Abby Flanagan, Katelyn Sousa, Kiley Castle, & Tad Hyatt

Block B3

Heat of Solution Lab

PROBLEM: What is the effect of different salts on water?

HYPOTHESIS: If the Sodium Chloride (table salt) is added to the water, then average kinetic
energy will decrease because salt is a cooling agent.

VARIABLES:
Independent Variable: Type of salt
Dependent Variable: The change in temperature
Constants:(describe at least 3) The volume of water, 5 grams of each type of salt, 35 milliliters of
water, 1 minute stirring time.

MATERIALS:
- Digital Scale
- Thermometer
- 50mL Beaker
- 100 mL Graduated Cylinder
- Room Temperature Water
- Soapy Water
- 4 Different Salts (NaCl, CaCl2, NH4CL)
- Stirring Stick
- 3 Plastic Containers
- Stopwatch(Phone)

CONTROL: The water without salt, because it won't be affected by anything other than itself.

PROCEDURE:

1. The 50 mL beaker was filled with 35 mL of water.

 2. The initial temperature (oC) of the water was recorded using a thermometer.
3. 5g of Sodium Chloride, NaCl, measured with a digital scale, was added to the
water.
4. The Sodium Chloride was stirred for 1 minute using a spatula, recorded by a
stopwatch on a phone.
5. The final temperature (oC) of the water was recorded using a thermometer.
6. The 50 mL beaker was filled with 35 mL of water.
7. The initial temperature (oC) of the water was recorded using a thermometer.
8. 5g of Calcium Chloride, CaCl2, measured with a digital scale, was added to the
water.
9. The Calcium Chloride, CaCl2, was stirred for 1 minute using a spatula, recorded
by a stopwatch on a phone.
10. The final temperature(oC) of the water was recorded a thermometer.
11. The 50 mL beaker was filled with 35 mL of water.
12. The initial temperature (oC) of the water was recorded using a thermometer.
13. 5g of Ammonium Chloride, NH4Cl, measured with digital scale, was added to the
water.
14. The Ammonium Chloride, was stirred for 1 minute using a spatula, recorded by a
stopwatch on a phone.
15. The final temperature(oC) of the water was recorded using a thermometer.

DATA:

The Effects Different Salts Have on Water

Type of Solute Initial Temp. (OC) Final Temp. (OC) Change in Temp. (OC)

Water with No Salt 23oC 24oC +1oC

Sodium Chloride 23oC 22oC -1oC

Calcium Chloride 23oC 36oC +13oC

Ammonium Chloride 23oC 15oC -8oC

Graph:
Equations:
No Salt: 1oC = 24oC - 23oC
Sodium Chloride: 1oC = 22oC - 23oC
Calcium Chloride: 13oC = 36oC - 23oC
Ammonium Chloride: 8oC = 15oC - 23oC
VALIDITY:
Constants
- The volume of water (35mL)
- The salt had the
same area to heat each trial.
- Stirring Time (1 Minute)
- Each salt has
the same measure of time, so
one doesnt have more time to
dissolve than the other.
- 5 grams of each salt
- If any more was
added, then the water may heat
up more or less than if all three
had the same measure.
Improvements
- Consistency of the Salts
- So the salts will
dissolve at the same rate. If
kept the same, then all of the
salts would not fully dissolve
in the same amount time.
- Adding trials
- If more trials
are performed, then the more
accurate the data will be.
- More accurate Scale
- If our scale is more accurate, we
can make sure the right volume
 ` of salt is added to the water.

This experiment was valid because everything needed for an experiment to be valid was
present. Three improvement that could be made are the consistency of the salts, adding more
trials, and having a more accurate scale. Having the salts the same consistency would make it so
that they all dissolve at the same rate. If kept the same, then all of the salts would not fully
dissolve in the same amount time. Secondly, if more trials are performed, then the more accurate
the data will be. Lastly, if our scale is more accurate, we can make sure the right volume of salt is
added to the water.

CONCLUSION:
The hypothesis of this experiment suggested if the table salt (Sodium Chloride) is added
to the water, then average kinetic energy will decrease, because salt is a cooling agent. The
hypothesis was correct, as the temperature of the water did slightly decrease.
The data collected supports the hypothesis because the temperature of the water started
off at 23oC and the final temperature was recorded at 22oC. There was an outlier in the
experiment. That was the Calcium Chloride which increased in temperature by 13oC. When the
other salts were added, they decreased the temperature of the water instead. The changes in the
controlled waters temperature was +1oC. It started off at 23oC and increased to 24oC. The initial
water temperature before the Sodium Chloride was added started at 23oC and it decreased -1oC to
22oC. The initial water temperature before the Calcium Chloride was 23oC and after the salt was
added in increased +13oC to 36oC. Lastly, the initial water temperature before the Ammonium
Chloride was added was 23oC and it decreased -8oC to 15oC.
The water decreased in temperature when the Sodium Chloride was added because an
endothermic reaction occurred. When Calcium Chloride was added the the water, the
temperature increased. This occurred because as it dissolved, the Calcium Chloride released its
heat energy to the water, which is an exothermic reaction. The water, when Ammonium Chloride
is added to it, releases its energy into the salt, giving it its heat energy and causing it to dissolve.

REAL LIFE APPLICATION:

The Sodium Chloride is most commonly used as table salts in kitchens and restaurants.
The Calcium Chloride is used in real life to de-ice roads and sidewalks. It is manufactured to
heat up when it comes in contact with water.
Ammonium Chloride is commonly used in cough medicine as a expectorant, a type of medicine
that treats irritation of the broncolor tubes.