Professional Documents
Culture Documents
the
By EDOUARD NAVILLE.
By F. Ll. GRIFFITH.
idelberg
2637
Folio
london:
messrs. kegan paul, trench, trubner & co., 57 & 59, ludgate hill, e.c.
1890.
seventh memoir OF
the
1887.
By EDOUARD NAVILLE.
By F. Ll. GRIFFITH.
LONDON:
messrs. kegan paul, trench, trtjbner & co., 57 & 59, ludgate hill, ec.
1890.
If
CONTENTS.1
I.
Peepacb ....... 3
P4.GB
TELL EL YAHOODIEH.
Former accounts
.... 5
The Tell......6
Excavations of Brugsch-Bey . . 6
The Necropoliscontinued.
translations
Jewish and other proper names
a metrical epitaph
evidently a Jewish cemetery.
Further cemetery
interments in heaps of basalt
a child's tomb
painted coffins .
Rameses III......10
dynasty .
. 10
. .10
of Piankhi .
probable identity
Not Heliopolis .
.
.
. .11
. .11
17
17
18
Leontopolis
City of Destruction
20
20
20
Scenae Veteranorum
20
Conclusion
21
belbeis :
. 13
Sidon .
16
19
. ... 12
The Necropolis :
Discovery of late rock-cut tombs .
similar tombs in Syria
.
16
16
Accounts of Josephus
pyrus .
15
17
untrustworthy
Menephtah.....10
15
inscriptions
Cypriote pottery
probable Greek or Roman date
evidence of amulets and scarabs
14
14
15
15
. 13
. .13
EL KARMUS.
Remains at Belbeis
Bubastis agria .
Saft el Henneh .
. .22
22
23
23
23
23
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Samanood :
23
Abtjsir :
..
24
24
24
25
25
25
27
Euthenia ......
Tukh el Karmus:
The Tell .
The temple
26
.
.
Corner deposits .
26
27
27
27
27
Ptolemaic inscriptions
Ptolemy Philadelphus .
Monuments now in Europe .
Birthplace of Manetho
PAGE
.
.
..
.
.
Central deposit .
Enamelled vase with inscription .
..
..
The inscription .
Bronze tongs .
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
II.
By F. Ll. GRIFFITH.
Introduction :
Archaeological research
Canopus ...... 34
Journey to El 'Arish .
. .33
. .34
. .35
Seti 1......40
Barneses II. .
.
Merenptah .
.
Seti II......41
. .41
. .41
pavilion.
. .41
.
.
.
. .42
. .42
. .42
Tell el Yahudiyeh :
graves.....39
scarabs . . . . .39
flint tools . . . .39
pottery , . . . .39
altar . . . . .40
Apepi.....40
scarabs, &c. .
cemetery .
.
mode of burial
. .42
tumulus I.VII.....43
interments .
pottery coffins
large vases .
small vases .
.
.
.
.
. .44
. .45
. .45
. .46
contents.
Khata neh :
tumulus I.VII.continued.
bronze . . . . .46
wood . . . . .46
iron . . . . .46
stone
.
.
.
shell.....46
ornaments .
.
potters' marks
.
Qantir......57
. .46
. .47
. .47
general results
. . 48
closures .
miscellaneous
. .49
. .50
. .50
sian) to Ptolemies
. .50
Tell Rotab :
Antiquities .....
Miscellanea :
Zagazig (Tell Basta) ,
Semennud .....
TeU Muqdam.....
Benha ......
Jewish tombs
.
.
types of tombs '.
south cemetery .
middle cemetery .
north cemetery .
Miscellaneous antiquities .
Limestone baths
.
.
Tukh el Qaramus :
Ruins
S.E. enclosure :
X.W. enclosure .
Temenos .
temple .
. .53
. .53
. .53
. 53
. 54
. 54
. 54
. 55
settlements ....
57
57
57
57
58
58
59
Site of Terenuthis
Stone remains .
Christian building
Site of the temple
Soter's work
Philadelphus' work
New cartouche1.
Remains of the town
Cemetery .
60
59
. .51
. .52
. .52 The Season 1887-8.Minor Explorations
. .52 Tarraneh :
60
Situation .
. .53
Domes of clay.....53
Temple of Onias
TellelYahud ....
57
56
56
56
Bedawin .
Heliopolis :
60
61
61
62
62
63
63
63
64
64
64
contents.
Heliopoliscontinued.
Kelics, at Qubbet Tufiq
at Matariyeh .
on Tell Hisn .
at Mestarad .
at Behtim
at Belaqs
at Khasus
at El Merg .
Ancestors of Pathenef.
List of cartouches
65
65
Abu Bowash
Beshadi
66
Naqrash .
Tell Baqliyeh .
Tell Billeh
66
Qantareh .
65
66
66
67
67
69
Miscellaneous :
Skhedia .
Miscellaneouscontinued.
usim
69
69
El 'Arish :
Shrine ....
69
69
69
69
70
70
70
Goshen.
70
70
inscriptions .
Christian building
71
71
74
75
BY
EDOUARD NAYILLE.
PREFACE.
The present memoir describes only those excavations which were made
during the first half of the winter of 1887. This circumstance accounts for its
shortness. Immediately after leaving Tukh el Karmus, we settled at Tell Basta,
a site which required the two following winters for its thorough excavation,
the considerable results of which will be published in a separate volume.
During the winter of 1S87 I had the valuable help of Mr. Griffith, who in
the present work deals chiefly with the archaeological side of the excavations.
The reader will notice that our opinions disagree as to the age to which some
EDOUARD NAVILLE.
TELL EL YAHOODIEH.
THE EGYPTIAN CITY.
even then digging sebakh (manure), he prophesies that the mound will some day entirely
taken.
6 TELL EL Y
is now a modern burial-place. The mound of the
ancient city must have had different levels, which
AHOODIEH.
el Yahoodieh in an interesting paper lately published under the title of " On et Onion."1 When
and pillars, and traces of an alabaster, pavement. Having cleared as much as remained of
1 " Kecueil de travaux relatifs a la philologie et a 1'archeologie (gyptienne et assj-rienne," vol. viii., p. 1.
