Elhana & Saskia October 17, 2016

Measuring Rates of a Neutralization Reaction

A. Purpose
The purpose of this lab experiment is to observe the neutralization reaction between
hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate and measure the rate of reaction. The reaction rates are
measured through two different methods. The first method; measuring the change in mass
throughout the reaction and the second method; measuring the change in gas volume throughout
the reaction. This lab is conducted to study the overall rate of change during the reaction, as well
as to calculate instantaneous rates of change, and to compare the two methods of measuring
change during neutralization reactions in order to assess which method is more accurate.

B. Method/ Apparatus
Change in Mass Method:
The reaction rate of hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate was measured by recording
the mass of the reaction every 30 seconds for nine minutes. All
measurements were taken using a scale on which the beaker where
the reaction was occurring sat throughout the entire nine minutes.
The initial mass was recorded as soon as the solid calcium
carbonate was added into the hydrochloric acid, and the nine minute
time period began at that same moment.

Change in Volume of Gas Method:

To set up for this experiment, a
graduated underneath. 30mL of 1.0M HCl(aq)
was added to 15(+0.2)g of CaCO3 (s) in
a
large test tube which was sealed with a
stopper attached to the tube going into the
water filled graduated cylinder. As soon as
the two reactants were mixed, a timer was
started and every 30s the amount of water
displaced, by CO2 that
was produced, was
marked on the graduated cylinder. After
540s, no more recordings were taken and the half minute intervals were recorded as mL
displaced. These measurements were then converted into L and then moles.

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C. Results
Change in Mass

Mass of Total Mass of

Moles of CO2
Time (s) Reaction CO2
Produced
Beaker (g) Produced (g)
0 111.16 0 0.00E+00
30 111.08 0.08 1.82E-03
60 110.97 0.19 4.32E-03
90 110.87 0.29 6.59E-03
120 110.79 0.37 8.41E-03
150 110.76 0.40 9.09E-03
180 110.74 0.42 9.54E-03
210 110.69 0.47 1.07E-02
240 110.68 0.48 1.09E-02
270 110.66 0.50 1.14E-02
300 110.64 0.52 1.18E-02
330 110.64 0.52 1.18E-02
360 110.63 0.53 1.20E-02
390 110.62 0.54 1.23E-02
420 110.61 0.55 1.25E-02
450 110.61 0.55 1.25E-02
480 110.61 0.55 1.25E-02
510 110.60 0.56 1.27E-02
540 110.59 0.57 1.30E-02

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Saskia

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C. Results
Change in Volume

Volume of CO2 Volume of CO2 Moles of CO2

Time (s) Collected (mL) Collected (L) Collected
0 0.00 0.00 0.00E+00
30 84.00 0.08 3.49E-03
60 158.00 0.16 6.56E-03
90 206.00 0.21 8.55E-03
120 227.00 0.23 9.42E-03
150 252.00 0.25 1.05E-02
180 264.00 0.26 1.10E-02
210 272.00 0.27 1.13E-02
240 275.00 0.28 1.14E-02
270 279.00 0.28 1.16E-02
300 282.50 0.28 1.17E-02
330 285.00 0.29 1.18E-02
360 285.40 0.29 1.18E-02
390 285.70 0.29 1.19E-02
420 285.90 0.29 1.19E-02
450 285.99 0.29 1.19E-02
480 290.00 0.29 1.20E-02
510 290.20 0.29 1.20E-02
540 290.20 0.29 1.20E-02

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Elhana

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D. Calculations
Part 1: Change in Mass

Average Rate of Change from t = 0s to t = 400s:

(1.19102 0.00)
(4000) = 2.98 10 -5 mols/s

Therefore, the AROC from t = 0s to t = 400s is 2.98 10 -5 mols/s.

Instantaneous Rate of Change at t = 50s:

(1.151023.00103)
(15050) = 8.50 10-5 mols/s

Therefore, the IROC at t = 50s is 8.50 10-5 mols/s.

Part 2: Change in Volume

Average Rate of Change from t=0s to to = 400s:

(1.17x1020.00)
4000 = 0.00002925 mols/s

Therefore, the AROC from t=0s and t=400s is 2.93 10-5 mols/s.

Instantaneous Rate of Change at t = 50s:

(1.041025.8103)
(10050) = 0.000092

Therefore, the IROC at t=50s is 9.20 10-5 mols/s.

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E. Discussion

1. Experiment Alterations
In order to speed up the rate of reaction, the temperature should be increased or more HCl
should be added to the Calcium Carbonate. An effective collision (when reactants successfully
become products) occurs when molecules meet with the necessary amount of activation energy
and are orientated the correct way. Therefore, as the kinetic energy of the reactants increases
(with an increase of temperature), the chance of the reactant compound(s) separating and then
reforming into products is much more likely because of the extra energy present. The rate of
reaction decreased over time as the amount of available HCl decreased. At the end of the
reaction between CaCO3 and HCl there was leftover product (the limiting reagent), therefore if
there was more HCl added into the mixture there would be more product to react with and the
reaction would be higher for a longer period of time.

2. Sources of Error (Change In Mass Method)

As time progressed throughout the experiment, the mass was recorded as observed from the
digital balance every 30 seconds. The mass did not only decrease throughout the entire nine
minutes but fluctuated up and down.This lead us to believe that the environment in which the
reaction was taking place was not stable. The air currents in the room could have caused the
discrepancies in the constant reaction, otherwise we can infer that the scale was not accurate.

3.Sources of Error (Change In Volume Method)

As time progressed throughout the experiment the volume of CO2 was recorded every 30
seconds by marking the divide between CO2 and
water with a sharpie on the test tube. Our results
recorded from the markings after the completed experiment would have been affected by this due
to the thickness of a sharpie. Precise numbers were difficult to obtain as the lines crossed a
general area and were very close to each other due to the deceleration of the reaction and a
consistent measurement interval.

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4. Comparison of Two Methods

Between the change in mass and change in volume methods of determining the amount of gas
produced, the number of significant figures in our calculations from the change in volume
method was higher than the two decimal places that the electronic balance gave us from the
change in mass method. In addition to this, the set-up for the change in volume method was
more easily controlled due to the ability to confine all reactants and products within the
contraption, whereas the set-up for the change in mass method was not as accurate as situational
discrepancies such as airflow and current could not be controlled. Significant figures and the
ability to control situational factors are important for accuracy, therefore the change in volume
method was more accurate.

5. Alternate Experiment Methods

Another method for calculating the rate of reaction between CaCO3 (s) and
HCl(aq) would be the
change of pH method. As the HCl decreased in quantity throughout the progression of the
reaction, the solutions pH would increase. This is because the water produced from this
reaction is less acidic than hydrochloric acid, lowering the solutions overall pH level.