Experimental Magnetizing Inductance Identification

in Five-Phase Induction Machines

H.S. Che, M. Jones, E. Levi

J.A. Riveros, B. Bogado, F. Barrero

School of Engineering
Liverpool John Moores University
L3 3AF, Liverpool, UK
e.levi@ljmu.ac.uk

Dpto. de Ingeniera Electrnica

Universidad de Sevilla
41092 Sevilla, Spain
fbarrero@esi.us.es

AbstractParameter identification of multiphase machines is

a new and interesting topic in the development of multiphase
drive systems. Regardless of the applied control technique, an
accurate knowledge of the parameters is required to ensure highperformance operation of the machine. This also applies to the
magnetizing inductance of the machine. Available identification
schemes for multiphase induction machines utilize AC and timedomain methods, some of which require non-conventional
winding arrangement or a combination of different procedures
that need tests in the non-flux/torque producing plane(s). This
paper introduces a simple magnetizing inductance identification
technique, which relies on an induced DC voltage test. It is an
extension of a procedure previously proposed for the three-phase
case to the five-phase induction machine. Experimental results
illustrate the reliability and validity of the technique using two
different five-phase induction motor drives.
KeywordsMultiphase drives; parameter estimation; induction
machines.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The growing interest in the development of safe and

reliable variable-speed drives, for applications such as hybrid
and electric vehicles, railway traction, all-electric ships, moreelectric aircraft and power system generation, has led to a huge
activity in the multiphase drive area in recent times [1],[2].
These drives offer some interesting characteristics, when
compared to their three-phase counterparts, like better fault
tolerance and power-per-phase distribution [3]. However,
multiphase drives normally require complex control strategies
and accurate knowledge of the electrical parameters of the
machine is therefore necessary to fulfill their potential [4].
Hence, identification procedures to estimate the electrical
parameters of multiphase drives are required in order to fully
exploit advantages of the multiphase machines.
Identification techniques have been widely studied for
three-phase induction motor drives [4], where most of the
developed procedures use the power converter of the drive as
the voltage supply in the estimation process. Standard tests [5]
are therefore complemented with other on-line and off-line
identification techniques, looking for accuracy, precision and
simplicity in the estimation process [68]. On-line
identification allows fine-tuning of the parameters, at the
expense of increasing the computational cost of the control

978-1-4799-0224-8/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE

technique. Off-line methods are meanwhile always required to

get nominal parameter values of the system, and are conducted
to initialize the parameters and constants of the system
controller. This work will focus on off-line methods, which are
normally based on the standstill approach and a single-phase
excitation [911]. Standstill techniques provide an important
simplification in the model of the machine, keeping the system
at zero speed with zero electromagnetic torque generation.
However, special winding connections and excitation signals
are required to achieve the time-domain or frequency-domain
estimation using a DC or AC voltage as the supply,
respectively [9], [10]. Next, adaptive filters, maximum
likelihood techniques, or recursive least-squares and numerical
algorithms employing artificial intelligence, are applied to
solve the estimation problem, requiring a significant
engineering effort to design the identification system.
Extension of these estimation techniques to the multiphase case
requires even more effort due to the increased system
complexity. For instance, the standard tests applied for the
estimation of the three-phase machine electrical parameters can
hardly be extended to the multiphase case due to practical
reasons: the no-load and locked-rotor tests require a multiphase
sinusoidal AC power supply and complex static phase
transformation systems to avoid the harmonic distortion
generated by the multiphase power converter [12].
Although multiphase drive systems have been an important
research topic in the last decade, little work has been done with
regard to the development of parameter identification
techniques for these drives. However, the additional degrees of
freedom that are offered by the higher number of phases are an
interesting property that can be used in the estimation
procedure. Some interesting approaches have been recently
proposed taking advantage of this characteristic [13], [14]; the
electrical parameters of a five-phase induction machine with
distributed windings have been estimated using a combination
of off-line methods based on standard and non-standard tests
with inverter supply and time-domain tests with a special
winding arrangement that assures standstill behavior of the
machine. Both approaches constitute complex estimation
procedures, requiring a frequency-domain analysis or the
application of recursive least-squares algorithms.
This paper presents a simple procedure for the
determination of the magnetizing inductance in five-phase