THE EGY
have taken the trouble to build for their predecessor, Barneses III., such a beautiful chamber,
TAIST CITY. 7
or Sekhet, which, according to the same author,
a great number would therefore have to be renewed, and that would account for the fact that
letters.
8 TELL EL ~!
which were formerly set models of the great
sphinxes guarding the entrance; higher up, on
either side, are marked the positions of the
the temple.
cut hieroglyphics."
THE EGY
IIAN CITY. 9
number of panegyrics.
the house of a fellah. It is evidently Turn Harmakhis who speaks the following words :"lam
thy venerable father, the lord of thy beauties. . . .
King Barneses, thou art prosperous like Turn in the
1 PL II. b.
PL II. d. 3 PL II. c.
10 TELL EL Y
power of thy sword is above all lands. Thy hand
is never opposed in all countries, King Barneses,
AHOODIEH.
. |i'im"l
name.1
/VWWA
11
of Auput.
is the city of Heliopolis situate on a considerable mound. It is true that now the mound
c2
TELL EL YAHOODIEH.
12
extent.
In the Great Harris papyrus we have a document describing at great length all the buildings
erected by Rameses III., and his donations to many
III"
Q ^ (co
the abode of Rameses
was called - ^ Q ~
^{^
tablets of the Greek kings are richer in geographical information than the inscriptions of
the Pharaohs; the latter treating chiefly of the
great gods of the country, as Set, Horus or Amon,
)POLIS. 13
THE NEC
THE NECROPOLIS.
The excavations in the Tell itself were so unsatis-
and 228.
14 tell el 1
which is given to him, is xpwre, hind, as at Sidon ;
AP1CTOBOTAEAO . . .
ACDPEHACIQIAEXPH . . .
ircov k jjLrjvuiu e.
polis.
THE NECEC
FULdiS. !5
Hence we are led to conclude that the necropolis 1 satisfactory interpretation of such bad Greek.
of Tell el Yahoodieh was a cemetery of Jews, and j Besides, according to this division, the two last
lines would not fit into the rhythm. The last line
settlement.
. . . p.e KCLl
but if thou wilt, thou canst know how great was his
invisible, where is he 1
16 tell el yahoodieh.
urns of red earthenware (PI. XIV. 6), about a I the left ear a shell. These graves had probably
been rifled for the sake of the scarabs and the
foot and a half in height. They sometimes contained ashes intermixed with some vegetable rings. On one occasion a workman to whom I
substance, and once or twice they also contained
a bronze rasp. The urns were the certain pre- brought me a fine carnelian scarab mounted in
cursors of a coffin, as they were nearly ahvays silver. The stone was very badly engraved with
placed on each side of the head, or of the feet, an inscription which is susceptible of more than
coarsely executed, in the style of the numerous several instances they look as if they had not been
coffins found in the late cemeteries of Errnent or intended to be read, but were merely ornamental,
coffins, the bones had been heaped together the interment, perhaps in order to distinguish
towards the feet. This was due to the fact that the deceased from the Jews who were buried close
all the tombs of adults had been rifled in ancient by. I have reproduced (Plate II. e.) the inscrip-
*j
1 , &c.
/VWWS /WWW
(WWW
THE CITY
OF ONIAS. 17
The hieroglyphs written on these coffins are
been found in graves at Benha. This style of desire of giving to the burials an Egyptian
late epoch.
11 Plato iv., F.
18 TELL EL Y
admitted of Tell el Yahoodieh with Onion, the | which Onias wrote to Ptolemy. Onias says that
city of Onias. Our information on this head is travelling with the Jews, he reached Lcontopolis
derived from Josephus, who, in several parts of
death at Beroea, in Syria, by the advice of same dimensions; that it may be for the benefit of
Lisias, first general of Antiochus. The king thyself and thy wife and children, that those Jews
replaced him by Alkimos, called also Iakimos,
who was not of the family of high priests. The
Jewish writer seems to regard the death of harmony one with another, and be subservient
Menelaus as a just punishment for his ungod-
who had been high priest. When the youngman saw that the dignity of high priest was
transferred by the king to another family, he fled
OF ONIAS. 19
THE CITY
God herein."
not to be struck by the fact that, like many of 340 years: being respected and favoured by
the speeches recorded by Thucydides, they reflect the Ptolemies, who endowed the temple with
the thoughts of the author who quotes them grants of land. During the persecution of the
rather than those of the supposed writer. We can
hardly give credit to Ptolemy and his queen to be destroyed. The governor of Alexandria,
for their piety which Josephus admires, nor Lupus, and after him Paulinus, plundered the
is it easy to believe in the extreme caution with treasury, expelled the Jews, and shut up the
which, in this letter, they cast upon Onias the temple, after having obliterated all traces of
responsibility of breaking the Jewish law.
Jewish worship.
temple of Jerusalem, except only the candlestick, for which Onias substituted a golden lamp
hanging from a golden chain. The whole temple
Ant. xii. 9. 7.
Bov/Sdorecos, xiii. 3. 2.
Tlncrdeis HTo\ep.aios rots X.eyop.evoi's SiSuiaiv aira! ^wpav
eKarov erri rots dySoijKOVTa oraStous d/rrl^ipvo-av MyU<ea>9.
No/ios 8' ovtos 'HAt07roXtT)js KaAaVai, Ivda (j>povptov Karao-Ktvao-ap-evos 'Ovtas tov piv vabv oi)( op.oiov wKoSop-rjcre tu! iv
'Iepoo-oAv/xots, Bell. Jud. viii. 10. 3.
oi TTjV 'Oviov TTpoo-ayopevop.ivTjv xu>pav KaTe'^ovres 'IowSaioi
AlyVTTTlOL, i. 9. 4.
