B.S.

ABDUR RAHMAN UNIVERSITY

Fluid Mechanics & Machinery (ME202) B.E.-3(MECH)
Final Examination - (26.05.2014, AN)
Answer all the questions and dont mix-up Part-A with other answers.
Only non-programmable calculator is allowed
Part A (Marks: 10 x 2 = 20)
1. How does the dynamic viscosity of liquids vary from gases with respect to temperature?
2. Define compressibility and bulk modulus of elasticity.
3. Name the types of fluid flow.
4. Define streak line.
5. What are the uses of Moody diagram?
6. What is the significance of Reynolds number?
7. How do we govern the Pelton wheel?
8. Mention the function of draft tube used in a Francis turbine.
9. State the use of a pressure vessel.
10. Define specific speed of a centrifugal pump.
Part B (Marks: 5 x 16 = 80)
11 (a) (i) Classify and explain the different types of fluids. (6)
(ii) A vertical gap of 2.2 cm wide of infinite extent contains a fluid of viscosity 2.0 (10)
Ns/m2 and specific gravity of 0.9. A metallic plate 1.2m X 1.2m X 0.2cm is to be
lifted up with a constant velocity of 0.15 m/s, through the gap. If the plate is in the
middle of the gap, find the force required to pull, given the weight of the plate is
40 N.
(OR)
(b) (i) Calculate the pressure due to the column of 0.3 m of water and an oil of specific (4)
gravity 0.8.
(ii) The dynamic viscosity of oil used for lubrication between a shaft and a sleeve is 6 (12)
poise. The shaft is of diameter 0.4 m and rotates at 190 rpm. Calculate the power
lost in the bearing for a sleeve length of 90 mm. The thickness of the oil film is 1.5
mm.
12 (a) (i) Derive the expression to find the discharge through a venturimeter. (12)
(ii) Write short notes on pitot tube. (4)
(OR)
 (b) (i) Derive Eulers equation of motion (10)
(ii) A pipe line carrying oil (sp. Gr. 0.8) changes in diameter from 300 mm at position (6)
1 to 600 mm at position 2 which is 5 meter at a higher level. If the pressures at
positions 1 and 2 are 100 kN/m2 and 60 kN/m2 respectively. Determine loss of
head and direction of flow, if the discharge in 300 liters/s.
13 (a) (i) A horizontal pipe of diameter 500 mm is suddenly contracted to a diameter of 250 (16)
mm. the pressure intensities in the large and smaller pipe is given as 13.734 N/cm2
and 11.772 N/cm2 respectively. Find the loss of head due to contraction if =
0.62. Also determine the rate or flow of water.
(OR)
(b) (i) Derive on the basis of dimensional analysis suitable parameters to present the (16)
thrust developed by a propeller. Assume that the thrust P depends upon angular
velocity , speed of advance , diameter , dynamic viscosity , mass density ,
elasticity of the fluid medium which can be denoted by the speed of the sound in
the medium .
14 (a) (i) With a neat sketch explain the constructional details and working of a Francis (16)
turbine.
(OR)
(b) (i) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 m/s with a jet of water flowing at (16)
the rate of 700 liters/s under a head of 40 m. the bucket deflect the jet through an
angle of 1600. Calculate the power given by water to the runner and the hydraulic
efficiency of the turbine. Assume coefficient of velocity as 0.98.
15 (a) (i) A centrifugal pump impeller is having external and internal diameter 500 mm and (16)
250 mm respectively. The width at the outlet is 50 mm, running at 1200 rpm and
working against a head of 48m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is
constant and is equal to 3.0 m/s. the vanes are setback at an angle of 400 at outlet.
Determine inlet vane angle, work done by the impeller on water per second and
manometric efficiency.
(OR)
(b) (i) Explain the working of a reciprocating pump with the help of a neat layout and the (16)
ideal indicator diagram.
Answers

Part A
1. As the temperature increases, dynamic viscosity decreases for liquids and increases for the gases.
2. Bulk modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio of volumetric stress to the volumetric strain.
Volumetric stress can be taken as the change in pressure and volumetric strain is the change in
volume per unit volume.