5179

induction machines. The other electrical parameters of the

machine can be obtained subsequently using, for example, noload and locked-rotor tests with inverter supply. The approach
is based on a DC excitation, thus avoiding the rotation of the
drive and reducing the iron loss in the motor and its influence
on the estimation process. The paper is organized as follows.
Section II summarizes the five-phase induction motor model,
which is used as the basis for the proposed estimation method.
The identification procedure is presented in Section III, and its
accuracy is experimentally analyzed in section IV using two
different test rigs and comparing the results with those obtained
using the methods developed in [14]. The conclusions are
provided in the last section.
II.

FIVE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE MODEL

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a five-phase squirrel-cage induction machine.

In this paper, a five-phase machine with squirrel-cage rotor

and distributed stator winding is considered (Fig. 1). The
machine can be modeled using a set of voltage equilibrium
equations obtained from the stator and rotor electromagnetic
circuits. The following assumptions apply: only fundamental
component coupling between stator and rotor circuits exists
(i.e. sinusoidal spatial distribution of the magneto-motive
force), and uniform air gap with fixed spatial displacement
(=2/5) between windings. The mutual leakage inductance
between windings of different phases, magnetic saturation
effects and core losses are all neglected in the model
development. Hence, the multiphase induction machine model
can be described in terms of the phase variables, with the rotor
electrical variables and parameters referred to the stator by
means of the winding ratio transformation, with the following
set of equations:
d
[ s ]
dt
d
d
= [ Rs ] [is ] + [ Lss ] [is ] + [ Lsr ( )] [ir ]
dt
dt
d
[v r ] = [ Rr ] [ir ] + [ r ]
dt
d
d
= [ Rr ] [ir ] + [ Lrr ] [ir ] + [ Lrs ( )] [i s ]
dt
dt
[v s ] = [v sa v sb v sc v sd v se ]T
[ v s ] = [ R s ] [i s ] +

[vr ] = [vra

vrb

vrc

vrd

(1)

(2)
(3)

vre ] = [0 0 0 0 0]
T

(4)

[is ] = [isa isb isc isd

ise ]

(5)

[ir ] = [ira irb irc ird

ire ]

(6)

T
T

[ s ] = [ sa sb sc sd se ]T
[ r ] = [ ra rb rc rd

[ Rs ] = Rs [I 5 ]
[ Rr ] = Rr [ I 5 ]
[ Lss ] = Lls [ I 5 ] + M [ ( )]
[ Lrr ] = Llr [ I 5 ] + M [ ( )]
[ Lsr ( )] = [ Lrs ( )]T = M [( )]

(7)

re ]

(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)

= r dt
0

(14)

1
cos(4 )

[ ( )] = cos(3 )

cos(2 )
cos( )
cos( 1 )
cos( )
5

[ ( )] = cos( 4 )
cos( )
cos( 3 )
2

cos( ) cos(2 ) cos(3 ) cos(4 )

1
cos( ) cos( 2 ) cos(3 )

cos(4 )
1
cos( ) cos(2 )

cos(3 ) cos(4 )
1
cos( )
cos(2 ) cos(3 ) cos( 4 )
1
cos( 2 ) cos( 3 ) cos( 4 ) cos( 5 )
cos( 1 ) cos( 2 ) cos( 3 ) cos( 4 )

cos( 5 ) cos( 1 ) cos( 2 ) cos( 3 )

cos( 4 ) cos( 5 ) cos( 1 ) cos( 2 )

cos( 3 ) cos( 4 ) cos( 5 ) cos( 1 )

(15)

