International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology - IJORAT

Vol. 1, Issue 7, JULY 2016

BIO-DIESEL PREPARATION AND

BLENDING OF FUEL WITH DIESEL BY
USING WASTE SUNFLOWER OIL
K.C.Keerthivasan 1, M.Kalidass 2, S.Nandhakumar3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur.

1,2&3

Abstract: This Paper deals with the preparation and blending of waste sunflower oil using trans-esterification
process used as fuel to run an engine from the surveying many literatures as reference we have choose the
combination of bio-diesel and diesel. And also we have done performance testing and emission test for this
combination. The B20 is a better performed fuel in both the cases also if possible we have replaced the diesel with
this vegetable oil as a fuel in our daily practices. We also observe that NO X gas emission 10% reduced while we
compare with regular diesel, the level of O 2 emission will reduced up to 20% similarly smoke opacity got decreased
around 8%. Without modifying the engine we got these results if possible we can replace this and it will help to
control the air pollution and also avoid the carbon content in the atmosphere.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Waste sunflower oil, Trans-esterification, Low emission.
investigations, it is found that converting natural oils into
I. INTRODUCTION
simple esters is an effective way to conclude all the
Many energy contain chemical energy or fuels are being problems respect with the natural vegetable oils. Most of the
investigated as potential substitutes for the current conventional production methods for biodiesel use basic or
suspended particles in diesel fuel in diesel engines. acidic catalysis. A reaction operating time of less than 1 hour
Vegetable oils may provide alternative source and their and reaction temperature of 55-65 C are required for
potential has been calculated in the past years by several completion of reaction and configuration of respective
researchers. Many of the scientists have indicated that use of esters. [2, 3, 4]
natural vegetable oil as alternative fuel is somewhat B. Transesterification
sufficient for diesel engine. Vegetable oil cannot be safety
Transesterification of natural glycerides with methanol to
used in an indirect-injection, naturally aspirated and cooled
engine by action of open air for long life time. This problem methyl-esters is a technically important reaction that has
is related due to its high viscosity of the vegetable oil, which been used extensively in the soap and detergent
manufacturing industry worldwide for many years. Almost
causes atomization and imperfect combustion.
Since India is net importer of vegetable oils, edible oils all biodiesel is produced in a similar chemical process using
cannot be used for production of biodiesel. India leading the base catalyzed transesterification as it is the most
number one producer of biodiesel, as biodiesel can be economical process, requiring only low temperatures and
harvested and sourced from avoidable food oils like Jatropha pressures while producing a 98% conversion yield. The
Curcus, Pongamia Pinnata, Neem, Mahua, castor, linseed, transesterification process is the reaction of a triglyceride
etc. Implementation of biodiesel in India which leads to (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. A
major advantages such like green cover on wasteland, triglyceride has a glycerine molecule as its base with three
support to agriculture and rural economy and generation is long chain fatty acids attached. The characteristics of the fat
failed to be dependence on imported crude oil and reduction are determined by the nature of the fatty acids attached to the
glycerine. The nature of the fatty acids can, in turn, affect
in air pollution. [1]
the characteristics of the biodiesel.
A. Bio-diesel
Blending,
cracking/pyrolysis,
emulsification
or
transesterification of natural vegetable oils may takeover
these problems. Heat generating and blending of vegetable
oils may decrease the viscosity and improve volatility of
vegetable oils but its molecular shapes and structural things
remain unchanged. Hence, polyunsaturated character
remains same. Blending of vegetable oils with diesel, C. Waste sunflower oil and its properties
however, reduces the viscosity drastically and the fuel
handling system of the engine will operate vegetable oilSunflower oil was purchased from a restaurant. The oil
diesel blends without any problems. On the basis of actual was converted to biodiesel by the following five steps.

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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology - IJORAT

Vol. 1, Issue 7, JULY 2016

1. Pre-treatment
2. Trans-Esterification
3. Glycerol Separation
4. Methyl ester wash
5. Heating
TABLE I: PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL
BioProperties Diesel
B10
B20
diesel
Kinametic
26
6.19
3.22
2.51
viscosity
(mm2/sec)
Density at
30C
(kg/m3)

840

880

832

825

Flash point
(C)
Fire point
(C)
Calorific
value
(kJ/kg)

>52

130

52

54

60

140

60

62

43500

37093.18

42645.94

41531.53

II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Experiment was conducted in four stroke compression
ignition diesel engine using diesel, B10 and B20 fuel
individually. The diesel engine is single cylinder and water
cooled, with maximum power of 3.7 kW at 1500 rpm. Single
phase AC alternator was coupled for loading the engine. The
rpm/speed of the engine was measured using tachometer and
the fuel consumption was measured using a stopwatch and a
burette.
Using the diesel fuel, experiments was conducted on the
diesel engine and appropriate readings are taken. Then B10
and B20 fuel was added to diesel engine and different loads
are applied and appropriate readings are taken.
The engine was operated on diesel first and then on
blends of waste sunflower oil as B10, B20 respectively. The
different fuel blends and mineral diesel were subjected to
performance and emission tests on the engine. The
performance data were then analyzed from the graphs
regarding brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel
consumption and smoke density of all fuels. The major
pollutants in the exhaust of a diesel engine are smoke. AVL
smoke meter was used to measure the smoke density of the
exhaust from diesel engine.

