Professional Documents
Culture Documents
zixar A qg
i zFlin
Prepositions
in Hebrew
-1-
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
The only way the learner can master the preposition (Prepositional
phrases) usage is through practice and paying close attention to their
usage. There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition.
Like idioms, they are best learned by heart, which verb goes with
which preposition, and when the different preposition changes the
meaning of the verb (still, remember that the prepositional phrase is
with a pronoun or a noun!).
Think about look for, look at, look up, etc.
-2-
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Here is an example how a sentence can mean different things because the
same preposition with a verb can mean different things:
txhfv kg okj tuv
The preposition kg in Hebrew can mean "on or about. Therefore,
the sentence can mean
He dreamed (was dreaming) on the chair,
or
He dreamed (was dreaming) about the chair.
Note that the first sentence is adverbial!
Have you ever heard the question: What phrase do I need to use, fill in
or fill out? You fill in a form by filling it out! This tells us that use of
prepositions does not always follow a logical process! It has to be
memorized, as you will see from the examples below.
Therefore, anytime you write a note about a verb - write the governing
preposition (the preposition that goes with that verb), because their usage
is often different than in English, and different preposition gives the verb
another meaning. For example:
///c ihntn - believe in, as in believe in God.
///k ihntn - believe [someone], as in I believe him.
Think about the English phrases go in, go for, go over, go on, etc.,
which do not have anything to do with going.
-3-
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Examples:
agree to, agree with, agree on; argue about, argue with, argue for or
against.
What is a Preposition?
Perhaps you could, by using your hands and feet to show how something is
situated in relationship to something else.
-4-
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
The pronoun or the noun which follows the preposition is the object of
the preposition. Examples:
by bus by bus
-5-
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
For each purpose, one can use one preposition or more. For example,
in English, for time we use at, on, and in. To indicate specific
time we use at: I will see you at 6:30 p.m.
To indicate days and dates we use on: I will see you on
Monday/on January 7.
To indicate nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a
year We use in: I will see you in the morning/in the winter/in
2012/in January.
Again, you can see that this is arbitrary in English. Other languages
will use different prepositions for the same expressions. Hebrew will
use the same expression for all of them!
-6-
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
The same principle is used for other relations of the prepositions to the
object, for example to indicate place:
To indicate a specific place we use at: I live at Oren Street.
To indicate names of streets, avenues, etc. we use on: My house is on
Oren Street.
To indicate names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries,
continents) we use in: "I live in Minneapolis/ in Hennepin County/ in
Minnesota.
This does not mean that you cannot use other preposition to indicate
the same thing.
-7-
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
At one time, you were taught that a sentence should never end with a
preposition. This is not the case anymore. Everyone knows that
sometimes when trying to avoid ending a sentence with a preposition, it
creates unnecessary and awkward phrasing. Try to change the order in
the preceding sentences. Winston Churchill once reportedly exclaimed,
"That is the sort of thing up with which I will not put!" to mock
someone who criticized him for ending a sentence with a preposition.
-8-
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Please remember that some prepositions have one letter only, and
this letter will always be written (and pronounced) with the next
word! See the lesson on One Letter Words.
-9-
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Vocabulary of Prepositions
(Hebrew-English, Short Version):
The following words are the most commonly used prepositions in
Hebrew:
without hs
gkC after ///-hrj t
by hs
h-kg behind, from hrIjtn
behind
with (///h,ht)
og
outside of; aside, ///k .Ujn
by, near, close to '///k cIre except, apart
kt cIre from, aside from
far from ///n eIjr aside, except sckn
(for), apart from,
of ka
aside from,,
below, beneath, ,j , excluding
under, across kUnn
underneath
from in
- 11 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 12 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 13 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
up to sg
- 14 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 15 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 17 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Another fact that you MUST remember is that different verbs have
different prepositions, or no prepositions at all. The following sentence
must sound funny to us:
ikht ,t vFn hxuh - Yossi hits Ilan (not a nice thing to do!)
is the same as
ikhtk .hCrn hxuh - Yossi hits Ilan (here it is connected through a
preposition k, which makes it an indirect object).
- 18 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Again: Do not translate these words literally from English into Hebrew.
Think about what they indicate!
Be especially careful with idiomatic expression (where specific prepositions
govern [Hebrew: ,ufrmUn]
the verbs, so you dont make funny mistakes.
For example,
u,gs kg sng tuv = He insisted (literal translation stand on his opinion
would sound strange...).
- 19 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
ddv kg urChs
ov - "kg rchs is talk about in prepositional government,
but talked on when kg is adverbial preposition, namely they sat ON
the roof and talked!
Thus, vyhnv kg h,nkj would be either I dreamed (while) on the bed
(adverbial), or I dreamed about the bed.
It is the same in every language.
- 20 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
be afraid of n sjup
tell (me, etc.) k rP x n
disturb (me, etc.), k ghrpn
too big for/on (you, kg kusd interrupt (us, etc.),
etc.) interfere
dream about kg okuj show (me, etc.) k vtrn
think about kg cauj I am bored, etc. k ong
a n
be angry at/with kg xguF fit (you, etc.) k oht,n
defend, protect kg idn miss (somebody, k gdgd,n
something) (kt)
talk about kg rCsn
deal with c exg,n
give up kg r,u
un
give (to) k i,ub
recommend kg .hknn
(someone, help, support k rzug
something)
answer (him, etc.) k vbug
tell about kg rPxn
I am cold, etc. k re
look at kg kF,xn
happened to k vre
supervise kg jep
n
it is hard/difficult for k vae
overcome, kg rCd,n (me, etc.)
overpower, defeat
trust, rely upon kg lnx ask (someone) n aehc
too short/small kg iye go out of , leave, exit n tmuh
for/on (you, etc.) (room, etc.)
hear about kg gnua be afraid of n sjpn
watch over kg rnua beware of n rvzb
get rid of n rypb
- 21 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Each pronoun has its own ending. However, with some prepositions,
specific pronouns might have a slightly different pronominal suffix. For
example, the typical suffix for 2s.f. (you singular feminine) is l , but
with a few prepositions it is rather l . For example, lk (to you etc.) vs.
lkhc a C (for you).
- 22 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Other prepositions have irregular suffixes for some pronouns, like hbInF,
hbn n.
Some preposition are different from the independent ones, for example
the marker ,t for the direct object is conjugated by -,It, (h,It,
not
h,t); the independent pronoun for with is og, but the conjugation IN
MODERN HEBREW is l,ht 'h,ht, etc.
