Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
LORD CHELMSFORD'S
VICEROYALTY
A CRITICAL SURVEY
By
AKSHAYA
of the Inner
CHOSE
K.
GANESH &
CO.,
of Calcutta
MADRAS
PUBLISHERS
PREFACE
The
five
years
administration
of
Lord
down
the reins
of his high
office,
if
for the
for
nothing
His Excellency's antecedents one should have thought that his
administration would at best be a sterile one
but what would otherwise have been a barren
else.
Having regard
administration
now
to
consequences
INDIA,
BAR LIBRARY,
Calcutta,
March
15, '21.
A. K. G.
J
EARLY CAREER.
He had,
however, distin-
guished family connections, and his appointment to the most important office
under the crown was a surprise, a great
surprise to the informed as well as the
uninformed, particularly to those who kept
themselves abreast of English public life.
When
in April 1916,
war
and
Lord Chelmsford
office
the greatest
1730466
Lord Chelm.sford
hanging
Viceroyalty
in the balance.
making supreme
efforts
nearly a million and a half in men including 400,000 non-combatants. Her soldiers
had earned the admiration of the best
to
have been
army
in
any period
of history. England's
honour was in their hands and they discharged the trust of maintaining it unsullied
with devotion, loyalty and fearlessness.
Critical Survey
World had
become impatient and wanted very considerable change in the form of her adminisWith a view to bring matters to a
tration.
head, nineteen
members
of the Imperial
Legislative Council submitted a Scheme of
Reforms, the object of Which was to subordinate the executive to the legislature. At
Lucknow
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
Scheme may
1917
To
government
the
development of self-governing
institutions with a view to the progressive
gradual
Empire."
In making
announcement His
Majesty's Government declared that, they
were determined to make a substantial
the
least
Critical Survey
THE MONTAGU
CHELMSFORD SCHEME
The
result
piece
*'
of
Report
on Indian
literature
entitled
Constitutional Re-
forms."
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
in England.
present
state
intellectual
Indian
their
of
India's
development,
community,
fully
political
and
others,
the
conscious
of
own
Anglo
Critical Survey
THE COMMITTEES
Two Committees of importance were
appointed, one to consider the problem of
Sedition, and the other the problem of
Com-
mittee which was charged with the investigation into the nature and extent of the
Criminal conspiracies connected with the
revolutionary movement in India, and with
the examination and consideration of the
that have
arisen, in dealing
with such conspiracies, and to advice as to
the legislation, if necessary, to enable
difficulties
named
Court.
of the
Com-
Judge
of the
English High
in the teeth of the fiercest opposition on
the part of the people of the country, for it
empowered the Executive to deprive any
subject of His Majesty of his liberty with
"8
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
The
surprise of the
entire Indian people who, are accustomed
to look upon the members of the Englittle
formality.
lish bar as
the
stoutest
champions of
and Mansfield, and of Erskine and Brougham, was as to how a government at the
head of which there was a member of
the English bar with legal traditions coursing in his veins could tolerate an enactment
so iniquitous as the Rowlatt Act. A
further source of astonishment was the
fact that the strongest supporter of the
Bill in the Council, even stronger than the
in charge of the Bill, who was no
other than a civilian, was his law member,
member
also a
member
Not
and another
in India
and
this
inference
was
Critical Survey
presents.
report which
be regarded as
its
time to come
the standard work on University educa-
might
for all
tion in India.
have had
a ruler in the person of Sir Michael O*
It
to
out of sym-
10
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
Under
his
political aspirations.
iron rule the patience of the
tried.
He regarded self-government as a speculative abstraction which the people of the province
over which he ruled, must never aspire to
realise.
He had no
hesitation whatsoever
violent autocrat,
his bitterest displeasure.
he had little sense of self-respect and took
A
Government
11
Critical Survey
by
power. All that is said to be under compulsion. The various war loans would have been
total failures in the province but for Sir
that prevailed
with the rest of
Punjab in common
India no specific causes can be ascribed.
in the
12
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
The desire for a larger voice in the Government of the country was greatly fostered
by the dissemination in the press and on
the platform of the doctrine of "self"
determination which formed so important
a subject of discussion at the Peace Conference in Paris. Recruitment in the
Punjab was so intensive that it was conscription in all but name. The Defence of
India Act of 1915, and the rules made
thereunder trenched upon the ordinary
measure of liberty. Under it the executive
acquired the power to interfere with individual liberty by deportation of individuals
from a given locality, and to confine or
intern
power
of
new
them
in a particular place
to create
the
offences, the
Critical Survey
13
by the
the purpose of throttling political aspirations and public men were summoned and
threatened. From his vantage ground the
Lord Chelmsford
14
Viceroy alty
(6)
his
SATYAGRAHA
movement against
him
Gandhi who
is
SATYAGRAHA movement
in
the Criminal
of
is
Critical Survey
15
lence to
person or property."