(16)

where v, i and denote the voltage, current and flux linkage,

respectively, and the s and r indices stand for the stator and
rotor variables, respectively. The a, b, c, d and e subscripts
identify the considered phases, the T superscript designates the
transpose operator, and r is the rotor electrical speed. [I5] is
the identity matrix of order 5, Rs and Rr are the stator and rotor
resistance, respectively, M is the mutual inductance parameter,
and Lls and Llr are the stator and rotor leakage inductance
parameters, respectively. Finally, k are angles defined as
k=+(k1), with k={1,2,3,4,5}, where represents the
instantaneous rotor azimuth with respect to the -axis of the
stationary reference frame. The equation of rotor motion is
omitted for the sake of simplicity, since the study focuses on
the estimation of the magnetizing inductance of the machine at
standstill.
Notice that the stator self-inductance Lss actually includes
additional effects due the mutual leakage, end-winding and
harmonic mutual inductance effects, in addition to the selfleakage inductance (Lls) and magnetizing inductance (M), as
discussed in [11]. Then, the end winding effects and harmonic
mutual inductances can be ignored for a properly designed
machine operating below saturation limits, [11]. This is the
case here, where the analyzed machines are wound using single
layer stator windings and the proposed estimation technique is
valid. However, this is not the case if there is slot sharing
between conductors of different phases; in this case magnetic
coupling between phases causes non-negligible mutual leakage
inductances [15], which renders the proposed method
inapplicable.

5180

III.

IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE

A. Test Procedure
The experimental identification is based on the approach
developed in [11] for a three-phase machine. Fig. 2 shows the
testing scheme. One phase of the machine is supplied with a
step of DC voltage Vdc, (for instance, phase c in Fig. 1) while
the induced voltage in another phase winding is measured. It is
interesting to note that in the five-phase machine the induced
voltage is higher in the nonadjacent phases, which have lower
displacement angle with respect to phase c (phases a and e in
this case). The induced voltage in one of these phases is
measured (vsa in this case). From (1), under the assumption of
zero induced current (isa = 0), the following is obtained:
d
d
v sa = Rs i sa + sa = sa
dt
dt

Fig. 2. DC test for identifying the magnetizing inductance: applied procedure

when the magnetizing inductance in the machine is not very low.

isc

Vdc

(17)

+
vsc

Then, the induced phase voltage vsa is obtained from (1)(2), taking into account that r = 0, as follows:
d
d
d
( M + Lls ) isa + M c ( ) isb + M c (2 ) isc
dt
dt
dt
d
d
d
+ M c (3 ) isd + M c ( 4 ) ise + M c ( 1 ) ira
dt
dt
dt
d
d
d
+ M c ( 2 ) irb + M c ( 3 ) irc + M c( 4 ) ird
dt
dt
dt
d
+ M c ( 5 ) ire
dt

Since the impressed flux linkage using the DC step voltage

induces voltage only during the transient state, the rotor current
disappears when steady state is reached (t). Then, the
steady state flux linkage, sa from now on, can be obtained
from the steady state stator current in phase c, Isc, as follows:

(18)

sa = M c (2 ) I sc = lim sa (t ) = lim{M c(2 ) isc (t ) +

t

where c is the cosine function operator. Using (17) and (18),

sa can be calculated from the stator and rotor currents:
t
0
isb ( t )

isa ( t )

M d (isa ) +
0

M c( ) d (isb ) + M c(2 ) d (isc ) +

0
c ( 2 )irb ( t )

0
c ( 3 )irc ( t )

0
c ( 4 )ird ( t )

0
c ( 5 )ire ( t )

M d (c( 3 ) irc ) +

(19)

