HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT

Ar. Yogesh Bhardwaj

AP. ACA , Agra
 Overview

1. HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT

2. SOLAR CHART AND ORIENTATION

3. DAYLIGHT

4. VENTILATION AND AIR MOVEMENT

THERMAL AND AIR QUALITY

What affects the surroundings you live in?

Air quality is affected by how hot it is outside or inside your environment

What is humidity and what affects humidity?

The amount of moisture that is present within the air will have an effect
on humidity, which is linked to the amount of ventilation entering

What is the normal temperature of a human being?

Human temperature maintain an average core temperature of 37

depending on the metabolic rate
 UNDERSTANDING PSYCHROMETRY

The relationship of all these quantities,

i.e. of dry-bulb and wet-bulb
temperature, and relative humidity is
shown by the psychrometric chart.

CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATES ON PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

HEAT GAIN
partition
roof wall

lights
people
infiltration
glass solar
equipment
glass
conduction

exterior
wall
floor
5.2 HEAT GAIN & LOSS :

(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005)

SENSIBLE VS LATENT HEAT :

Sensible Heat
60F 212F
[15.6C] [100C]

Latent Heat
212F 212F
[100C] [100C]
 NATURE OF HEAT

What is the measure of temperature

Temperature is measured in degrees celsius

The lower is 0 fixed at a melting point of ice at a stand at atmospheric

pressure of 101.32kN/m2

The upper point is 100 degrees temperature of steam above the boiling
point

What is the acceptable value of temperature taken at normal design?

Normal design temperature are taken at 21 degrees inside and -1 degrees

outside on average
 THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE

This is another measure of temperature in degrees Kelvin

0 degree celsius= 273.16 Kelvin (K)

100 degree celsius = 317.16 Kelvin

The unit of thermodynamic temperature is the fraction of the

thermodynamic temperature at the triple point water

(equilibrium point of the temperature and pressure at which three known

phases of substance can exist i.e. liquid, water vapour and pure ice)
QUANTITY OF HEAT

How do we measure the quantity of heat?

Heat is measured in joules (J) which is a measure of work done

The rate of expenditure of energy or doing work or of heat loss is

measured in watts (W)

1 watt is = 1 Joule per second

1 W =1 J/s
HEAT TRANSFER

Name three ways heat is transferred from one mass to another, for
instance a person sitting next to a radiator.

Conduction

Convection

Radiation
UNDERSTANDING BASICS
THERMAL COMFORT

In high activity the temperature rises and the more heat you will give off.

Several factors influences the level heat is generated (metabolic rate)

including:

Your surface area

Age

Gender

Level of activity

e.g.

Sleeping heat output 70W. Lifting 440W.

HEAT EXCHANGE
THERMAL COMFORT
TYPICAL HEAT OUTPUT OF AN ADULT MALE

Activity Example Heat output

Immobile Sleeping 70W
Seated Watching TV 115W
Light work Office 140W
Medium work Factory Work 265W
Heavy work Lifting 440W

TYPICAL CLOTHING VALUES

Clo value Clothing Typical comfort

temperature when
sitting
0 clo Swimwear 29C
0.5 clo Light clothing 25C
1 clo Suit , jumper 22C
2 clo Coat, gloves, hat 14C
CLOTHING

The amount of clothing that we wear generally depends on the season and

affects our thermal comfort

Clothing is measured in a scale called clo value

1 clo= 0.155m2 K/W of insulation to the body

Typical values vary from 1-4 clo

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K)

The amount of heat loss in one second through 1m2 of material, whose

thickness is 1 metre

The units are W/mK (watts per metre Kelvin)

K-VALUES

Material K Value (W/mK)

Brickwork (internal/exposed) (1700kg/m3) 0.84
Concrete, dense (2100kg/m3) 1.40
Concrete, lightweight (1200kg/m3) 0.38
Plaster, dense 0.50
Rendering 0.50
Concrete block, medium, weight (1400kg/m3) 0.51
Concrete block, lightweight (600kg/m3) 0.19

Thermal resistivity (r)

Thermal resistivity is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity:

R=1/K
AIR MOVEMENT

Properties are tested for airtightness

Draught seals are fitted to all openings to restrict thermal losses

If warmer air enter a room is not mixed with cooler air the room

becomes hotter near the ceiling and colder at floor level

HEAT LOSS DUE TO VENTILATION

Natural ventilation leads to the complete volume of air in a room changing

a certain number of times in one hour

Type of room Air changes in hr

Halls 1.0

Bedrooms /lounges 1.5

WCs and bathrooms 2.0

HEAT LOSS DUE TO VENTILATION

The fresh air entering the room will need to be heated to the internal temperature
of the room. This is calculated with the formula:

Volume of room x air change rate x volumetric specific heat for air x temperature
difference

The volumetric specific heat for air is approximately 1300j/m3K and is considered
a constant in this formula which will give an answer in joules per hour.

