April 2002

Process Industry Practices

Civil

PIP CVS02350
Roadway and Area Paving
Construction Specification
 PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES

In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.

This Practice is subject to revision at any time by the responsible Function Team and will
be reviewed every 5 years. This Practice will be revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn.
Information on whether this Practice has been revised may be found at www.pip.org.

Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The

University of Texas at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin,
Texas 78759. PIP member companies and subscribers may copy this Practice
for their internal use. Changes, overlays, addenda, or modifications of any
kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written
authorization of PIP.

PIP will not consider requests for interpretations (inquiries) for this Practice.

Not printed with State funds

 April 2002

Process Industry Practices

Civil

PIP CVS02350
Roadway and Area Paving
Construction Specification
Table of Contents

1. Introduction .................................. 2 6. Subgrade Preparation, Subbase,

1.1 Purpose ............................................. 2
1.2 Scope................................................. 2
2. References.................................... 2
2.1 Process Industry Practices................ 2
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards.......... 2
7. Surfacing ...................................... 8
3. Definitions .................................... 3
4. General ......................................... 4
4.1 Quality Assurance ............................. 4
4.2 Submittals .......................................... 4
and Base Course ........................ 6
6.1 Subgrade Preparation
and Subbase ..................................... 6
6.2 Base Course...................................... 7
6.3 Quality Control................................... 7
7.1 General .............................................. 8
7.2 Gravel Pavement............................... 8
7.3 Asphalt Pavement ............................. 9
7.4 Concrete Pavement......................... 12

5. Products ....................................... 4
5.1 General .............................................. 4
5.2 Water ................................................. 5
5.3 Asphalt............................................... 5
5.4 Aggregate for Base and Subbase ..... 5
5.5 Aggregate for Asphalt Paving............ 6
5.6 Concrete ............................................ 6

Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 12

PIP CVS02350
Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification April 2002

1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides the contractor with roadway and area paving requirements for
construction.

1.2 Scope
1.2.1 This Practice provides minimum requirements for design, materials, construction
methods, and inspection and testing for roadways and area paving.
1.2.2 Any conflicts or inconsistencies between this Practice, design drawings, or other
contract documents shall be brought to the attention of the owner for resolution.

2. References
Applicable requirements in the following Practices, codes and standards, and government
regulations shall be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date
of contract award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles will be used herein when
appropriate.

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

PIP CVS02100 Site Preparation, Excavation, and Backfill Specification
PIP STS03001 Plain and Reinforced Concrete Specification

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

ASTM C33 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C131 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size
Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine
ASTM C150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement
ASTM C171 Standard Specification for Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete
ASTM C260 Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
ASTM C309 Standard Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds
for Curing Concrete
ASTM D8 Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and
Pavements
ASTM D242 Standard Specification for Mineral Filler for Bituminous Paving
Mixtures
ASTM D692 Standard Specification for Coarse Aggregate for Bituminous
Paving Mixtures
ASTM D977 Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt
ASTM D994 Standard Specification for Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for
Concrete (Bituminous Type)

Page 2 of 12 Process Industry Practices

 PIP CVS02350
April 2002 Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification

ASTM D1073 Standard Specification for Fine Aggregate for Bituminous Paving
Mixtures
ASTM D1190 Standard Specification for Concrete Joint Sealer, Hot-Poured
Elastic Type
ASTM D1557 Standard Specification for Test Method for Laboratory
Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort
ASTM D1751 Standard Specification for Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for
Concrete Paving and Structural Construction (Nonextruding and Resilient
Bituminous Types)
ASTM D1883 Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of
Laboratory Compacted Soils
ASTM D2026 Standard Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Slow-Curing Type)
ASTM D2027 Standard Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Medium-Curing
Type)
ASTM D2028 Standard Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-Curing Type)
ASTM D2041 Standard Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity
and Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures
ASTM D2487 Standard Specification for Classification of Soils for Engineering
Purposes
ASTM D2628 Standard Specification for Preformed Polychloroprene
Elastomeric Joint Seals for Concrete Pavements
ASTM D2726 Standard Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of
Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous Mixtures
ASTM D2940 Standard Specification for Graded Aggregate Material for Bases
or Subbases for Highways or Airports
ASTM D3282 Standard Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for
Highway Construction Purposes
ASTM D3381 Standard Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Cement for
Use in Pavement Construction
ASTM D3628 Standard Practice for Selection and Use of Emulsified Asphalts