M d (c( 2 ) irb ) +
M d (c( 4 ) ird ) +

M d (c(5 ) ire )
0

where zero initial current, voltage and flux linkage have been
assumed. Stator currents are also zero in the proposed testing
scheme except for the current isc, Fig. 2. Then, sa can be
finally obtained from the following equation:
sa (t ) = M c(2 ) isc (t ) + M c(1 ) ira (t ) + M c( 2 ) irb (t )
+ M c( 3 ) irc (t ) + M c ( 4 ) ird (t ) + M c( 5 ) ire (t )

(20)

sa
5
5
M =
2
2 c (2 ) I sc

(22)

Thus, Lm is estimated from (22), by measuring the steady

state value of the forced stator current (Isc in this case, Fig. 2)
and estimating the induced steady state flux linkage (sa),
which is obtained by integrating in time the induced stator
voltage (vsa, see Fig. 2). Similar results can be obtained using
different combinations of phases. Table I summarizes the
estimated magnetizing inductance, where K(h)=5/(2c(h)).

0
ise ( t )

M d (c(1 ) ira ) +

M c( 4 ) ird (t ) + M c ( 5 ) ire (t )}

Lm =

o
c ( 1 )ira ( t )

(21)

The magnetizing inductance, Lm, can be obtained as:

Lls d (isa ) +

M c(3 ) d (isd ) + M c(4 ) d (ise ) +

M c(1) ira (t ) + M c( 2 ) irb (t ) + M c( 3 ) irc (t ) +

isa ( t )

isc ( t )

0
isd ( t )

V
vtotal

Fig. 3. DC test: configuration of the stator windings to improve the reliability

of the proposed method when the magnetizing inductance of the machine is
low.

v sa =

sa (t ) = vsa dt =

B. Mitigation of Estimation Errors

It can be observed from (21) and (22) that the estimation
method is susceptible to the voltage and current measurement
errors. This is particularly true if the electrical machine has an
extremely low magnetizing inductance, where an accurate
measurement of the induced voltage is very difficult to obtain
due to its low value. In order to improve the estimation process
in the aforementioned case, the phase windings of the induction
machine can be connected in series, as it is shown in Fig. 3, to
increase the induced voltage. The signal-to-noise ratio of the
measured voltage is then also increased, improving the
obtained accuracy of the estimation method. The polarity of the
induced voltage must be taken into account to maximize the
obtained induced voltage. In the case considered here, where a
five-phase induction machine is used with excitation of the

5181

phase-c stator winding, the phase windings are connected as

shown in Fig. 3. The magnetizing inductance can be obtained
now by modifying (22), to take into account the windings
displacement angles, as follows:

Lm =

5
vtotal dt
2 [2 c( ) 2 c(2 )] I sc

voltage step), to estimate the stray resistance R. Finally, the

effect of voltage drop across stray resistance (IscR) is
subtracted from the measured phase-a voltage (van) to obtain
the actual induced voltage (vsa), which can eventually be used
for estimating the magnetizing inductance.

(23)

It should be emphasized that the obtained result is the

weighted average value of the phase magnetizing inductances.
The integration of the measured voltage is another potential
source of error in the estimation process. In this case, any DCoffset in the measurements will cause significant errors in the
estimation. It is necessary to identify and minimize any DCoffset in the measurements to reduce this error. For this, the
measurement devices should always be calibrated to minimize
the offset error before starting the procedure.
In addition to the equipment errors, DC-offset can also
result from a voltage drop in the stray resistance at the neutral
connection (R as in Fig. 4). This can happen if the machine is
configured with a single neutral point, so that it is not possible
to access both ends of all windings. Fig. 4 shows the stray
resistance effect when the machine is configured with single
neutral point and phase-c is excited. Since only one of the
phase-a winding pair of terminals is accessible, the measured
voltage across phase-a (van) includes the induced voltage (vsa)
and the voltage drop across R.
When the induced voltage dies out, van attains a IscR
voltage value instead of zero. This produces different steady
state voltage values at the beginning (when isc = 0) and at the
end of the voltage measurement. The effect produced by the
stray resistance at the neutral connection can therefore be
identified by comparing the steady state measured voltages,
before and after the voltage step, and an uncompensated
voltage drop due to the stray resistance at the neutral
connection is recorded if these measured voltages are different.
The suggested procedure to avoid this effect is as follows.
First, the mean values of the steady state phase-a voltage,
before and after the voltage step, are measured and recorded.
Next, the difference of these two steady state voltages is
evaluated and then divided by the steady state current Isc (after

