A comprehensive 2012 study by political scientists from Harvard, University of
Trigger matched Mississippi and Fordham University, applying multiple statistical tests to spending public funding burdens levels under the trigger laws in both Maine and Arizona, found no evidence of a chilling privately-financed effect. candidates and their Data from Arizonas state legislative elections revealed no conclusive evidence that the supporters, causing them programs trigger provision reduced speech, or had an unequal effect on speech by participating and nonparticipating candidates. to reduce their speech.
- Chief Justice Roberts writing for
the majority, Arizona Free Enterprise, 564 U.S. 721, 741.