Chapter 7: Shafts

7-1 Introduction

A shaft is a rotating member, usually of circular cross
section, used to transmit power or motion.

It provides the axis of rotation, or oscillation, of elements
such as gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets.

Topics

Material selection

When a man has a vision, he
Geometric layout

cannot obtain the power from that
Stress and strength

vision until he has performed it on
Deflection and rigidity

the Earth for the people to see.
Vibration

Black Elk

7-2 Shaft materials

7-3 Shaft layout

Low carbon, cold-drawn or hot-rolled steels.

High alloy content and strengthening from heat treatment are
not recommended as it reduces fatigue strength.

Started to examine the low-cost low- & medium carbon steels

Alloy steels ANSI 1340-50, 3140-50, 4140, 4340, 5140 and Simple supported

8650.

Surface harden only at the location where the bearings sit.
ANSI 1020, 4320, 4820 & 8620.

Cold drawn steels for diameter less than 3inches

Hot rolled steel should be machined all over.

cantilever

Cast iron for high production

Stainless steels for certain applications.
Torque transmission - Keys, Splines, Setscrews, Pins,




Press or shrink fits and Taper fits

1

 Assembly and Disassembly

7-4 Shaft Design for Stress

Techniques for reducing stress concentration

Shaft Design Equations

Example 7-2
I J K
M c 32 M a M c 32 M m
a = K f a = K f ; m = K f m = K f y Wr =197lbf
I d 3 I d 3 23
Wt23=540lbf
Ta c 32Ta Tm c 32Tm RAy Wr54=885lbf
a = K f = Kf ; m = K f = Kf
I d 3 I d 3 RBx
Wt54=-2431lbf
1/ 2 M I = 33412 + 14722 = 3651lbf in
32 K f M a 2 16 K fsTa 2 A B
' 2 2
a = a + 3 a = x
3 + 3 d 3 M J = 3996 2 + 1632 2 = 4316 lbf in
d z RAz RBz M K = 2220 2 + 9072 = 2398 lbf in
1/ 2 RAz=115lbf T=540(12/2)=3240lbfin 1632
32 K f M m 2 16 K fsTm 2
RAy=356.7lbf
m' = m2 + 3 m2 = 3
+ 3 3
1472
907
d d RBz=1776lbf 1776
713
DE - Goodman
1 a' m' RBy=725.3lbf
= + 357
n S e Sut 160
1 16 1 1
= [
(4 K f M a ) + 3(K fsTa )
2 2 1/ 2
+ (4K f M m )2 + 3(K fsTm )2 1/ 2
] [ ] 115 4316
n d 3 S e Sut 655
1/ 3
16 n 1 1
d = [
(4 K f M a ) + 3(K fsTa )
2 2 1/ 2
]
+ (4K f M m )2 + 3(K fsTm )2 1/ 2
[ ] 725 3341
2220
S e Sut 3996

2

 Example 7-2
Example 7-2

Estimate Kt=1.7 and Kts=1.5 from Table 7-1 Se = k a kb 0.5Sut = (0.883)(0.835)(0.5)(68) = 25ksi
Choose 1020 Steel with Sut=68ksi k a = aS utb = 2.7(68)
0.265
= 0.883 At keyway
S e = k a kb 0.5Sut = (0.883)(0.9)(0.5)(68 ) = 27 ksi 1.625
0.107

0.265
kb = = 0.835
k a = aS utb = 2.7(68 ) = 0.883 0.3
1/ 3 kc = k d = ke = 1
kb = 0.9(assumed) 16 n 1 1 2 1 / 2
d = [
(4 K f M a ) ]
2 1/ 2
+ [ ]
3(K fsTm ) 32 K f M a 32(1.49 )(3651)
kc = k d = ke = 1 S e Sut a' = = = 12.9ksi
1/ 3 d 3 (1.625)3
16(1.5) 1 1 2 1 / 2
= [
(4(1.7)(3651))2
1/ 2
] [
3(1.5 3240) ] 16 K fsTm 2
1/ 2
3 (16 )(1.33)(3240 )
27000 68000 m' = 3 = = 8.86 ksi
= 1.65in 1.625in
d 3 (1.625)3
At the shoulder D d = 1.2; D = 1.2(1.625) 1 a' a' 12.9 8.86
= + = + = 0.645
r d = 0.1; r = 0.16in n S e Sut 25.1 68
K t = 1.6 (Fig.A 15 9), q = 0.82 (Fig.6 20) n = 1.55
K f = 1 + 0.82(1.6 1) = 1.49
K ts = 1.35 (Fig.A 15 8), qs = 0.95 (Fig.6 21)
K f = 1 + 0.95(1.35 1) = 1.33

7.5 Deflection Consideration

7-7 Miscellaneous Shaft Components

1/ 4 Setscrews

nd yold
Determining a new diameter
d new = d old Holding power the resistance to axial

yall motion of the collar relative to the shaft

1/ 4
nd (dy / dx )old
d new = d old
(slope)all

Angular deflection
Ti li
= i =
Gi J i
Torsional Stiffness
1 1 Socket Setscrews (a) flat point (b) cup point (c) oval point

=
k ki (d) cone point (e) half-dog point

3

 Keys and Pins
Retaining ring

Gib-head key

(a) Square key

t

(b) Round key
Woodruff key

External ring
Internal ring

(c) Round pins

(d) Round pins

(e) Taper pins

(f) Split tubular pin
F
= < S ys
tl

See Tables A-11 and A-13

For the hole
Dmax = D + D
7-8 Limits and Fits
Dmin = D
For shafts with clearance fits c, d, f, g and h
d max = d + F
d min = d + F d

For shafts with clearance fits k, n, p, s and u

d max = d + F
d min = d + F + d

Interference fits
p=
d d o2 + d 2 d d 2 + d i2
+ o + 2 i
Eo d o2 d 2 Ei d d i
2

p=
( )(
E d o2 d 2 d 2 d i2 )

2d 3 d o2 d i2
= d shaft d hub
min = d min Dmax
max = d max Dmin