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(b)
Figure 2. Schematic illustration of the (a) double retaining ring design, (b) conical outlet design, and (c) Veitscher-Magotteaux retain-
ing ring system.
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(a)
(b)
Figure 3. Expansion allowances (mm) for the double retaining ring design (a) before the initial heat up and (b) before subsequent
heat ups.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4. Expansion allowances (mm) for the conical outlet design (a) before the initial heat up and (b) before subsequent heat ups.
(a)
(b)
Figure 5. Expansion allowances (mm) for the Veitscher-Magotteaux retaining ring system (a) before the initial heat up and (b) before
subsequent heat ups.
1.2 0.0E+00
-2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Thermal expansion in %
Traction in N/mm2
1 -1.0E-05
0.8
-2.0E-05
-2 / -2E-5
0.6
-3.0E-05
0.4 displacement / traction
-4.0E-05
0.2
-1E11 / -1E20
0 -5.0E-05
ANKRAL R2 ANKRAL ZE MAXIAL 310 Displacement in mm
Figure 6. Thermal expansion of magnesia (ANKRAL) and Figure 7. Expansion joint modelling for 2 mm cardboard
alumina (MAXIAL) bricks. spaces.
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The interface elements did not transfer tensile stresses,
shearing stresses, and compression stresses; however, Shape of expansion joint at service temperature
when the space was reduced to zero, compression stresses 1.0
for a thermal analysis of the kiln. Assuming a convection Distance from hot face in mm
Lining Design Due to the expanded brick shape, where expansion had
reduced the joint opening to zero, transfer of the lining
The following kiln data and materials (Table I and II) were
thrust and the highest stress was limited to approximately
used to model the entire kiln.
one-third of the brick height (73 mm) [1].
Table II. Kiln zone lengths, lining materials, and inside tempera-
However, a completely different situation is evident after a
tures. kiln is shut down and the lining is reheated. The expansion
allowance initially provided by the cardboard is lost due to
the downhill movement of the lining, irreversible brick
Modelling Results expansion, and filling of open joints with clinker dust.
The modelled brick deformation caused by thermal expan- Furthermore, the expansion joints are compacted and only
sion at service temperatures was dependent on the dis- provide a limited displacement allowance. The modelling
tance from the hot face, the brick specifications, and the results of this situation are illustrated in Figures 3b, 4b, and
resulting temperature gradient through the brick (Figure 8). 5b. In the following section, the FEM modelling of the lin-
(a)
(b)
Figure 9. Double retaining ring design (a) initial design at service conditions and (b) subsequent heat ups at service conditions. Axial
stresses in N/mm2.
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ing operating at service temperatures for subsequent heat cal design, the load was distributed to a high number of
ups will be discussed in further detail for the three kiln out- brick rings and the axial thrust was partially transformed
let designs. into radial forces. Under these conditions the bricks are
more capable of withstanding a certain level of lining
Double Retaining Rings thrust. These results indicate that to avoid excessive loads
on the outlet segments, particular attention should be
In the case of the double retaining ring design (Figure 9b),
focused on the expansion joint dimensions.
the uphill lining in front of the first retaining ring showed a
high load at the brick hot face and excessive stress on the
first retaining ring (> 100 N/mm2). Only 70 mm of the brick
Veitscher-Magotteaux Retaining Ring System
height was supported by the retaining rings; therefore, Expanding on the basic concept of the conical outlet
extreme sheering forces would occur. Furthermore, the design, a multistep conical retaining ring system was
specific load would easily exceed the strength and structur- developed in 1992 by Veitscher Magnesitwerke (RHI
al flexibility of the bricks resulting in lining failure. Refractories, Vienna, Austria) in cooperation with
(a)
(b)
Figure 10. Conical outlet design (a) initial design at service conditions and (b) subsequent heat ups at service conditions. Axial stress-
es in N/mm2.
Providing the bricks do not move over the first retaining Magotteaux (Vaux-sous-Chvremont, Belgium). This outlet
ring, the strain would be absorbed by the still existing dis- design was termed the Veitscher-Magotteaux retaining ring
placement allowances between the retaining rings; howev- system.
er, there would be a risk of the downhill lining loosening. In
contrast, the model indicated the second retaining ring, as During reheating of the Veitscher-Magotteaux retaining ring
well as the outlet segment was exposed to an acceptable system (Figure 11b) there was also a high load over the
load. entire lining in front of the retaining elements; however,
this load was continuously dissipated within the conical
Conical Outlet Design steps. This dissipation was not only due to diverting the
The conical outlet design (Figure 10b) shows a high load axial thrust into radial forces but the situation was also
over the entire lining and excessive stress (> 100 N/mm2) at considerably improved because the load was distributed
the outlet segments was visible. However, due to the coni- onto three of the brick faces (sloped and side faces). This
(a)
(b)
Figure 11. Veitscher-Magotteaux retaining ring system (a) initial design at service conditions and (b) subsequent heat ups at service
conditions. Axial stresses in N/mm2.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 12. Retaining element stress centres for the (a) double retaining ring design, (b) conical outlet design, and (c) Veitscher-
Magotteaux retaining ring system. Axial stresses in N/mm2.
References
[1] Gortan, D. and Klikovich, M. A stepped, conical, brick retaining ring system. ZKG International, 1994, 8, 480484.
Authors
Hans Ulrich Marschall, RHI Refractories Technology Center, Leoben, Austria.
Andreas Wiry, RHI Refractories, Business Unit Cement and Lime, Vienna, Austria.
Corresponding author: Andreas Wiry, andreas.wiry@rhi-ag.com
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