3. Definitions
area paving: Paving that is provided around or beneath equipment or that which is used as a work
area or storage area

civil engineer of record: Owners authorized representative with overall authority and
responsibility for the civil engineering design, referred to in this Practice as engineer

contract documents: Any and all documents, including design drawings, that the owner has
transmitted or otherwise communicated (either by incorporation or by reference) and has made
part of the legal contract or purchase order agreement between the owner and the contractor

contractor: The party responsible for performing roadway and area paving work

Process Industry Practices Page 3 of 12

PIP CVS02350
Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification April 2002

owner: The party that awards the contract. The owner may be the owner or the owners
authorized agent.

primary road: A main traffic road for operational and maintenance vehicles, equipment, tanker
trucks, or semitrailer trucks

secondary road: A road subject to regular operational or maintenance traffic but not subject to
high traffic volume

tertiary road: A road subject to occasional traffic by security, maintenance, and/or firefighting
vehicles

4. General

4.1 Quality Assurance

4.1.1 The contractor shall submit to the buyer a written Quality Control Program and
Inspection Procedures document for approval that shall provide details of how
compliance with the requirements of this specification and contract documents
will be achieved.
4.1.2 Unless otherwise specified in the contract documents, an inspection and testing
agency will be retained by the owner to perform field and laboratory testing and
soil evaluations to verify compliance of the work with the requirements of this
specification and to ensure the achievement of the intents and purposes of work.
4.1.3 The performance or lack of performance of such tests and inspections shall not be
construed as granting relief from the requirements of these specifications or the
other contract documents.

4.2 Submittals
4.2.1 Before delivery of materials, submit for approval certified laboratory test data for
the products to be used in the work.
4.2.2 Submit results of the tests required during the performance of the work.

5. Products

5.1 General
5.1.1 Materials shall conform to ASTM D8.
5.1.2 General requirements for soil and aggregate classification shall conform to
ASTM D2487, ASTM D2940, and ASTM D3282.
5.1.3 Portland cement shall be Type 1 per ASTM C150.
5.1.4 Air-entraining mixture shall conform to ASTM C260.
5.1.5 Preformed expansion joint fillers shall conform to ASTM D994, ASTM D1751, or
ASTM D2628.
5.1.6 Poured joint sealant shall conform to ASTM D1190.

Page 4 of 12 Process Industry Practices

 PIP CVS02350
April 2002 Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification

5.1.7 Waterproof paper shall conform to ASTM C171.

5.1.8. Burlap shall be clean and free of substances that may be harmful to freshly laid
concrete.
5.1.9 Polyethylene sheeting shall conform to ASTM C171.
5.1.10 Curing compound shall conform to ASTM C309.

5.2 Water
5.2.1 Water used in road construction shall be reasonably free of salts, oils, acids,
alkalis, organic matter, or other deleterious substances. Water may be fresh and
untreated. Water shall not be brackish or from the ocean.
5.2.2 Locally available water suitable for road construction shall be designated by the
owner.

5.3 Asphalt
5.3.1 Asphalt cement shall be viscosity grade AC-5, AC-10, or AC-20 conforming to
ASTM D3381.
5.3.2 Cutback asphalt shall conform to ASTM D2026, ASTM D2027, or ASTM D2028.
5.3.3 Emulsified asphalt shall conform to ASTM D977 and ASTM D3628.
5.3.4 Liquid asphalt for prime coat shall be grade MC-70, grade MC-250, grade
RG-70, or grade RC-250 conforming to ASTM D2027 or ASTM D2028.
5.3.5 Asphalt cement for tack coat shall be viscosity grade AC-20.
5.3.6 Asphalt paving for base, binder, and surface courses shall be a mixture of asphalt
cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and if required, mineral filler. Job mix
formula shall be established using the Marshall mix design method based on the
following parameters:
Binder and Surface
Base Course Courses
Stability (min.) 750 pounds (340 kg) 1,000 pounds (450 kg)