- 23 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
h h hbt
Wh W v,t
Qh *Q '*Q ,t
uh I tuv
vh
v thv
ofh of o,t
ifh if i,t
ovh
*ov
'*o ov
ivh
*iv
'*i iv
- 24 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Based on the chart, match the prepositions with the pronouns. Match
the correct forms by writing the number from of the form from the left
side in the blank column:
ov
C /1 = hbt + C
IC /2 = ov + C
vC /3 = ,t
+ C
hC /4 = thv + C
WC /5 = ubjbt + C
lC /6 = tUv + C
ofC /7 = o,t + C
UbC /8 = v,t + C
iv
C /9 = i,t + C
ifC /10 = iv + C
- 25 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hk hbt
Wk v,t
Qk ,t
Ik tuv
Vk thv
Ubk ubjbt
ofk o,t
ifk i,t
ov
k ov
iv
k iv
- 26 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 27 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
?ov
k ah vn
?vrcj vrak ah 'iurvt :vbaua
/vph ,hC vk ahu 'vrcj vk ah 'iF :iurvt
?vrcj Wk ahu !IvIt :vbaua
/ohrcj vCrv iv k ahu ',urcj vCrv hk ah 'tk :iurvt
?ohrcj iv k ahu ,urcj Wk ah :vbaua
/,ushsh iv ',urcj eUhs C tk iv :iurvt
?ohshsh It ohrcj iv k ah :vbaua
/,urcj vCrv ov
k ahu 'ohrcj vCrv hk ah /ohshsh odu ohrcj od iv k ah :iurvt
?,ushsh vcrv ut ,urcj vCrv ofk ah zt :vbaua
/ohrcj vcrv Ubk aha Qk h,rnt :iurvt
/ohrcj vCrv ofk aha hk vrnt vrha 'if :vbaua
?rcj vk ahu ?vrnt vrha :iurvt
/hk vrnt tk thv ',gsuh tk hbt :vbaua
?///,Ikt a sIg ifk ahu :iurvt
- 28 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Answer the following questions with full sentences. Make sure you
include the conjugated forms of k:
?iurvt ka vrcjk ah vn /1
?iurvtk ah vn /2
?iurvt ka ,urcjk ah vn /3
?iurvt ka ohrcjk ah vn /4
?vbauak vrnt vrha vn /5
?vrGk ah vn /6
Choose the right preposition:
/vph ,hhc [vk - uk - hk] ah /,hhC ah ;xuhk
/1
/vph vrhs [lk - ivk - vk] ah /vrhs ah vbhsk /2
/ohkusd ohrusf [ovk - ofk - ivk] ah /ohrUsf ah ohshnk,k /3
/ohskh hba [uk - vk - lk] ah /ohskh ah vrGk /4
,fkk inz [uk - lk - Wk] ah 'i,buh /5
?yrxk
/uhafg vexpv [ifk - ivk - ofk] ah 'ohshnk, /6
- 29 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
___ /2
/jt ___ iht /tk ?jt ah ;xIh
- 30 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
t ___ /7
/,hhc ___ /tk ?,hhc r,x
/kusd cbz ___ ahu 'vph ckF ___ aha vrnt kjr /8
tC /12
!vrcj ___ aha h,gsh tk ?,n
- 31 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hC hbt
WC v,t
QC ,t
IC tuv
VC thv
UbC ubjbt
ofC o,t
ifC i,t
ov
C ov
iv
C iv
- 32 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 33 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
?iuthzunC ah vn
!vzv iIthzunC ,ubUn, vcrv ah 'i,bIh :vrG
/,ubun, vcrv IC ah 'iF :i,buh
?vaht vC vtur v,t ?,tzv vkusdv vbUn,C vtur v,t vn :vrG
!vph ;Ib iv C ah 'oa ,ubun,vu 'iF :i,buh
!sutn ezj adr ov C ah 'itf eubh,vu vahtvu :vrG
/adr vcrv od ov C ahu :i,buh
/WC aha adr v ,t vtur v,t 'i,buh :vrG
?adr iht lC /,ubun,k adr hC aha iufb :i,buh
/adr UbC ah zt 'ost-hbC ubjbt :vrG
?adr iv C ah ',tzv vbUn,c ohruphmvu :i,buh
/,uahdrn ohruphm ot ,gsuh tk hbt :vrG
Answer the following questions with full sentences. Make sure you
include the conjugated forms of C:
?iuthzunc ah vn /1
?,ubun,c ah vn /2
?vkusdv vbun,c ah vn /3
?eubh,cu vahtc ah vn /4
?vrGc ah vn /5
Choose the right preposition:
/,ubun, [vc - hc - uc] ah ?iuthzunc ah vn /1
- 34 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
/ohybsuyx vcrv [ovc - ivc - vc] ah /vph ;Ib ah vphjc vyhxrchbutc /14
/,uga vcrv [ovc - uc - vc] ,scug thv /cajnc ,scug thv /19
- 35 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
?ohgxub vcrv [uc - hc - vc] uhv 'if ?xUCuyutc ohabt uhv /24
/[ofc - ubc - ovc] ohan,an ubjbt 'if ?ohbukhnc ohan,an o,t /25
/ohrpx [ubc - ofc - ovc] ohnG ubjbt ?oheh,c ohnG o,t vn /28
- 36 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hkJ hbt
WkJ v,t
QkJ ,t
IkJ tuv
vkJ thv
Ubk J ubjbt
ofkJ o,t
ifkJ i,t
ov
kJ ov
iv
kJ iv
- 37 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 38 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Fill the missing prepositions in the gaps. Make sure the sentences
make sense. Some sentences are connected in context:
- 39 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hn ___ /9
?___ c,fnv vz ?vrha 'vzv c,fnv
- 40 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
h,It
hbt
W,It
v,t
Q,It
,t
I,It tuv
v,It
thv
Ub,It
ubjbt
(of,It*)
of, t o,t
(if,It*)
if, t i,t
o,It
ov
i,It
iv
- 41 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
?ohe
gIm ov vn
k
Fill the missing prepositions in the gaps. Make sure the sentences
make sense. Some sentences are connected in context:
- 42 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
v, t /10
/________________________ cvut tk rcF hbt tk ?,hnkua ________________________ cvut
/,fkuv thv itk ______________________ ukta ovu 'vbj _____________________ utr hngbu i,b /18
?rfux hkc ut rfux og ________________ cvut v,t ?lka ____________________ cvut v,t lht /24
/________________________ h,bnzv
'if ?vchxnk vbauau hngb ________________________ ,bnzv /26
- 43 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
/vpe-,h
J /28
ck vec r ______________ ihnzn ktUn
/vktv ,uktav ____________________ uhafg ______________ ,uktua i,t vnk vbhcn tk hbt /31
/vphjc _______________ v,be thv ?ohrpxv ___________ v,be thv vpht /35
/______________ gnua tk hbt 'tk ?__________________ gnua v,t 'W,ht rcsn hbt 'hbs /37
/________________________ hk vb,
b thv 'if b vbj 'vbaua /40
?rpxv ,t _____________________ vb,
/rpxv ,hcc vhv lht ________________________ ktau hbsk tre tct /41
- 44 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
h,h
t - og
The preposition og
(with) has a strange behavior in Modern
Hebrew. We use og when it is NOT CONJUGATED, but the
conjugation is with -,ht!
In classiceal Hebrew you will find Wn g 'hn g,
etc.
Also, in formal Hebrew, the conjugation for 2pl.m (o,t) and f. (i,t)
starts with -, t,
while in spoken Hebrew it is -,It, like all other
pronouns (which makes it logical!). Thus: of,It
- of, t are variants,
and if,It
- if, t are variants.