Fig. 1 Experimental Setup

1) Engine
2) Dynamometer
3) Fuel Tank (Bio-diesel)
4) Diesel Tank
5) Burettes
6) Three way valve
7) Air tank with orifice
8) Manometer
9) Air flow direction
10) Exhaust Analyzer (CO & HC)
11) Smoke meter
12) Exhaust flow
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The engine performance with diesel, B10 and B20 is
evaluated in terms of total fuel consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and exhaust gas temperature along with emission
characteristics at different loadings.
A. Brake specific fuel consumption
Blending the biodiesel with diesel was done
volumetrically. Comparison of the engine when running on
diesel and biodiesel blends is shown in Fig 2. It was
observed that the BSFC of diesel and biodiesel blends
maintained as a related trend with BSFC reducing with
increase in brake power for all the fuels.

Fig. 2 Brake specific fuel consumption vs Brake power

The BSFC of the fuel samples was also found to increase

with increase in the proportion of biodiesel content in the
blend. The high energy value, low density and lower viscous
properties of diesel fuel resulted in the engine generating the
lowest average BSFC of 0.445 kg/kWh while running on
diesel. The average BSFC of blend B20 was 0.432 kg/kWh,
which amounted to 13.2% increase in BSFC compared to
diesel as shown in Figure 4.1.

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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology - IJORAT

Vol. 1, Issue 7, JULY 2016

B. Brake thermal efficiency

The brake thermal efficiency of the engine increased
with increase in brake power. When operating on diesel and
biodiesel the brake thermal efficiency was almost the same
as shown in Fig 3. It was also noted that the Brake thermal
efficiency of all the blends followed the same trend as that of
diesel and biodiesel respectively. This was because brake
power is the actual brake work per cycle divided by the
amount of fuel chemical energy as indicated by the fuels
lower heating value. This means that the engine converted
the chemical energy of the fuel to mechanical energy with
the same efficiency for all the fuels used in the test.
Fig. 5 NOX concentration vs Brake power

E. Oxygen emission
Oxygen emission decreases while the load is increased.
Due to emission was getting over heated continues running
of engine. Compare to diesel and blending of biodiesel, B20
got reduced in the presence of oxygen in the vegetable oil is
shown in Fig 6.

Fig. 3 Brake thermal efficiency vs Brake power

C. Exhaust gas temperature

We find that the variation of exhaust gas temperature got
reduced, when compared to diesel, B10 and B20. Due to the
viscosity present in the vegetable oil is shown in Fig 4.
Fig. 6 NOX concentration vs Brake power

F. Smoke opacity
The smoke opacity at different loads for various fuels has
been shown in Fig 7.

Fig. 4 Exhaust gas temperature vs Brake power

D. Nitrogen oxide emissions

NOX emission increases while the load is increased. By
oxidation, the atmospheric nitrogen forms NOX at
sufficiently high temperatures NOX emissions of emulsified
Fig. 7 Smoke opacity vs Brake power
fuels are found decreasing than in diesel. This is because the
lower adiabatic flame temperature, due to the presence of
The smoke opacity of biodiesel is higher than the smoke
water in the emulsified fuels, reduces the formation of NO X
opacity of diesel due to the heavier molecules of biodiesel.
is shown in Fig 5.
Water emulsified fuels show considerable reduction in
smoke opacity compared to biodiesel. This is because water

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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology - IJORAT

Vol. 1, Issue 7, JULY 2016

gets vaporized by absorbing the heat energy during

combustion process.
IV. CONCLUSION
We concluded that the preparation and blending of waste
sunflower oil using trans-esterification process have under
gone performance testing and emission test. The B20 is a
better performed fuel in both the cases also they have
replaced the diesel with vegetable oil as a fuel in our usual
practices. We observe that NOX gas emission 10% reduced
while compare with regular diesel, the level of O2 emission
will reduced up to 20% similarly from the result estimate
that smoke opacity got decreased around 8%. Without
modifying the engine has got better results even if possible
of B20 replacement through ordinary diesel which will help
to control the air pollution and being as eco-friendly. Finally
the evaluation of brake thermal efficiency has been
improved.
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