It caught the fancy of the people for they
took it to be passive disobedience and not
civil disobedience. Meetings all over the
country were held where the SATYAvow was taken and in furtherance
of its objects a general HARTAL throughout India was decided and acted upon on the
30th March and the 6th of April 1919. The
life,
GRAHA
to all its
left
Bombay
his
SATYAGRAHA
Punjab to inaugurate
movement, on the
jab
16
Lord Chelmsford
of India refused
jurisdiction.
spread like
HARTAL
Viceroy alty
him admission
News
into their
wild
fire
and
general
followed with violent outbreaks
no love
by
Sir
for the
Government as represented
O'Dwyer. They were
Michael
way
better
On
nization
Critical
Survey
17
demanding
its repeal.
The demonstration
AMRITSAR
was
pects it is more important even than Lahore. Its population numbers 160,000. It is
Lord Chelmsford
18
it
Viceroy alty
attracts travellers
there
takes
Every year
it
Rarnnaumi
celebration.
Hindus belonging
complete
HARTAL.
It
was spontaneous
report.
The ninth
leading
men
organisers
of April
in
of
fraternisation.
Long
Critical Survey
19
service.
THE DEPORTATIONS
away
to
an unknown destination in a
many
unshod,
was guarded by
The men demanded pass-
military pickets.
Lord Chelmsford
20
Viceroy alty
make
FARYAD
a prayer.
They pushed
back
a little.
picket
They advanced, the military fired killing
and wounding some of them whereon the
forward,
the
crowd
back.
fell
fell
ful crowd.
It
It
was a crowd
foiled in its
of the
Bar,
Critical Survey
21
Deputy Commissioner
intervention. They were
with a view to
permitted to intervene. On their arrival
Mr. Plomer, the Deputy Superintendent of
Police at Amritsar told them that a big
crowd had gone towards the Railway yard.
who
trying to help the authorities by persuading the crowd to disperse. Mr. Maqbool
Lord Chelmsford
22
Viceroy alty
Mahmood
own arrangements.
was
they deserved.
its
way
Upon
who had
in the meantime
The excited mob then
sacked the National Bank and murdered
concealed herself.
Mr.
Stuart
became
in-
23
Critical Survey
the situation.
Indian pupils.
THE EFFECT
On
was
On
runs
"
:
No
is-
24
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
if
necessary."
This proclamation was read out by an
interpreter in Punjabee and Urdu. At
people
it
from
streaming
in,
surrounding
villages
were
of the
proclamation.
THE MUTINY
At or about the time of this proclamation,
a boy was announcing in the streets of
Amritsar, by beating a tin can, that a
meeting would be held at 4 P.M. at Jallian-
Critical Survey
25
at Jallianwalla
afternoon.
prevent the meeting. He got definite information at 4 o'clock that the meeting
JALLIANWALLA BAGH
What is Jallianwalla Bagh ? The word
"
"
Bagh is a misnomer. Jalla is the caste
name of the original owner, "Walla" is the
genetive termination and the Bagh meaning
a garden, is really an open piece of waste
2ti
by
Lord Chelmsford
several
quadrangle,
people.
It
indifferently
Viceroy alty
is
an
irregular
walled and in
THE PRELIMINARIES
One Hans Raj prior to Genera!
arrival
was
Dyer's
estimated at 20,000.
Critical Survey
27
Bagh massacre
not known,,
but it is variously estimated to be some
where between 500 and 1000. It was a calculated piece of inhumanity towards
utterly innocent and unarmed men includ-
Jallianwalla
ing children
ferocity in
is
its
last
European war.
officers only,
Lord Chelmsford
28
Viceroy alty
made
made
4.
and
tortures
trying offences
injustice in the
29
Critical Survey
it
and there-
Sanitary or
medical service could only be rendered on
condition of crawling. The full length of
the lane in which the order was enforced
yards.
it
"
'*
hand
on their
bellies
and
crawling.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY.