Note the difference from the prepositions we had so far (in light blue):
h,h
t hbt
W,h
t v,t
Q,h
t ,t
I,ht tuv
v,h
t thv
Ub,h
t ubjbt
- 45 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
of, ht o,t
if, ht i,t
o,h
t ov
i,h
t iv
///hn og vChx nk
,fkk vmIr hn
/v,ht
tuck vmur kjr kct 'hbs og vChx nk ,fkk vmur ,hnkua
o,ht
!vChx nk ,fkk vmur kjr
!l,ht
er ,fkk vmur hbt :,hnkuak rnut hbs
/iurvt og ,fkuv vbhru 'h,ht
tc v,t 'rsx C :hbsk ,rnut ,hnkua
/ub,ht
,fkk vmur thv /u,ht ,fkk vmur tk kjr :,hnkuak rnut hbs
k of,ht
?vChx n ,fkk vkIfh hbt :vtc kjr
/if,ht
tc tk hbt /,fkk ,ukIfh i, t :rnut hbs
:rx jv
,t UnhkJ v
/[h,ht - v,ht - l,ht] rCsk vmur hbt 'vkthbs /1
?[ub,ht - i,ht - if,ht] ,fkk ,umur i,t /yrxk
ohfkuv ubjbt /2
?[i,ht - u,ht - l,ht] rcsk vmur ,t /itF hbs /3
- 46 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
/[h,ht - o,ht - i,ht] ,fkk vmur hbt ?vrhau kjr og ,fkk vmur hn /4
,fkuv vruphm /5
/[v,ht - ub,ht - h,ht] ,fkuv hbtu 'khhyk
ohfkuv o,t /6
?[ub,ht - of,ht - o,ht] ,fkk kufh hbt ?vChx nk
?[og - u,ht - h,ht] sunkk vmur hn /vbhjC hbt /7
k snuk
[l,ht - o,ht - u,ht] rCsk vmur uvahn 'i,b /8
/iupkyc
/vhdIkIhC ,snuk [u,ht - v,ht - h,ht] vrd ,ta
,hybsUy
xv /9
/[u,ht - og - v,ht] rcsn iurvt ?vrInv [v,ht - og - ,t] rCsn hn /10
/[v,ht - ub,ht - h,ht] ,fkuv hbtu 'v,hcv ,fkuv hngb /11
sunkk ohcvut ujbt /ubka vrInv [ub,ht - v,ht - og] ,hrc g ohsnuk Ubjbt /12
/[o,ht- ub,ht - v,ht]
/[i,ht - o,ht - h,ht] ,fkk vmur hbtu 'kUhyk ohfkuv ov /13
?[h,ht - ub,ht - if,ht] kIftk ,fkk vkufh hbt 'vbj 'vrha /14
?[h,ht - u,ht - l,ht] tuck vmur v,t /yrxk lkuv hbt /15
,t /16
/[og - h,ht - v,ht] ,rcsn hbt 'if ?vrha [l,ht - og - v,ht] ,rCsn
/vsgxnk ohskhv /17
[og - o,ht - i,ht] ohfkuv ovka ohruvv hf 'ohjnG
ra h,gna 'vbj /18
/[u,ht - h,ht - og] h,ser tk 'tk /hbs [l,ht - u,ht - og] , se
?[h,ht - ub,ht - l,ht] kuftk vmur v,t /kuftk lkuv hbt 'i,b /19
k [v,ht - o,ht - l,ht] snuk hn 'ktuna /20
?vbhjC
/chct-k,k [v,ht - u,ht - o,ht] gxub tuv /rUehck utc uka ohrcjv /21
ohfkuv ubjbt /22
?[ub,ht - o,ht - og] tuck vmur hn /ejGnk
?[og - u,ht - h,ht] ,fkk vmur uvahn /sck ,fkk vmur tk hbt /23
/[ub,ht - h,ht - o,ht] rudk vmur tk hbt kct 'ohcuy ohruv hk ah /24
/[v,ht - u,ht - og] sunkk vmur thv ifku 'cuy shnk, tuv /25
- 47 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
sckn 'sck
hs
ck hbt
Ws
ck v,t
lsc k ,t
Isck tuv
vs
ck thv
Ubsc k ubjbt
ofs
ck o,t
ifs
ck i,t
osc k ov
isc k iv
- 48 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 49 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Note that in many cases the independent form sck can replace the
conjugated forms:
vs
ck vcah thv is the same as sck vcah thv.
n tuv /10
/[vsck - usck - osck] ,uhvk sjp
- 50 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
[///hn m
g kg - hn m
gn - hn m
gk] hn m
gC - nm
gC
hn m
gC hbt
Wn m
gC v,t
ln m
gC ,t
Inm
gC tuv
vn m
gC thv
Ubn m
gC ubjbt
ofn m
gC o,t
ifn m
gC i,t
on m
gC ov
in m
gC iv
- 51 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
The word hn m
g is connected to omg = bone, and thus shifted to
substance, essence, and self. In this sense it is post-biblical.
hn m
g is self - conjugated as above with or without different prepositions.
The meaning is in context. Examples:
hn m
gk - to/for myself - hnmgk cauj hbt - I am thinking to myself; vbue thv
vnmgk vz ,t - She is bying it for herself.
hn m
gC - by/in myself - hnmgc vz ,t vaug hbt - I am doing it by myself; tuv
unmgc ihntn - He believes in himself.
hn m
gn - from myself - hnmgn vcrv arus hbt - I demad a lot from myself.
hn m
g kg - about/on myself - unmg kg er rcsn tuv - He talks only about
himself.
- 52 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 53 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
It is also connected to ht n m
g (independent) and ,Utn m
g (independence),
and to omg C - actually, in fact.
- 54 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
khc a C - For
(in the sense of to)
hkhc a C hbt
Wkhc a C v,t
Qkhc a C ,t
Ikhc a C tuv
vkhc a C thv
Ubkhc a C ubjbt
ofkhc a C o,t
ifkhc a C i,t
okhc a C ov
ikhc a C iv
- 55 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Often, one can replace khc a C with k, but they are not always the same.
You can say hka rcjv khcac vb,n h,hbe and hka rcjk vb,n h,hbe, both mean
I bought a present to/for my friend.
Note that most verbs are governed by the preposition k and cannot be
substituted by khcac. For example:
iycv hk ,ctufa uk h,rnt - I told him (uk) that my stomach hurts that I have
stomach ache). You cannot say ukhcac h,rnt.
In other words, ukhcac has to have for.
/c,fn (uka 'uk 'ukmt) h,jka ifk 'inz vcrv (ukhcac 'ubnn 'u,ut) h,htr tk /1
Do not mix the English for to indicate time with for in the sense of
to:
I havent seen him for a long time - inz vcrv rcf u,ut h,htr tk.
He came for a week - gucak tc tuv.
NEVER guca khcac oa h,hhv, as we often hear students saying!!!
Other common mistakes with khc a C are mixking them with the ending of
other common prepositions (logical mistakes), even common among
Israelis:
ov
khc a C vz ,t v,be thv instead of okhc a C,
as also lkhc a C,
instead of lkhc a C,
and Ubkhc a C,
instead of Ubkhc a C.
