silica fibre optical amplifier was used as an auxiliary pump
6pm amplifier combin-
source. The signal source was unchanged. The output from all
three sources was passed through the optical isolator and into
the fibre as before. 91mW of 1.48pm pump power was
launched of which 82mW was absorbed. The launched signal
was again held constant at -31dBm but this time, for each
wavelength step, the input auxiliary pump power was varied
+
between -30 and 1dBm. The gain and noise figure were
obtained as before.
t improvement in noise figure of up to 5 dB over a similar using
- 1570 l;80 I590
wavelength ,nm
1600
I
1610
.
Fig. 2 Gain spectra of I 4 p m amplifier pumped singly with 87mW of
pump power at 1.555pm only, and dual pumped with 82mW at I.48pm
with auxiliary powers of + I , -8, - 17 and -21 dBm
0 1.555pm, single pump
V 1.48 pm, 1dBm auxiliary pump
0 1.48 pm, - 8 dBm auxiliary pump
W 1.48 pm, - 17dBm auxiliary pump
A 1.48 pm, -21 dBm auxiliary pump
Results: Fig. 2 shows the gain spectrum of the 1.55pm
pumped amplifier and the evolution of the gain spectra of the
dual pumped amplifier as a function of auxiliary input level.
The singly pumped amplifier spectrum corresponds to that of
a dual pumped amplifier with an auxiliary input power of
approximately -19dBm. A maximum gain of 31dB is
achieved in the dual pumped case with an auxiliary power
level of -9dBm whereas for an auxiliary input power of
- 17dBm a particularly flat spectrum is obtained showing less
than 1 dB gain variation between 1.57 and 1.6pm.
The noise figure was found to vary by less than 1 dB with
auxiliary input level over the range measured. The noise figure
spectra of the singly pumped amplifier and the dual pumped
amplifier with an auxiliary level of -17dBm are shown in
Fig. 3. The lines are the minimum noise figures for amplifiers
pumped at 1.48 and 1.555pm as predicted by eqn. 2. The
noise performance of the dual pumped amplifier corresponds
well to the minimum expected from a 1.48pm pumped ampli-
fier in the absence of ASE: a 5dB improvement is achieved
with respect to the measured and expected noise figures for an
amplifier pumped at 1,555~111 only. The increase in noise
figure beyond a 1,602pm is believed to be caused by excited
state absorption from the 4113,2 to 419,2 levels [SI.
t M. Makimoto
- 1570 I580 1590 1600 1610
wavelength, n m
PE
Fig. 3 Noise figure for the single and dual pumped I 6 p m amplifier,
with theoretical minimum noisefiguresfor pump wavelengths of 1.48pm
and 1,555 pm
0 singlepump
W dualpump
_--- 1.48 pm
~ 1.555pm
ELECTRONICS LETTERS 24th September 1992
Conclusions: A configuration for the 1.
ing high gains with good noise performance has been demon-
strated. Using 82mW of pump power at 1.48pm together
with an auxiliary pump of -9dBm at 1.555pm, a maximum
gain of 31 dB at 1.57 pm has been achieved. With adjustment
of the auxiliary power level, a gain of 24dB with less than
1dB variation is obtained over a bandwidth of 30 nm. The
noise figure of this dual pumped amplifier approaches the
minimum possible for a 1.48pm pumped device, remaining
below 5dB over a bandwidth of 35nm. This represents an
a single 1.555pm pump.
17th August I992
J. F. Massicott, R. Wyatt and B. J. Ainslie (British Telecom Labor-
atories, Martlesham Heath, Ipswich IPS 7RE, United Kingdom)
References
ATKINS, C. G., MASSICOTT, J . F., ARMITAGE, J. R., WYATT, R., AINSLIE, B.
J., and CRAIG-RYAN, s. P.: High-gain, broad spectral bandwidth
erbium-doped fibre amplifier pumped near 1.5 pm, Electron. Lett.,
1989,14, pp. 910-911
MASSICOTT, I., ARMITAGE, I . R., W Y A T ~ ,R., AINSLIE, B. I., and CRAIG-
RYAN, s. P.: High gain, broadband, 1.68111 Er3+ doped silica fibre
amplifier, Electron. Lett., 1990,20, pp. 164-1646
GILES, C. R., OESURVIRE, E., ZYSKIND, I. L., and SIMPSON, I. R.: Noise
performance of erbium-doped fibre amplifier pumped at 1,49pm,
