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N turns
Air gap
g
of fringing fields at the air gap and leakage flux. (a) Calculate the reluctance of the
core Rc and that of the gap R g . For a current of i = 1.5 A , calculate (b) the total
flux
Sol:
(a)
Ac = Ag = 1.8 10 3 m 2
Let
Rc =
lc
lc
=
=0A
wb
Ac u r u o Ac
Rg =
g
2.3 10 3
=
u o Ag 4 10 7 1.8 10 3
= 1.017 10 6 A
wb
(b)
=
NI
83 1.5
=
=
= 0.1224 10 3 wb
6
Rc + R g Rc + R g 1.017 10
(c)
e=N
d d
=
dt dt
= N = 83 0.1224 10 3 = 1.016 10 2 wb
(d)
QL =
L =
N 2 o Ag
N N 2 N 2 N 2
N2
=
=
=
=
=
=
F
g
i
F
R g
Rg
g
N
o Ag
1.016 10 2
=
= 0.6773 10 2 H = 6.773mH
i
1.5
(b)
=
NI
83 1.5
=
=
= 1.10844 10 4 wb
Rc + R g Rc + R g ( 1.017 + 0.1062 ) 10 6
( = 1.059 10 4 wb )
(c)
= N = 83 1.10844 10 4 = 92 10 4 wb = 0.92 10 2 wb
( = 0.92 10 2 wb )
(d)
L=
0.92 10 2
=
= 0.613 10 2 H = 6.13mH
i
1.5
(L = 5.858mH)
1.3 Consider the magnetic circuit of Fig. 1.24 with the dimensions of Problem
1.1.Assuming infinite core permeability, calculate (a) the number of turns required
to achieve an inductance of 12 mH and (b) the inductor current which will result in
a core flux density of 1.0 T.
Figure 1.24
Sol :
part (a):
L=
= N L =
Rc =
N
i
lc
=0
Ac
F 0 Ag
F
F
F
F
=
=
=
=
lc
g
g
Rtot Rc + R g
g
0+
+
0 Ag
Ac 0 Ag
F = Ni =
L=
N i 0 Ag
g
N N N i 0 Ag N 2 0 Ac
=
=
i
i
g
g
N=
Lg
=
0 Ac
12 10 3 2.3 10 3
= 110 turns
4 10 7 1.8 10 3
part (b):
1.1
Ag = Ac
B g = Bc =
Ac
F = N i = H c lc + H g g
B=H
F=Ni=
F=
Bg
0
Bg
Bc
lc +
g
Bg
i = 0
N
g
=
Bc g
1 2.3 10 3
=
= 16.6
0 N 4 10 7 110
1.6
The magnetic circuit of Fig. 1.25 consists of a core and a moveable plunger of
width lp, each of permeability . The core has cross-sectional area Ac, and mean
length lc, The overlap area of the two air gaps Ag is a function of the plunger
position x and can be assumed to vary as
Ag = Ac 1
X 0
You may neglect any fringing fields at the air gap and use approximations
consistent with magnetic-circuit analysis.
a. Assuming that , derive an expression for the magnetic flux density in
the air gap Bg as a function of the winding current I and as the plunger position
is varied (0 x 0.8X0 ). What is the corresponding flux density in the core ?
b. Repeat part (a) for a finite permeability .