- 56 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
okhc a C ov
khc a C
okhc J C q okhc J C q ov
khc a C q ov
khc J C tuv vzv ijkuav
ofkhc J C q ofkhc J C q ofkhc J C q ofkhc J C thv ,tzv vb,nv
/________________________ c,fn hk ah ?shus vpht /1
?________________________ uvan lk ah :vbj ,t ,ktua ,ur /2
/shus _____________________ vhbpnavu 'wdruwd ________________________ vpev :rnut ;xuh /3
/________________________ kfv vaugu'vka ,ubcv ,t ,cvut thv /4
/________________________ v,ut h,bfv ?vdugv ,t ,kfut tk ,t vnk /5
/________________________ vz'vra if ?hkhcac vz 'shus /6
/________________________ h,nkha rcf/okak ohfhrm tk o,t /7
/________________________ cuy tk vz /ethbue v,ua tk hbt /8
/________________________ ,ub,n hk ah if ?ohskhv khcac ,ub,n lk ah /9
/________________________ vzv vpev if ? hxuh khcac ?vpev hn khcac /10
- 57 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
kkd C - Because of
hkkd C hbt
Wkkd C v,t
Qkkd C ,t
Ikkd C tuv
vkkd C thv
Ubkkd C ubjbt
ofkkd C o,t
ifkkd C i,t
okkd C ov
ikkd C iv
- 58 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Examples:
rhuutv dzn kkdc h,tc tk - I didnt come, because of the weather.
h,tc tk rhuutv dzn kkdc - Because of the weather, I didnt come.
- 59 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
In Modern Hebrew:
.ujc ,uhvk ubkufh tk rhuutv dzn kkdc - because of the weather, we couldnt be
outside (negative)
.ujc ,uhvk ubkufh rhuutv dznk ,usuv - Thanks to the weather, we could be
outside (positive).
- 60 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
/ejGnk inzc ohghdn tk ubjbt [lkkdc - kkdc - hkkdc] /rjtn shn, v,t :vrG /1
iugav [ubkkdc - ukkdc - kkdc] vz '[lkkdc - hkkdc - kkdc] tk vz 'tk :shus
/inzc h,tc tk [ubkkdc - vkkdc - ukkdc] /rsxc tk hka iugav /hka
?rsxc tk iugav hn [kkdc - hkkdc - lkkdc]u :vrG
/,hhcc ubrtab [ukkdc - kkdc - hkkdc] /sutn gr rhuut dzn vhv :,hrhg /4
?kuhyk o,fkv tk [ofkkdc - ukkdc - vkkdc]a vchxv ,tzu :vrha
h,rtab [hkkdc - kkdc - vkkdc] /ruev [kkdc - ukkdc - vkkdc] vkuj hka ,cv :sru /5
- ukkdc] /vzhdrn ,tzv vkjnv /vsucgk lkv tk rhnt [ubkkdc - vkkdc - ukkdc]u ',hhcc
tk thv [ukkdc - vkkdc - kkdc]a 'ouj vk ahu 'rcs oua ,kfut tk thv [ikkdc - vkkdc
- vkkdc - kkdc] odu 'inzv kf ohegum .ujc ohabtv 'vzn .Uju /cuy iuahk vkufh
/iuahk vkufh tk thv [okkdc
vkufh tk hbt [hkkdc - okkdc - vkkdc]a 'inzv kf vehzun ohgnua ohbfav :vecr /6
- ukkdc] /jUbk vkufh tk od hbt [hkkdc - okkdc - kkdc]u 'ohegum od ohbfav /sunkk
!,hhcv hrugha ,t h,bf v tk vz kf [okkdc - kkdc
?rughav kf ,ejmu ,rchsa vz [kkdc - vkkdc - lkkdc] tk vzu :vrunv
- 61 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
v kkd C
k ,IsIv
- 62 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
oIen C - instead of
hnIe
n C hbt
WnIe
n C v,t
Qn Ien C ,t
InIen C tuv
vnIe
n C thv
ofnIe
n C o,t
ifnIe
n C i,t
on Ien C ov
in Ien C iv
- 63 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 65 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hs
h-kg hbt
Ws
h-kg v,t
Qsh-kg ,t
Ish-kg tuv
vs
h-kg thv
Ubsh-kg ubjbt
ofs
h-kg o,t
ifsh-kg i,t
osh-kg ov
ish-kg iv
- 66 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
,Ur sh-kg cauh hbt -I am sitting next to Ruth - is the same as shk cauh hbt
,Ur.
Note that the at and beside are other English equivalent to sh-kg and
shk:
ijkuav sh-kg cauh hbt - I am sitting at the table.
- 67 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Pv oa /5
/(ushk) ush-kg ubka ,hhcvu 'ert
hbn n hbt
Wn n v,t
Qn n ,t
Ubn n tuv
vbn n thv
Ubnn 'Ub,h
t n ubjbt
oF n o,t
iF n i,t
ov n ov
iv n iv
- 69 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
4. Comparative, ovn kusd - greater than they are (then them), eu,n
acsn - sweeter than honey, hbnn cuy - better than me, dkan ick -
whiter than snow, ubnn ezj - stronger than him.
5. Indicating origin, iusbukn tc - coming from London, ihxn han -
silk from China (Chinese silk), rcjn c,fn - letter from a friend,
ubnn sunkk - to learn from him/it.
6. Indicating material, cvzn yhaf, - Jewelry of gold (golden Jewelry),
vyhj jnen vdug - cake from wheat flour, rhhbn vfxn - mask of
paper (paper mask), irut .gn ijkua - table of pine wood.
- 70 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 71 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
/[ubnn - vbnn - hbnn] vkusd r,uh thv 'if ?ohkaurhn vkusd r,uh chct k, /14
- 72 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hbInF hbt
WInF v,t
lInF ,t
UvInF tuv
vIn
F thv
UbInF ubjbt
ofInF o,t
ifInF i,t
ovIn
F ov
ivIn
F iv
- 73 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 75 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
lrs - through
hF r s hbt
WF r s v,t
lF r s ,t
IFr s tuv
vFr s thv
UbF r s ubjbt
oFr s o,t
iFr s i,t
oFr s ov
iFr s iv
The preposition lrs comes from the noun way, road, manner,
mode. Some linguists claim that the Hebrew use of lrs in the sense
of through is influenced by the German durch, but its use in this
sense is already biblical.
- 76 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Logically, the common verbs with the preposition lrs (through) are
rcg - pass, and vtr - see.