=
( )
Compressibility is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus of elasticity.
1
=

3. Basically there are two types of fluid flow 1. Laminar flow and 2. Turbulent flow. There is another
type which exist in between these two regions which has a characteristics of both the types and is
called Transition.
4. Streak line is the momentary line drawn by joining the instantaneous positions of all the fluid
particles which have passed through a common point in the flow domain. Smoke line from burning
cigarette, line drawn by putting a thin streak of die in the flow are the examples of the streak line.
5. The Moody chart or Moody diagram is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates the Darcy-
Weisbach friction factor, Reynolds number and relative roughness for fully developed flow in a
circular pipe. It can be used for working out pressure drop or flow rate down such a pipe. It is
basically used to find the friction factor for a given pipe and flow condition.
6. Reynolds number is a ratio of inertia force to the viscous force. It gives the mutual interaction of
these two forces existing inside a fluid flow. A low Reynolds number flow indicates a viscous low
speed flow and so viscosity cant be ignored while doing any analysis. Also a low Reynolds number
flow anticipates a laminar flow to be there. A high Reynolds number flow gives a turbulent flow.
7. The wheel of the Pelton turbine is rotated by the stream of flow jet falling with high speed on the
buckets and thus producing a thrust by the action of impulse i.e. momentum change. There exists a
needle which controls the flow of fluid through nozzle jet and hence it is used to control the speed
of the Pelton wheel.
8. The draft tube is a conduit which connects the runner exit to the tail race where the water is being
finally discharged from the turbine. The primary function of the draft tube is to reduce the velocity
of the discharged water to minimize the loss of kinetic energy at the outlet.
9. Pressure vessels are normally used to save the main pump from turning it on and off for a small
demand. Small demands can be satisfied by the use of pressure vessels and wear and tear for the
main pump can be reduced to a great account.
10. Specific speed is a way to normalize the performance of the hydraulic machines. The commonly-
used equation for specific speed is as follows:

= 0.75
( )

Part B
11. (a) (i) Different types of fluids are:
A. Ideal fluid: Ideal fluids are the fluid which are ideally supposed to have no viscosity. They
offer no resistance to the motion made in contact with them.
B. Plastic fluid: Plastic fluids are those fluid which initially behave like elastic (there is straight
line relation between shear stress and strain rate) but non-linearity is set in quickly and curve
starts getting flat.
C. Newtonian fluid: Newtonian fluids are those fluid which bear a linear relation between shear
stress and strain rate.

=( ) where = 1

D. Non-Newtonian fluid: Such fluids which doesnt have any linear relation between shear stress
and strain rate, are called non-Newtonian fluids. Those who move towards plastic side, are
called non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluids ( < 1) and those who show behaviour towards
ideal fluid are called non-Newtonian dilatant fluids ( > 1).
(a) (ii) given data are as below:
Ns m
= 2.2 cm, = 2.0, = 0.9, = 0.15 , = 40 N
m2 s
= 1.2 1.2 0.2
Force of buoyancy on the plate is:
= g = (1.2 1.2 0.2 102 )(0.9 1000)9.81
= 0.288 102 900 9.81 = 25.42752 N
Force due to viscosity on either side of the plate:
0.15
= ( ) = (2.0 ) (1.2 1.2)
( )2
0.15
= (2.0 ) 1.44 = 30 1.44
0.01
= 43.2 N
So the total force needed to pull the plate with the given speed is:
= 2 + = 2 43.2 + 40 25.42752 = .
(b) (i) Given data are:
= 0.3 , g = 0.8
Pressure due to column of water:

= (g) = 1000 9.81 0.3 =

Pressure due to column of oil:

= (g) = 0.8 1000 9.81 0.3 = .

(b) (ii) Given data are:
= 6 poise, = 0.4 m, = 190 rpm, = 90 mm, = 1.5 mm
Speed of the shaft is:
rad 238.76 0.4 m
= = 3.9793 = = = 0.7958
60 s 2 2 s

Shear force acting on the shaft is:

0.7958 N
= = 0.6 101 3
= 31.8348 2
1.5 10 m

Total force:
= = 21.2232 () = 1273.392 ( 0.4 90 103 ) = 3.6 N
 Net torque acting on the shaft is:
0.4
= = 3.6 = 0.72 Nm
2 2
Power lost in the bearing:
= = 0.48 3.9793 = 2.8654 .
The same can be calculated using the formula:
=
12. (a) (i) The figure below shows the typical venturimeter:
Taking inlet area as station-1 and throat area as station-2, we can apply the continuity and
Bernoullis equation on these stations. Let us use the notations of parameters with subscript
1 and 2 showing the parameters relating to station-1 and station-2.

Bernoullis equation:

1 12 2 22
+ + z1 = + + z2
g 2g g 2g

Since the pipe is kept horizontal (z1 = z2 ),

there is no change in the elevation so the
datum term can be removed from the equation.