The world, at any
was staggered at the
-30
Lord Chelmsford
wondered
if
Viceroy alty
guilty during
the years of the war in Belgium and elsewhere and with which the publicity
bureaus of the government, the Anglo-
31
Critical Survey
crude
edifying pursuit. It discloses the
the
King's
fact that an officer holding
the
King's Covenant, can
Commission or
GERMAN
PUNJAB ATROCITIES
ATROCITIES
UNNECESSARY BLOODSHED.
CONDUCT OF
GERMAN TROOPS
AT ANDENNE.
Evidence
of
Mr.
Maqbool
Vakil, before
the Commissioners appointed by the
6 o'clock Punjab Sub-Committee of the Indian
At
1.
1.
on
the
morning,
Three
men
were and
left.
The
crowd
dispersed,
then
32
Lord Chelmsford
close
Viceroy ally
The Deputy
ever, let me go
Commissioner himself was present
when the fire was opened. He knew
that Salaria and I were members of
the Bar, and were trying to get the
people back to the city. It was
by mere accident that our lives were
saved, I
still
if
believe,
the authori-
when
that,
fire,
ment
for
aid. I believe
some
of the
wounded
2.
FIRING WITHOUT
INTIMATION.
As against this we shall let Genethe ral Dyer speak for himself.
Extract from General
evidence shows that
Dyer's
the killing of non- evidence before the Hunter Comcombatants was car- mittee about the shooting in the
German army
into the
Bagh
A
be
Critical Survey
civilised furnishes
any precedent
P. 40.
Ibid
At once ?
make up my mind
as to what
my
duty was.
Q
was
As regards
the crowd,
what
doing ?
A Well, they were holding a
meeting. There was a man in the
centre of the place on something
it
:
arms
His
raised.
were
moving
He was
about.
evidently addressing.
He was absolutely in the centre of
the square, as far as I could judge.
I should say some 50 or 60 yards
from where
my
troops were
drawn
up.
3
"
(a)
Unarmed
were killed
in masses at other
UNARM-
3.
civilians
So Lord
Hunter
asked,
On
my
immediately by rifle.
Before you dispersed the
crowd, had the crowd taken any
fire
'
action at all
34
Lord Chelmsford
A
No.
a few
Q
A
of
Viceroyalty
They had run away,
Sir.
them.
city ?
Com-
further.
body
had to make up
I did
duty...
Q. In
was
firing
to disperse ?
No, Sir.
:
it
your object
was going
to fire
to disperse as
A
Q
A
Q
it
at once start
soon as you fired ?
Immediately.
Did you continue
Yes.
firing ?
was going
thought
it
was
my
go on until it dispersed. If
little, I should be wrong in
all.
duty to
I fired
firing at
A
Many
(6)
inhabitants
Critical Survey
of the
who
35
DESCRIPTION OF AN EYE-WITNESS.
were unarmed
inclu-
women
'
made
"
Even those
on
the
S round were
l
in profusion.
fla
No arrangements we re
*?
J^dead oraulhoritMB to look
nothing to suggest
afte r the
that the firing on the
j
is
left
inhabitants
denne.
wounded
the
Almost
immediately,
ever the slaughter
of
these inhabitants
and
during
intermittentiy
the
night,
into
play.
the
came from
p. 15.
'
5 ">t
'
Lord Chelmsford
36
At Temploux
4.
on the 23rd Aug. a
professor of modern
at
the
4.
Viceroyalty
languages
Amritsar
College of Namur
"
You have committed a bad act
was shot at his front
door by a German in killing the English. The revenge
officer.
Before
he will be taken upon you and your
Ibid
p. 59.
died he asked the children/'
officer the reason for
this
brutality and
the officer replied
that he had lost his
temper because some
:
had
civilians
fired
vil-
lage.
5.
No body was
allowed to go outside
the church to obey
5.
"
of
Many
lians were
the
street.
There 60.
A
with
above
their
their
along
the
Grande -Ibid
37
Critical Survey
Rue
p. 18.
"While
way
crawling, they
boots and also
the butt-ends
gave
of their rifles.
That day, I did not
go back home to take my food
For full 8 days not a single sweeper
appeared so the refuse of the houses
was never removed, nor were the
latrines cleaned.
The water carrier,
too, was throughout absent .... we
could neither get vegetables nor
other eatables." Ibid p. 62.
me with their
me blows with
kicked
chant says
Bazar.
day, soldiers
Kucha Kurichan, I
was stopped by the soldiers when I
was returning home at about 5 p.M:
and I was ordered to creep on my
were posted
belly. I
away
in
till
"-Ibid
p. 62.