and application to signal preamplification at 1.8 Gbit/s, IEEE
Photonics Technol. Lett., 1989, 11, pp. 367-369
YAMADA, M., SHLMIZU, M., OKAYASU, M., TAKESHITA, T., HORIGUCHI,
M., TACHIKAWA, Y., and SUGITA, E . : Noise characteristics of Er3+-
doped fibre amplifiers pumped by 0.98 and 1.48pm laser diodes,
IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 1990,3, pp. 205-207
LAMING, R. I., and PAYNE, D. N . : Noise characteristics of erbium-
doped fibre amplifier pumped at 980nm, IEEE Photonics
Technol. Lett., 1990,6, pp. 418-421
MINISCALCO, w. J., THOMPSON, B. A., DAKSS, M. L., ZEMON, s. A., and
ANDREWS, L. J . : The measurement and analysis of cross sections
for rare-earthdoped glasses. SPIE Fibre Laser Sources and
Amplifiers 111, 1991, Vol. 1581, pp. 80-90
OLSHANSKY, R . : Noise figure for erbium-doped optical amplifiers,
Electron. Lett., 1988,22, pp. 1363-1365
MASSICOTI, I. F., WYATT, R., AINSLLE, B. I., and CRAIG-RYAN, s. P.:
Efficient,high power, high gain, Er3+ doped silica fibre amplifier,
Electron. Lett., 1990, 14, pp. 1038-1039
WYATT, R.: Spectroscopy of rare earth doped fibres. SPIE Fibre
Laser Sources and Amplifiers, 1989, Vol. 1171
HIGH-T, BANDPASS FILTER USING
MINIATURISED MICROSTRIP HAIRPIN
RESONATORS
A. Enokihara, K. Setsune, K. Wasa, M. Sagawa and
Indexing terms: Superconductors, Superconducting devices,
Microwave filters
Superconductingbandpass filters of 4.9GHz with 0.5% rela-
tive bandwidth were designed using miniaturised microstrip
hairpin resonators and fabricated with GdBa,Cu,O, thin
films prepared on MgO. The passband insertion loss was
0.5 dB at 20 K and the filter configuration was defined in an
area less than 5 x 5 mm2.
Introduction: High critical temperature (l;)thin films are used
in narrowband microwave filters to realise low insertion-loss
performance, because of their extremely low surface resistance
[l-31. Most of the high-l; filters demonstrated use the con-
ventional parallel-coupled-line structure. The configuration of
such filters is however too large to define in an area of about
1 cm2 when designed with a centre frequency less than several
gigahertz on MgO crystals, on which high-T, films of high
Vol. 28 No. 2 0 1925
r
 quality can be prepared. With regard to a cryogenic environ-
ment, the large device size is directly related to the heavy
refrigeration burden. Developing high-T, filters with miniatur-
ised configuration is, therefore, very important in reducing the
size and operating power of the refrigeration systems and in
integrating the filters with other circuit elements onto a single
substrate.
In this work, we designed and fabricated narrowband
high-T, filters using miniaturised microstrip hairpin reson-
ators, which have a suitable structure to reduce the size of the
filter configuration.
Miniaturised hairpin resonator [4] : The miniaturised hairpin
resonator consists of two sections, a symmetrical parallel
coupled line and a single line. One end of the coupled line is
open and the other end is connected in parallel by the single
line. The resonator length decreases compared with that of the
conventional half-wavelength resonator when Z, Z , < Z:,
where Z, and Z , are the characteristic impedances of the odd
and even modes in the coupled line section, rapectively, and
Z , is that in the single line section.
1
b 11)6111
5"
Fig. 1 Miniaturised hairpin resonntor filter and conuentionnl parallel-
coupled-linefilter with snme electricol speci$cations
a Hairpin
b Conventional parallel-coupled-line
Filter design and fabrication: We designed a two-stage
bandpass filter with centre frequency of 4.9 GHz and relative
bandwidth of 0.5% using the miniaturised microstrip hairpin
resonators on a 0.5" thick MgO substrate (E, = 9.2). A
schematic diagram of the filter circuit is shown in Fig. la. The
resonators have a coupled line of 60pm gap spacing. Input
and output coupling is achieved by tapping at the single line