1 12 2 22 1 2 22 12
+ = + = = ()
g 2g g 2g g 2g

So if we know the difference in the liquid column in the manometer limbs, it will give the
idea about the difference in the kinetic energies at the two stations.

From continuity equation:

1
1 1 = 2 2 2 = ()
2 1

Substituting the value for 2 in the equation (i):

2
(1 1 ) 12
2
=
2g
 12 12 12 12 22
= [ 2 1] = [ ]
2g 2 2g 22

22
12 = 2g [ 2 ]
1 22

22
1 = 2g [ 2 ]
1 22

2
1 = 2g
12 22

We know that discharge:

2
= 1 1 = 1 2g
12 22

Above equation gives the ideal calculation for the discharge and is called theoretical
discharge. Actual discharge will be little less that theoretical discharge. So a coefficient
factor is introduced in it to account the realness of the case.

(a) (ii) Pitot tube is a device used in measuring

(b) (i) Given data are:

m
1 = 25cm, sg = 0.9, 1 = 3 , 2 = 20cm, 2 =?, =?
s
 Density of the oil:
kg
= sg 1000 = 900
m3
Area at the section 1:
12 3.14159 (25 102 )2
1 = = = 0.0490 m2
4 4
Area at the section 2:
22 3.14159 (20 102 )2
2 = = = 0.031415 m2
4 4
Velocity at the section 2:
Using continuity equation:
1 1 = 2 2
0.0490 3 = 0.031415 2
0.0490 3
= = .
0.031415
Discharge at the section 2:
= 2 2 = 0.031415 4.6793 = 0.147 m3 /s
Mass flow rate at the section 2:
= = 900 0.147 = . /
(b) (ii) Using Buckinghams theorem:
The discharge is a function of , , , , ,
= (, , g, , , ) ()
1 (, , , g, , , ) = 0 . ()
Dimensions of variables:
= 3 1 , = 1 , = , g = 2 ,
= , = 1 1 , = 3
So total number of variables are 7 and fundamental variables are 3. This gives the number
of terms as: 7 3 = 4. Now equation (ii) can be written as below:
2 (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) = 0 . ()
Each pi term will have 3 + 1 = 4 variables. We chose the variables , and as repeating
variables. Then:
1 = 1 . 1 . 1 .
2 = 2 . 2 . 2 . g
3 = 3 . 3 . 3 .
4 = 4 . 4 . 4 .
Term:
1 = 1 . 1 . 1 .
0 0 0 = 1 ( 1 )1 (3 )1 3 1 = 1 131+3 11
1 = 0, 1 31 + 3 = 0, 1 1 = 0
On solving these simultaneous equations, we get that:
1 = 0, 1 = 1, 1 = 3

1 =
3
Term:
2 = 2 . 2 . 2 . g
0 0 0 = 2 ( 1 )2 (3 )2 2 = 2 232+1 22
2 = 0, 2 32 + 1 = 0, 2 2 = 0
On solving these simultaneous equations, we get that:
2 = 0, 2 = 2, 2 = 1
g
2 =
2
Term:
3 = 3 . 3 . 3 .
0 0 0 = 3 ( 1 )3 (3 )3 = 3 333+1 3
3 = 0, 3 33 + 1 = 0, 3 = 0
On solving these simultaneous equations, we get that:
3 = 0, 3 = 0, 3 = 1

3 =

Term:
4 = 4 . 4 . 4 .
0 0 0 = 4 ( 1 )4 (3 )4 1 1 = 4+1 4341 41
4 + 1 = 0, 4 34 1 = 0, 4 1 = 0
 On solving these simultaneous equations, we get that:
4 = 1, 4 = 1, 4 = 2

4 =
2
On substituting the in the equation (iii)
g
2 ( , 2 , , )=0
2
3

We can replace the two s by their product as product too will be dimensionless quantity.
g g
3 ( 3
, 2 2, 2
)=0 3
= ( 2 2, )
2

= ( , )

13. (a) (i) The give data are:
kN
= 9.0poise, . . = 0.9, = 60mm, = 100m, = 2000
m2
It is the case of Hagen Poiseulles flow:
kg Ns 2000000 Pa
= 0.9 1000 = 900 , = 0.9 , = = 20000
m3 m2 100 m
Rate of flow of oil:
4
=
128
3.14159
= (20000) (60 103 )4
128 0.9

= .


=
(2 4)
7.0685 103 4
=
3.14159 (60 103 )2

= .