D2
20 TELL EL
the place chosen was called Leontopolis of the
Heliopolitan name, or the fort of Bubastis agria.
Brugsch-Bey thinks that the name of Leontopolis
to the Lord."
ft 0
I i I I a 111
lower, Belbeis.
THE CITY
OP ONIAS. 21
Ismailieh canal. No monument of any importance had been discovered there until now; but
of Brugsch. JJ^^^t^J
l AAA/W\
AAAA/NA AAAAA/\
i /VWW\
-A
](j^=MlI^^! left
SAMANOOD. 23
BELBEIS-
Nebesheh.
SAMANOOD.
SAMANOOD.
24
SAMANOOD.
25
troops, had probably conquered the three important cities over which he ruled. The second
Psammitichus.
LJ -f)
of the time
commander
J^^] J
, chief in Thebnuter
(Sebennytos), Pa Hebi (Behbeit), and Samhud
(Damietta). He was one of the allied rebels who
I at
samanood.
20
first thought it might be a mistake of the engraver ; but lately I discovered at Bubastis a frag-
are inscribed with the name of Ptolemy Philacartouche being broken off. I believe therefore
the cartouche of Samanood to be correct; and I
should think that it was the original name of the
he had built the important sanctuary, considerable ruins of which are still visible.
ai
Thou art Tefnut, the daughter of Ra, loving him, who sees
pi. 118.
31k. 27
traces in Egypt.1 Though practically independent, Ptolemy seems to have been anxious to
show that Egypt was still part of the Macedonian
ABUSIR.
A few miles south-west of Samanood, on the
Alexander II., when the line of the great king overlooking the river. At a short distance to
was quite extinct, that he assumed the title of the westward is another large mound, which may
king of Egypt.
have been the necropolis, where I saw a few
Besides these fragments of Alexander, there blocks of hard stone without inscription. At
are Ptolemaic inscriptions. One (plate VI. b.) is
part of a hymn to the rising sun, without the been some important buildings at this place, to
name of any king, but in good Ptolemaic charac-
which is reproduced on Plate VII. a. It represents a sitting goddess, having above her left
hand the emblems of life, stability, and purity,
e2
28 ABUSIRTUKH
goddess of Busiris. The sense of the word is
revealed to us by a sentence in the inscription of
EL KARMUS.
/WWW \
Q WWA
| ^XT^.
was Dad, and it is of frequent occurrence in texts connected with religion or mytho-
TUKH EL KARMUS.
Between the stations of Hehya and Abookebir,
part of a statue of the XXVIth dynasty of never to have been excavated for antiquities. It
1 " Goshen," pi. v. 4.
2 Zoega, " Num. Aeg.," pi. vi. et x.
3 "De Is. et Os.," cap. 21.
4 TT. 39, 40, 61.
PL vii. B.
6 PL vii. c.
karmus. 29
tukh el
follows:
30 TUKH E:
" The gift of a vase of tlichcn and gold, to the
KARMUS.
near or in the temple, and not amid brick constructions, which may have been either houses or
3 L. S and 140.
THE
BY
F. Ll. GRIFFITH.
INTEOD UOTION.
For antiquarian research, Egypt is a land that is
singular attraction for those who delight in the hieroglyphics are interpreted.
Half-hearted, hurried excavations, apart from
linguistic and graphic puzzles. One great
expedition after another, one scientific tourist
after another, has gathered a harvest from the
writings of tomb and temple, and a great mass of
34 INTRO!
that excavation the connection of its contents,
forming the most important item of the evidence,
is hopelessly disturbed, and it will depend entirely
much in the brilliant field of Egyptian archaeology to expect the painful minuteness of descrip-
With regard to Egyptian archaeology in whole attention during the working hours.
advance should take a work like Canon self in the following season. Besides the sites
journey 1
el 'arish. 35
(Feb. 1888, p. 133), has invested it with fresh Salhiyeh, the monotony of the Delta scenery (?)
interest by bringing into focus the testimony of being broken at one spot, where we passed by a
Arab authors. A few more notes from a tourist's bridge over one narrow streak of great beauty,
point of view may not be unacceptable.
Faqus. At that season the feature of the sabkheh. Its length and width will, however,
country was the abundance of thistles in flower,
36 INTKODl
supposed to have swallowed an entire army of wells of brackish water, generally sunk where the
Persians in its treacherous quicksands. Being surface is about five feet above the water level, so
at the worst point of a difficult journey, and that the water may be shaded from the sun, the
lying just at the side of the route, tales naturally
gathered round it, and were amplified by the story-
the entrails were buried on the spot. The the flavour imparted by the smoking.
Arabs still cast stones upon his tumulus, calling
Baldwin."
EL 'ARISH. 37
JOURNEY TO
most fearful temper when they are first caught, as soon as it covers them. A cautious old crab
but afterwards feign death. They are, I think, will never allow itself to be taken off its feet, but
the most curious creatures I have ever seen. a hare-brained youngster will rush full tilt into
The crabs make a good second to them. They the middle of a wave, and be thrown head over
heels in an instant.
they bolt for the sea, they shoot down the bank,
others Gerrha.
TELL EL YAHUDIYEH.
Tell el Yahudiyeh,1 " The mound of the here and there, indicating the elevation which the
Jewess," (about two miles south-east of Shibin
stratum.
1 See Note A.
2 See map PI. ix. and Note B.
3 See rough plan in PI. ix.
queen
39
official
(?)
known,4 and it would be interesting to localize them. A wellworked specimen, with a unique legend, which I unfortunately
(Heracleopolis Parva 1), and may well have influenced all the
towns on the eastern border.
period, but most of our pottery scarabs and flints | usually without meaning, and show the ignorance of the
were bought from the fellahin who were digging engravers, who frequently reduced characters and groups to
show a portion of the white outer crust. Some are broad, thin
this variety may have been used as saws, but many specimens
have a more or less blunt edge and must be scrapers.
TELL EL YAHUDIYEH.