38
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroyalty
'
'
'
came
regained consciousness.
Flogging
was then resumed.
He lost his
consciousness for the second time,
but the flogging never ceased till he
was given 30 stripes. He was taken
off the flogging post bleeding and
quite unconscious. The other boys
were similarly treated, and the
majority of them became unconscious, while they were being flogged.
They were all handcuffed and as
could not walk even a few paces,
p. 64.
A
This taking of
inhabitants including some of the
7.
Critical Survey
7
UNNECESSARY INDIGNITIES.
the
influential
in groups
citizens,
a) General Dyer
has
in his
evidence
^^^ j^
particular
sending
to
about their
them to Melmes and
appointment and the mature of the
the
of services
despatch
they bad to render.
great numbers
toCp- have alrea d y referred to Lala Kanlogne must evidently hya LaL He s the oldest la
of
have been done un- Amritsar.
Even he did not escape
der the direction of
the distinction .
e says :-" I have
the higher military
.
to add that along with all the
authorities.
Bryce
of the local bar> j was oom .
ltte
to act as a special constable p611
-1iTi
bid p. 35.
This appointment was made on the
22nd of April, when there was
absolutely no necessity for such appointment, for the maintenance of
peace and order in the city. The
police force was quite sufficient for
the purpose and, as a matter of fact,
the city was quiet on those days. In
my old age I was made to work
like a coolie, carrying tables and
chairs from one place to another,
and to patrol the city in the hot sun.
^y
We
^^
mem
The
is
why
40
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
was punished
in this
way.
Ibid p.
64.
tors
Satyapal
and
Kitchlew
had
the
instigated me to bring about
'
hartal on the 6th and that they
had encouraged me, by saying that
they would use bombs to drive out
'
"
When
sat.
came unbearable,"
ceeds.
I
"
will
do whatever
He was
you ask
me
taken to
But he again
Jawaharlal again.
refused to implicate the Doctors.
He was therefore kept confined
in a room that day.
During the
to
do."
then
41
Critical Survey
'
'
Ibid p. 69.
(c)
Gholam
and
Jilani,
'
Imam
'
and
Masjid
(leader at prayer) of
deedwritter, is perhaps the worst
case of tortuere we have come across
'
He
go
(St.
134).
Mian
Firoz
Din.
Hony
42
Lord Chelmsford
hammad
of
the
Viceroy alty
bhafi (St.
tortures
139)
that
saw some
Gholam
his
says Maulvi
Gho'am Mohammad
witnessed the
the injuries St. 138). Haji Shamasuddin, landlord and zemindar, also
witnessed the tortures administered
to
by the
police.
He
says.
"They
Critical Survey
43
"mercilessly."
Being frightened, he
eventually yielded.
(d)
Mr.
Mahommad Amin,
is
44
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroyalty
Most of us kept
this.
through the night.
prayed that we might be allowed
food from our houses for that one
evening only, but it was refused.
asked for coverings, but they
too were denied to us. After a short
time, a policeman came to Gama
and in our presence said, why do
you put your life in danger? Name
4 or 5 men with whom you have
some enmity, we shall make you a
place like
We
sitting all
We
witness.'
Gama
said,
have
no
enemy
here,
to
as to
others
We
way
got
the
The
in the jail.
They were kept handcuffed in their cells in pairs and thus
led
even to the latrines. They
begged for the removal of the handcuffs, whilst they were actually in
the latrines but it was of no use.
They were compelled to walk round
and round in the hot sun, we
imagine for exercise ? They were
given no food for 36 hours and they
were made to sleep on the bare floor.
The handcuffs were at a later stage
Critical Survey
45
We
They had
-Ibid
p.
68.
Many
CONSEQUENCES.
who broke the
knowingly or un-
those
of
Curfew order,
common and
-Ibid. 81.
GERMAN
ATROCITIES
8.
The German
Lord Chelmsford
46
Viceroyalty
and
gium
are proved to
tent looting.
Ibid
P. 55,
9.
We
have
al-
OUTRAGE ON WOMEN
Statement
of
Balochan,
(a)
of Sadrang Nat
Pairni,
daughter
where the women
Ram Bagh Gate, Katra Shair
and children were
Singh, Amritsar before the Congress
herded' in a church
Commitee
mon
We
My
AH
We
We
congress committee
P. 194.
's
Report Vol
II
A
10.