Centerline velocity:
Centerline velocity is the maximum velocity. So:
1 2
= ( )
4 2
 2
1 60 103
= (20000) ( )
4 0.9 2

=

Velocity gradient at the pipe wall:
1
( ) =( ) =
= 2
1 0.06
= (20000)
0.9 22
= .
Total friction drag over the length of 100m:
This drag will be due to the friction at the pipe wall:
= ()

= ( ) () = 0.9 333.33 3.14159 0.06 100

= .
This value will remain same if calculated using pressure drop over the same length and using
the cross sectional area.
Power required to maintain the flow
We can only calculate the power require to maintain the flow per unit length. We know that
the force needed per 100m of the pipe to maintain the flow is 5.654kN, so:
=
= 5.654 103 2.5
= .
Velocity and shear stress at the 8mm from the wall:
The location is 8mm from the wall mean 30-8=22mm from the centre line. We have the
velocity gradient as:
1
=
2
1 22 103
( ) = (20000)
22 0.9 2
= .

22 = ( )
22
= 0.9 244.44

=

(b) (i) The give data and the situation is as shown in the picture below:
1 = 15cm, 1 = 6m, 2 = 22.5cm, 2 = 16m, = 9m, = 0.04

As per the situation there will be some losses in the available head. They are as below:
a. Loss due to entrance in the pipe 1
b. Loss due friction in pipe 1
c. Loss due to sudden enlargement in pipe 1
d. Loss due to friction in pipe 2
e. Loss due to exit again
Head loss at the entrance in the pipe 1:
0.5 12 0.5 12
1 = = = 0.0255 12
2g 2 9.81
Head loss due to friction in pipe 1:
1 12 0.02 6 12
1 = = = 0.041 12
2 g 1 2 9.81 0.15
By the equation of continuity:
1 12 (0.15)2
1 1 = 2 2 2 = 1 = 2 1 = = 0.444 1
2 2 (0.225)2 1
Head loss due to enlargement at the pipe junction:
(1 2 )2 (1 0.444 1 )2
= = = 0.0157 12
2g 2 9.81
 Head loss due to friction in pipe 2:
1 22 0.02 16 (0.444 1 )2
2 = = = 0.0143 12
2 g 1 2 9.81 0.225
Head loss due to exit at the pipe 2:
22 (0.444 1 )2
= = = 0.01 12
2g 2 9.81
Total head loss is:
= 1 + 1 + + 2 +
= (0.0255 + 0.041 + 0.0157 + 0.0143 + 0.01) 12
= 0.1065 12
Applying Bernoulli's equation:
2 2
+ + = + + +
2 2
The situation in the first tank is denoted by subscript A and in the second tank is being
depicted by subscript B. The static pressure both the tanks are same and velocity in both can
be assumed to be zero. What differs is the head datum difference. So:
=

9 m
9 = 0.1065 12 1 = = 9.193
0.1065 s

Discharge:
2 2

= 1 1 = ( 1 ) 1 = (0.15) 9.193 = .
4 4
There will be two sudden falls in the HGL as well as EGL and entire head will be lost at the
end. In the case of HGL, only the static pressure is considered so there will be sudden falls at
the two locations. In the case of EGL velocity is also considered and hence there will be
smooth fall in the line and at the sudden area change locations only the due to losses the
energy will change otherwise change of head into kinetic energy will maintain the energy
line.

14. (a) (i) Pelton Wheel Turbine:

Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine. It is very common in use with its simplistic
design.
In this, a high velocity stream of water jet strikes on the buckets which are attached to a giant
wheel. Buckets change the direction of the water jet properly and then the momentum of the
water jet is converted into an impulse and wheel starts rotating. This is the working of the
Pelton wheel turbine in the simplest way.
When turbine is supposed to stop, simply stopping the water jet is not enough as due to inertia
the wheel will keep rotating for another very long time. So another nozzle called brake nozzle
is used to pout the water on the buckets on the convex side which produces a force in
opposition to the motion of the wheel and wheel stops due to this braking effect.
Rotation of the wheel produces the mechanical energy which can be tapped off to produce
electricity by connecting it to the alternator.
Design Aspect:
Velocity of jet: The velocity of jet at the inlet is given by:

1 = 2g
Where, = Co-efficient of velocity = 0.98 to 0.99
= Net head on turbine
Velocity of wheel: It is given by:

= 2g
Where, is the speed ratio = 0.43 to 0.48
Mean diameter of wheel ():
Mean diameter is obtained by the relation:
 60
= =
60
The mean diameter is also known as pitch diameter.
Jet ratio (): It is defined as the ratio of mean diameter () of the Pelton wheel to the
diameter of the jet ().