Figure 1.25
Sol :
part (a):
F = N i = 2 gH g + H c (l c + l p )
, B= H
F = N i = 2 gH g
Bc =
Ag
x
B g = B g 1
Bc =
A
X
c
0
Ac
, Hg =
NI
2g
= Bc Ac = B g Ag
part (b):
2 gH g + H c l c + l p = NI
Bg = 0 H g
F=Ni=
Ag
Ac
=
; B g Ag = Bc Ac
; Bc = H c
Bg
Bc
(l c + l p ) +
2g
B g (l c + l p )
Bg
+
2g
Ag
A
= Bg c
(l c + l p )
2g
Bg =
Ni
Ag
(l c + l p )
2 g Ac
+
0
Ni
x
1
(l c + l p )
X 0
2g
+
0
=
0
2 g +
N i 0
x
(l c + l p )
1
X 0
1.8
Fig 1.24
An inductor of the form of Fig 1.24 has dimensions:
Cross-sectional area Ac=3.6 cm 2
Mean core length lc=15cm
N= 75 turns
Assuming a core permeability of = 2100 0 and neglecting the effects of leakage
flux and fringing fieldscalculate the air-gap length required to achieve an inductance of
6.0mH
Sol
N 2 Ac
g = 0
L
4 10 7 75 2 3.6 10 4
lc =
6 10 3
1
2
15 10 = 4.17 mm
2100
1.9
Fig 1.26
The magnetic circuit of fig1.26 consists of magnetic material in a stack of height h. The
ings have inner radius Ri and outer radius Ro. Assume that the iron is of infinite
ermeability and neglect the effects of magnetic and fringing. For Ri=3.4cm
Ro=4.0cm h=2cm g=0.2cm calculate
a The mean core length lc and the core cross-sectional area Ac
b The reluctance of the core Rc and that of the gap Rg
N=65
c The inductance L
d Current I required to operate at an air-gap flux density of Bg=1.35T
e The corresponding flux linkages of the coil
Sol:
a lc = 2 ( Ro Ri ) g =3.568cm
Ac = ( Ro Ri )h = 1.2cm 2
g
0.2 10 2
A
=
= 1.33 10 7
7
4
0 Ac 4 10 1.2 10
wb
b R g =
Rc =
c L =
lc
=0
Ac
N2
= 0.317 mH
Rc + Rg
I=
B g Rc + R g Ac
N
= 33.1 A
e = NB g Ac =10.53mWb
A / wb
RC =
lc
3.57 10 2
=
= 3.16 10 5
uAc 750 4 10 7 1.2 10 4
(c )
L=
(d )
I=
N2
= 0.311mH
Rc + R g
B g (Rc + R g )Ac
N
= 33.8 A
(e )
= NB g Ac = 65 1.35 1.2 = 10.5 mWb
A/ w
1.12 The inductor of fig.1.27 has a core of uniform circular cross-section of area Ac
mean length lc and relative permeability ur and an N-turn winding. Write an
expression for the inductance L.
Core:
mean length lc,
area Ac,
relative permeability ur
N-turm
coil
Figure 1.27
Sol:
Rc
+
F
Rg
F
(Rc + Rg )
Ac = Ag
F = N I
u = u0 ur
u A
N I u 0 Ag N I u 0 u r Ac
F
uA c
=F 0 g +F
=
+
R g + Rc
g
lc
g
lc
1
1
u
N
I
A
= 0 c
+
lc
g
u r
N u 0 N 2 Ac
=
=
l
I
I
g+ c
ur
L=
F = N I
u = u0 ur
=
u 0 Ag
N I u 0 Ag N I u 0 u r Ac
uA
F
=F
+F c =
+
R g + Rc
g
lc
g
lc
Ag Ac
= u0 N I
+
g
lc
ur
L=
2
N u 0 N Ag u 0 N 2 Ac
=
=
+
lc
I
I
g
ur
Sol:
L = N
then
L=
Rc + R g =
and
N i
Rc + R g
lc
g
+
0 r Ac 0 Ag
N 2 Ac
N 2 Ac
N2
= 0
= 0
= 30.5mH
lc
Ac g
lc
Rc + R g
+
+g
r
Ag
r
calculate
1.14 The inductor of problem 1.13 is to be operated from a 60-Hz voltage source. (a)
Assuming negligible coil resistance, calculate the rms inductor voltage
corresponding to a peak core flux density of 1.5 T. (b) Under this operating
condition, calculate the rms current and the peak stored energy.
Sol:
part(a)
e(t ) = N
d (t )
dt
and
(t ) = B peak A cos t
2fNAB peak
2
= 19.2Vrms
part(b)
I rms =
Vrms
= 1.67 Arms
L
1.16 A square voltage wave having a fundamental frequency of 60Hz and equal positive
and negative half cycles of amplitude E is applied to a 1000-turn winding
surrounding a closed iron core of 1.2510 3 m 2 cross section.
a. Sketch the voltage, the winding flux linkage , and the core flux as a function of time
b. Find the maximum permissible value of E if the maximum flux density is not exceed
1.15T
60Hz E 100
1.25 10 3 cm 2
<A>.
