Arch foundation-
a)Stabilized compressed earth blocks are made of
mud stabilized with 5% cement/lime etc. and
compacted in block making machine with no
burning. A good walling material as burnt bricks and
is economical, stronger, energy saving and simple to
manufacture.
b) Fly ash gypsum stabilized mud blocks are much
stronger with less water absorption and cheaper
than cement stabilized blocks. With 5 to 10% flyash-
G, 30% saving in cement could be achieved in
addition to utilization of the waste product like
flyash.
c) Flyash- lime gypsum products manufactured by
blending flyash lime and calcined gypsum for making
a useful product named Fal-G , and can be used a
cementations material for mortar/plaster and for
masonry blocks of any desired strength. It can also
be used for road pavements and plain concrete in
the form of Fal-G concrete.
d) Clay red mud burnt bricks produced from alumina red mud or bauxite, an industrial waste of aluminum producing plants in
combination with clay. Posses all the physical properties of normal clay bricks and solves the problem of disposal of the waste
product and environmental pollution. In addition, they have good architectural value as facing bricks due to their pleasing hues of
color.
e) Precast concrete blocks made to similar dimension of stone blocks without large size stone pieces, but using coarse and fine
graded cement. They have excellent properties comparable to other masonry blocks, are cheaper and facilitate speedy construction
and especially suitable where quality clay for bricks making is not available.
INTRODUCTION
ar. Laurie baker is one who worked on cost effective
construction techniques as its best. Baker showed,
in fact, that sustainable technologies when adopted
with care and creativity, could lead to a unique
architectural expression, one that moved the expert
and the layman alike. Proper materials is the basic
need to develop any construction technique . Brick,
wood, stone are three major materials which can be
used in India for any type of construction.
FACTORS AFFECTING CONSTRUCTION COST
ESTIMATION-
Building Cost-
The building construction cost can be divided into
two parts namely:
Building material cost : 65 to 70 %
Labor cost : 65 to 70 %
Size-The smaller the project in terms of scope or
the number of square feet, the more it will cost per
square foot.
Type-Different types of project have different levels
of complexity and detail.
These were the factors affecting the budget of
making any structure but we are here to know more
about the construction techniques- the techniques
which helps us in reducing the cost of structure.
So, lets move towards the techniques
L O W C O ST ELECTIVE 2ND SUBMITTED TO :PROF: SEWA RAM AGARWAL
This type of foundation was used in olden times
where in spread foundation is replaced by inverted
arch .
It reduces the construction cost up to 40%
Advantage of this is-In soft soils that the depth of
foundation can be greatly reduced; disadvantage is
that the end piers have to be specially strengthened
by buttresses so as to avoid the thrust to arch action
tending to rapture the piers junction.
Plinth
It is recommended to adopt 1 ft. height
above ground level for the plinth and may
be constructed with a cement mortar of
1:6.
The plinth slab of 4 to 6 which is normally
adopted can be avoided and in its place
brick on edge can be used for reducing the
cost.
By adopting this procedure the cost of
plinth foundation can be reduced by about
35 to 50%.
WALLS
While laying bricks, the manner in which they
overlap is called the bond.
Filler slab-technique
The filler slab is based on the principle that
The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on
for roofs which are simply supported, the their sides having a cavity of 4? (100 mm), with
upper part of the slab is subjected to alternate course of stretchers and headers.The
compressive forces and the lower part of headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent
the slab experience tensile forces. Concrete layers to give more strength to the walls.
is very good in withstanding compressive
forces and steel bears the load due to
tensile forces. Thus the lower tensile region
BRICK JALI
Brick jali can be used instead of parapet wall
of the slab does not need any concrete
or boundary walls...
except for holding the steel reinforcements
together. Lets watch out for some examples....
Therefore in a conventional RCC slab lot of concrete is wasted and it needs
extra reinforcement due to added load of the concrete which can
otherwise be replaced by low-cost and light weight filler materials, which
will reduce the dead weight as well as the cost of the slab to 25% (as 40%
less steel is used and 30% less concrete)
Instead of using regular walling system of
Jack arch roof/floor lintel and window system ,jali work can
help cost estimation.
They are easy to construct, save on
cement and steel, are more appropriate in
hot climates. These can be constructed
using compressed earth blocks also as
alternative to bricks for further economy.
SHUBHAMNIGAM BARCH5TH YEAR
1236181027
 Coggurated
galvanized iron
sheet
Fixed over
L section
purlin

