting test
3. Type approved transformer operated meter and instrument
40 min. Self-heating & Registering test
transformer: 30 days
Error test
meters only complied with the
4. Inspection of instrument transformer carried out at consumers Judgment legal requirements
premises: 50 days
Verification mark and sealing
Power utilities Consumers
Life Cycle of Electricity Meter View of the Automatic Testing System

for Electricity Meters
The automatic watt-hour meter testing system

Manufacturers consists of 4 meter benches, a power source unit
Mass-produced Electricity Meter and P.C.
1 Self-Verification A group of 20 watt-

2 hour meters undergoes
Repairers 6 5
7 Power Utilities 10 Consumer the registering test
Reconditioning 4 after the no load test
89 23 and starting current
New test.
JEMIC Recycled
The result of error tests
are printed out.
A Test Method
Cyclic Operation of the Automatic Testing Equipment
Instrument 5A Rating
Transformer 100V
5A
Example:
Rating
Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 100V,30A
Standard
Cycle 1 Replacement and
Insulation test,
Registering test Registering test Power supply Watt-hour
during during Error test 30,15,1A, Pf 1.0
No-load test,
self heating self heating
stating test 30, 5A, Pf 0.5 Meter
Cycle 2 Registering test Registering test

Replacement and
Insulation test,
during during Error test
no-load test,
WHM under test
self heating self heating stating test
Infrared Pulse Output

Cycle 3 Registering test
Replacement and Registering test
sensor CRT
Error test Insulation test, during
during
self heating
No-load test, self heating Display
stating test
Cycle 4 Replacement and

Insulation test, Registering test Registering test Printer CPU
Error test during during
no-load test,
stating test self heating self heating
Keyboard
122
An Automatic Watt-hour Meter Different types of electricity meters
Testing System Mechanical type
1P2W,1P3W
The revolutions of the rotating disc of the meters

being tested are detected by an infrared sensor
and are compared with the out put pulse of the
standard watt-hour meter.
Static type
3P3W,1P3W
Inspection of Instrument Transformers (1) Inspection of Instrument Transformers (2)

Instrument transformers are classified into three:
1. A current transformer (CT) that transfers current of a
large-current to small current (usually 5A) in Japan.
Instrument Transformers
used with electricity
2. A voltage transformer (VT) which steps down high voltage
meters shall comply with
to low voltage (usually 110V) in Japan.
the legal requirements for
inspection.
3. Transformer (VCT ) which contains both a current
transformer and a voltage transformer and is mainly used for
measuring electric power.
Combined errors of Instrument Transformers Matching number

and Transformer Operated Meters If the combined errors comply with the legal requirements for
inspection, the matching number shall be attached to the meters
and instrument transformers to ensure that combination of them is
not changed in-service.
1. The combined errors shall comply with the maximum
permissible errors for inspection.
2. Combined error = error of transformer operated meter

+error of instrument transformer
6600V 20A
123
Inspection of Instrument Transformers Maximum Permissible Errors for Verification
1. Domestic meters (Direct-connected watt-hour meters)
Standard High Voltage Transformer
Maximum Permissible errors Power factor Test current
2.0% 1 5%In, 50%In, 100%In

600kV high voltage Type 2
capacitance 2.5% 0.5 inductive 20%In, 100%In
2.0% 1 3.3%In, 50%In, 100%In