40
ware; deep jar, nearly as PI. xv. 4, but more pointed at the
bottom, a pot, PI. xi. 11, resembling those from Khata'neh :
and a rude saucer. Also a small bottle PI. xi. 9 of yellowish
The leaf either hangs from the neck of the vase, or rises
from the foot, or encircles the body. In the latter case it
often assumes the appearance of herring-bone pattern.
tures may have been filled with a white paste. After the
periods, the brick grave is later and the bones of the early
interment had disappeared. The pottery is all of plain red
1 See below, pp. 56, 57.
ment, stated to have been found only a few yards outside the
enclosure, recording the building of a temple of Turn in (sic)
sphinxes and obelisks,4 but this can hardly have had any
original connection with the place. The temples of Heliopolis
were the chief source from which the Romano-Egyptians in
41
stone.
(G
twentieth dynasty.
side, and on the other the name and titles of ' the queen Maat
'_ __ -o . _ . to^ \ 1
--=-:--\i -e
in red granite of the king with Set, from which the upper
part of the god has been carefully chiselled away; and a
small column 15 feet high, now broken in half. The latter
is of the usual lotus bud type with octagonal clustered
shaft, but has been cut down nearly through the centre, and
two of the remaining stems in the cluster have been polished
/vwwv
record. He found in the mound a kneeling statue in limestone with an inscription. At the beginning of his study of
Egyptology, he took this to represent a ' priest of Seti and
Merenptah '.4 He kindly showed me his notes on the site
last winter (1887), and I found the copy of the inscription
which consists of the usual cartouches, &c, of Seti II.
This is all that I can record of the nineteenth dynasty. Of
the temple that must then have existed, only a few of the
toughest morsels have survived the wear and destruction
of ages.
' Figured also Hist, Sc., No. 1603. 3 Trans. I.e. pp. 185-6.
42 TELL EL YA:
work in the British Museum. No dedications to deities
royal hall was erected for some secular purpose, hut formed
perhaps an adjunct to the temple.
There are no brick walls remaining that can be attributed
to the temple enclosure or foundations.
Later, a large rectangular cavity has been made in it, probably to receive the pivot-socket of a door.
A scarab of white glazed pottery, PI. xi. 22, from the town,
is of Barneses III., and a pretty oval ornament of white glazed
THE T
M.ULI. 43
surface and with its head to the west. As in nearly all
deep, rounded at the head and foot, the central grave forming
together with mud. The south grave II. 1 was two feet
Its diameter was 150 feet, and its height 9 feet above
the floor, the sides sloping very gradually. It was, as
usual, composed of basalt chips and blocks with sand,
by no means easy to work in. In shape it must havo
been somewhat oval or oblong, but it had been deformed
a richer interment beneath : but the work proving unprofitable, he did not try any of the other mounds.
tree nut. I rebuilt the coffin almost entire, but it had been
opened from the side on which the letter was impressed, and
to south and twelve feet high, near the top of which the coffins
were laid, heading westward, in three rows. We dug deep to
rude head and arms, PI. xiv. 2, close to the surface and without
next were three food jars (as PI. xiv. 6), one of which probably
absence of bricks, the small size and rude work of the coffin,
G2
TELL EL YAHUDLYEH.
44
was the usual pottery, one specimen of the " false amphora/'
PI. xv. 15, bronze arrow-heads, 22, bronze bowl 16J, and
another bronze object, 24-, like a knife, but with rather blunt
edges.
large jar (as 4 or 5), coffin painted, face-piece lost, except the
plain coffin without bricks was found on the west side and
facing west, above the desert level. A small oenochoe was
with it. Nothing else was found except fragments of a large
small vases, PL xv. 6, 7, and a " false amphora," as 15, outside the grave at the head. The face-piece has earrings.
scratched a rudely-shaped C-
rather on the left side, but below the ribs. At the left hand
D'
and
lay high up near the head. All these are shown on the left
side of PI. xiii. 3 ; for the beads, see PI. xvi.
head, two small vases were found of the cenochoe and " false
coffin.
In the vast majority of cases the body was placed with its
ornaments in a cylindrical coffin, being introduced through
an opening at tli3 head, which was afterwards closed by a
movable face-piece, on which the features were more or less
rudely represented. The coffin was then enclosed by a single
row of bricks laid on edge, and others arched over the top in
pairs, small vases or bronze vessels being inserted in the
arch. Bronze implements, food vessels, and wine-flasks were
placed in order round the grave, and the whole was covered
with sand and blocks of stone.
bricks.
rifling, where they would find the coffins, and what was the
best place for opening them. The robbers removed a few
bricks at the head, broke out half the face-piece, snatched
the valuables from the breast, neck, and fingers, and left the
rest in some disorder. Sand and stones fell into the coffin
through the hole which they had made; otherwise it was
empty, except that a few bones remained, and occasionally a
careful search produced a scarab that had been overlooked.
In only two or three instances had the robbers opened the
coffin over the breast, and never at the foot.
The bones were in an extremely friable state, and I saved
45
smaller pieces were laid inside the coffin, or in the brick arch
over it, or at the head outside, if the latter position was not
due to the robbers.
PI. xiv. 3, heart-shaped, from VI., one only.
traced, and was an imitation of the bands of a mummy cartonnage. On the breast there was generally a winged figure
divinities.
followed by the
name
TELL EL YAHUD1YEH.
46
platter PI. xiii. 3 covered the large hole in the foot of the
child's coffin.
specimens III. 1.
23. Much stouter and the central rib distinct, four specimens, VI. 3.
Both of these types are tanged, not socketed. They thus
bear some resemblance to the iron (hammered) arrowheads
from Defeneh, but differ entirely from the bronze of Defeneh,
which by clever casting were made with sockets.1
Graters, PI. xv. 20, from III. 10 ; 21, from IV. 1. Traces
of these were found with vegetable matter in nearly all the
vessels of type PI. xiv. 5. They are hollow and circular, made
from a sheet of bronze punched with holes like the domestic
nutmeg-grater. They are very fragile.2
A thin sharp piercer of bronze, from III. 2, was, I think,
damaged.
objects belonged to the interments, they have entirely disappeared owing to the rains and the loose sand and stones in
different from any in the desert and Tell, and so is its type.