FILLER SLAB

190 MM
THICK WALL

190 MM
THICK WALL

SECTION
190 MM
THICK WALL

Brick jail work

High density
fiber board
doors

Plinth level
is + 450

SCALE 1:50
SHUBHAMNIGAM 5TH YEAR
BARCH
L O W C O ST ELECTIVE 2ND SUBMITTED TO :PROF: SEWA RAM AGARWAL 1236181027

DEFECTS DUE TO WEATHER
Effect on various materials
WHAT IS A DEFECT ? -A shortcoming,
imperfection, or lack ,Thus , in term of
defects symptoms and their remedies
CEMENT AND CONCRETE
Concrete when becomes wet and then dries, alternately
expands and contracts. This movement is 0.04% of normal
dense concrete.
This movement can lead to cracking of precast reinforced
concrete units and to greater deflections of simply
supported slabs.
BRICKS AND TILES
Moisture content leads to swelling, shrinkage and weakning
of structure.
The thermal expansion in bricks is greatly exceeded by an
irreversible moisture movement which occurs when newly
fired bricks absorb moisture.

buildings the shortcomings , imperfection or
lack that effect the building in any way
which may be structurally , physically or on
appearance basis , are termed as building
defects
WHAT ARE THE DEFECTS DUE TO WEATHER
The defects in a building that are caused
due to the change in weather conditions are
termed as defects due to weather these
defects are based on difference in weather
conditions.
It also leads to loss of pre-stress in pre-stressed concrete.
Typical expansion of a brick can be around 0.1% to 0.2%.
A normal reversible wetting and drying movement of 0.02%
Water freezing within the pores of concrete can cause
occurs in addition to this.
disruption in exposed positions, for ex in kerbs and bridges. In dry periods, salts ( sulphates ) present in the burnt clay
bricks may crystallize at the surface to give an
PRECAUTIONS- efflorescence due to decrease in moisture content.
Good quality, low permeability concrete along with the PRECAUTIONS-
use of air-entraining agents is not affected by frost.
Do not use bricks fresh from the kiln.
STEEL
Clay bricks, which have a water absorption of less than 7%
Steel is used as reinforcement in concrete, for window
frames, for cladding and decking and in plumbing systems. by weight have a high resistance to damage by frost.
Mild steel rusts and forms flakes when exposed to the
atmosphere.
PRECAUTIONS-
Steel when alloyed with different metals like copper,
chromium, zinc etc. imparts greater resistance to corrosion.

THERMAL MOVEMENT.. JOINTS AND SEALANTS..

Paintwork
Defects in paintwork arise from many
causes, mostly in combination, but the
main culprits are exposure to sunlight
(especially so with dark coatings) and
rain. Pollution and a range of
instabilities of the background can also
cause problems.

Spalling of exposed
edges of external
mosaic adjacent to
joints. Failure mechanisms of sealant.

C o n s t r u c t i o n & material SUBMITTED TO:

AR. MANVENDRA PRATAP SINGH
SHUBHAM NIGAM BARCH 5TH YEAR 12361810127.
MODULAR COORDINATION
Modular coordination is a concept of dimension
and space, in which buildings components are
dimensioned and positioned in a term of basic
KITCHEN
M O D U L A R

Modular kitchens are one way to produce a DIY-style kitchen from your own plans for
the available space. When buying such a kitchen, it's important to know what to look
unit or module. The full benefit of industrialization
can be achieved only by standardization. No for and how to assess the components that go into making the kitchen work well.
effective standardization again is possible in a
building trade without dimensional coordination.
PLANNING
Based on any convenient modular multiple
for regulating space requirements such as
rooms.

REFERENCE SYSTEM Consider advantages Design the Decide on the kitchen Decide on how many
a modular kitchen will kitchen shape. height before base units you'll
The reference system is a system of points, choosing everything. incorporate into the
provide for you
line and plane within which a building kitchen.
and its components are located.
A reference system should be used during
the design stage and also may form the
basis of drawing through which the
measurements are taken on the site
MODULES
BASIC MODULE: the basic module is a
fundamental unit of size in modular Select kitchen wall units. Choose the kitchen Choose suitable door
Choose quality materials.
coordination. The coordinating sizes of colour. material.
building components, of the parts of the
building they form and of the building
themselves shall be in multiples of the basic
module.