- 77 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
/ujrc
/ktrGh kg snkk ohkufh ohrunv [ufrs - vfrs - ofrs]a ohcuy ohrnuj vkt .21
hs
db hbt
Ws
db v,t
lsd b ,t
Isdb tuv
vs
db thv
Ubsd b ubjbt
ofs
db o,t
ifs
db i,t
osd b ov
isd b iv
- 78 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 80 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
sgC - for,
in favor of; through
hs
gC hbt
Ws
gC v,t
lsgC ,t
IsgC tuv
vs
gC thv
UbsgC ubjbt
ofs
gC o,t
ifs
gC i,t
osgC ov
isgC iv
- 81 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
/rUzjhn
[ubsgc - sgc - usgc] sgc ubjbt .1
"?ohrautn ,uhvk [usgc - hsgc - ofsgc] gbun vn" :ohtruek vbup iu,hgv .2
/[lsgc- ubsgc - hsgc] hbt - gbf ak
lhrm tk v,t h,ut .3
/ohxhnv ,t [osgc - usgc - sgc] okha tk ehxgnva igy scugv .4
/[usgc - hsgc - sgc] ghcmt tk hbt /,xbF-r
cj ,uhvk oht,n tk tuv .5
/[usgc - sgc - vsgc] oUka,u
vkhkc vsucg kg urchs ,xbFc
.6
/[usgc - osgc - hsgc] ghcmvk hk htsf ot cauj hbtu 'thab ,uhvk vmur tuv .7
/[sgc - osgc - hsgc] h,nkha hbt /hka ohrcsv vkt .8
- isgc] ubgcmv ubjbt "!ghcmha - ,uykjvv [sgc - osgc - hsgc] hn" :rnt tuv .9
/[ubsgc - usgc
ohmur od ubjbt kct '[sgc - osgc - ubsgc] ubjbt ',uchahv hshnk,
sdb tk ubjbt .10
/[ubsgc - usgc - osgc] uhvh ova
/[osgc - usgc - vsgc] okha tku ,ubjc uvan jek tuva vrnt vryanv .11
/ktrah ,bhsn [vsdb - sdb - usdb]u sx t thGbv [sgc - osgc - usgc] ubhdpv ikudc .12
?[usdb - vsdb - sdb] ghcmv tuv vnk /eujv [hsdb - sdb- usdb] ghcmv tuv .13
- usdb - hsdb] ,uchx gcau [vsgc - usgc - ubsgc] ,uchx gca ah - asjv iPad-v .14
/[osdb
?"[isdb - usdb - ubsdb] ut [vsgc - ubsgc - usgc] thGbv"
:ohktua ohktrahv .15
isdb] ut [isgc - ubsgc - usgc] tuv ot u,ut ukta iv 'ivhkg rnt tuva vn hrjt .16
/[usdb - sdb -
ha - vz [ubsgc - sgc - hsgc] hn .17
!shv ,t ohr
- 82 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hkUn hbt
WkUn v,t
lkUn ,t
IkUn tuv
vkUn thv
UbkUn ubjbt
ofkUn o,t
ifkUn i,t
okUn ov
ikUn iv
- 83 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
,nUg
k - compared with/to; in contrast with, against;
opposite
h, nUg
k hbt
W, nUg
k v,t
l, nUg
k ,t
I,nUg
k tuv
v, nUg
k thv
Ub, nUg
k ubjbt
of, nUg
k o,t
ifnUg
k i,t
o, nUg
k ov
i, nUg
k iv
- 85 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
bv ,cauj vn /21
?,usvhv [i,nugk - ,nUgk - v,nugk] tCv okIgv kg ,Urm
ohrjt [i,nugk - ,nugk - o,nugk]u 'onmgc ohsdcv ,t rujck ohmura ohrcd ah /22
/okhcac ubeh ovka ohabva ohaecna
- 87 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
,UfzC
thank to, due to
,UfzC hbt
W,Uf
zC v,t
l, UfzC ,t
I,UfzC tuv
v,Uf
zC thv
of,Uf
zC o,t
if,Uf
zC i,t
o, UfzC ov
i, UfzC iv
- 88 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 90 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
ign
k - for, toward; for the sake of; so that
hbgn
k hbt
Wbg n
k v,t
lbgn
k ,t
Ibgn
k tuv
vbgn
k thv
Ubbgn
k ubjbt
ofb g n
k o,t
ifb g n
k i,t
obgn
k ov
ibgn
k iv
- 91 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 92 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 93 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hrUc
g hbt
WrUc
g v,t
lr Ucg ,t
IrUcg tuv
vrUcg thv
ofrUc
g o,t
ifrUc
g i,t
orUcg ov
irUcg iv
?[orucg - urucg -
/[urucg - ubrucg - lrucg] ughcmh ova cauj sngUnv vz /6
/[ifrucg - irucg - vrucg] vrp, vka tnhta vkn Gv
,tz /7
/aecn v,ta vn ,t [rucg - ubrucg - lrucg] tmnb ubjbt /ubhkt tuc /8
?[ubrucg - vrucg - urucg] ktrah .rt hvn :ubnmg
,t ohktua ubjbt /9
?[ofrucg - orucg - urucg] cuy kfut vzht ohgsuh ohhjv-h
kgc lht /10
?okan ehxgnv [irucg - orucg - urucg]a djv
hnh
ov vn /11
/[orucg - urucg - irUcg] kusd ouh vza urnt kxrUsFv ,Ihbe j G 'iujmhbv hrjt /12
ovk ah /ohskhv [urucg - orucg - rucg] hnUtk jUyhCn
;xf ohkcen ktrahc /13
![orUcg - vrucg - urucg] ;xf vcrv ohkcen ovu 'ohskh vbuna
- lrucg] r,uhc vcuyv ,Urap tv
,tz ot euscku lnmg kg cuajk vfhrm ,t /14
/[orucg - irucg
- ubrucg - lrucg] ,bhhUmn ,tzv vhhbev"
:urnt vrcjv ,t ubea ohkvbnv /15
"![urucg
/[urucg - ubrucg - ofrucg] ihhUmn iur,hp ubk ah /ubhkt utuc /16
/[lrucg - orucg - urucg] jUyhc tmnh tuvu 'juyhcv ifuxk lk /17
/[lrucg - hrucg - urucg] sucgku u,ht sucgk rtab hbt /18
/[lrucg - hrucg - vrucg] vnht,nv vphkjv ,t lnmgk rujck vfhrm ,t /19
?[ubrucg - lrucg - urucg] ,nkha vnf !vph gcuf vzht /20
?[vrucg - hrucg - lrucg] ube ova vb,nvn vmUrn v,t 'hbs /21
/[orucg - lrucg - hrucg] ouenv ,ntc vz /itf hbta jna hbt /22
/[hrucg - lrucg - orucg] kufv uagh ovu 'yeac ca, v,t /23
/[irucg - orucg - vrucg] rd, t thv ,tzv kdrusfv ,mucea ohcauj ov /24
,t urjc, lht /25
?[rucg - urucg - ofrucg] r,uhc cuyv iIrznv
/[vrucg - ubrucg - urucg] ghcmb ubjbta cauju ',x
bF-rcj
,uhvk vmur tuv /26
- 95 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
rcg k - toward(s),
in the direction of, to
hr c
gk hbt
Wr c
gk v,t
lr c
gk ,t
Irc
gk tuv
vrc
gk thv
Ubr c
gk ubjbt
ofr c
gk o,t
ifr c
gk i,t
orc
gk ov
irc
gk iv
- 96 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
,Ugmn t C - through,
by way of, by, via
h,Ug
mn t C hbt
W,Ug
mn t C v,t
l, Ugmn t C ,t
I,Ugmn t C tuv
v,Ug
mn t C thv
of,Ug
mn t C o,t
if,Ug
mn t C i,t
o, Ugmn t C ov
i, Ugmn t C iv
The word hg
mn t in Hebrew means mean as in English - both
something to use as a tool and middle!