Critical Survey
A witness
10.
taped
"My
house
assisting
we
is in
lane.
For
We
did not
bolted our doors in fear. If we took
Ibid something to eat in the evening, we
could get no water. The cries of those
city, five
offi-
young German
p. 4s.
(a)
publicly
in the
place of the
cers
AMRITSAR.
how wo-
men were
DEVI, OF KOOTI
47
Extract from
of Mrs.
the
Lachman Kour of
Report
statement
Amritsar:
I am a purdanashin.
I never appear in public, not even before the
servants.
I
was, however, called
down from my house. I went with a
pardah
(veil).
was peremptorily
my pardah. I
frightened and removed the
pardah. I was then asked
assaulted Miss Sahib. They threatened me that unless I named the
assailant, I would be given over to
the soldiers. I said, I did not know
ordered to take off
was
who
The statement
of Teja Singh,
48
Lord Chelmsford
part
Viceroyalty
proprietor
of
Manianwala
village, district
Gujranwala.
The day on which Mr. Bosworth
Smith came to our village in the
together,
" Daira."
Police.
It
was
in
my
presence that
1 '
Your
skirts
will
be examined by
WHIMSICAL FLOGGING OF
SCHOOL BOYS.
11.
49
Critical Survey
A
Of course.
fore they
A :-Yes
Do you think it was a reasonable thing to do ?
A I thought so under the circumstances, and 1 still think so.
12.
BOMBING INNOCENT
PEOPLE FROM AEROPLANES.
This is how a student in the Khal-
sa Boarding
"
scene
House
describes the
heard the noise of
aeroplanes at about 3 p,
They
remained hovering over the Boarding House for about 10 minutes...
...Suddenly a noise was heard and a
shell came down which struck our
confectioner Ganda Singh
A small piece of it injured the finger
A boy fell down
of my right hand.
on account of the shock."
According to the evidence given
by Captain Carbery before Lord
Hunter's
Committee his orders
were " to disperse crowds going or
coming." So far as the bomb-throw-
We
was
no
for throwing
necessity
bombs
whaisoe^er
Khalsa
in the
was
it
House, and
Boarding
by a stroke of good luck only that
no lives were lost.
50
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroyalty
That
is
village ?
Yes.
A;
suppose some of
the
some houses ?
A: -Yes.
Q You fired machine gun
:
into
the
A :-Yes
O They
:
A:-Yes.
Q -Was
:
plished ?
firing
Where was
fired indiscriminately.
shot at the
Critical Survey
51
running away.
I said,
late
Secretary
salam
a European by mistake
off his
He was
all
these,
52
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
as yet
days, I
"
village
side,
for
defraying
the
Punjab
Critical Survey
53
sures taken to cope with them was composed of 8 gentlemen of whom three were
Indians and
five
it
54
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
so
in the
come
to a correct conclusion as to
sedition or rebellion in
whether
Critical
55
Survey
brought
in,
was
deliberately
was
defiant in
members
56
Lord Chelmsford
-Viceroy alty
made a
evidence
official
provided
the
official
offer.
members
Indians,
in
them
And
so
it
was.
57
Critical Survey
nothing
the
report
the
official
version too
and as a corrective
unofficial enquiry
to
it
was
one-sided,
at least,
such an
sary.
58
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
lesser officer.
in
feel that
student
of political
judgment was
history.
Certainly
not to be delivered with an
Critical Survey
59
Both
prejudices of a population.
courses would be equally erroneous. One
the
"
for
it
was
in the spirit
must be
in the Punjab.
To be convinced on that
point one need refer neither to the Congress report nor to the Hunter report.
was
this spirit that was responsible for the whole trouble in the Punjab.
tors.
It
It
was impossible
to
He
condemn him alone was useless. The attitude of the whole of Anglo-India and the
way in which the European and official
members of the legislative Council of the
Governor General and even the members
Lord Chelmsford
60
Viceroy alty
of his executive Council suffered themselves to behave did not at all contribute to
an Indian
happy thing
life
to
first
forgot that
whom
equal.
