CE441 Reinforced Concrete Design Exam 4 Appendix

Design of doubly reinforced beams:

When compression steel As is needed, the beam dimensions, b and d are usually known but a singly reinforced section cannot
carry Mu because of the dimensional limitations of concrete section. Then it is necessary to add As that allows the addition of
more As. The following procedure may be used to design a doubly reinforced rectangular beam section:
1) Compute Mn1 as a singly reinforced beam for a target t value. We still would prefer a safe tension controlled design
but would usually set our target t value closer to the transition region such as t = 0.006 or even t = 0.005. The
tension steel area that provides the flexural strength Mn1 is designated as As1. Once we determine c and a
corresponding to the given t value, we can determine As1 from equilibrium (Fx=0) or 0.85 fcab=As1fy.

2) Compute the additional moment capacity Mn2 needed, from (Mu/)=Mn1+Mn2 where Mu is the applied factored
moment, = 0.9 for tension controlled, and Mn1 is the singly reinforced flexural strength computed in step (1). The
additional tension steel As2 needed to produce the additional moment capacity will form a couple with the
compression force developed by As. As2 can be computed from the equation Mn2=As2fy(d-d). The total tension steel
needed will be As=As1+As2.

3) For the b, d, d, and t values selected for this beam, conservatively assume dt =d, and compute the distance to the
neutral axis c and the strain s in the compression steel As using the linear strain diagram that gives
0.003
d t and s ' = 0.003
c d'
c = . If s y=fy/Es then As yields at failure and fs=fy. Therefore
0.003 + t c
we can compute As from As2fy=As(fy-0.85fc). On the other hand, if If s< y=fy/Es then As does not yield at
failure then fs= sEs or fs= 29000 s (ksi). Therefore, using (ksi) units we compute As from As2fy=As(fs -0.85fc)
or As= As2fy /(fs -0.85fc).
ACI Section 25.4.2.2 provides a
simplified table for the determination
of development length in tension ld.
The following table in ACI 25.4.2.2 is
used first to determine ld. Only in
special cases that require more
accuracy Equation 25.4.2.3a in ACI
25.4.2.3 is used. ACI Section 25.4.2.2
Table gives the following values for ld.

Where
t=top bar factor; due to poor
consolidation of concrete around a bar
that is placed near the top of a concrete
placement, the length needed for the
development of steel rebar yield
strength is increased. See ACI 25.4.2.4
t=1.3 if 12 of fresh concrete is placed below bar. t=1.0 for all other cases
e= epoxy coating factor; because if the bar is epoxy coated or zinc and epoxy dual coated the bond strength
with the surrounding concrete is reduced. See ACI 25.4.2.4
e= 1.5 if concrete cover is less than 3db or clear spacing less than 6db and the bar is epoxy coated.
e= 1.2 for all other epoxy coated bars. e= 1.0 for uncoated bars

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Design procedure for cantilever retaining wall
(a) Compute lateral pressure pa produced by surcharge w (if any); pa=kaw where
ka=active soil pressure coefficient. Compute also the lateral pressure pa exerted by
fill behind wall pa=kasz where sz is the unit weight of soil fill and z is the depth
below surface of fill.
(b) Compute bending moment Ms at base of cantilever stem due to pa produced by
lateral earth pressure and surcharge. Multiply Ms by the load factor 1.6 (ACI 5.3.8
a) to obtain Mu.
(c) Use the design equation to compute the required effective depth d at the base of
stem with a target tension steel strain t (a reasonable value for t may be about
0.007-0.008, for fc=4 ksi a steel ratio of =0.014 corresponds to a tensile steel
strain of t =0.007321). The total depth of stem will be hs=d+0.5*db+2 (See ACI
Table 20.6.1.3.1 for the 2 minimum cover specification for #6 and above rebars in
stem). Compute As= bd where b=12=1.0. Specify bar number and spacing
equivalent to As for 12 spacing. The total depth hs and the effective depth d may be
decreased at the top of the retaining wall using a taper of 0.25 per ft as you go up.
(d) Check shear in stem at the critical section at distance d from base so that Vc Vu.
If needed increase d at base of stem.
(e) Estimate length of footing L0.6H where H=height of cantilever stem. The heel
should be approximately two-thirds of the length L. Treat the heel as a cantilever
fixed at section (1) passing through the centerline of tension steel in the stem.
Neglect soil pressure at bottom of footing (ACI 5.3.8 c) and compute Vu, Mu at
section (1) due to the weights of footing, soil, and overburden. Note that the critical
section for shear is at section (1) rather than at distance d because there is no
support being considered under the footing. Determine effective depth d of footing
required due to shear and flexure. Use the controlling d to design As for the footing.
(f) Geotechnical Analysis: Check sliding, overturning, and bearing pressure. Determine
the magnitude and position of soil
pressure resultant under the
footing. The vertical component of
the soil pressure resultant Ry is the
sum of vertical forces acting above
the base of the footing. The
horizontal component is the total
of active pressures. Compute the
soil pressure distribution by
superimposing stresses due to
force and moment resultants.
Determine factors of safety against
sliding and overturning. Adjust
footing dimensions as needed.
(g) Determine As distribution in the
stem and check the development
length of footing reinforcement
(top bar) in the heel. Also check
the hooked anchorage of the stem
reinforcement in the footing.
Sketch design details.
A Family of Design Interaction Diagrams from Wight and MacGregor: fc=6 ksi, fy=60 ksi