- 98 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 99 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
h h hbt
Wh W v,t
Qhh *Q '*Q ,t
uh I tuv
vh
V thv
ofh of o,t
ifh if i,t
ovh
*ov
'*o ov
ivh
*iv
'*i iv
The most common preposition conjugated by the plural form are the
following: kg 'ihC '(hbP kg 'hbp kn)
hbp k '(hrIjtn)
hrj t 'kt '(k ,j , n ',j , n)
,j , 'kg
/,IsIt 'hP
kF 'hs
h kg 'ihC 'hs
h-kg 'hP
kF 'hCdk 'hCd
- 100 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Whkg v,t
lhhkg ,t
uhkg tuv
vh
kg thv
Ubhkg ubjbt
ofhkg o,t
ifhkg i,t
ovh
kg ov
ivh
kg iv
kg looks like word in singular, yet is conjugated with the plural suffixes.
However, in poetic biblical texts, as well as in some early Modern Hebrew
poems (khkDC oJ 'vgc
d hkg - a poem about Trumpeldor), the plural form hkg
is used.
- 101 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
In colloquial Modern Hebrew there are many expressions with kg, such
as jUy
C kg - for sure, uhkg scug - trick him, hhkg ejIm
- laugh at me,
mock me, vPUev kf kg lkuv, etc.
- 102 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- kg] rcsn tuvu '[ivhkg - vhkg - uhkg] cauj inzv kf tuv /vbhr ,t cvut tuv /1
/;ux hkc [uhkg - vhkg
uka tctv od /,hhc hrugha ihfv tk tuv hf hrut [uhkg - vhkg - kg] vxgf tnht /2
/[uhkg - ovhkg - vhkg] xgf
/[ofhkg - ifhkg - ovhkg] ukta okuf ?vchxnk o,tc tk vnk /3
!oukf lk h,hag tk ?[ovhkg - lhhkg - hhkg] ,xguf ,t vnk /4
/[ovhkg -kg - ubhkg] ubrchsaf euhsc utc ov /5
/vkhkv kf [kg - ovhkg - hhkg] h,nkju 'yrxc ohshjpn ohrcs h,htr /6
/[ofhkg - hhkg - ovhkg] ofk h,rphxa ohrpxv vkt /7
/[ivhkg - ovhkg - hhkg] ,cauj inzv kf hbt - vkt ,uhgcv /8
/[ubhkg - vhkg -hhkg] ,xguf hbt hf 'v,ht ,rcsn tk hbt /9
/[hhkg - ovhkg - lhkg] ukta okuf /,tc tka kcj /10
/vcrv [uhkg - ovhkg - kg] uc,f ifk 'ohcuaj ohabt ov /11
/[ubhkg - ovhkg - uhkg] yrx ubhtru 'ohdb heh
uv
kg ubsnk /12
/inzv kf [vhkg - kg - uhkg] cauj tuvu 'v,ut cvut tuv /13
/[ivhkg - hhkg - ovhkg] ofk h,rphxa ohrcjv vkt /14
vbrutu ,hrG /ohcuy ohrcs [lhkg - hhkg - ovhkg] h,gna !l,ut rhfvk ohgb 'hrUt /15
/vchxnc [uhkg - ivhkg - lhkg] urchs
/[uhkg - ubhkg - ofhkg] ubkta uhafg euhsc /o,tca cuy /16
/[ivhkg - hhkg - vhkg] h,gna kct 'i,ut rhfn tk hbt /17
/[uhkg - lhkg - ovhkg] ukta okuf ?,hhv vpht 'hbur /18
/lf rjt [hhkg - ovhkg - uhkg] lk rpxt hbt /ohbhhbgn ohabt h,adp /19
/[vhkg - hhkg - uhkg] ou,jk h,jfa kct 'ewm h,jka /20
/sutn [kg - ubhkg - uhkg] ghPava yrx ubhtr /21
- 103 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
This lesson deals with the preposition kg to indicate must, have to,
and should.
A common use of kg with infinitive and pronominal suffixes is in the
sense of "have to, must:
,fkk hkg - I must go!
vz ,t ,uGgk Whkg - You must do it!
However, if kg is followed by a (definite) noun, it does not get a suffix:
rnujv ,t ihcvk ohshnk,v kg - The students should know the material.
- 104 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 105 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
h, j , hbt
Wh, j , v,t
Qhh, j , ,t
uh, j , tuv
vh
, j , thv
Ubh, j , ubjbt
ofh, j , o,t
ifh, j , i,t
ovh
, j , ov
ivh
, j , iv
/[,j , n - uh, j , n - vh
, j ,n
] urcg ovu vvucd
rsd oa v,hv /1
/[,j , n - vh
, j , n - uh, j , n ]u 'rhev kg v,hv vbun,v /2
- 106 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 107 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hs
gkC - without
hhs
gkC hbt
Whs
gkC v,t
lhhs
gkC ,t
uhs
gkC tuv
vh
s
gkC thv
Ubhs
gkC ubjbt
ofhs
gkC o,t
ifhs
gkC i,t
ov hs
gkC ov
iv hs
gkC iv
hs
gkC is etymologically a combination of kC and hs
g.
- 108 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
kct '[ovhsgkc - vhsgkc - uhsgkc] ,uhjk vkufh tk thv /sutn u,ut ,cvut thv /1
/[ovhsgkc - uhsgkc - vhsgkc] ,uhjk kufh tk tuv od
/[ivhsgkc - ovhsgkc - uhsgkc] rapt-hta jCy nc
ohkFv hba vkt /2
/[uhsgkc - hhsgkc - vhsgkc] rs, xvk
hk vae uhafgu ',hbufnv ,t h,rfn /3
ohhj ubhhv lht - vktv ohcajnv [ovhsgkc - hkc - hhsgkc] ,uhjk rapt lht /4
?[ubhsgkc - ovhsgkc - uhsgkc]
/[ovhsgkc - uhsgkc - ubhsgkc] od jmbk rapt kct 'cuaju cuy iejG tuv /5
/ongan vtrb rhev [uhsgkc - ivhsgkc - ivhsgkc] /,ubun, itf ohak cuaj /6
'[uhsgkc - ovhsgkc - vhsgkc] rcs oua ,uagk kufh tk tuv /sjhc inzv kf ov /7
/[ovhsgkc - vhsgkc - uhsgkc] rcs oua ,uagk vkufh tk thvu
?[ofhsgkc - lhsgkc - ovhsgkc] ohrs,xn ofka ohskhv /8
/[vhsgkc - hhsgkc - uhsgkc] hk re /khgnv ,t vfhrm hbt /9
?[ivhsgkc - vhsgkc - hhsgkc] ,hhcv ,t cuzgk h,kufh lht ?,uhbev ,nhar vpht /10
/[uhsgkc - ubhsgkc - lhsgkc] khj,b tk /Wk ohfjn ubjbt /11
![vhsgkc - hhsgkc - ivhsgkc] ;hF ann /,aIC
j,v
,t hk ushruv ;ux ;ux /12
shn, tuv /13
/sunkk kufh tk tuv [hhsgkc - uhsgkc - ovhsgkc] /ohrUsf jeuk
[ubhsgkc - hhsgkc - vhsgkc] vkufh tk thv /sjh shn, ubjbtu ,ucuy ,urcj ubjbt /14
/[ubhsgkc - vhsgkc - hhsgkc] vkufh tk hbtu
- hhsgkc - vhsgkc] ,Uskh v,ut v,hv tk hka ,Uskhv /ohrsvb ohrcj hk uhv /15
/[ovhsgkc
- 109 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 110 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
kt - to
hhkt hbt
Whkt v,t
lhhkt ,t
uhkt tuv
vh
kt thv
Ubhkt ubjbt
ofhkt o,t
ifhkt i,t
ov hkt ov
iv hkt iv
- 111 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
Please note that kt and k are usually NOT identical. They are used as
different governing prepositions.
