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Works Cited

Primary Sources

Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe. "From Louis Agassiz 22 July 1868." Received by Charles Robert

Darwin, 22 July 1868. The Darwin Project, www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?

docId=letters/DCP-LETT-6286.xml. Accessed 15 Nov. 2016. Letter. This source is a

letter from Louis Agassiz to Charles Darwin, where Agassiz solidifies his opposition to

Darwin's views on the the topic of evolution. It can illustrate how some scientific leaders

of the time period were strongly opposed to Darwin's work. This is a valid source to use

as the source itself is a personal opinion.

Asa Gray. Darwin Correspondence Project, www.darwinproject.ac.uk/asa-gray. Accessed 30

Jan. 2017. This is a photograph of Asa Gray. It was used in the website.

Barraud, and Jerrard. St. George Jackson Mivart. Wellcome Images,

wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/V0026864.html. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. This is a

photograph of St. George Mivart. This was used in the website.

Black, James Wallace. Prof. Agassiz / James W. Black, Photographer. 1861. Library of Congress,

www.loc.gov/item/2005683065/. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. This is an image of Louis

Agassiz. This was used in the website.

Boxall, William. Adam Sedgwick (17851873), Fellow, Geologist and Woodwardian Professor

(18181878). This is a painting of Adam Sedgwick. This was used in the website.

Burgess, John Bagnold. Herbert Spencer. 1872. National Portrait Gallery,

www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw05948/Herbert-Spencer. Accessed 5 Feb.

2017. This is a portrait of Herbert Spencer. This would be used for the website.
Cameron, Julia Margaret. Portrait of Charles Darwin. 1870. Library of Congress,

www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b00370/. Accessed 30 Jan. 2017. This is a

photograph of Charles Darwin. It was used in the website.

Darwin, Charles. An illustration of four different types of finches. Darwin Online, darwin-

online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A932&viewtype=text&pageseq=1. Accessed 5

Feb. 2017. This is an illustration of finches sketched by Darwin. This was used in the

website.

Darwin, Charles Robert. "To Charles Lyell 10 December 1859." Received by Charles Lyell, 10

Dec. 1859. Darwin Correspondence Project, www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?

docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2575.xml. Accessed 5 Jan. 2017. Letter. This source is a letter

from Charles Darwin to Charles Lyell summarizing Darwin's interview with Richard

Owen, where Darwin remarks on Owen's rudeness towards him. This source can be

useful as it clearly illustrates another important figure who was against Darwin, and

shows the range of opposition towards Darwin. This source is reliable as the author is

simply summarizing an interview he conducted, while also using quotes to emphasize his

points.

Fawcett, Henry. "A Popular Exposition of Mr. Darwin on the Origin of Species." Macmillian's

Magazine, 3 Dec. 1860, pp. 81-92. Darwin Online, darwin-

online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=A23&viewtype=text. Accessed 1

Jan. 2017. This source if from a excerpt of a magazine critiquing Darwin's theory of

evolution. Henry Fawcett in this excerpt brings up certain points that the theory of

evolution should prove and refutes it. He also brings up religion in his argument and

claims that God will always be a way to prove the existence of something. This source is
biased against the theory of evolution as it is coming from a critique, but it is reliable to

show people's response towards Darwinism.

Francis Galton. Darwin Correspondence Project, www.darwinproject.ac.uk/francis-

galton#imagemodal. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. This is a photograph of Francis Galton. This

was used in the website.

Frederick Wollaston Hutton. Teara, www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/484/frederick-wollaston-

hutton. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. This is a photograph of Frederick Hutton. This was used in

the website.

Galton, Francis. "Hereditary Talent and Character." Macmillan's Magazine, vol. 12, 1865, pp.

157+. Classics in the History of Psychology, psychclassics.yorku.ca/Galton/talent.htm.

Accessed 15 Nov. 2016. This source is an article written by Francis Galton on his new

topic of eugenics. It can be used to show one of the ways Charles Darwin impacted the

world with his ideas of evolution, as Galton cited Darwin as an inspiration for the idea of

eugenics. This is a valid source to use as the source itself is literally written by Galton in

order to share his own ideas on society.

Gray, Asa. "Darwin on the Origin of Species." Atlantic Monthly, Aug. 1860, pp. 109-239.