Type 3
2.5% 0.5 inductive 20%In, 100%In
2.0% 1 2.5%In, 50%In, 100%In

Type 4
2.0% 1 2%In, 50%In, 100%In

Type 5
2. Transformer operated meters 3. Maximum Permissible Errors for Meters in-service and Duration of Verification
Maximum Permissible errors Power factor Test current
After a meter is installed on a customers premises for charging purposes, an error of the
Ordinary watt-hour 2.0% (2.0%) 1 5%In, 50%In, 100%In meter is required to remain within the maximum permissible errors for the entire duration
meters
2.5% (2.5%) 0.5 inductive 20%In, 100%In
of verification
Maximum permissible Verification
Electricity meters
1.0% (1.2%) 20%In, 50%In, 100%In errors in-service period (in years)
1
Precision watt-hour 1.5% (1.8%) 5%In
meters Domestic Watt-hour meter
1.0% (1.3%) 20%In, 50%In, 100%In 100%In to 20%In, pf 1 +/-3.0%
0.5 inductive 10
Rated current: 30, 120, 200 , 250A
1.5% (2.0%) 5%In 7 (20, 60A)
Rated current: 20, 60 A
0.5% (0.6%) 20%In, 50%In, 100%In
1 Precision watt-hour meter
100%In to 10%In, pf 1 +/-1.7% 5(mechanical Type)
0.8% (1.0%) 5%In +/-2.5% 7(static Type)
High precision watt-hour 5%In, pf 1
meters Rated current: 5 A
0.5% (0.7%) 20%In, 50%In, 100%In
0.5 inductive High precision watt-hour meter
100%In to 10%In, pf 1 +/-0.9% 5(mechanical Type)
0.8% (1.1%) 5%In 5%In, pf 1 +/-1.4% 7(static Type)
2.5% (2.5%) 0 100%In Rated current: 5 A
Var-hour meters
Var-hour meter +/-4.0% 5(mechanical Type)
0.866 inductive 20%In, 50%In, 100%In
50%In, pf 0.866 7(static Type)
1 10%In, 50%In, 100%In Rated current: 5 A
Maximum demand meters 3.0% (3.0%)
0.5 inductive 100%In Maximum demand meter 5(mechanical Type)
+/-4.0%
50%In, pf 1 7(static Type)
Note (1) In: Rated current Rated current: 5 A
(2) ( ): Maximum Permissible errors for a meter error + an instrument transformer error
Number of Electricity meters in service and

Number of Electricity Meters
Number of Meters Verified
in-service (at 2004/4)
8,000
1. Direct-connected meter 7,000
Domestic meter: 75,737,134pcs 6,000

Number of Meters
Static 5,000
(ten thousands)
Mechanical
Total 4,000
Installed Meter
3,000
2. Transformer operated meter
2,000
Industrial use meter: 3,794,558pcs 1,000
1,9931,994 1,995
1,996 1,997 0
Installed Meter
1,998 1,999
Mechanical
Total
2,000 2,001
2,002 2,003
Static
Fiscal Year
124
Number of Meters Verified by JEMIC or Verification Fees (Cabinet Order)
Designated Manufactures
1. Type approved direct-connected meter:

9,000
Initial verification of 1p3w 30A meter: 446 yen
8,000
Subsequent verification of 1p3w 30A meter: 480 yen
7,000
6,000
5,000 Verification 2. Type approved transformer operated meter:
4,000 Self Verificat Initial verification of 3p3w
3,000 ordinary watt-hour meter: 2,464 yen
2,000 Subsequent verification of 3p3w
1,000 ordinary watt-hour meter: 2,650 yen
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 3. Instrument transformer:
Fiscal Ye Voltage transformer 3p3w 6.6kV : 4,600 yen
Current transformer 3p3w 50A : 3,300 yen
Scheme of Legal Metrology for Electricity Meters

Summery of Verification
MinistryofofEconomy,
Ministry Economy,Trade
Tradeand
andIndustry
IndustryMETI
METI
1. Initial verification is performed by JEMIC

Foreign
Foreign
Manufacturers
Manufacturers
Notification
Notification Application
Application
Designation
Designation
Mandate
Mandate Notification
Notification or designated manufactures.
(10 manufactures at February 2006)
Importers
Importers
Designated Japan Electric Meters Inspection Repair

Domestic
Domestic Designated Japan Electric Meters Inspection Repair
manufacturers companies
2. Subsequent verification is performed by
Manufacturers manufacturers Corporation companies
Manufacturers Corporation
(JEMIC)
(JEMIC)
Application for
Application for
type app.
type app.
Application for
Application for
verification
verification
Application Self Verification
Application Self
for type app.
for type app.
Verification
Type approval
Type approval
Verification
Verification
Inspection
Inspection
Application for
Application for
verification of
verification of
repaired meters
JEMIC.
repaired meters
3. Meters tested for verification shall comply

Products Verified electricity meters
with the maximum permissible error and
Watt-hour meters
Utilities
Instrument transformers
technical requirements.
Utilities Consumers
Consumers
Var-hour meters Period of verification and inspection
10 or 7 years for domestic meters
Maximum-demand meters
7 years for transformer operated meter (static type)
5 years for transformer operated meter (mechanical type)
10 years for instrument transformers
125
Verification Standards Inspection of Verification Standards (1)
1. Inspection of Verification Standards
1. The use of standard of specific accuracy is
essential to ensure and maintain the reliability
2. Traceability system of power and energy
of verification.
standards (Verification Standards) 2. The measurement law demands that not only
verification organizations for electricity meters
but also business which manufacturers and
3. Introduction of National Standard for power repairers such meters be equipped with
and energy verification standards(legal standards).
(A Digital System for Calibrating Active/Reactive
Power and Energy Meters) 3. The legal standards such as standard watt-
hour meters are inspected by JEMIC.
Standard Watt-Hour Meters Inspection of Verification Standards (2)
1. Rotary standard watt-hour meter 1. The JEMIC carries out calibration of power and
(first generation1957~) energy standrad for industry and inspection of
2. Stationary standard watt-hour meter tariff and certification electricity meters.
(second generation1968~)
3. Static standard watt-hour meter 2. Power and Energy measurement system which
(third generation1980~) is designated as Primary Measurement
Self calibration wide band Standard was developed by JEMIC.
watt-hour meter
(fourth generation1999~)
3. The JEMIC maintains such Primary
Measurement Standard as power and energy
standrad.
Inspection Mark of Verification Standards Traceability system of power and energy