1 basic module = 100 mm

MULTI-MODULE: multimodules are selected in

multiples of the basic module. Different
multimodules will suit particular application. Select materials for Determine the final price. Consider the need for Consider the need for
Using multimodules, it is possible to the kitchen counter kitchen appliances. accessories
achieve a substantial reduction in the top.
number of coordinating sizes.

KITCHEN Components

C o n s t r u c t i o n & material SUBMITTED TO:

AR. MANVENDRA PRATAP SINGH
SHUBHAM NIGAM BARCH 5TH YEAR 12361810127.
DUMPER & DUMP TRUCKS WHY TO USE CONVEYORS FORKLIFT
A vehicle which is used to dump things. Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a A forklift (also
A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, wide variety of materials, Many kinds of conveying systems are called a lift truck,
often on building sites. available, and are used according to the various needs of a fork truck, or
Available to the builder for the horizontal movement of different industries. Conveyors are able to safely transport a forklift truck) is a
materials ranging from bricks to aggregates, sanitary materials from one level to another, can be installed almost powered
fittings to scaffolding and fluids such as wet concrete.
Dumpers are distinguished from dump trucks by anywhere, and are much safer than using a forklift or other industrial truck used
configuration: machine to move materials. There are a variety of options to lift and move
A dumper is usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the available for running conveying systems materials short
load skip in front of the driver. The skip can tip to dump the distances.
load; this is where the name "dumper" comes from. They INCREASING THE SERVICE LIFE
are normally diesel powered. CARE AND MAINTENANCE
OF YOUR CONVEYOR
while a dump truck has its cab in front of the load. Steps to ensure conveyors
SYSTEM INVOLVES Forklifts have become an indispensable piece
performance at peak hours
choosing the right conveyor of equipment in manufacturing and
Regular inspections close
type the right system design warehousing operations.
monitoring of motors and
DRIVER CAB and paying attention to
reducers keeping key parts in
regular maintenance
stock and proper training
LIFTING DEVICE practices FORKLIFT CONTROL AND CAPABILITIES
WHEEL CONVEYOR Forklift hydraulics are controlled either with
LOAD SKIP These conveyors do not use any power they levers directly manipulating the hydraulic
transfer lightweight products smoothly valves, or by electrically controlled actuators,
through the rotation of wheels . using smaller "finger" levers for control.
AXLE
CART-ON-TRACK CONVEYORS The latter allows forklift designers more freedom
This conveyor has a track on it. A cart can in ergonomical design
DUMP TRUCK be driven on the track , so it is called cart- The cost of a new forklift can vary between
on-track conveyor. It is used to transport $15,000 to in excess of $150,000, dependent on
carts along the track. the model and in particular the capacity of the
LOAD SKIP forklift.
VIBRATING CONVEYOR
Vibrating Conveyor is a machine with a solid The most common
DRIVER / CAB conveying surface which is turned up on the forklifts are typically
side to form a trough. They are used gas powered and
AXLE extensively in food grade applications where have a capacity of
sanitation, wash down, and low between 2 and 2.5
maintenance are essential. tonnes.
DUMPER
DUMPING LIVE POWERED ROLLER CONVEYOR
EQUIPMENT WHY DO WE USE THEM? Power roller conveyor (also
DUMP TRUCK
to save time called live roller) uses powered rollers to
to save labour convey the load.
for quality control SLAT CONVEYOR
Slat conveyors can be used in severe
applications such as handling hot, oily, or
abrasive material where rubber or canvas
belt conveyors are impractical.

ROLLER CONVEYOR
Of different sizes for different uses
Depending upon the load they transfer the
length of the rollers differ

VERTICAL LIFT CONVEYOR

Continuous vertical lift conveyors are
used to transport unit loads between two
levels with speed and care.