isc
R

Fig. 4. Stray resistance effect in the magnetizing inductance estimation using a

five-phase induction machine with a single neutral point

Fig. 5. Experimental setups using two different five-phase induction

machines.

IV.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The proposed estimation method has been verified using

two different test rigs (Fig. 5). Two five-phase induction
machines, labeled IM A and IM B in what follows, were used.
The five-phase machines have been obtained by redesigning
(IM A) and just rewinding (IM B) stator of conventional threephase induction machines. Table II summarizes their data

TABLE I
MAGNETIZING INDUCTANCE ESTIMATION USING DIFFERENT PHASE COMBINATIONS
Supplied Phase

K ( 2 ) sc
I sa

K ( ) se
I sa

K ( ) sb
I sa

a
b

Measured induced voltage (Phase)

b
c
d

K ( ) sa
I sb

K ( ) sc
I sb

K (2 )

sa
I sc

K ( )

K ( 2 )

sa
I sd

K ( 2 ) sb
I sd

K ( ) sa
I se

K ( 2 )

sb
I sc

sb
I se

K ( 2 ) sd
I sa
sd
I sb

K ( 2 )

se
I sb

K ( ) sd
I sc

K ( 2 )

se
I sc

K ( 2 )

K ( ) sc
I sd
K ( 2 )

5182

sc
I se

K ( ) se
I sd
K ( )

sd
I se

during the estimation procedure to obtain different stator

currents. The horizontal axis represents in Fig. 7 the RMS AC
stator current that produces the same magnetizing flux in the
conventional no-load five-phase balanced test, which can be
obtained by dividing the steady state DC stator current with
(5 / 2) 2 .

TABLE II
DATA OF THE INDUCTION MACHINES USED IN THE EXPERIMENTS

Rated speed (r/min)

1725

2880

Conductor

Copper

Copper

Diameter (mm)

0.9

0.7

Number of pole pairs

Number of slots

40

30

Number of turns

108

165

Type of windings

Single Layer

Single Layer

10 slots

5 slots

(full pitch)

(full pitch)

Magnetizing

Winding pitch

Obtained results show that the magnetizing inductance

estimated using different phases varies slightly. These small
variations can be attributed to small asymmetries present in the
real machine due to the non-optimal rewinding process applied
to IM A and IM B. Table III summarizes the obtained results
(estimated Lm) using the proposed test (see DC test rows).
These results have been also compared with those obtained
using tests detailed in [14] (see Table III and the time-domain
test rows). Since the magnetizing inductance depends on the
magnetizing current, similar stator current levels must be
guaranteed when the estimation techniques are applied in order
to allow a fair comparison (0.7 Arms for IM A and 1.0 Arms for
IM B). The obtained values of Lm are shown in Table III. It can
be concluded that similar results are obtained in both machines,
with the errors below 10% (5.2% and 9.5% for IM A and IM B,
respectively).
575
550
525
500
475
450
425
0.4

b
0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

c
0.9

d
1

1.1

e
1.2

1.3

Magnetizing
Inductance (mH)

7.13

5.5

675
650

675
650

675
650

675
650

675
650

Magnetizing Inductance (mH)

10.3

Rated Power (kW)

Magnetizing
Inductance (mH)

Rated Current (Arms)

Magnetizing
Inductance (mH)

IM B

Magnetizing
Inductance (mH)

Rewinding
Data

IM A

Magnetizing
Inductance (mH)

Original
Nameplate
Data

Parameter

Magnetizing
Inductance
(mH)
Inductance
(mH)

