Foreign Literature

According to the Pacific Policy Resource Center (2010), the professionals claim that the

assumption that minority students are solely responsible in assimilating and

incorporating themselves to the culture of the college excuses institutions from dealing

with their own barriers to retention.

Many of the theories used in studies of college student retention have been developed

in reference to a theoretical model of persistence by Tinto (1975). According to Tinto,

persistence occurs when a student successfully integrates into the institution

academically and socially. Integration, in turn, is influenced by pre-college

characteristics and goals, interactions with peers and faculty, and out-of classroom

factors.

Research has shown that there are not only economic advantages for individuals who

obtain college degrees in comparison to those with high school diplomas only, but also

increased well-being in terms of health and civic engagement (Day and Newburger

2002; Dee 2004; Ross and Wu 1996). Thus, access to college and college retention are

important areas of focus when considering education and its impact on well-being.

According to Bean and Barbara Metzner (1985) retaining a student is fundamental to

the ability of an institution to carry out its mission. A high rate of attrition (the opposite of

retention) is not only a fiscal problem for schools, but a symbolic failure of an institution

to achieve its purpose.

According to Ernest Pascarella and Patrick Terenzini (1991) Since 1970, the main

theoretical tradition in the study of student retention has been sociological, involving a

search for commonalities of behavior that distinguish groups of students who stay from

groups of students who leave. Psychological and socio-psychological approaches,

concerned with how individuals assess themselves in an educational context, began to

develop after 1980. In the decade of the 1990s there was an increasing interest in how

economic factors affect retention and in how the cultural factors typical of subgroups of

students affect retention decisions, particularly in terms of minority student retention.

Other theoretical approaches have been taken, but have had little empirical study.

Local Literature

According to Leavitt (2007), the retention policy gives emphasis and importance in

every aspect of our study. It is quite important to industry and other professions.

According to Nagaoka and Roderick (2004), they give importance whether retention

policy has greater impact and positive effect in every student.