E
T = 1/60
A. N =
NI 0 lc
LI
= 99turns g = 0
AcBsat
Bsat
B. 3.21 Wgap =
Wtot=Wgap+Wcore=0.252J
1.47 W=L/2*I2=0.252J
AcgB 2 sat
AclcB 2 sat
= 0.207 J Wcore =
= 0.045 J
2 0
2
1.19 A proposed energy storage mechanism consists of an N-turn coil wound around
a large nonmagnetic(u=u0) toroidal form as shown in Fig.1.30.As can be seen
from the figure, the toroidal form has circular cross section of radius a and
torridal radius r, measured to the center of the cross section. The geometry of
this device is such that the magnetic field can be considered to be zero
everywhere outside the toroid. Under the assumption that a << r, the H field
inside the toroid can be considered to be directed around the toroid and of
uniform magnitude
H=
Ni
2r
L=
L=
(b):
u 0 Ag N 2
g
u oa 2 N 2
= 12.7 mH
2r
B2
) = 4.87 J
2u 0
(c): T = 30 sec,
di ( 2rB ) /( u 0 N )
=
= 2.92 10 3
dt
T
di
v = L = 37 V
dt
A / sec
1.20 Figure 1.31 shows an inductor would on a laminated iron core of rectangular
cross section. Assume that the permeability of iron is infinite. Neglect magnetic
leakage and fringing in the two air gaps(total gap length = g). The N-turn
winding is insulated copper wire whose resistivity is m. Assume that the
fraction fw of the winding space is available for copper; the rest of the space is
used for insulation.
a. Calculate the cross-sectional area and volume of copper in the winding
space.
b. Write an expression for the flux density B in the inductor in the terms of the
current density Jcu in the copper winding.
c. Write an expression for the copper current density Jcu in terms of the coil
current I, the number of turns N, and the coil geometry.
d. Derive an expression for the electric power dissipation in the coil in terms of
the current density Jcu.
e. Derive an expression for the magnetic stored energy in the inductor in terms
of the applied current density Jcu.
f. From parts(d) and (e) derive an expression for L/R time constant of the
inductor. Note that this expression is independent of the number of turn in
the coil and does not change as the inductance and coil resistance are
changed by varying the number of turns.
Acu = f w ab;
(b):
B = u0 (
(c):
Jcu =
J cu Acu
)
g
NI
Acu
Vol cu = 2ab( w + h + 2a )
(d):
(e):
(f):
1
( ) LI 2
2Wmag u 0 whAcu2
Wmag
L
= 2
=
=
=
1
1
R
Pdiss
gVol cu
2
( ) RI
( ) Pdiss
2
2
B2
B2
) = gwh(
)
2u 0
2u 0
AWG = 36 4.312 ln
8
1.267 10
Where AWG is the wire size, expressed in terms of the American Wire Gauge, and
Awrie is the conductor cross-sectional area measured in m 2 .)
Sol:
Acu = f wab = 0.55 1.5 2 = 1.65cm 2
a.
Pdiss = 2Wmag
B 2 gVolcu
gVolcu
2
gwh
=
2
0 whAcu2
2 0 0 whAcu
1.4 2
1.73 1010 36
= 113.57(W )
= 2 0.2 1.5 1.5
2
7
7
8 10 4 10 1.5 1.5 1.65
b.
I=
Pdiss 113.57
=
= 3.24( A)
V
35
c.
J cu =
NI
=
Acu
N=
Pdiss
113.57
=
= 1350
Volcu
1.73 10 10 36
d.
R=
Pdiss 113.57
=
= 10.82( )
I2
3.24 2
L
= 6.18m sec
R
e.
f.