Source

525
500
475

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

d
0.9

e
1

1.1

a
1.2

1.3

Magnetizing Inductance (mH)

Magnetizing

Magnetizing
Inductance
(mH)
Inductance
(mH)

550

425
0.4

525
500
0.1

0.2

0.3

550
525
500
475

425
0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

e
0.9

a
1

1.1

b
1.2

Magnetizing Inductance (mH)

Magnetizing

Magnetizing
Inductance
(mH)
Inductance
(mH)

Fig. 6. Experimental results obtained using the proposed DC test with IM A

(left) and IM B (right). a) Applied DC voltage; b) Obtained stator phase
current; c) and d) Induced phase voltages in the phases with weaker and
stronger magnetic coupling, respectively.

1.3

525
500
475

425
0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

a
0.9

b
1

1.1

c
1.2

1.3

Magnetizing Inductance (mH)

Magnetizing

Magnetizing
Inductance
(mH)
Inductance
(mH)

550

525
500
475

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

b
0.9

c
1

1.1

d
1.2

1.3

Current (Arms)

Magnetizing Inductance (mH)

Magnetizing

Magnetizing
Inductance
(mH)
Inductance
(mH)

550

425
0.4

0.9

525
500
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

625
600
575
550
525
500
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

625
600
575
550
525
500
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Current ( Arms )

575

0.8

575
550

Current (Arms)

450

0.7

Current ( Arms )

575

450

0.6

Current (Arms)

before and after the modifications. The identification method

was applied to IM A and IM B, where one winding was
excited using a DC power supply unit and the resultant stator
current and voltage were measured using digital scopes.
Notice that different voltage levels were applied to take into
account the different characteristics of IM A and IM B and the
current limitations of their stator circuits. Figs. 6 and 7
summarize the obtained results.
Fig. 6 depicts the obtained scope plots (applied step
voltage, obtained stator current and induced voltages in
coupled phases). Fig. 7 shows the estimated magnetizing
inductance when the DC voltage is applied to a single phase
(phase a in Fig. 6a, b in Fig. 6b and so on) and the induced
phase voltage is measured in the other phases. The induced
voltage is higher in nonadjacent than in adjacent phases (Figs.
6c and 6d), as it was previously stated. Lm was estimated (Fig.
7) using Matlab to process the voltage and current
measurement data, previously downloaded from the digital
scopes. Notice also that different DC voltages Vdc are applied

0.5

Current ( Arms )

575

0.4

625
600

Current (Arms)

450

Current ( Arms )

575

575
550

Current (Arms)

450

625
600

625
600
575
550
525
500
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Current ( Arms )

Fig. 7. Estimated magnetizing inductance using the proposed procedure and

two different test rigs: IM A (left) and IM B (right). Different DC voltages are
applied to phase a (a), b (b), c (c), d (d) and e (e), and the estimated value is
obtained using the induced phase voltages in the other phases.
TABLE III
MAGNETIZING INDUCTANCE OBTAINED USING TIME-DOMAIN METHODS [14]
AND THE PROPOSED TEST

5183

Lm (mH)

IM A
Time-Domain
DC Test
Test
481
506

IM B
Time-Domain
DC Test
Test
608
550

V.

CONCLUSIONS

Multiphase induction machines are gaining increasing

interest in industry due to their numerous advantages. A lot of
different parameter estimation methods have been developed
for three-phase induction machines, but the existing literature
regarding specific identification techniques for multiphase
induction machines is almost nonexistent.
This paper details an off-line procedure for the estimation
of the magnetizing inductance of a five-phase induction
machine using a simple DC test. The method extends to the
multiphase case a procedure developed in the past for the threephase induction machine. Experimental results verify the
proposed technique using two different five-phase induction
motor drives. The results have also been compared with those
obtained for the same machines using a method developed
previously and the agreement is found to be satisfactory.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

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