section. The conventional parallelcoupled-line filter with the
same electrical specifications is presented in Fig. lb. The
hairpin resonator filter is defined in an area less than
5 x 5mm2, which is around one third of that of the conven-
tional one.
The filters were fabricated with GdBa,Cu,O, supercon-
ducting thin films of 680nm thickness. The films were pre-
I I I I I I I I I I I tional filter with the same electrical specifications. The size of
I I I I I I I I I I I References
4 5 50
1136121 frequency, GHz
Fig. 2 Frequency responses of attenuationforfilters at 20 K
(i) GBCO superconducting filter
(ii) gold filter
1926
--
pared on (100) MgO crystals by RF magnetron sputtering.
The as-deposited films have a flat surface and T, of around
82 K. The usual photolithographic technique with argon ion-
beam etching was employed for the film patterning. A gold
thin film 800nm thick was deposited on the reverse side of the
substrate as the ground plane. The filter of the same configu-
ration was also fabricated with an 800nm-thick gold thin film
as a comparison.
Results and discussions: Fig. 2 shows the frequency responses
of the filters at 20K. The passband insertion loss Lo of the
GBCO superconducting filter is 0.5 dB, which is 1.9 dB lower
than that of the gold filter. The temperature dependence of Lo
is shown in Fig. 3, where the broken lines indicate Lo esti-
mated from unloaded quality factors Q,, which were mea-
sured with the hairpin resonators of the same configuration to
those in the filter structure. The Q, values of the GBCO and
the gold resonators were 1550 and 330 at 20K, respectively.
The measured Lo agree well with those estimated from the Q,
for both the filters, which means that the low Lo of the GBCO
filter was obtained from the high-Q performance due to the
low conductor-loss property of the high-T,materials.
0-
m
U
U;
-
-
0
c 5 -
e
L -
%
c_
1
t 1
10
0 50
temperature. K
Fig. 3 Temperature dependence of passband insertion loss for GBCO
filter and goldfilter
(i) GBCO filter
(ii) gold filter
_ _ _ _ insertion loss calculated from unloaded quality factors of
resonators
Conclusion: Both small size and low insertion loss could be
realised for narrowband filters by using the miniaturised
microstrip hairpin resonators and fabricating with
GdBa,Cu,O, high-T, thin films. The configuration of the filter
is defined in an area less than one third of that of a conven-
the high-T, filter including the cryogenic refrigerator can con-
siderably decrease with a reduction in the refrigeration
burden.
24th August I992
A. Enokihara, K. Setsune, K. Wasa, M. Sagawa. and M. Makiioto'
(Central Research Loboratories, Matsushito Electric Industrial Co.,
Ltd., Moriguchi, Osaka 570, Jopan
* Also with Information and Communication Research Center, Mat-
sushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki
214, Japan
1 LYONS, W. G., BONETII, R. R., WILLIAMS, A. E., MANKIWCH, P. M.,
O'MALLEY, M. L., HAMM, I. M., ANDERSON, A. c., WITHERS, R. s., MEU-
, and HOWARD, R. E.: 'High-T, superconductive micro-
L ~ E R G A.,
wave filters', IEEE Trans., 1991, MAG27, (2). pp. 2537-2539
2 NEWMAN, H. S., CHRISEY, D. B., HORWTZ, 1. S., WEAVER, B. 0..and
~ E SM., E.: 'Microwave devices using YBa,Cu,O,_, films made
ELECTRONICS LElTERS 24th September 1992 Vol. 28 No. 2 0
r
 by laser deposition', IEEE Trans., 1991, MAGZ7, (2), pp. 2540- The inverse LXT is
2543
3 SUGINOSHITA, F., IMAI, K., YAZAWAN, N., SUZUKI, K., N J I O , S., TAKE- N- 1
N A W , T., and NAWO, K.: '13.3GHz YBCO microstrip bandpass
filter', Electron. Lett., 1992,28, (4), pp. 355-357 k=O
4 SAGAWA, M., TAKAHASHI, K., and "om, M.: 'Miniaturized
hairpin resonator tillers and their application to receiver front-end n = 0, 1, ..., N - 1 (3)
MIC's', IEEE Trans., 1989, M - 3 7 , (12), pp. 199-1997
The modified DCT-I defined in Reference 4 is given by the
expression