Always hk rpxn 'hk ihntn, etc. but ovhkt lkuv 'hhkt tc, etc.
/kfutv og ubk uFj, kt kct 'gcac [uhkt - ofhkt - ubhkt] tucb ubjbt /1
/gucav ;uxc ghdh tuva ubk shdvk [kt - uhkt - ubhkt] rae,v tuv /2
/,ues vnf sug er vFj /[ivhkt - lhkt - hhkt] lrsc hbt 'ktUna /3
![vhkt - lhhkt - hhkt] hbnn vcvtc - vecr /4
?ohbug tk o,t vnk '[ofhkt - kt - hhkt] ,rcsn hbt 'ohskh /5
/[lhhkt - uhkt - ubhkt] cre,v kusd ckf out,pu 'ertPc ubfkv /6
/,hrcg [ivhkt - ubhkt - uhkt] rcsk khj,v uvahnu 'vhbrIphkec
,uhjv idc ubsng /7
/rtusc uka rpxv ,t [kt - uhkt - vhkt] jka, thva aehc tuv /8
/rumhec ubg,a ,aecn hbtu '[ivhkt - hhkt - ofhkt] ,ukta vnf hk ah 'ohshnk, /9
/[ivhkt - ofhkt - uhkt] rah vsGvn ,Ierh ubk ah 'ohreh ,IjIek /10
- ohhry
- 112 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
/vtcv vbac [vhkt - ubhkt - uhkt] ruzjbqcuab /iuknv ,t sutn ubcvt /11
/hk urzg,a aecnu [ifhkt - uhkt - vhkt] vbup hbt /12
/rjUtn r,uh [hhkt - kt - ovhkt] h,prym v hbtu 'ufkv ov /13
vrzj thv ut [vhkt - ovhkt - uhkt] rzj tuv /sjhc cua ov kct 'usrpb vbju hsd /14
?[ovhkt -vhkt - uhkt]
?uczga ,ujuek [ovhkt - ofhkt - kt] urhzj, lht :ohexgv hkgc kfk /15
/vbhjck sjh snkbu vbunac [vhkt - hhkt - lhhkt] tuct hbt 'vkUa /16
/ouhv er v,ut h,kche kct 'guca hbpk [kt - hhkt - vhkt] vjkab vkhcjv /17
!djk [ubhkt - uhkt - ovhkt] ughdh ubka ohskhv hf 'sutn ohjnG ubjbt /18
ruzgk hkfu, ,ta vuue,c [uhkt - lhhkt - ofhkt] vzv c,fnv ,t ohc,uf ubjbt /19
/ubk
/[ifhkt - uhkt - vhkt] vcure hfv vsgxnk ufk 'inz ifk iht ot /20
!vph tk vrUmc [kt - uhkt - ubhkt] rchs tuv /kvbnvn ohmurn tk ubjbt /21
/sutn [uhkt - vhkt - ovhkt] ugdgd,v ohskhvu 'gucak vgxb thv /22
/[ubhkt - hhkt - lhhkt] vkta hk ah 'h,ur /23
euhsc [vhkt - ovhkt - ubhkt] ohrae,na ',urhfnv habt ,t ohtbuG ubjbt /24
/crg ,jUrt ohkfut ubjbtaf
/vktv ,unuenv [ubhkt - kt - uhkt] ruzjb sug ubjbt /25
/,ubgk ohchhj tk o,tu 'vkta [ofhkt - vhkt - hhkt] hk ah /26
?vkhkc rjutn lf kf [kt - uhkt - lhkt] rae,va vhv vz hn 'oUjb /27
xbFhh ubka ckfva ohmur tk ov hf '[ovhkt - uhkt - ubhkt] ohfkuv tk ubjbt /28
/v,hhcv [ubhkt - uhkt - ovhkt]
[ubhkt - hhkt - uhkt] tuck kfut inz hk vhvh ota 'i,bk shd, /29
/gcac
/ruehck [ubhkt - kt - ovhkt] ohghdn ktrahn ubka ohrcjv /30
- 113 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hhbp k hbt
Whbp k v,t
lhhbp k ,t
uhbp k tuv
vh
bp k thv
Ubhbp k ubjbt
ofhbp k o,t
ifhbp k i,t
ovh
bp k ov
ivh
bp k iv
kf - cuy usnk, ot /1
/[ofhbpk - ivhbpk - uhbpk] ,ujU,p uhvh ,uhUrap tv
- vhbpk - uhbpk] ru,c h,hhva ukhpt '[ubhbpk - hhbpk - vhbpk] vPUek ,fkuv thv /2
/[ubhbpk
/,ubgku turek ohfhrm o,ta ,ukta vnf ah [hbpk - ofhbpk - ivhbpk] /3
![hhbpk - ofhbpk - ovhbpk] ohhjv kfu 'ohrhgm sug o,t /4
/[ovhbpk - hbpk - vhbpk] rUrn , vtr, 'vrvbnk
cre , ,af
/5
gxhb ubjbtu '[ofhbpk - ubhbpk - uhbpk] gxhh hbs /gmntc gxhb ubjbt 'ehmhtu vkUa /6
- 114 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 116 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hhrj t hbt
Whrj t v,t
lhhr j t ,t
uhrj t tuv
vh
rj t thv
Ubhrj t ubjbt
ofhrj t o,t
ifhrj t i,t
ovh
rj t ov
ivh
rj t iv
- 117 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 118 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hhCdk hbt
WhCdk v,t
lhhC dk ,t
uhCdk tuv
vh
Cdk thv
UbhCdk ubjbt
ofhCdk o,t
ifhCdk i,t
ovh
Cdk ov
ivh
Cdk iv
/vhhb C-h
rnuj
[ubhcdk - ovhcdk - hcdk] gshn utmn, vp /1
/[ovhcdk - vhcdk - ubhcdk] ohbU,b oua ubk iht kct 'vrc jv
kg vgsuv ubkche /2
/vrea vn [hcdk - vhcdk - uhcdk] reha tk ihsh hjhct
/3
/[ofhcdk - ivhcdk - uhcdk] epx
ihta ,uscUg
iv vkt /4
?[vhcdk - ovhcdk - ofhcdk] ofka vgsv vn - vktv ohasjv ,UthrCv hbhhbg /5
/[uhcdk - vhcdk - hhcdk] vkta
hk ahu 'lrC C jU,hb
,uagk lhrm hbt /6
/aajv
ohhe vhv [ovhcdk - hcdk - ubhcdk]a 'cfr -hkF vnf Ues c
b /7
/[vhcdk - uhcdk - hhcdk] vjuyc tk hbtu 'uvahnc h,cvt,v /8
- 119 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 120 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hP
kF - toward(s), to
hhPkF hbt
WhPkF v,t
lhhPkF ,t
uhPkF tuv
vh
PkF thv
UbhP
kF ubjbt
ofhP
kF o,t
ifhP
kF i,t
ovh
P
kF ov
ivh
P
kF iv
- 121 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
/[ubhpkf - uhpkf - hhpkf] vahdrn hbt vn ,gsuh tk hbt kct 'snjb rUjc tuv /3
uhpkf -vhpkf] ,unhktk ,unru,