=

The value of m varies between 11 and 15. Normally, m = 12 is adapted.
Number of jets: Normally Pelton wheel has one nozzle or one jet. When more power is to
be produced, the number of nozzle or jet may be employed with the same wheel.
Theoretically six nozzles can be used with one pelton wheel.
Number of jet is obtained by dividing the total rate of flow through the turbine by the
rate of flow of water through a single jet.

Bucket dimensions: Some of the main dimensions of

the bucket of pelton wheel are as shown in the figure.
They are expressed in terms of the jet diameter. The
circular area projection of jet on the buckets is known
as pitch circle. Its diameter is taken as reference and
other dimensions of the bucket are mentioned in the
terms of this diameter.
Axial width, = 4 to 5
Radial length, = 2 to 3
Depth, = 0.8 to 1.2
Angle, = 100 to 200
Number of buckets (): The number of buckets is decided mainly on the following two
principles.
a. The number of buckets should be as few as possible so that there is little loss due to
friction.
b. No water escapes without striking the buckets.

The number of buckets is usually more than 15. The formula for number of buckets was
given by Taygun.

= + 15 = 0.5 + 15
2
(b) (i) The give data is as shown below:
 1 = 0.9m, 2 = 0.45m, = 200rpm, 1 = 200mm,
m
1 = 2 = 1.8 , = 100
s
Now since the discharge is radial:
= 900 , 2 = 0
Tangential velocity at the inlet and outlet are:
1 200 0.9 m
1 = = = 9.424
60 60 s
2 200 0.45 m
2 = = = 4.712
60 60 s
Absolute velocity of water at inlet:
1 1.8
1 sin = 1 = = = .
sin sin 10
Whirl velocity at inlet:

= 1 cos = 10.365 cos 10 = .

Relative velocity at inlet:

2

= 1 + (1 1 )2 = 1.82 + (10.207 9.424)2 = .

Runner blade angles:
1 1.8
tan = = = 2.298 = tan1 2.298 = .
(1 1 ) (10.207 9.424)
From the outlet velocity triangle:
2 1.8
tan = = = 0.382 = tan1 0.382 = .
2 4.712
Width of runner at outlet:
1 1 1 = 2 2 2 1 1 = 2 2
1 1 0.9 0.2
= = = . =
2 0.45
Mass of the water flowing through the runner per second:
The discharge will be given by:

= 1 1 1 = 0.9 0.2 1.8 = .


= = 1000 1.0178 = .

 Head at the inlet of turbine:
22 1 1
= (1 1 2 2 ) = 1 1
2g g g
1 22 1 1.82
= 1 1 + = 10.207 9.424 + ( 2 = 2 )
g 2g 9.81 2 9.81
= 9.805 + 0.165 = .
Power developed:
Work done per second on runner (1 1 )
= =
1000 1000
017.8 10.207 9.424
= = .
1000
Hydraulic efficiency:
1 1 10.207 9.424
= = = 0.9834 = 98.34%
g 9.81 97.9

15. (a) (i) Various losses and efficiencies in the centrifugal pump:

(a) (ii) working of a reciprocating pump:

(b) (i) The give data is as shown below:

= 1000 rpm, = 40m,
m
1 = 2 = 2.5 , = 400 ,
s
2 = 500mm = 0.5m,
1 = 2 2 = 0.25m,
2 = 50mm = 0.05m
Tangential velocities at the inlet and outlet:
1 0.25 1000 m
1 = = = 13.09
60 60 s
2 0.5 1000 m
2 = = = 26.18
60 60 s
Discharge will be given by:
m3
= 2 2 2 = 0.5 0.05 2.5 = 0.19635
s
Vane angle at the inlet:
From the inlet velocity triangle:
1 2.5
tan = = = 0.1909 0.191
1 13.09
= tan1 0.191 = .
Work done by impeller on water per second:
From the outlet velocity triangle:
2 2.5 2.5 m
tan = = 2 = 26.18 ( ) = 23.2
2 2 26.18 2 tan 400 s
Now work done by the impeller per second
= (2 2 ) = (2 2 ) = (1000 0.19635) (23.2 26.18)

= .

Manometric efficiency:
g 9.81 40
= = = 0.646 = . %
2 2 23.2 26.18