Darwin Online, darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?

itemID=A49&viewtype=text&pageseq=1. Accessed 13 1 2017. This source is a

magazine article written by Asa Gray about Darwin's works. This source provides insight

on an individual that agreed and accepted Darwin's ideas on evolution. He talks about

Darwin's works and what he did along as well as what other people thought of his works.

This source helped to provide insight on what a strong supporter of Darwin believed in.

This is an excellent source as it is by a man who worked with Darwin.


Hewett Cottrell Watson. Ecology Center, www.ecologycenter.us/population-dynamics-

2/specialized-sciences-the-1800s.html. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. This is a photograph of

Hewett Watson. This was used in the website.

Hooker, Joseph Dalton. "[Review of] On the origin of species." The Gardeners' Chronicle and

Agricultural Gazette, 31 Dec. 1859. Darwin Online, darwin-

online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=A511&viewtype=text. This source is

an early review of Darwin's novel, On the Origin of Species, written by Joseph Dalton

Hooker, an ardent supporter of Darwin at the time. The review can be used to show the

vast range of reactions to Darwin's book, and in extension, his theory, as it shows how

people supported Darwin's theory. However, this novel would have bias in favor of

Darwin's theory as it was written by a supporter of him.

Hutton, Frederick Wollaston. "On the Origin of species by Means of Natural Selection; or the

Preservation of Favoured Species in the Struggle for Life." The Geologist, 1860, pp. 464-

72. Darwin Online, darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?

itemID=A55&viewtype=text&pageseq=1. Accessed 4 Jan. 2017. This source is an

excerpt of a magazine article reviewing Darwin's book, Origin of Species. It talks about

how Darwin's theory of evolution has greatly impacted the ideas of biology. It also talks

about criticisms Darwin has received for his works. This source was used to provide

insight on Hutton's and many other scientists' reactions to Darwin's works. This is an

excellent source as it is by a person who has witnessed the initial impact of Darwin's

ideas.
Joseph Dalton Hooker. Darwin Correspondence Project, www.darwinproject.ac.uk/joseph-

dalton-hooker. Accessed 30 Jan. 2017. This is a photograph of Joseph Dalton Hooker. It

was used in the website.

Kipling, Rudyard. The White Man's Burden: The United States & The Philippine Islands, 1899.

New York, Doubleday, sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/kipling.asp. Accessed 1 2 2017.

This source is a poem that justified United States imperialism with Social Darwinism.

This is a valid source as it is by a person who was alive during the American imperialism

period.

Laughlin, Harry Hamilton. Map of Eugenic Sterilization Laws by State. 1914. Center for the

History of Medicine, collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/items/show/6230.

Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. Map. This source is a map of eugenic sterilization laws by state in

the United States. This was used in the website.

Mivart, George. "From St G. J. Mivart 25 April 1870." Received by Charles Darwin, 25 Apr.

1870. Darwin Correspondence Project, www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?

docId=letters/DCP-LETT-6286.xml. Accessed 30 1 2017. Letter. This source is a letter

written by St. George Mivart to Charles Darwin. St. George Mivart was apologizing to

Darwin, talking about natural selection, and talking about what he was currently doing.

This source helped to understand how Mivart felt towards Darwinism. This is a valid

source as it is a first hand account of someone's beliefs.

President Coolidge signing appropriation bills for the Veterans Bureau on the south lawn during

the garden party for wounded veterans. Library of Congress,

www.loc.gov/pictures/item/94508212/resource/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. This is a


photograph of Calvin Coolidge signing bills for the Veterans Bureau. This was used in

the website.

Richard Owen standing next to a skeleton of a Dinornis Maximus. The University of Texas at

Austin, www.lib.utexas.edu/books/nzbirds/html/txu-oclc-7314815-2-31-p-097.html.

Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. This is a photograph of Richard Owen standing next to a fossil of

an extinct bird. This was used in the website.

Sedgwick, Adam. "From Adam Sedgwick 24 November 1859." Received by the author, 24 Nov.

1859. Darwin Correspondence Project, www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-

2548.xml. Accessed 15 Nov. 2016. Letter. This source is a letter from Adam Sedgwick to

Charles Darwin, criticizing his new book, "On the Origin of Species." It can illustrate

how some scientific leaders of the time period were strongly opposed to Darwin's work.