Home member
himself, but
the 15th of
1921, and not until the Governof India discovered that the verdict
February
ment
of the
civilised
Critical Survey
61
whole
country sat
in
amazement
it,
the
at the
guilty of brutal
excesses in suppressing the alleged disturbances, whether in good or bad faith. That
were principally responsible. The resigntion of Sir Sankar who has always been a
man of sober political views, cannot have
failed to impress upon the Central Govern-
62
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
full
in
the
Legislative
Council, Pandit
leading the op-
was
63
Critical Survey
viya alone fought for the honour and selfrespect of his motherland, and his erstwhile political friends allowed the bill to
of the
Hunter com-
committees
and
commissions
without
64
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
was more a
Government
when he moved
in
the
Council the appointment of a Royal Commission to report to the Imperial Government rather than a Committee to report to
the Government of India. The motion
offered the first occasion of an encounter
between an obstinate and a stubborn
knowledge or at
first
65
Critical Survey
against
it.
own
their
INDIA IN ENGLAND
War
knees,
woman,
for
all
his
declared
it
of the
Indian people as
it
66
Lord .Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
The
idea
of
political
conference
of
It
Critical Survey
67
politician of indifferent
sagacity,
Peace Conferences. Historically the raising of Sir S. P. Sinha to the peerage of the
realm was a great honour to his person
and a compliment to the nation. Whatever may be his politics there can be no
two opinions about the fact that Lord
Sinha is a most estimable person, more so
"than most other peers of the realm.
Lord Chelmsford
68
Viceroy alty
a struggling barrister 30
sion
is
is
irresistable
that
Mr. Montagu,
Under Secretary
of State
might appeal
Critical
69
Survey
House
and
the question was naturally asked whether
he did greater injustice to himself than to
Dyer debate
in the
of Lords,
people's
Tribune,
which
had
already
By
and reactionary official witnesses he elicited facts which undoubtedly liberalised the
70
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
Iyer to President
(then Sir)
Subramanya
was
of
entertained.
A
Act which
great
Critical Survey
71
among the
historic
parliament
Government
of England,
for the better
of India, and the greater con-
momentous
progress.
in
the
history
of
human
72
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy a Ity
in history.
Critical Survey
73
greatest of her
large, for
may
exist as to his
political principles,
is
upon as enduring monuments of a laborious life and his countrymen with legitimate pride will claim them as a precious
national heritage.
hailed
it
as the
If there
Lord Chelmsford
74
Viceroy alty
it
is
by the struggle
there
was
one
fittest,
for
if
who
deserved to be
universally acknowledged as the guide
friend and philosopher of all men
that
in India
of
"
Lokamanya."
Born
in
1856
of
respectable parents, educated at the University of Bombay, he did not follow the
profession of a
was
qualified
to shine
in.
He
A
ties
?5
Critical Survey
Life.
His
by the
it
wrong, and the practical politician constantly engaged in ameliorating the condition of mankind in the turmoils of the present day life, will each find enough to
Lord Chelmsford
76
Viceroy alty
THE SITUATION
Next
to the
Punjab atrocities the question that agitated the public mind most
was that of the Khalifat and the Holy
places of Islam regarding which there is
deep-rooted sentiment
medans
among
the
Maho-
she should be
acts.
her
turned
political blunder
having
The prime
minister no doubt meant what he said,
and intended to deal with Turkey more
come
into the
war
in
at
all.
that
it
was the
intention
of the
allied
77
Critical Survey
was
feeling,
not
that
illegitimate,
Mahomedan
came
religious sentiment
forward to espouse their cause and thus
bring
about a further
cohesion
of
the
78
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
He
therefore placed the two burning questions of the day before the country
and called for judgment on the 5th of
great.
On
Nagpur.
made the
if
deepest impression on
the practice of it can
A
of Indians
desired
THE
79
Critical Survey
even though he
may
not have
it.
VISIT OF
political
Royal
it
was
80
Lord Chelmsford
Viceroy alty
politic
by his progress
when
atmosphere had
passed away.
and Unite."
Upon
Duke
of the Princes
and
But
of Soldiers and sportsmen.
the real India, the India of farmers and
labourers, the awakened,
enlightened,
aggrieved and struggling India kept herself
studiously away from him. The message
and
other
right
of her
own
children,
Critical Survey
81
Moslems
of India.
HIS RETIREMENT
No
more frequently
Press
82
Lord Chelmsford
Towards the
himself.
Viceroy alty
close
of
his ad-
The convocation
of
the
University
of
as
Calcutta
over
in
lest
number
of renunciations of titles of
honour
Critical Survey
83
Lord Reading
man
is
2.
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3rd Edition.
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in India.
HISTORY OF
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