impact load.

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STRAIN ENERGY AND IMPACT LOAD

Whenever a body is strained, the energy is absorbed in the body. The energy, which is
absorbed in the body due to straining effect, is known as strain energy.
energy The straining
effect may be due to gradually applied or load with impact. Hence the strain energy will
be stored in the body when the load is applied gradually or suddenly or with an impact.
The strain energy stored in the body is equal to the work done by the applied load in
stretching the body.

Resilience
When the body strained, it undergoes deformation and thereby work is done. Under the
strained condition the body stores up energy as long as the body remains loaded. This
stored energy is called Resilience or Elastic strain Energy.
Energy

Proof of Resilience
The resilience of the body corresponding to the elastic limit stress that is, the maximum
amount of energy that the body can store with in the elastic limit is called Proof of
Resilience.
Resilience.

Modulus of Resilience (ER)

It means maximum amount of elastic strain energy stored by a unit Volume.

There fore

ER =

StrainEnergy
U
=
Volume
V

As we know Axial strain Energy = U =

1
F x
2

(1)

Where,
F = force or load applied in N
And x = extension of the body in mm
We know
stress

change in length
E=
= , and STRAIN = =
strain

Original length
Therefore x =

L,
and Force F = A
E
And we get , Strain Energy

U =

2
2E

A L =

2
2E

x (extension)
L

, Substitute in axial strain energy equation

formula for

strain energy.
Substitute in Modulus of resilience
Document: impact load
Author: vettrivel.cVettri Chinnadurai
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impact load.doc

And we get

ER =

Formula for Modulus of resilience.

2E

This above formula for gradually applied load (F). If this same load (F) applied suddenly

S = 2
then the stress

F
A

After obtaining the stress due to suddenly load applied,

the value of extensions (x) and strain Energy (U) stored in the body may be calculated
easily.

2
Formula for Proof of resilience92 = =

2E
lim it

V , Where " " Stress at the elastic

Problem no1
For Thermal Stress
An aluminium frame of AISI 6061(American Institute of Steel and Iron) alloy for a window
is 4.50 m long and holds a piece of plate glass 4.347 m when the temperature is 35C. At
what temperature would the aluminium and glass be the same length?
Problem no 2
For Strain energy
A tensile load of 60KN is gradually applied to a circular bar of 4 CM diameter and 5m
long. If E = 200GPa, determine,
1. stretch in the rod,
2. stress in the rod
3. strain energy absorbed by the rod.
Problem no 3
A uniform metal bar has a dia of 30mm and a length of 1.5m long. If the stress at the
elastic limit is 160 N/mm2 , what will be the proof of resilience. Determine also the
maximum value of an applied load, which may be suddenly load applied without exceeding
the elastic limit. Calculate the value of the gradually applied load which will give produce
the same extension as that produced by the suddenly applied load above. Take
E = 210GPa

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impact load.doc

IMPACT LOAD OR DYNAMICS LOAD

In addition to the static and suddenly applied load, there is a third type of load, that is
the impact or dynamic load . This type of load is characterised b y the fact that the load is
in motion at the instant when it first contacts the resisting material. Just as with the
suddenly applied load, the maximum stress and deflection are greater than that resulting
from the same load gradually applied.
Calculations involving impact or dynamic loads are best solved by the energy method and
assumed no energy loss due to friction and heating.
The conservation of Energy ,

U1 + PE1 + KE1 = U 2 + PE2 + KE2

Where,
U1 = Strain energy
1
k x2
2
AL
for solid = 2
2E

for spring =

And PE1 and PE2 are potential energy before and after impact.
KE1 and KE2 are kinetic energy before and after impact load.

AXIAL STRESS DUE TO DYNAMIC LOADS

Sometimes, machine members are subjected to the load with impact. The stress produced
in the member due to the falling load is known as impact stress.
Consider a bar carrying a load W at a height h and falling
on the collar provided at the lower end, as shown
Let A = Cross-sectional area of the bar,
E = Young's modulus of the material of the bar,
L = Length of the bar,
After release, the mass falls and strikes the shoulder and
rod extends to x distance before coming to rest
momentarily. This is the maximum deflection position and
hence the position of maximum stress.
Neglecting air friction and impact losses, the energy
equation,

U1 + PE1 + KE1 = U 2 + PE2 + KE2

As we know at starting condition, KE = 0, and U strain
energy also =0 as mass not yet loaded. Only potential
Energy = mgh . Here total height h = h + x, therefore PE = mg

(h + x)

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impact load.doc

And at after impact, only strain energy left that is U2 =

mg ( h + x )

x2 E A
2L ,

equation 1

x st =

As we know static load deflection

Therefore

mg =

And we get

x2 E A
2L

xst E A
L

mg L
E A

Substitute this into equation 1

x 2 = 2 x st h + 2 x st x
Dividing both sides x st2 and adding 1 both sides, and we get

2h
x
1) 2 =
+1
x st
x st

x
2h
=1 +
+1 =
xst
xst
st

formula for finding the

dynamic extension and static extension.

