RSU JET Vol. 16, No.

1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(Earthquake and Seismic Design Principles for Buildings)

Email: nares@rsu.ac.th

ABSTRACT
Building Construction Acts for constructional design and calculation of building and building supporting ground
to withstand earthquake have been put into actions for several years. These regulations covered many provinces including
Bangkok area. According to these regulations, engineers must take measures on the damaging effects of earthquake on
building strength and behavior into consideration once making the design. Unfortunately, the basic knowledge of
earthquake, understanding of seismic effects on buildings and the design concept for buildings to resist earthquake are
limited among a small group of people. Not only engineers but also architects play important roles on behaviors of the
designed buildings. Choosing the appropriate form and geometry of buildings has great benefit on seismic resistance.
This paper explains the causes of earthquakes, measurement of earthquake intensity and magnitude, the effects of form
and geometry of buildings and also soil condition on the durability and resistance of buildings to earthquake. The design
concept for building ductility is also mentioned. Ductility of buildings is required in order to provide enough stability with
no collapse when large earthquake occurs.

- 29 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.


-










1 (tectonic plates)
( www.internetgeography.net)


(tectonic plates)
1
1. ( 1 )
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.

7. (faults)

1-5

6-7

- 30 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14 10



2.




3 22
-
7


- 1 (hypocenter)

5
(epicenter) 2
- 2

- 31 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(seismographs)

(logarithmic scale)
3 1
31.6
2
1,000
6
63x1012
(magnitude) (Little Boy
(intensity) Atomic Bomb)
8
1,000
(richter) (hypocenter)
(amplitude)

- 32 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(joule)
3

1
I.
II.
III.
IV.

V.

VI.
VII.
VIII.

IX.
X.
XI.
XII.

(Mercalli)

(Haiti Earthquake 2010) 7
12
1
316,000


- 33 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13 (frequency contents) 2
(body wave)
10

(surface wave)
5-6




1
() (period) 1

(=1/)
-


(T)

T = 0.09hn
(resonance)
(natural frequency) hn

D



(
(frequency contents) )
15
1



- 34 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(The
Mexico City Earthquake 1985) 300

6-15


6 15
4.






7
, 6 5 15, 134
1,319 ( U.S. Geological Survey)
3.


(return period)



(The Mexico
City Earthquake 1985)
8.1
350

- 35 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- -






-



V = ZIKCSW

V

Z



I
3

1)
K



(redundancy)






(equivalent static force method)
C



S
2)




W


3) 5.





- 36 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(simplicity)
(symmetry)

(rigidity)

4




4
(stress)


(structure regularities) (irregular
building configurations) 2
(plan irregularities)
(vertical irregularities)

-


1. (torsional
irregularity)

(story drift)
1.2

( 5 .
)
2. (re-entrant corners)


15%
- 37 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

( 5 50% (
. ) 5 . )
3. (diaphragm 4. (out-of plane
discontinuity) offsets)

( 5 .
50% )

> 1.2 +
2

) )

- 38 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. (nonparallel 70%
systems) 80%

( 6()
5 . )
P-
-
2. (mass irregularity)

1. (stiffness (effective mass)
irregularity)
(soft storey)

) )

) ) )

- 39 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

150 %
6()


3.
(vertical geometric irregularity)


130 %
6()
penthouse
1. - (strong column-weak
4. beam concept)
(in-plane discontinuity in
vertical lateral force-resisting element)
(plastic hinge)


6()
5. -
(discontinuity in capacity)
(weak
storey)
80% ( 7()
)
( 7()
)
6()

6. (ductility)


2.


- 40 -
RSU JET Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(confinement)
(spiral stirrups)
(closed stirrups)

) )

7
3. ..
2550, 124 86
17-24.
4. [2] Ambrose J., Vergun D., Design for Earthquakes,
John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, 1999.
[3] Dowrick D. J., Earthquake Resistant Design for
Engineers and Architects, 2nd Edition, John Wiley
& Sons. Inc., Chichester, 1987.
5. [4] Paulay T., Priestley M. J. N., Seismic Design of
Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings, John
Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, 1992.
6. [5] Architectural Institute of Japan, Design Essentials
7. in Earthquake Resistant Buildings, Architectural
Institute of Japan, Tokyo, 1970.
[6] International Conference of Building Officials,
Uniform Building Code (UBC), Whittier, CA., 1997.
7.
[1]

- 41 -