This then has to be converted into watts in order to find the rate of heat loss which
is achieved by dividing the number of joules by the number of seconds in one hour
HEAT LOSS TO VENTILATION
This then has to be converted into watts in order to find the rate of heat
loss which is achieved by dividing the number of joules by the number of
seconds in one hour.

Volume of room/building x air changes hr x 1300J x Temperature difference

/ 3600s = Watts

It is convenient when carrying out heat loss calculations to assume an

average internal temperature of 19C minus average of -1C in winter which
gives 20C difference between inside and outside temperatures

THEORY INTO PRACTICE

Calculate the rate of heat loss due to ventilation for the building measuring 4.5m x
3.25 in plan and has a ceiling height of 2.6m. The number of air changes in one
hour is 1.35. The outside temperature is 6C and the inside temperature is 19C.
CONDENSATION

This is formed when hot , humid air meets a cold surface, it condenses onto
this surface forming droplets of water vapour.

What are the effects of condensation in the internal environment?

Cause timber rot

Encourage mould growth

Produce cold spots

Produce high humidity

Cause corrosion to steelwork

Dampen insulation, reducung its effectiveness

ACCEPTABLE VALUES
The acceptable values of heat loss or U-values is a complicated topic and you
will need to refer to the Building regulations Part L Conservation of fuel and
power for guidance on the acceptable U- values.

Ventilation is linked to the Building Regulation Part L that it restricts air

tightness of modern structure. Forced ventilation has to be provided in form of
fans in bathrooms and cooking areas

U-Values

A measurement of the rate of heat loss through a structure

Thermal resistivity is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity:
R=1/K
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K)

The amount of heat loss in one second through 1m2 of material,

whose thickness is 1 metre
The units are W/mK (watts per metre Kelvin)

P= kA (T1-T2)/ x

A= Area
X= thickness in m and m respectively
T1-T2= temperature difference in C or K
Which can be written as follows

W=k x m x C/m ; k = W x m/(m x C) = W/mC or W/mK

TOTAL COOLING LOAD :
BIOCLIMATIC INTERVENTION
BIOCLIMATIC INTERVENTION
BIOCLIMATIC INTERVENTION
SOLAR CHART
Horizontal Shadow Angle

The horizontal shadow angle is the difference in azimuth between the suns
position and the orientation of the building face, when the edge of the
shadow falls on the point considered. A smaller HSA angle means a larger
fin.
Vertical Shadow Angle
The vertical shadow angle or profile angle is measured in a plane
perpendicular to the

building face. It is the altitude of the sun projected to this surface.

SUN ANGLE DESIGNING APPROACH
 DAYLIGHT
The ultimate source of daylight is the sun. By
the time sunlight reaches the earths

surface, it has been subjected to atmospheric

attenuation, scattering and reflection. The

from the sun) and diffuse light (light received

from all parts of the sky due to atmospheric

scattering and reflection). Light reaching a

particular point inside a building may consist of,

(1) direct sunlight, (2) diffuse light or skylight,

(3) externally reflected light (by the

ground or other buildings), and (4) internally

reflected light from walls, ceiling and other

internal surfaces .
VENTILATION & AIR MOVEMENT
WIND TOWER EFFECT
 BASIC PRINCIPLE

The cooling effect can be enhanced

by providing evaporative cooling. A
pool of water
is usually kept on the floor directly
below the vents so that the air
flowing into the room gets
cooled, in turn cooling the living
space. The air vents are usually
provided with protective
caps which help to direct the winds
across them.
BASIC PRINCIPLE

Pressure effect from

stack ventilation

Pressure effect from wind

TYPES

Single-sided ventilation

Cross ventilation