I have therefore no hesitation in accepting it as from these
graves.
coffin over the heart), and IV. 10,; a much larger one in VI.
As far as can be
from III.
or green, and 1
whitish (?) J
Glass, opaque,white, ^
pale blue or green, >
red eyes. )
Glass, decomposed.
beads:
Material.
Form in plane of
Bounded or
nelian. ^
Size.
Remarks.
b.
One speci-
oval.
5
81 AVT2'
Do. f
Bluntly carina-
ted to rounded.
cent glass. |
Glass, variegated
yellowish white (
Decomposed glass,
opaque, varie-
gated.
Irregular oval. 1A x 4
Size.
(Axial
Form in
length x the Plate.
diameter.)
eyes. Opaque. )
Form in
the Plate
Glass, opaque.bands 1
In IV. 8, see PI. xvi,, the ornaments consisted of a wellformed green-glazed steatite scarab of Ra men kheper a, a
small rude scarab in green glazed ware b, and the following
Form in plane of
axis.
17
porcelain. i
Yellow porcelain.
men.
nated.
Circular or
oval.
9-
Numerous.
e.
One specimen.
A few.
Several,
rather irregular.
s32y4 A
9-
One speci.
men.
X -nj- to , and d
Several.
A4 X
A 4A
To X
Short.
ixito
10 ^ S
Remarks.
f-
_i_
v _s_
10 ^ 10
and rather
smaller.
-A- v _L_
32 A 10
1- V 3
Many.
Abundant.
10 32
Oval.
Rounded.
X tO
10^10
3 v5
3 2 *> 3 2
1
V8
32 A 3 2
c.
Several.
e. also d.
Several.
Abundant.
f.
Nerita crassilabrum.
In IV. 2 (see PI. xv.), were found two ivory studs ?for the
ears ; two very coarse green glazed pottery scarabs a, with the
prenomen of Rameses III., another b, with three disked urad
upon the sign v___' ; three small eyes c, and six plain rings d,
all of the same ware. Also some cowries e (Cyprsea moncta
A few.
Several, some
chained in
pairs.
(?) abundant at Suez) with the backs cut away, and other
shells/" (Ancilla sp. ?) like rice shells, and imitations of them
in white glazed ware, g. IV. 2 was clearly a child's grave.
did not at the time observe that the scarabs bore inscriptions,
steatite.
and
greenish I
white (?) with red t
eyes. J
Glass, greenish.
Form in plane of
axis.
Size.
Irregular,
rounded.
Irregular,
or pipe-shaped.
10 A B
Remarks.
Two specimens.
head-piece of II. 1 ; the other C, PI. xvi., 5, perhaps doubtfully authentic, was rudely scraped on a vase in III. 2. The
remains in both of these graves arc necessarily of the same
date as the rest, viz., XXth dynasty.
One speci-
fc. j.
Numerous.
h.
A few.
Numerous,
32 32
white. (.
Form in
the Plate.
men.
9-
rather
irregular.
TELL EL YAHUDIYEH.
48
tumuli.
by a plain saucer.
The remains in VIIL are ruder than in I. VI. I think
they are poor burials of the XXth dynasty, mixed with
later ones.
Food vase, deep rimmed jar, and saucer from one grave,
(the three smaller vessels shown in PI. xii. 3), XXth dynasty.
XXIInd (?)
A grave, probably of a child, furnished a necklace, PI.
xvi. Turn. viii. a-e. It consisted of a small flat incised right
Material.
Agate.
Form in
Form in plane of (Axial
axis.
length x the Plate.
diameter.)
Rounded.
nated.
)>
e.
Several.
d.
Oval, &o.
Sharply cari-
Carnelian.
~k X
Remarks.
32 ^ 32
Ax
i&
smaller.
c.
One.
c.
A few.
2 PI.
3.
Beads.
Size.
Material.
Form in
Form in plane of (Axial
axis.
length x the Plate.
diarneW',
Remarks.
faded to white f
shaped.
1X|
f Globular, or
Similar, white.
rounded,oroval smaller.
Similar, traces of (
Globular.
other colours. )
Do.
Oval.
iX
IX
One.
Abnndant
One ortwo.
One.
'1UATI0NS. 4c>
THE
Beads.Continued.
Material.
Blue,
translucent ~i
glass. )
lain. )
Do.
White do.
Form in plane ol
axis.
(Axial
Form in
length x ihe Plate
diameter1.
Irregular,
round.
To A 5
m.
Brick.
3 ^V 32
5
10
i.
>
Pipe.
w?
White
do. with"^
longitudinal dark > Briok,imitating
cowries ?
Do.
Yellow do.
Rounded.
Short.
Pipe-shaped.
Short.
Remarks.
1, perhaps
doubtful.
Annexed (6
together),
numerous.
Do.,scarce-
ly divided
5 X- 16
(4 together)
Annexed.
TO X ?
brown stripe. )
Size.
^_ V i
a.
Numerous.
V 81 A
V 10
5
21 A
e. to /.
Do.
*:rVXs
Do., some
chained.
smaller.
Many
chained.
1 1 Av "52
3
"52
A few.
JOAUU'
Many
chained.
smaller.
the details wide and smooth, with a gentle curve, and the
details, although sometimes skeletonized, are never deeply
embossed. The Ramesside eyes, too, seem to be almost
uniform and always of moderate size, while those of the
XXIInd are much varied, and often of great size. During
the Saite period the eyes were flat and the details incised.
in order to give me time for an expedition to the neighbourhood of Siut. I have, however, noted the following points :
TJie inner enclosure consists of a rampart, and outside it
the eastern part this consists of fairly clean sand, the ditch
having been excavated in the jezireh; in other parts, especially south-west and west, chiefly of mud and rubbish. The
height of the sand in the loftiest part is not less than 18 ft.
hold back the sand. In others the upper part of the mud
slope of the rampart was carefully smoothed down, and
sometimes bricked in receding courses (afterwards smoothed
may have been lined here also, but is still choked up, while
in other parts the fellahin are actively digging out the blocks
of stone lining.