Where,

x = dynamic extension in mm
xst = static extension in mm

= static stress in MPa,

st = dynamic stress in MPa,
h = height of the mass dropped in mm

Please note that,

x

xst
st
1. The ratio
is the ratio of the maximum dynamic stress and
extension to the static stress and extension respectively.
2. If suddenly applied load, then h = 0 . then the above formula will be = 2 st . it

shows suddenly applied load will produce two times of static stress.
F
3. static load extension on spring loaded will be x =
, where k spring stiffness.
k
4. For static deflection

xst =

st L
E
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impact load.doc

PROBLEM NO 1
A vertical tension spring has a stiffness of 15 N/mm. and a maximum extension of 20mm.
(a) Determine the maximum energy which may be stored in the spring.
(b) If a mass of 8 kg attached to the spring ii suddenly released, determine the
maximum deflection which will result
(c) Determine the extension of the spring in (b) when equilibrium condition is
restored.
PROBLEM NO 2
A mass of 12 kg is released from height of 24 mm above a vertical compression spring
which has a spring constant 18 N/mm. Determine the maximum deflection which will
occur and also the deflection at equilibrium .
PROBLEM NO 3
A mass of 80 kg rests just above a collar at the lower end of a vertical steel rod,
diameter 5 mm and length 5 m. Determine,
(a) Stress and extension of the rod if the load is suddenly released
(b) Maximum height from which the load can be dropped so that the stress does not
exceed 180MPa and corresponding maximum extension.
(c) Stress and extension at equilibrium.

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impact load.doc

AXIAL STRESS DUE TO SUDDENLY STOPPED LOADS

A Slightly different type of dynamic load to those already considered occurs when a mass
attached to a cable or rod is being lowered by the cable or rod at some speed and then a brake
applied so that the mass is suddenly stopped. A typical instance of this occurs in elevating
systems such as hoists or winches when a brake is applied to the winch drum as the load is
moving down.
Let us assume a mass m attached to a cable as shown in the fig, is moving down with a
velocity when the brake is applied to the drum mass at position 1. Even if the brake action
were instantaneous, the mass would continue to move down because of its inertia and in so doing
stretch the cable until momentarily stopping at position 2 which is the point of maximum stress
and extension.
If x is the total maximum extension of the cable
at 2, then at 1 the cable is extended by an
amount xst ( the static extension ). Hence the
additional stretch in the cable between 1 and 2 is
(x - xst ).
In order to determine the maximum possible
stress and extension, brake action will be
assumed instantaneous so that all the energy of
the load must be transformed into strain energy
in the cable. Also the kinetic energy of the cable
itself will be neglected. With these assumptions
the energy equations applies

U1 + PE1 + KE1 = U 2 + PE2 + KE2

But PE2 = 0 (datum) and KE2 = 0 (rest )

Hence

U1 + PE1 + KE1 = U 2
Substituting
2
x2 E A
xst E A 1
2
+ m v + mg ( x xst ) =
2L
2
2L

For strain Energy at point 1 is static extension and we know

m=

xst E A
g L

equ-1

x st =

mg L
E A

And substitute in to above equation -1 and we get

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impact load.doc

2
2
2
x2 E A
xst E A 1 xst E A 2 xst E A
+
v +
g ( x xst ) =
2L
2
gL
gL
2L

Remove the common terms of

xst

EA
and by 2 on either side and we get
L

xst v 2
+
+ 2 xst x = x 2
g

Divide either side with

V
=
1
x st g
x st

x
=
xst

xst

and we get

Square root this equation and we get

V
+1=
st
xst g

This is the equation for relationship between static

extension , dynamic extension, velocity, gravitational
force, static stress and dynamic stress with Suddenly

stopped condition.
Where

= maximum extension in mm

x st

= static Externsion in mm

= Maximum stress in N / mm 2
st = static stress in N / mm 2
V = velocity in m / s
g = gravitational force
To further, as we know when m moving with the velocity v and could therefore be
considered to have fallen from height h that is here x (total extension) in relation to
velocity v, then the velocity v = 2 gh or 2 gx
Substitute this in to above equation, then we get

x
2h
=
xst
xst

+1=

Which is similar to the Im pact load condition

st

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impact load.doc

Problem 1
A load of 3ton is lowered by a steel cable at a uniform speed of 1.2m/s. If the brake is
suddenly applied, when the free length of cable is 15 m , Determine the maximum stress
an extension. The cable has a cross sectional area of 1250 mm2 and E = 110x 103 MPa.
Problem no 2
Determine the maximum velocity of the load given in previous problem, so that the
maximum stress in the cable does not exceed 200MPa. All other conditions are same.
Problem no 3
A load of 5 ton attached to the end of a steel cable is lowered at 0.9m/s by a rotating
winch drum. When the free length of the cable is 18m , the brake is applied to the drum
(suddenly).
Determine maximum stress and extension in the cable if its modulus of elasticity is
110GPa and the cross sectional area of the wires in the cable is 1590mm2.

PROBLEM NO 4
Determine the effective cable diameter necessary for a hoist designed for the following
conditions:
Maximum load (total)
: 2600 Kg
Minimum free length of cable
: 4 meter
Maximum Speed of load
: 4.2 Km/H
Ultimate tensile stress of cable
: 1400 Mpa
Modulus of elasticity
: 110 Gpa
Factor of safety
:5
Assume instantaneous brake action for design purpose

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