Wire size=23AWG
1.22 The magnetic circuit of Fig. 1.32 has two windings and two air gaps. The core can
be assumed to be of infinite permeability. The core dimensions are indicated in
the figure.
a. Assuming coil 1 to be carrying a current I1 and the current in coil 2 to be zero,
calculate (i) the magnetic flux density in each of the air gaps, (ii) the flux linkage of
winding 1, and (iii) the flux linkage of winding 2.
b. Repeat part (a), assuming zero current in winding 1 and a current I 2 in winding 2.
c. Repeat part (a), assuming the current in winding 1 to be I1 and the current in
winding 2 to be I 2 .2
d. Find the self-inductances of windings 1 and 2 and the mutual inductance between the
windings.
Sol:
a. Assuming coil 1 current I1 and coil 2 current I2=0A .
(i.) (B )
F0 A
; =
A
g
F A N i
B1 = 1 0 1 = 0 1 1
A1 g1
g1
B=
B2 =
F2 0 A2 0 N 2i2
=
A2 g 2
g2
(ii.) winding 1 ( )
= N = N
PS .
1 = N11;1 =
N1i1
g
g
; R1 = 1 ; R2 = 2
R1R2
0 A1
0 A2
R1 + R2
R1R2
gg
02 A1 A2
g1 g 2
= 21 2
=
R1 + R2 0 A1 A2 0 ( A2 g1 + A1 g 2 ) 0 ( A2 g1 + A1 g 2 )
1 =
A A
N12i10 ( A2 g1 + A1 g 2 )
= 0 N12i1 1 + 2
g1 g 2
g1 g 2
(iii.) winding 2 ( )
2 = N 22 ;2 = B2 A2
A
2 = 0 N1 N 2i1 2
g2
b. Assuming zero current in winding 1 and winding 2 current is I2 .
(i.) (B )
B1 = 0; B2 =
F2 0 A2 0 N 2i2
=
A2 g 2
g2
(ii.) winding 1 ( )
1 = N1`2 ;2 = B2 A2 ; B2 =
0 N 2i2
NiA
; 2 = 0 2 2 2
g2
g2
A
1= 0 N1 N 2i2 2
g2
(iii.) winding 2 ( )
A
2 = N 22 = 0 N 2i2 2
g2
c. Assuming the current in winding 1 is I1 and winding 2 is I2 .
(i.) (B )
B1 =
F A N i
= 1 0 1 = 0 11
A1
A1 g1
g1
B2 =
Ni N i
= 0 11 + 0 2 2
A2
g2
g2
(ii.) winding 1 ( )
1 = N1 (B1 A1 + B2 A2 ) = N1 (1 + 2 )
A A
A
1 = 0 N12i1 1 + 2 + 0 N1 N 2i2 2
g1 g 2
g2
(iii.) winding 2 ( )
A
A
2 = N 2 B2 A2 = 0 N1 N 2i2 2 + 0 N 22i2 2
g2
g2
d. Find the self-inductances of winding 1 and 2 and mutual inductances.
A
A A
1 = N1 = L11i1 + L12i2 = 0 N12 1 + 2 i1 + 0 N1 N 2 2 i2
g2
g1 g 2
A
A
2 = N 2 = L21i1 + L21i2 = 0 N1 N 2 2 i1 + 0 N 22 2 i2
g2
g2
A
A
A A
L11 = 0 N12 1 + 2 ; L22 = 0 N 22 2 ; L12 = L21 = 0 N1 N 2 2
g2
g2
g1 g 2
1.23 The symmetric magnetic circuits of Fig.1.33 has three windings.Windings A and B
each have N turns and are wound on the two bottom legs of the core.The core
dimensions are indicated in the figure.a. Find the self-inductances of each of the
windings.
b. Find the mutual inductances between the three pairs of windings.
c. Find the voltage induced in winding 1 by time-varying current i A (t ) and
iB(t)
in windings A and B. Show that this voltage can be use to measure the imbalance
between two sinusoidal current of the same frequency.