I at first thought, like my predecessors, that these blocks
had been the stone facing of a trick wall (cut away) instead
break in the sand. Other level entrances are not likely to have
existed, and though I searched carefully, I could trace none.
The outer enclosure consisted also of rampart and ditch,
but is now visible only where the ditch crossed the jezireh
at the east end. The remainder being beyond the sand,
consisted no doubt of mud, and has been levelled.
northern bank reaches a height of fifty feet, and so completely commands the inner rampart, that it cannot be contemporary with it unless it has been increased by later
additions. Outside it is another stone-lined ditch, unfortunately choked up, except on each side of the passage between
60 TELL EL 1
and sand of the rampart from below, and are gradually bring-
.HUDIYEH.
at the east side, but in the outer enclosure, the break between
traces of brick walls to hold back the sand at the sides ; but
the foundations of these walls are above the level of the top
this period. There must have been many in the jezireh, but the
wards. At the same time the great wall was built on the
top of the ramparts. This latter may date from Pre-Bamesside to early Boman times, excepting probably the period
between the XXVth dynasty and the later Ptolemies. The
often smoothed with mud, the usual method. All had been
opened at the head and rifled.
and painted.
D. Child burials in jars, a hole being knocked in the bottom (ef. the pierced coffins in the tumuli). One contained
bones only; the other, Grave 7, with amulets: viz., green
glazed skeleton uta, winged and framed in a rectangle, pupil
and eye black ; some very small figures of deities, pigmy
PERIOD. 51
ROMAN
Under the Koman rule the place rose to its was piled up in a low irregular bank on the north side.
highest level of prosperity, perhaps during the The space thus cleared was laid out with straight streets
crossing at right angles to the cardinal points. There are
second century a.d. The whole of the old site two main streets: one leads direct to the gateway in the
was then inhabited, for Roman pottery is found rampart; the other runs parallel to it towards the highest part
mixed with the loose rubbish of earlier date in all
of what appeared to be baths, drinking-fountains, washingslabs, &c. In many of the larger houses is a small chamber
with a cemented bath sunk into solid brickwork or rubbish,
H2
52 TELL EL YA
the Southern cemetery. It extends northwards
There must have been several hundreds of matory," a spouted jug with strainer in the neck, like the
modern abriq, but of whitish pottery, PI. xvi. 35. Also
tombs in the three cemeteries. We excavated three vases like 36, from one tomb, and one 37.
ornament in relief.
Two thick glass " lachrymatories " came from another tomb.
Many slabs of limestone, generally plain, were found close
to the doorway outside, or lying in the chamber. Possibly
TUKH El
plugged, although the sand had often drifted into and halffilled the chamber.
North cemetery.We cleared a few tombs, all of type (4),
Isis suckling Horus, and one Bes. I believe these are all
the identifiable amulets or fragments that I saw from the 1st
to the 31st March (1887), and during two days' collecting
18th and 19th May.
QARAMUS. 53
has been much dug into. I heard also of limestone remains
lamb or kid. "Why are they burnt, if they are not the
remains of Jewish sacrifices t
dropped through the opening at the top and the fire left to
54 TELL EL "
The visible fortifications consist of a rampart surmounted
the settlement on the S.E. was at first enclosed by a rampart, the jSt.W. side of which now forms the " cross bank,"
while the S.W. side had to be carried out on to the alluvium
owing to the buildings at the edge. The plan of this was
irregular, and at a later period it was squared, and the whole
jezireh taken in, by adding another enclosure on the N.W.
S.JS. enclosure.S.W. side formed by a wall of light-
has been almost all dug away to the foundation, leaving the
rubbish on each side standing perpendicular.
The northern wall could, no doubt, be traced by trenching,
but all the evidence I could see was the foundation of the
pylon. On the top of the rampart are some curious chambers,
described below.
along the N.W. and S.W. sides there were others built
against the inner side of the embankment: some of them are
pits and trenches, especially along the line between the gateways, showing a considerable depth of clay, with some pottery
that the angles are not all right angles as there represented,
and that it was sometimes impossible to trace the divisions
QARAMUS. 55
TTJKH EL
houses and oilier chambered buildings, connected together
by blocks of brick-work.
sculptured with the head of a female of good PtolemaicEgyptian work, from the walls, and an inscribed fragment
from the back pillar of a statue in the same material.
the greatest care, using a fine sieve for the best of the sand.
The results, however, were only:
N. Plaque, blue glazed ware, PI. xvii. 12, between the sand
and the chips.
E. (Blank).
None of these were inscribed. The comparatively unencumbered state of the ground may have led to the discovery
removed.
similar, and only one was ascertained to have come from the
thrown out here, and found (from the S.E. (?)) 3 (originally
4 (?) ) needle-like pegs of carnelian,-pieces of bitumen, and
pieces of clay coated with copper salts.1
XXVI.).
the S.E. rampart. Each chamber appeared to contain a circular shaft of brick-work, which was in contact with the sides,
but left the corners filled only with rubbish. These were
probably the remains of domed roofs fallen in. The upper
part was often filled with exceedingly hard mud, probably
also from the roof. We cleared some to a depth of twelve
feet, finding rough red pottery of the types PI. xviii. 4 and 5
(pot and lid). We were unable to trace any means of communication between the chambers.
3 See Note D.
tell el yahudiyeh.
56
Es Sawaqi II
On the sandbank between the two enclosures are a number of small rectangular buildings with low circular shafts or
bee-hive-shaped erections, separate or connected with the
former. One of these yielded the glazed and inscribed vase
Ed Dahtamfm (j^jjJl
Kafr Kishk eU5^
Mit el 'ezz
Es Salatneh liljl
XXIIIrd dynasty.