Flow 0.08 inch to 0.20 inch 0.08 inch to 0.14 inch

(2 mm to 5 mm) (2 mm to 3.5 mm)
Voids in mineral aggregate (min.) 15% 14%

Air voids 5% to 14% 3% to 5%

5.3.7 The asphalt mix design shall achieve a bulk density per ASTM D2726 of
96 percent of the theoretical maximum density as determined by ASTM D2041.

5.4 Aggregate for Base and Subbase

Materials for aggregate pavement base and subbase (if required) shall consist of durable
and sound crushed gravel, crushed stone, or slag. The materials shall be free from organic
matter, lumps of clay, clay coatings, or other objectionable matter; and shall conform to
ASTM D2940. The aggregate shall have a soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of at

Process Industry Practices Page 5 of 12

PIP CVS02350
Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification April 2002

least 80 percent when tested in accordance with ASTM D1883, and a percentage of wear
not exceeding 45% when tested in accordance with ASTM C131.

5.5 Aggregate for Asphalt Paving

5.5.1 Fine aggregate for asphalt paving shall be natural or manufactured sands
conforming to ASTM D1073.
5.5.2 Coarse aggregate for asphalt paving shall be crushed stone, crushed slag, or
crushed gravel conforming to ASTM D692. That portion of the coarse aggregate
material retained on the Number 4 sieve shall contain not less than 50% by
weight of crushed pieces having at least one fractured face.
5.5.3 Mineral filler shall be limestone dust, dolomite dust, or Portland cement
conforming to ASTM D242.

5.6 Concrete
Concrete and concrete reinforcement shall comply with PIP STS03001.

6. Subgrade Preparation, Subbase, and Base Course

6.1 Subgrade Preparation and Subbase

6.1.1 Clearing, grubbing, stripping, removal of waste, source of borrow, and
construction drainage shall conform to PIP CVS02100.
6.1.2 Fill material and compaction shall conform to PIP CVS02100.
6.1.3 Subgrade preparation for base and subbase course placement shall conform to
PIP CVS02100. The thickness of the subbase (if required) shall be 4 inches
(100 mm), unless otherwise specified.
6.1.4 If a subbase layer is specified in the contract documents, it shall be carried 1 foot
to 3 feet (300 mm to 900 mm) beyond the paved roadway width, unless
otherwise shown on the design drawings.
6.1.5 Where shown on the contract documents, the upper surface of in situ road
subgrade soils shall be stabilized after stripping is complete in accordance with
specifications provided in the contract documents.

Page 6 of 12 Process Industry Practices

 PIP CVS02350
April 2002 Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification

6.2 Base Course

6.2.1 Over New Surfaces
6.2.1.1 Graded aggregate base course shall not be constructed when atmospheric
temperature is below 35F (2C) or when other weather conditions
detrimentally affect the quality of the base course.
6.2.1.2 Base course shall be placed in accordance with PIP CVS02100.
6.2.2 Over Existing Asphalt Roads
6.2.2.1 Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, existing asphalt shall be
stripped and removed to an area designated by the owner.
6.2.2.2 Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, existing base shall be scarified
to a depth of 8 inches (200 mm).
6.2.2.3 Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, density of subgrade shall be
spot checked at a depth of 8 inches (200 mm).
6.2.2.4 Subgrade that does not meet density requirements of PIP CVS02100
shall be reworked.
6.2.2.5 If existing base material does not meet requirements of PIP CVS02100,
material shall be added or removed, mixed, spread, and compacted to
meet requirements of PIP CVS02100.
6.2.2.6 Finished aggregate base surface at any point shall meet the requirements
of PIP CVS02100.