D U M P E R S C O N V E Y O R SF O R K L I F T S
A DUMP TRUCK or production truck is a truck used for RECIPROCATING VERTICAL CONVEYOR
transporting loose material (such as sand, gravel, or dirt) for A discontinuous conveyor that lifts the
construction.
product on to a platform using a
A typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically
operated open-box bed hinged at the rear, the front of platform, roller conveyor or
which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited belt conveyor and then moves
on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery. the platform with the product to another
lifting device (ram works on hydraulic force)attached to a level.
cable that fed over s pulley mounted on a mast behind the VERTICAL CONVEYOR
cab. Vertical conveyor - also commonly
TYPES OF DUMP referred to as freight lifts and material
TRUCKS: lifts - are conveyor systems used to raise
STANDARD DUMP TRUCK :
or lower materials to different levels of a
A standard dump
facility during the handling Process
truck is a full truck
in which the TROUGHED BELT CONVEYOR
dump body is Troughed belt conveyor is that in COUNTERBALANCE FORKLIFT TRUCKS
raised by a which the belt forms a trough on the Counterbalance forklift trucks are the most
hydraulic lifting carrying side while running over idler common type of
device mounted rollers which are either in set of 5 rolls, forklift truck, and the type most people
between the 3 rolls or 2rolls. The troughing angle instinctively think of when thinking of forklifts
truck cab and adopted are: 15, 20 , 25 , 30 , 35 , A typical counterbalanced forklift contains the
the dump body. 40 , 45 . following components:
A standard dump truck has one front axle, and one or more TRUCK FRAME - is the base of the machine to
FLAT BELT CONVEYOR which the mast, axles, wheels, counterweight,
rear axles which typically have dual wheels on each side.
A conveyor belt is the carrying medium overhead guard and power source are
The largest of the standard dump trucks is commonly called a
of a belt conveyor system attached
"centipede" and has seven axles. The rear two axles are
powered and the front axle is the steering axle. COUNTERWEIGHT - is a mass attached to the
The intermediate axles are present to support the weigh over rear of the forklift truck frame.
the length of the truck and sometimes to provide additional BUCKET CONVEYOR CAB - is the area that contains a seat for the
braking power. A bucket elevator, also called a operator along with the controlpedals, steering
TRANSFER DUMP TRUCK: grain leg, is a mechanism for wheel, levers, switches and a dashboard
A transfer dump (colloquially referred to as a "Slam-Bang!" hauling flow able bulk materials containing operator readouts.
because of the noise made when transferring) is a (most often grain or fertilizer OVERHEAD GUARD is a metal roof supported
standard dump truck which pulls a separate trailer which vertically by posts at each corner of the cab that helps
can also be loaded with aggregate (gravel, sand, asphalt, protect the operator from any falling objects.
PNEUMATIC CONVEYOR
clinker, snow, wood chips, triple mix, etc.) POWER SOURCE - may consist of an internal
Pneumatic Conveyor System - makes
combustion engine that can be powered by LP
A triple box can use of pipes or ducts called
gas, CNG, gasoline or diesel fuel.
also be added. transportation lines that carry mixture
TILT CYLINDERS - are hydraulic cylinders that are
Transfer dump of materials and a stream of air. They
mounted to the truck frame and the mast. The
trucks typically are either carrier systems or dilute-
tilt cylinders pivot the mast backward or
haul between 26 phase systems used to transfer
forward to assist in engaging a load.
and 27 tons of powders, granules ,and many other
MAST - is the vertical assembly that does the
aggregate per types of dry bulk materials from one
work of raising and lowering the load. It is
load, each truck process area to another through
made up of interlocking rails that also provide
is capable of 3-5 negative conditions (vacuum) or
lateral stability
loads per day. positive conditions (pressure).
CARRIAGE - is the component to which the
DILUTE-PHASE PNEUMATIC forks or other attachments mount
TRUCK AND PUP: CONVEYOR LOAD BACK REST - is a rack-like extension that is
A truck and pup is very similar to a transfer dump. It consists Dilute phase is a high-velocity either bolted or welded to the carriage in order
of a standard dump truck pulling a dump trailer. The pup system where the conveyed to prevent the load from shifting backward
trailer, unlike the transfer, has its own hydraulic ram and is material is continuously suspended when the carriage is lifted to full height
capable of self-unloading. in the air as it is blown or sucked ATTACHMENTS - may consists of a mechanism
through the pipeline. which is attached to the carriage, either
permanently or temporarily, to help in proper
SUBMITTED BY : engagement of the load.
SUBMITTED TO: SHUBHAM NIGAM TIRES - either solid for indoor use,
AR. MANVENDRA PRATAP SINGH BARCH 5TH YEAR or pneumatic for outside use.
CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL AR 902 12361810127.
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING RRIMT LKO.