Sol:
RA =
g
l
l
lA
R1 = 1 R 2 = 2 R g =
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ag
1.30 ( RA )
L 11 =
R1 + R g + R 2
N 2 Ac
l1 + l 2 +
R1 + R
+ R
lA
2
R
+ A
2
l
g
1
( l1 + l 2 + A +
)
Ac
2
0
g
0
1
g
( l1 + l 2 +
)
Ac
0
R A // R 1 + R 2 + R g =
Ac
Ac
+
g
lA
l1 + l 2 +
0
g
)
0
=
g
)
A c ( l1 + l 2 + l A +
0
l A ( l1 + l 2 +
N2
= L BB
R A + ( R A // R 1 + R 2 + R g )
L AA =
g
N 2 A c ( l A + l1 + l 2 +
)
0
=
g
g
l A ( l A + l1 + l 2 +
) + l A ( l1 + l 2 +
)
0
0
N
Ac
lA
L AB = L BA =
g
0
g
+
)
0
l A + l1 + l 2 +
l A + 2 ( l1 + l 2
N 2 ( R1 + R 2 + R g )
R A ( R A 2 ( R 1 + R 2 + R g ))
l1 + l 2 +
Ac
lA
g
0
l A + 2 ( l1 + l 2 +
g
)
0
L1 A = L A1 = L B1 = L1 B =
=
NN
1 Ac
l A + 2 ( l1 + l 2 +
NN 1
R A + 2 ( R1 + R 2 + R g )
g
)
0
1.41 , A,B
e=
d
d
d
d
Li = ( LA1i A + LB1iB ) = ( LA1i A LA1iB ) = LA1 (i A iB )
dt
dt
dt
dt
1.28 The coils of the magnetic circuit shown in Fig. 1.36 are connected in series so that
the mmfs of paths A and B both tend to set up flux in the center leg C in the same
direction. The coils are wound with equal turns, N1 = N 2 =100. The dimensions are:
Cross-section area of A and B legs=7 cm
Cross-section area of C legs=14 cm
Length of A path = 17 cm
Length of B path = 17 cm
Length of C path = 5.5 cm
Air gap = 0.4 cm
The material is M-5 grade, 0.0012-in steel, with a stacking factor of 0.94.Neglect
fringing and leakage.
a. How many amperes are required to produce a flux density of 1.2T in the air gap?
b. Under the condition of path (a), how many joules of energy are stored in the
magnetic field in the air gap?
c. Calculate the inductance.
Sol:
1.10 ,M-5 1.2T H m = 14( A )
M
H g = B =
0
1 .2
= 9.54 105 ( A )
M
4 10 7
F = Ni = Hl
I=
0.94
1.47
W =
(N )
=
=
N2
2L
2
R
2
g
2
B 2 Ag
0 Ag
2
gA g B 2
20
= 3 . 21 ( J )
5.09/0.688 = 7.4.
samarium-cobalt
Maximum energy
B=0.63T
B=0.47T
H=-470 kA/m
H=-360 kA/m
1.34 Figure2 shows the magnetic circuit for a permanent-magnet loudspeaker the voice
coil (not shown)is in the form of a circular cylindrical coil which fits in the air
gap .a samarium-cobalt magnet is used to create the air-gap dc magnetic field
which interacts with the voice coil currents to produce the motion of the voice coil .
the designer has determined that the air gap must have radius R=1.8cm.length
g=0.1cm , and height g=0.1cm , and height h=0.9cm . assuming that the yoke and
pole piece are of infinite magnetic permeability ( ),find the magnet hm and
the magnet radius Rm that wall result in an air-gap magnetic flux density of 1.2 T
and require the smallest magnet volume.(Hint : Refer to EX1.10 and to Fig.1.19 to
find the point of maximum energy product for samarium cobalt.)
Sol:
From Fig. 1, the maximum energy product for samarium-cobalt occurs at
B = 0.47 T and H = -360 kA/m
the maximum energy product is 1.69 *105 ( J / m 3 )
we want Bg = 1.2 T, Bm = 0.47 T and
Hm = 360 kA/m.
hm = g (Hg / Hm) = g (Bg /0*Hm)
= 2.65 mm
Am = Ag (Bg / Bm) = 2Rh(Bg/Bm) = 26.0
(R=1.8cm and h=0.9cm)
So smallest magnet volume Rm = Am / = 2.87cm