standards (Verification Standards) (1)
1. Term of Validity; 1Year
1. JEMIC establishes power and energy standards and
2. Instruments Error; supplies these standards to industries.
High Precision Standards 0.2% 2. The scope and uncertainty of calibration service by
JEMIC as an accredited calibration laboratory are
Precision Standards 0.5% shown as next page.
3. Power and Energy measurement system which is
A measuring instrument which has passed designated as Primary Measurement Standard was
the inspection of verification developed by JEMIC.
standards shall be affixed with an
inspection mark of verification standards.
126
Traceability system of power and energy
Calibration scope and uncertainty standards (Verification Standards) (2)
by using Primary Standard
High Precision
Best Uncertainty Power & Energy Standard
Verification standards
Scope of the Calibration Service POWER ENERGY
are inspected by
(k= 2 Power and Energy
Standard
Watt Converter <110V, <50A, 45 - 65Hz 50ppm
Inspection and Verification
Watt Converter
Power
Power Measuring Watt measuring
<110V, <50A, 45 - 65Hz 48ppm Verification
Instrument Instruments
Standards
Energy Watt-hour Meter <110V, <50A, 45 - 65Hz 50ppm
electricity meters
(WHM etc.)
Best Uncertainty : 100V, 5A, 50Hz,60Hz, 1Phse 2-Wire
A View of Electric Energy Measurement Introduction of National Standard for power and energy
A DIGITAL SYSTEM FOR CALIBRATING

ACTIVE/REACTIVE POWER AND ENERGY METERS
Voltage : 100V
Current : 5A
Frequency : 50, 60Hz
Simple approaches for power/energy
measurement with digital technique.
System Overview
The power calibration system
Basic Principle generates U and I with phase angle ,
Active power (P) and reactive power (Q) measures U, I and individually,
can be calculated from voltage (U), calculates P and Q from the measurement results of U, I and
according to the basic principle.
current (I) and phase angle () .
U
Power Meter
P = UIcos The System Under Test
I
Q = UIsin
Power applied to The output of
the power meter under test the meter under test
P = UIcos P
Error = P-P
127
Block Diagram of the System
A view of Primary Standard for power and energy
U
Power Meter
Resistive
u2 Under test
Voltage
Divider
Power Phase Sampling
Source Meter Power Meter
for Monitoring
u3
I 0.1 ohms
1 ohm Shunt
Shunt
u1
PC AC
AC
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
The sampling power meter Monitoring the power source with the sampling
power meter
Multifunction
RMS value of voltage and current
Active / reactive power U
Phase angle
Power
Frequency Source Sampling Power Meter
for Monitoring
The sampling power meter is used for monitoring U, I and . I
Measurement results
New Settings PC of U, I and
Voltage measurement Current measurement
U
Power
Power Source
Source I AC Shunt
R = 0.1 ohms
u1
data data
PC AC Voltmeter I = u1/ R
PC AC Voltmeter
128
Phase angle measurement Active power (P) and reactive power (Q)
Active power (P) and reactive power (Q) can be

calculated from the measurement results of U, I
U
and .

Power Resistive
u2
Phase
u3
Active power
Source Divider Meter
P = UIcos = Uu1cos / R
I 1 ohm Reactive power
AC Shunt Q = UIsin = Uu1sin / R
data
PC
Performance (1) Performance (2)

Uncertainty of power measurement
Comparison between JEMICs and NRCs system
Power factor 1
Uncertainty of voltage measurement 14 V/V
Uncertainty of current measurement 14 A/A Current-comparator-based
Comparison The Power Calibrator
Power Calibration System
Total 20 W/VA in JEMIC
in NRC
Power factor 0 Calibration

Transfer Standard
Calibration
Uncertainty of phase measurement 11 rad
Time division Multiplier Type
Total 11 W/VA
Power Meter
Performance (3)
Comparison between JEMICs and NRCs system Features of Power and Energy System
The error of the transfer standard
measured with JEMICs and NRCs system
at 120V, 5A, 60Hz
1. Theoretically simple
NRC JEMIC 2. Simple design