This is a valid source to use as the source itself is a personal opinion.

Simoni, Michelangelo. The Creation of Adam. Michelangelo, www.michelangelo.org/the-

creation-of-adam.jsp. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. This is a painting by Michelangelo. This

was used in the website.

Spencer, Herbert. The Principles of Biology. Williams and Norgate, 1864. This source is a book

written by Herbert Spencer about the principles of biology. This source was used to help

understand the foundations of Social Darwinism. This is a valid source because it was

written by a man who took part in creating the foundations of Social Darwinism.

Watson, Hewett. "From H. C. Watson 21 November [1859]." Received by Charles Darwin, 21

Nov. 1859. Darwin Correspondence Project, www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?

docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2540.xml. Accessed 13 1 2017. Letter. This source is a letter

written by Hewett Watson to Charles Darwin. This source provides a first hand account
of someone's reaction towards Darwin's book, Origin of Species. This is an excellent

source as it is a letter directly written to Charles Darwin.

Wickham, John Clements. H.M.S. Beagle. Darwin Online, darwin-online.org.uk/life8.html.

Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. This is an illustration of the H.M.S. Beagle. This was used in the

website.

Secondary Sources

Bergman, Jerry. "The Effect of Darwinism on Morality and Christianity." Institute for Creation

Research, 2001, www.icr.org/article/effect-darwinism-morality-christianity/. Accessed 5

Jan. 2017. This article is an argument against "Christian Darwinism," written by

creationist, Jerry Bergman. The source is very biased in favor of creationist beliefs, and

uses the author's viewpoint to define a clear reason why a faithful Christian cannot

believe in evolution. Although the source has clear bias, the perspective of the author can

be used to show how a modern creationist opposes to Darwin's ideas.

Burgt, Peter Van der. "Darwin's Impact on the Relation between Science and Religion." Lecture.

This source is a lecture given by Peter van der Burgt. This lecture talks about the

differences between religion and sciences when dealing with life and evolution. It also

talks about how the theory of evolution presented new ideas and arguments into science

which either divided religion from science or united them. This is a valid source because

the lecture was given by an expert within his field of study.

Buss, David M., et al. "Evolutionary Theory and Psychology." American Psychological

Association, May 2009, www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2009/05/sci-brief.aspx. Accessed

1 Jan. 2017. This source is a compilation of the thoughts of different professors of


psychology on Darwin's theory of evolution's influence on modern psychology. This

source is useful as it literally shows one of Darwin's impacts on the modern world. This is

a valid source as each professor used reference sources to justify their thoughts on

Darwin's impact.

Conn, Steven. "Charles Darwin's American Adventure: A Melodrama in Three Acts." Origins:

Current Events in Historical Perspective, Ohio State University, 5 Feb. 2010,

origins.osu.edu/article/charles-darwin-s-american-adventure-melodrama-three-acts.

Accessed 24 Oct. 2016. This source provides information on the groups of people who

opposed Darwin's scientific claims. This source can help illustrate the people who

disagreed with Darwin and the ideas they presented to argue against evolution. Ohio

State is a reputable source and an university which makes it a valid and reliable source.

"Creationism." Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/creationism?

utm_campaign=sd&utm_medium=serp&utm_source=jsonld. Accessed 1 Feb. 2017. This

source is a dictionary definition. It helps to provide an understanding of what creationism

is. This is most definitely a valid source as it comes from a reputable dictionary.

"Darwinism." Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Darwinism. Accessed 1

Feb. 2017. This source is a dictionary that provided us with the definition of Darwinism.

This source helped to provide a better understanding of what Darwinism, or the theory of

evolution, is. This source provided a valid definition because it is from a reputable

dictionary.

"Darwin's Impact." Greater Boston Darwin Bicentennial, Boston University,

www.bu.edu/darwin2009/about/darwinsimpact/. Accessed 15 Nov. 2016. This article on

Darwin's impact presents information on areas of science, especially medical science,


that were influenced by his works. It also provides details on other scientists who

presented their ideas of evolution, and how they were similar or different from Darwin's

theory. This source is reliable as it considers other theories and possibilities of evolution,

and creates valid arguments to explain why they are flawed.

"Darwin's Impact on the Visual Arts Is Illustrated in Exhibit." YaleNews, Yale University, 9 Feb.