ohab otv :ktua vphj ,yhxrchbUtc asj rejn /4
?[ivhpkf -
ahdrn tuva vn [ubhpkf - hhpkf - uhpkf] vahdrn hbt ot h,ut kta o,Ir
/5
[uhpkf - hhpkf - ovhpkf]
uhv vnu 'ouhv ,sc ohab [vhpkf - hpkf - ivhpkf] ,uh,ruxnv
,usngv ivn /6
?ohba vtn hbpk [ivhpkf - ovhpkf- vhpkf] ,usngv
,ucuj iv vnu 'ebC v [ubhpkf - uhpkf - hpkf] ubka ,ucIjv vn rrck ohfhrm ubjbt /7
/[ubhpkf - ovhpkf - uhpkf] ebcv
- uhpkf - ovhpkf] ahdrvk lht eUhsc ohgsuh tk ohabta ,h,rc j vmUce ,tz /8
/[vhpkf
ohfhrm otv ?ohhj-hkgc [hpkf - ubhpkf - ovhpkf] xjh
h, vk
ohfhrm lht /9
?ost-hbc [ubhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkf] unf [hpkf - ovhpkf - ubhpkf] xjhh,vk
'[uhpkf - ovhpkf - ubhpkf] sucf ka xjh vhvhau ohruvv ,t lhrgvk lhrma icun /10
ohskhv [uhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkf] sucf ka xjh od ,uhvk lhrm ohruvv kfk kct
/ovka
/[vhpkf - ivhpkf - uhpkf] ,ubgyk
vchav vrc jv
ypanv ,hcc /11
/[vhpkf - ubhpkf - ivhpkf] ,Uhrjt ubk ahu ubka ,ubCv iv /12
/rsxc kufv ukhtf ,dvb,n thv .uj [hpkf - vhpkf - uhpkf] /13
ohahaev [uhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkf] srGnv
ka ,udvb,vv ,t vbhcn tk hbt /14
/[hhPkf - ovhpkf - vhpkf] vhy
reruhcvu
vhpkf] ,sjUh
n ,uhrjt ah ostku 'vthrCvn
ekj ov ohhjv hkgc ',usvhv hP-kg /15
/[ovhpkf - uhpkf -
od cuaj kct 'ohrun [uhpkf - hpkf - ovhpkf] ohskhk ah xjh vzht sutn cuaj /16
/[uhpkf - uvhpkf - ovhpkf] vjpank ah xj
h vzht
- 122 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 123 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
,tre
k - towards,
in the direction of
h,t
re
k hbt
W,t
re
k v,t
l, tre
k ,t
I,tre
k tuv
v,t
re
k thv
Ub, tre
k ubjbt
of,t
re
k o,t
if,t
re
k i,t
o, tre
k ov
i, tre
k iv
- 124 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
lI,C - inside,
in, within, among
hfI,
C hbt
WfI,
C v,t
lf I,C ,t
IfI,C tuv
vfI,C thv
offI,
C o,t
iffI,
C i,t
ofI,C ov
ifI,C iv
- 125 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
lI,k - into
hfI,
k hbt
WfI,
k v,t
lf I,k ,t
IfI,k tuv
vfI,k thv
offI,
k o,t
iffI,
k i,t
ofI,k ov
ifI,k iv
- 126 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
lrItk - into
hF rIt
k hbt
WF rIt
k v,t
lF rIt
k ,t
IFrIt
k tuv
vFrIt
k thv
UbF rIt
k ubjbt
oFrIt
k o,t
iFrIt
k i,t
oFrIt
k ov
iFrIt
k iv
- 127 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
hs
h-kg - by, by means of, through
hs
h-kg hbt
Whs
h-kg v,t
lhhs
h-kg ,t
uhs
h-kg tuv
vh
s
h-kg thv
Ubhs
h-kg ubjbt
ofhs
h-kg o,t
ifhs
h-kg i,t
ovh
s
h-kg ov
ivh
s
h-kg iv
- 128 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
h,IsIt
hbt
Wh,IsIt
v,t
lhh,IsIt
,t
uh,IsIt
tuv
vh
,IsIt
thv
Ubh,IsIt
ubjbt
ofh,IsIt
o,t
ifh,IsIt
i,t
ovh
,IsIt
ov
ivh
,IsIt
iv
- 129 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
shk on behalf of oJ C
beside, next to, at
iUuhfk
in, inside (of), lI,C
along, toward(s)
within, amongst,
per kfk amid
without tkk within oUj, C
underneath n vyn
k like k vnIS
except (for), apart *ygn
k through, via lrs
from, aside from,
thanks to k ,usIv
excluding, besides
ign
k except (for), apart ,kUz
toward, for
from, aside from,
in spite of, *,Irn
k excluding, besides
notwithstanding,
except (for), apart n .Uj
despite
from, aside from,
for la n
k excluding, besides
toward, towards rcg k like F
to, versus ,nUgk including (,t) kkuF
according to, in hp
k toward hP
kF
accordance with,
as, like InF
under
- 131 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
concerning ratc
'k xj
hC in front of kUn 'hbp k
k oIen C
in lieu of
considering c ca j , v C oIen C
in place of
despite ,Irn
k ,Irn
k
in spite of
due to ,UfzC 'kkdC kkuF ',ICrk
including
'(positively) (,t)
ce
g
inpite of ;t kg
during la nc
'inzC
inside (of) lI,C
except 'n .Uj 'k yrP
,kUz 'ygn
k instead of oIen C
excluding 'sckn '///n .Uj into lu,k 'k 'kt
,kUz 'k yrP
like k vnIS
'F 'unF
following ',Ice g C 'hrjt
near cure ',cr e C
///k ratc
ktqk
next to shk 'sh-kg
notwithstanding ,Irn
k
of n 'ka
- 134 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 135 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
- 136 -
huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
Is Roni at home.
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
- 138 -