45
3. Easy to operate
W/VA
4. Sufficiently practical for calibrating precision

-45
0 lag 0.5 lag 1 0.5 lead 0 lead power/energy meters
Power Factor
129
Summery of Verification Standards
1. The verification equipment must be traceable to
Thank you for your Attention
national standards and be inspected by JEMIC.
2. Traceable to the primary standards on energy

measurements are essential to maintain a fair
trade.
3. A fair trade is to contribute for consume

confidence.
130
Meeting in South Africa (1)
Asia-Pacific
Legal Metrology
Forum
Overview of International Standards

relate to Electricity Meters
- Report of International Meeting in South Africa -

- International Standards of IEC TC13 -
Meeting in South Africa (2) Meeting in South Africa (3)
Working Group of TC13 WG11 Documents (1)
131
WG11 Documents (2) - IEC62052-11,62053s WG11 Documents (3) - IEC62053s
WG13 Documents (1) WG14 Documents (1)
WG14 Documents (2) WG15 Documents (1)
132
Mapping of Liaison(relationships) (1) Mapping of Liaison(relationships) (2)
Conclusion
133
APEC/APLMF Seminars and Training Courses Introduction
Asia-Pacific
Legal Metrology
Forum
Current Situation
of
the Revision of
OIML Recommendation
- Draft of R46 Electricity Meters -
Progress Outline of Contents(1)
20 pages over 40 pages
Outline of Contents(2) Outline of Contents(3)
15 test items over 30 test items
134
IEC Standards
IEC521(1976)
TC13, TC77, etc
135
Conclusion
136

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Introduction to the

APEC/APLMF Training Courses in Legal Metrology (CTI-10/2005T)

Electricity Meters Electricity Meters

This course is intended to allow The purpose of this course is

Electricity Meters Electricity Meters

Metrology, is defined as the

Electricity Meters Electricity Meters

There are a number of ways This session is designed to focus on the

Next: Electricity Distribution Systems

The transmission and distribution of

The frequency is usually 50 or 60 hertz,

Electricity Distribution Systems Electricity Distribution Systems

Electricity Distribution Systems Electricity Distribution Systems

Single Phase 2-wire: Polyphase 3-wire Network:

Polyphase 3-wire Delta:

Polyphase 4-wire Delta: Polyphase 4-wire Wye:

Electricity Distribution Systems Electricity Distribution Systems

During this session the electricity

Next: Sine Wave and Phasor (Vector) Concepts

Sine Wave and Phasor Concepts

Sine waves are useful for illustrating the

Phasors (vectors) are useful in This portion of the session is intended

Current as a true sine wave Current shown with distortion

60 degree lag 60 degree lag

60 degree lag 60 degree lag

Phasor representation Phasor representation

Watts (W) Watts (W)

the portion of the current of the portion of the current which is

Phasors used in Phasors used in

Watts (W) Volt-amperes Watts (W) Current

2) one other value and the phase angle

Power Meters Energy Meters

Reactive Volt-Ampere (VAR) meter: VAR hour (VARh) meter:

Volt-Ampere (VA) meter VA hour (VAh) meter

Power - the rate of energy output or transfer

Energy - capacity to do work

The methods for calculation of these values will Comments?

Prepared and presented by:

Electricity Metering Circuits Electricity Metering Circuits

1 Phase (single phase) supply methods: Supply Transformer

1 Phase 2-Wire supply, C

1 Phase 2 Element meter

Electricity Metering Circuits Electricity Metering Circuits

Supply Transformer Supply Transformer Consumer Load

B 1 Phase electricity is supplied B

Supply Transformer Consumer Load Supply Transformer Meter Consumer Load

B Blondel's Theorum states: In a system of N conductors, B

Electricity Metering Circuits Electricity Metering Circuits

= Current Sensor = Current Sensor = Voltage Sensor

Electricity Metering Circuits Electricity Metering Circuits

Supply Transformer 1 Element Meter Consumer Load

C 1 Phase 3-Wire services

= Current Sensor = Voltage Sensor

Supply Transformer(s) Supply Transformer

Electricity Metering Circuits Electricity Metering Circuits

Supply Transformer Supply Transformer Consumer Load

B The secondary circuit supplies B The secondary transformer is given

Electricity Metering Circuits Electricity Metering Circuits

Supply Transformer Consumer Load Supply Transformer Consumer Load

Supply Transformer Consumer Load

1 Phase 3-Wire service C

Electricity Metering Circuits Electricity Metering Circuits

Electricity Metering Circuits Electricity Metering Circuits