Faqus (j^jL
Ed dedamun
El 'arin
dynasty.
I collected the following village and place-names :
With a few
El ahraz jl^.Vl
Kafr abu hatab
Mahdiyeh ijj^e
Hihya
^Jm, tj>\^iS
Hud nagih
^& ^ja.
jJl e>~
El Birum ^^Jl
The " oval " urns are, I suppose, jars. A parcel of bones
from one of them, brought home by M. Naville, has been
identified by Dr. Garson as the remains of a child seven
El "edweh jjjjtll
Ez Zirzamun
El 'alaqmeh **siUll
ElFawaqseh
El Metaw'eh acjIUI
El Qaramus u-y-"/!'
ElQaren
El Awamreh
Ferasheh
in. high; others are like PI. xi. 1, but ruder; the palm
The vessels, PI. xix. 1824, are typical of the plain red
ring stands (18, 19) vary much, but the upper and lower
rims are always unequal. There are also some plain saucers
57
MISCELLANEA.
PI. xviii. 11. Fine scarab of Rameses II. steatite, purchased by M. Naville at Semmennud; figured also Petrie,
f^
, \' ,'
NOTES.
Note A.
Long known as Tell el Yahudeh or T. e. YaMd, although
correctly spelt in the French map. Yahiidiyeh is interpreted
Note B.
The word jezireh (plural jezdir) will be frequently met
dictionaries. In Egypt the word jezireh has a special application to the islands of sand which crop up here and there
above the alluvium, both at the edge of the desert and else-
sing. 'Ezbeh) and villages are being planted upon the alluvium,
and in many cases they are perfectly safe. Thus the jezireh
has almost entirely lost its importance.
So far I have given no instances ; unfortunately there is
water.
However, the 'Ezbeh of Muhammad en Xebesheh (who died
of Naucratis.
Foundation on a jezireh.Excluding shallow desert sites
like Defeneh and Qantarah, which may be easily fathomed,
1 Nebesheh 2-3.
NOTES.
ruins until both sand and rubbish dip beneath the water.
Examples of this kind are furnished by Tell el YahMiyeh,
Nebesheh and Kum Afrin. At Kum el Hisn and Tell Tukh
the jezireh is completely hidden, and only appears in the
excavations or the pits of the sabbdlthin. Tarraneh, Tell el
as Heliopolis (Tell el Hisn) and Tanis (Tell San) are evidently connected with the neighbouring jezair or desert, as the
case may be, Tell Basta, which gives no indication of base, is
completely surrounded by alluvium.
Note C.
The rocks found here are worth the notice of a geologist.
59
building are, as far as I could ascertain, on a mixed foundation of mud and dirty sand. But, generally speaking, from
S3
Ooo
Note D.
The primaeval necessity of founding a temple ou the
sand must have led to the constant use of that material in
(Before building some temple the king) " excavated its area
down to the water, and filled it with sand according to rule,
and laid the foundations in fine white stone, with excellent
1 Supplement, p. 1360.
i2
MINOR EXPLORATIONS.
IWORK AT TARRANEH.1
The little village of Tarraneh, on the western
edge of the Delta, is the modern successor of the
of irregular form.
marble ; Roman.
WORK AT T
KKANEH. 61
and eight feet above it, or six feet below the sur-
in the house of . . .' The distinctive portion of face, were remains of a pavement on which lay
the geographical name is, unfortunately, quite another marble column.
illegible. .
Many of the blocks were sculptured, and, although
In the village there are also some limestone they were inserted at hap-hazard, the ornamental
blocks, fig. 5, 6, and others, representing a king,
to find.
xx. fig. 7) with traces of at least two layers of some of these were sculptured on both sides; the
pavement at different levels. The base of the walls were therefore slight, at least in the interior.
building was buried under fourteen feet of rubbish,
MINOR EXPLORATIONS.
62
dA0
block.
hawks
Mafek, and 8, 8
a. O
3Ml III
<5
V
^ in
11
c a
000
a
AO
5Q
*^ ; and *^f8^
fel^CMVli These are
WORK AT TARRANEH
03
great lake sesh urt," and " the cow in the city or
nome of Amu."1
04 MINOR EXPLO
any striking difference in date. All seemed to
have been built of crude brick, but at the same
time to contain burnt bricks.
H.WORK AT HELIOPOLIS.
One day in December, 1887, I paid a visit to
Heliopolis, and, having proceeded to the eastern
although they had since been removed or destroyed, there were chips, part of a limestone
WORK AT HELIOPOLIS.
65
user pehti."
5, 6. Two examples of erased cartouches in
limestone.
Ptolemies.
66 minor expi
Mestarad dj^c (a village across the Bahr
Isma'iliyeh, marked but not named in Baedeker's
there is no trace.
work at hi
of Ta [uhat ?] . . . Pathenef."
merely ^ &c.
Sebennytus)."
examine.
relative Pedu . . .
PL xxii. A. At HI Merj, in a hut, was a limestone slab from the tomb of a high priest of
twelve generations.
Khel.
k2
MINOR EXPLORATIONS.
68
sistrum-bearer. . .
of. . . Ai.
(12) Son of the divine father, prophet of Hap
[Pen ?] Iusaas.
MISCELLANEOUS.
list.
and Nekhtnebef.
III.MISCELLANEOUS.
The site of Skhedia (cr^eSta or the toll bridges
The Roman rubbish is of great depth. Unfortunately I could not hear of any inscriptions, and the
)(_ jjj JZjl|^J^J^ in one vertical line between androgynous Nile-figures. It may perhaps be trans-
70 MINOR EXPLORATIONS.
almost entirely ravaged by fellahin and dealers,
IV.EL 'ARISH.