Wang did not define M, and we assume M = 2 N in eqn. 4 a

INTERPOLATION USING THE DISCRETE and M = 2 PN in eqn. 8, and the multiplying constants k; are
COSINE TRANSFORM
J. I. Agbinya

Indexing term: Signal processing, Transforms, Algorithms
Zooming and zero padding interpolation algorithms based
on the conventional discrete cosine transform (DCX) arc pre-
sented. The DCT algorithms arc shown to be more accurate
and outperform algorithms based on the Wang modified
DCT-I which was proposed to replace the DCT for inter-
polation purposes.
Introduction: The discrete cosine transform [l-31 is widely
used in speech coding and image compression, because it is
In the sequel define the length of the interpolated sequence to
be S = P x N,and the coefficients Y(&) of the DCT (DCT-I)
transform of the interpolated sequence fin) using the DCT
coefficients X ( k ) .
(i) Case I: Zooming algorithm: Define Y ( k ) or Y l ( k ) as
k = 0, 1 , 2 , _ _ / 2 ,-
N_ 1

i
nearly optimal compared with the Karhunen-Loeve trans- N
form. For example the recommended CCITT H.261 coding Y ( k )= 0
2
+
k = - 1, ..., P N - N / 2 - 1
algorithm for moving pictures uses the DCT after the motion
compensation stage in the encoder. Before encoding with the 0 . 5 X (N / 2 ) k PN -N/2
DCT, motion vectors are derived using linear interpolation N
algorithms based on nearest neighbour pixels to improve the
X(k -PN +N) k P N -- 1, .._,
2
+ PN - 1
efficiency of the prediction of pixel values. The motion vectors
are used to provide offsets into both path and future picture (5)
reference frames [SI. To effciently use the encoder, it is desir-
able to use the DCT in the motion compensation stage for The coefficients at N I 2 and P N - N / 2 are reduced by half to
interpolation to predict pixels required for generating the minimise leakage errors at the data boundaries. To use this
motion vectors and for subsequent encoding. We present a algorithm, we modify the DCT multiplying factor c(k) as
discrete interpolation algorithm based on the DCT suitable follows :
for predicting samples between any two neighbouring samples
of a sequence of length N an integer power of two. The results 1 k=O
presented here are contrary to the assertions of Wang [ 4 ]
that the DCT in its conventional form is unsuitable for inter-
= {J(2) k = 1 , 2 , . ..,P N - 1

polation applications unless the definition is modified. Here This modification of the multiplier ensures performance. The
the DCT is not modified. We give the DCT interpolation inverse DCT of the interpolated sequence is therefore given by
algorithm using a zooming algorithm originally used with the the expression
discrete Hartley tranform [SI,* by inserting zeros between the
(Nyquist point of the parent sequence) N / 2 and P x N - N / 2
sample position in the interpolated sequence. The second
method, applicable to real signals involves padding with zeros
the transform coefficients after N , thereby extending the n = 0, 1 , . ..,S - 1 (7)
sequence to P x N samples. Thus the factor by which the
sampling rate is increased is P , and P - 1 samples are inter- The inverse modified DCT-I for the interpolated sequence
polated between any two consecutive samples of the parent yl(n) is given by the expression
sequence.
PN- I
Interpolation using the DCT: The discrete cosine transform of
a sequence x(n) is defined over N samples as [11 yl(n) = 1 Y ( m )cos mnn
II= 1
-
M
(ii) Case 2: Zero padding algorithm: We assign transform coef-
ficients to Y ( k )as

where
k = 0 , 1 , 2 ,..., N - t (1)
Y ( k )=
{F k = O , l , ..., N
k =N + 1, ..., P N - 1
(9)

where k = 0, 1, 2, ..., S - 1, and the inverse DCT and DCT-I

are used to form the interpolated time series fin) and yl(n),
respectively. Effectively the DCT coefficients are scaled with
k = 1, 2, ...,N - 1 c l ( k )= J ( 2 ) .
[O otherwise
Performance of cosine transform interpolation algorithms: To
* AGBINVA, J. 1.: 'Multidimensional interpolation using discrete fully appreciate the effectiveness of transform domain inter-
Hartley transform', submitted to IEEE Trans. Sign. Process., 1992 polation algorithms, it is important to test them with short
ELECTRONICS LETTERS 24th September 1992 Vol. 28 No. 20 1927