6.3 Quality Control

6.3.1 Thickness Test
6.3.1.1 The average thickness of the base course, determined by computing the
average of the depth measurement, shall not underrun the specified
thickness by more than 1/4 inch (6 mm).
6.3.1.2 The thickness of the base course shall be measured at intervals such that
there is a depth measurement for at least each 500 square yards
(420 square meters) of complete base course by making test holes, at
least 3 inches (75 mm) in diameter, through the base course.
6.3.2 Corrections
6.3.2.1 Where base course deficiency is more than 1/2 inch (12 mm), corrections
shall be made by scarifying, adding mixture of proper gradation,
reblading, and recompacting. Where the measured thickness is more than
1/2 inch (12 mm) thicker than specified, consider it as the specified
thickness plus 1/2 inch (12 mm) for determining the average.
6.3.2.2 When correcting deficiencies for smoothness and thickness, material
shall be removed in a manner that does not disturb or mix material from
the underlying course into the layer. Edges of the new material shall be
feathered so that the joint between new and original material is invisible.

Process Industry Practices Page 7 of 12

PIP CVS02350
Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification April 2002

6.3.3 Maintenance
6.3.3.1 All debris, rubbish, and excess material shall be removed from the
jobsite.
6.3.3.2 After construction has been completed, the base shall be protected until
final acceptance. Protection shall include drainage, rolling, shaping, and
watering as necessary to maintain the course in proper condition. Areas
of aggregate base course damaged by freezing, rainfall, or other weather
conditions shall be corrected to meet the specified requirements.

7. Surfacing

7.1 General
7.1.1 Roads shall be surfaced with gravel, asphalt, or concrete as shown on the design
drawings.
7.1.2 Materials, construction, inspection, and testing of concrete for roads and
pavements shall conform to PIP STS03001.
7.1.3 Asphalt that is discolored, indicating the bitumen has been overheated, shall not
be used.
7.1.4 The surface of the area to be paved shall be clean and kept from accumulating
materials that would contaminate the mixture, prevent bonding, or interfere with
spreading operations.
7.1.5 The surfaces of curbs, gutters, manholes, and other structures where asphalt
paving will be placed against shall be covered with a thin, uniform coat of liquid
asphalt.
7.1.6 Where asphalt paving will be placed against the vertical face of an existing
pavement, the vertical face shall be cleaned to remove foreign substances and
coated with liquid asphalt at a rate of approximately 0.25 gallons per square yard
(1.14 liters per square meter).
7.1.7 When checked with a 10-foot (3-meter) straight edge held parallel to the
centerline of the pavement, the surface shall have no irregularities greater than
1/8 inch (3 mm).
7.1.8 The average thickness of the course, or of combined courses shall be within
1/4 inch (6 mm) of the indicated thickness.

7.2 Gravel Pavement

7.2.1 The material shall be rolled with a self-propelled, three-wheel roller weighing no
less than 10 tons (9 tonnes) or with approved vibratory equipment.
7.2.2 Rolling shall start longitudinally at sides and proceed toward the center of the
pavement. Successive trips shall overlap by at least 18 inches (450 mm).
Alternate trips of the roller shall be slightly different in length.
7.2.3 On the final layer, the outside wheel of the roller shall cover equal parts of the
material and the shoulder. The roller shall run forward and backward along the
edge until the shoulder and coarse material are bound together firmly.

Page 8 of 12 Process Industry Practices

 PIP CVS02350
April 2002 Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification

7.2.4 The roller motion shall be slow enough to avoid displacement of material.
Continue rolling until the required density is achieved and the entire surface is
well-keyed and does not creep or wave ahead of the roller.
7.2.5 The roller wheels shall be moistened with water to prevent adhesion of material
to wheels. The surface of the rollers shall be kept free of all foreign matter, such
as oil and grease, when the roller is stationary or in motion.
7.2.6 Rolling shall be continued until 95% of maximum compaction dry density in
accordance with ASTM D1557 is achieved.
7.2.7 Finish the surface of the layer by blading or rolling with a smooth roller or a
combination thereof. The completed surface shall be firm, even, and true to line
and grade.
7.2.8 If the mixture is excessively moistened by rain, aerate it by means of blade
graders or other approved equipment until the moisture content of the mixture is
satisfactory. Sampling of compacted mixes from the roadway shall be in
accordance with ASTM D5361.
7.2.9 In places that are inaccessible to large rollers, the road surface may be compacted
with smaller mechanical equipment or hand tampers that are lightly oiled.