2009, news.yale.edu/2009/02/06/darwin-s-impact-visual-arts-illustrated-exhibit.

Accessed 5 Jan. 2017. This source by YaleNews is an article describing how the theories

of Charles Darwin influenced art during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The

information in the source can be trusted, as the studies were made by the highly

respectable Yale University. This information can be used in the project to depict one of

many impacts that Darwin's work had on society and creativity.

Lynn, Richard. Eugenics: A Reassessment. E-book, Santa Barbara, CA, Praeger, 2001. Praeger

Studies of Foreign Policies of the Great Powers. This source is a book by Richard Lynn,

describing the significance of eugenics throughout the 20th century. It is particularly

useful, as it covers a wide range of topics involved with the concept of eugenics, even

going into the specifics of certain countries/states that justified the use of selective human

breeding. This source is reliable, as it was written by Richard Lynn, an English professor

at the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland.

Mayr, Ernst. "Darwin's Influence on Modern Thought." Scientific American, 24 Nov. 2009,

www.scientificamerican.com/article/darwins-influence-on-modern-thought/. Accessed 24

Oct. 2016. This article from Scientific American explains, as the title says, "Darwin's

Influence on Modern Thought." Though this is a general statement, the information

gained from the article spans many ideas that are related to the topic, which is very useful
for finding background information for topics within the main topic. Scientific American

is a reputable source for science-related topics, and therefore makes this source valid for

unbiased information.

Parrish, Judith Totman. "Charles Darwin's Impact on Geology." National Science Foundation,

www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/darwin/textonly/geo_essay2.jsp. Accessed 1 Jan.

2017. This source talks about Darwin's contributions to geology. It explains how studying

geology can help people understand biology better. This source is unbiased as it only

presents facts and does not take a side. This source can help us explain Darwinism's

impact on enhancing the study of certain fields of science.

"Social Darwinism." Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/social%20Darwinism. Accessed 1 2 2017. This source was used

to help define Social Darwinism. Merriam-Webster is a very reputable source for

defining words.

Stevens, Timothy S. "Darwin and Religious Thought." Northwestern University,

www.northwestern.edu/onebook/the-reluctant-mr-darwin/essays/darwin-religion.html.

Accessed 1 Jan. 2017. This source compares the idea of God to Darwinism to show how

both sides prove the cause for the existence of life. It also presents some ideas of how

religion and science could intertwine and help prove the cause for the existence of life.

This is an unbiased source that could help explain how religious thinking differentiated

from scientific thinking to show people's opposition to Darwinism.

Thomson, Keith. "Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum." American Scientist,

www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2000/5/huxley-wilberforce-and-the-oxford-

museum. Accessed 4 Jan. 2017. This source is an online magazine about Darwin's works
and the various people that responded to his ideas. It mostly focused Huxley and

Wilberforce. This source helped to understand the conflict between religion and science.

This is a valid source as it only provides the facts and has no bias.

Valentine, James W. Darwin's Impact on Paleontology. Oxford, England, Oxford UP, 1982.

JSTOR, doi:10.2307/1308902. Accessed 5 Jan. 2017. This book by James W. Valentine

describes the effect that Darwinism had on paleontology, the science of plant and animal

fossils. There is no clear bias present in this source, as all the information is presented in

a factual manner, making the source viable for information. Like other sources, what was

gathered in this book can be used to depict the impact of Darwinism in a certain field, in

this case, paleontology.

Van Wyhe, John. "Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist." Darwin Online, Arts & Humanities

Research Council / Cambridge U Library, 2002, darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html.

Accessed 29 Jan. 2017. This source is a biography of Charles Darwin written by John

Wyhe. This can be used to provide background information on the life of Charles Darwin.

This source is reliable due to the fact that it is from a trusted database, which was used in

several other sources in the project.

Williams, David B. "A Wrangle over Darwin." Harvard Magazine,

harvardmagazine.com/1998/09/darwin.html. Accessed 15 Nov. 2016. This article from

Harvard Magazine explains the significance of many of Charles Darwin's famous works,

and letters from other scientists during his time. The information gathered from the

source will be very useful in the final project, as it helps in proving the thesis with valid

information. The source can be trusted, as the Harvard Magazine is a reputable online

location for finding information.

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