After making considerable collections of material
Telle Billeh, north-east from Mansureh; a restrict myself to the shortest possible explanation
At Damanhur, the capital of the province therefore possible that Sepd was worshipped in
EL '1
USri. Ji
paganism.
high, two feet seven inches broad, and two feet Memphis : his majesty said to the great cycle of nine gods
and the gods who attend on Shu : moreover there were built
enclosures for Shu in [Hat Nobe]s 1 surrounding his temple:
sun's rising ; and those (deities) who dwelt [in the places of]
(now) the face of this temple was towards the East, the
on its north, and its face was towards the South: the
Goshen.
s The house of the Sycamore 1
MINOR EXPLORATIONS.
were of the household of Shu. Then Seb saw [Tefnut] and
flesh (animal creation?) had not entered it [to] see the loved her greatly, his heart desired her: he wandered over ?
secrets in the horizon : it (the privilege ?) was granted in the earth in search of? her in great affliction.6 The majesty
the time of Bii, who made a great wall standing around it of Shu departed to heaven with his attendants: Tefnut was
72
exit from the palace by the space of nine days. Now these
[nine] days were in violence and tempest: none whether god
Nebes even as the sky is fixed, and all its temples even as
from the Eastern hills [upon] all the roads of At Nebes : then
the majesty of Shu, the gods who attend Ea and the gods
are in them are the defences of this land, they are the supports
of Shu obtained the whole land, none could stand before him,
no other god was in the mouth of his soldiers ? [but sickness
him [and they told him] all that happened when the majesty
Shu did. Seb entered Fer Aart together with the gods
who were with him: then he stretched forth his hand to
take the case in which [Ankhet] was: the snake came forth
ing him greatly: those who followed him fell dead: his
11 Henw plant \
1 I have omitted
before
/WWVA
1. 20).
(cf. Pap. Ebers 29, 11), and the name occurs even in the
Eyramid texts as of a green plant or shrub (Pyr. Teta 1. 100) ;
tlSH. 73
EL '1
go to see its mystery: it will heal his majesty [of that which
is ?] . . . upon thee": behold the majesty of Seb had the
Aart placed upon his head in ? the Per Aart and had made
in [this ?] place, namely, the Per Aart near the sacred Aart
the land: also tell me the nomes which the majesty of Shu
ascended the throne of his father Ea, and at the time that
Seb ascended the throne of his father Shu. Names of 1 the
places themselves ? the nomes according to their names,
excepting the nomes formed by the majesty of Ea in his
time. Abu (Elephantine), Nekheb (Eileithyiapolis), Southern
Behud (Apollinopolis Magna), Neshent, Northern? Uas
water, hills, winds, the ocean and the rocks: his majesty was
identify.
Shu appeared upon the throne of his father Atum, he smote all
74 MINOR EXP
in the courtyard.
On the south side of El 'Arish are the ruins of
than a prison-cell.
Chabrias.)
CONTENTS OF PLATES,
With Eeferences to the Pages of the Two Memoirs.
PLATE
I. Tell el Yahoodieh :
pedestal with name of King Auput (Capet)... 10, 50
VII. Abusir:
A. block
27
B. fragment of basalt...
C. fragment of limestone
28
Shobak...............10, 42
black granite............ 22 2
Saft el Henneh :
d. fragment of statue...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... 22
... 22
... 23
28
29, 30, 56
... 29, 55
5 ff., 38 ff.
Tell Tukh :
plan
29, 53 ff.
X. Tell el Yahudiyeh :
39
... 40
[III. a., 0., d., IV. mv o., and n (painted on stucco) were
...
... 40
...
... 39
V. Samanood:
...
VI. Samanood:
A. 1, 2, 3, fragments of nome-list ...
B. inscription, Ptolemaic
block ...
24, 25
25
27
26, 27
27
26
1214, scarabs
...
...
... 40
...
...
... 41
...
...
...
...
...
...
... 42
... 41
2, some pottery from tumulus IV. (the foodvessel is figured again, pi. xiv. 7, and the
... 44
... 44
... 48
...
CONTENTS OP PLATES.
76
PAGE | PLATE
44
rasp
44
16, 46
46
46
19, shell
2024, bronze
25, 26, stone ...
46
46
46
, 46
47
9 & fi m
nTfl
a.Ti
*j yjnil
\ (till
uxivilicv
jnui' fl
liv 1 ft
*
m-
.*
35 (bis)37, pottery............
1, tongs
...
47
47
5, 6, marks on pottery
47
ae, ornaments
48
48
50
50
50
50
5, 6 ..................
813.................
14 ..................
15..................
XXII. HeliopolisA............
B............
39
50
50
50
50
29, 54
57
30, 55
58
54
31, 55
57
56, 57
GO
4, block
52
55
47
13, 52
54
2, 3, 10, scarabs
4, 5, from a storehouse
XX. Tarraneh:
1, tablet
51
56
17, antiquities
821, foundation.deposit
50
XXIII.XXV. El'Arish:
shrine ...
... ...
60
60, 61
61
61
62, 63
63
63
6567
67, 68
69
7074
XXVI. El Arish :
1, 2 .................
Printed by Gilbebt & Rivikgton, Limited, St. John's House, Clerkenwell Road, London E.C.
72
74
TELL EL YAHOODIEH
A
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4= fift
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in St
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it
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If I fell
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181
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A
MSKAINYN
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MNOCtYXK 1/YNreN^mAe^i
AOICG1A0<ea(a|ctn
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:c|\YPMoce<eiA<cY
c&ncomohaon
clfe n ota noc
Ha
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PAC<4>/AHXpMcTfeAUJpfe
XAlPC UKeTu>N/\
: nAC^!A
OJCL-KMC
rH
SAMANOOD
1-7. TERRACOTTA AND GLAZED WARE, TELL TUKH, 8-21. FOUNDATION DEPOSIT. TELL TUKH
22. GLAZED WARE, TELL BASTEH.
F.LG del
TA R R A N E H
XX
ill X
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With Twenty-six Plates and Plans. 1890. 25*.
EXTRA MEMOIR.
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