7.3 Asphalt Pavement

7.3.1 General
7.3.1.1 Asphalt pavement shall be constructed on a previously completed and
approved subgrade, subgrade and base, or existing pavement as shown
on the drawings.
7.3.1.2 Air temperature shall be above 40F (4C) and rising for application of
prime coat, tack coat, and asphalt surface courses. Temperature readings
shall be taken in the shade and away from artificial heat.
7.3.1.3 Prime coat, tack coat, and asphalt surface courses shall not be applied in
unsuitable weather conditions. Unsuitable weather conditions include:
a. Dense fog
b. Rain
c. Wind that is blowing at such a rate that proper compaction
cannot be attained due to cooling of the mixture, or when sand,
dust, or other debris is being deposited on the underlying surface
to such an extent that proper bonding cannot be achieved
7.3.1.4 Surfaces that are adjacent to curbs, gutters, liners, and structures shall be
finished such that, when compacted, the surfaces are slightly higher than
the edge of adjacent item.
7.3.2 Prime Coat
7.3.2.1 After the subgrade or base has been prepared and compacted, the prime
coat shall be applied and allowed to cure at least 24 hours before new
asphalt paving.

Process Industry Practices Page 9 of 12

PIP CVS02350
Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification April 2002

7.3.2.2 Asphalt for the prime coat shall be of medium curing type cutback
asphalt.
7.3.2.3 The prime coat shall be applied with suitable hand sprayers or truck-
mounted spray bars. The application rate is typically 0.15 gallon to
0.40 gallon per square yard (0.7 liter to 1.8 liter per square meter) of
surface.
7.3.2.4 If the asphalt is not entirely absorbed by the base course within 24 hours,
excess asphalt shall be blotted with light, dry sand.
7.3.2.5 Damaged prime coat shall be repaired immediately.
7.3.3 Tack Coat
7.3.3.1 The tack coat is applied in advance of the asphalt paving operation when
placing asphalt over existing pavements or between asphalt courses when
more than one asphalt course is to be used.
7.3.3.2 Holes, ruts, and depressions shall be cleaned out down to the hard
surface and dried, and the asphalt surface shall be thoroughly swept
clean.
7.3.3.3 Broken surfaces shall be:
a. Lightly coated with rapid curing type cutback asphalt
b. Filled with surface asphalt
c. Compacted to form an even surface
7.3.3.4 Asphalt for the tack coat shall be rapid curing cutback.
7.3.3.5 The tack coat shall be applied with a suitable hand sprayer or truck-
mounted spray bar. The typical rate is 0.02 gallon to 0.08 gallon per
square yard (0.09 liter to 0.36 liter per square meter) of surface.
7.3.3.6 The tack coat shall be applied sufficiently in advance of the spreading
operation of the asphalt mixture to permit volatiles to evaporate from the
asphalt cement, but not so far in advance that the tack coat becomes
covered with dust or other foreign substances.
7.3.4 Asphalt Pavement
7.3.4.1 Injurious debris shall be removed from the tack coat before hot-mix
asphalt is applied.
7.3.4.2 Hot-mix asphalt shall conform to ASTM D3381.

Page 10 of 12 Process Industry Practices

 PIP CVS02350
April 2002 Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification

7.3.4.3 Hot-mix asphalt shall be transported in tight, clean vehicles with

facilities for maintaining the specified temperature. The temperature of
hot-mix asphalt dumped from the transporting vehicle to the asphalt-
laying machine shall not be lower than 260F (127C) or higher than
320F (160C). A higher limit is preferred in cold weather.
7.3.4.4 Hot-mix asphalt shall be placed on an approved roadbed and spread by a
self-propelled paver that is capable of spreading and finishing the
mixture to the required width and thickness; true to line, grade, and cross
section. The paver shall also be capable of providing a smoothly struck
finish with uniform density and texture, without the need for an undue
amount of back dressing to correct irregularities.
7.3.4.5 Where the thickness of finished paving is greater than 3 inches (75 mm),
equal lifts consisting of a leveling-up course and a surface course shall be
spread. Where the thickness is 3 inches (75 mm) or less, finished paving
shall be spread in one layer.
7.3.4.6 A sufficient amount of material shall be placed to achieve thickness after
compaction.
7.3.4.7 One tandem roller and one three-wheel roller or pneumatic roller shall be
provided for each job. Rolling with the three-wheel and tandem rollers
shall start longitudinally at the sides and proceed toward the center of the
pavement. Rolling shall be continued until no further compression can be
obtained and all roller marks are eliminated. However, rolling shall be
discontinued when the asphalt temperature drops below 180F (82C).
7.3.4.8 Actual bulk density for full depth of compacted asphalt paving as
determined by ASTM D2726 shall range between 92% and 97% of
theoretical maximum density as determined by ASTM D2041.
7.3.5 Joint Construction
7.3.5.1 Each asphalt paving layer shall be placed as continuously as possible to
keep the number of joints between old and new pavements, between
successive days work, or when the mixture has become cold (less than
140F [60C]) to a minimum.
7.3.5.2 Joints shall be made in such a manner as to create a continuous bond
between the old and new pavement construction courses.
7.3.5.3 When the pavement construction involves two or more courses,
successive courses shall be offset by at least 6 inches (150 mm).
7.3.5.4 If the placing of material is discontinued or if material in place becomes
cold (less than 140F [60C]), a joint running perpendicular to the
direction traveled by the paver shall be made. Before placement
continues, the edge of the previously placed pavement shall be trimmed
to a straight line perpendicular to the paver and cut back to expose an
even vertical surface for the full thickness of the course. When placement
continues, the paver shall be positioned on the transverse joint so that
sufficient hot mixture will be spread to create a joint after rolling that
conforms to the required smoothness.

Process Industry Practices Page 11 of 12

PIP CVS02350
Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification April 2002

7.3.5.5 Joints that are not completed before the previously laid mixture has
cooled to a temperature of 140F (60C) shall be coated with liquid
asphalt just before paving is continued.

7.4 Concrete Pavement

7.4.1 Forms and Form Setting
7.4.1.1 Formwork shall comply with PIP STS03001.
7.4.1.2 Forms shall be of steel with a depth equivalent to the edge thickness of
the pavement and shall be straight and free from warp. The minimum
length of a section of steel forms used on tangents shall be 10 feet
(3 meters).
7.4.1.3 Size, strength, and securement of forms shall be sufficient to resist
springing and settlement when subjected to the pressure of concrete
placement, including the impact and vibration of the finishing machine.
Joints shall be free of movement in any direction.
7.4.1.4 Flexible forms or wooden forms that bend to the required arc can be used
on curves with a radius of 150 feet (45 meters) or less.
7.4.1.5 Forms shall be set on firm, solid subgrade that meets required grade and
alignment standards, and joined together neatly and tightly.
7.4.1.6 The length and number of pins used in setting the forms shall be
sufficient to maintain correct line and grade. Forms that show a deviation
greater than inch (6 mm) in line or grade shall be removed and reset.
7.4.1.7 Forms shall be cleaned and oiled before placing the concrete.
7.4.2 Concrete and Reinforcement
7.4.2.1 Concrete and reinforcement shall comply with PIP STS03001.
7.4.2.2 When paving operations are discontinued for more than 30 minutes, a
construction joint shall be installed in accordance with the details shown
on the drawings at the location of the nearest contraction or expansion
joint. Excess concrete beyond the location of the construction joint shall
be removed.
7.4.2.3 Pavement shall be closed to vehicular traffic until the concrete is no less
than 7 days old. After 7 days, the pavement can be opened to limited
traffic with wheel loads of less than 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg). After the
concrete has reached the specified 28-day strength as verified by the
tests, equipment with wheel loads exceeding 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg)
can be permitted on the pavement.

Page 12 of 12 Process Industry Practices