UDK 621.791.92:669.13:548.

4
Professional article/Strokovni ~lanek

ISSN 1580-2949
MTAEC9, 48(1)149(2014)
B. ZORC et al.: INFLUENCE OF NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS ON THE FORMATION OF HOT CRACKS ...

INFLUENCE OF NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS ON THE

FORMATION OF HOT CRACKS IN THE WELD AND
HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE
VPLIV NEKOVINSKIH VKLJU^KOV NA NASTANEK VRO^IH
RAZPOK V ZVARU IN TOPLOTNO VPLIVANI CONI
Borut Zorc1,2, Mustafa Imamovi}3, Ladislav Kosec2, Borut Kosec2, Ale{ Nagode2
1Welding Institute Ltd, Ptujska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, A{ker~eva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
3University of Zenica, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Fakultetska br. 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
borut.zorc@i-var.si
2University

Prejem rokopisa received: 2013-04-04; sprejem za objavo accepted for publication: 2013-05-15
A thick-walled casting of unalloyed cast steel with a high content of non-metallic inclusions was built up with the submerged
arc-welding (SAW) process. Hot cracks were detected in the built-up, tough inner layer of unalloyed steel (near the fusion line
alongside the edge of the prepared groove). The cause for it was an inappropriate "bead-to-bead" technique of building up, with
a strong remelting of the base material and a strong contamination of the weld pool with non-metallic inclusions. The chemical
composition of the inclusions also indicated an insufficient attention or technical difficulties during building, since some
inclusions were based on the welding slag. The smallest possible content of the base-material admixture must be ensured, the
welding slag fully removed and, if needed, before welding the next bead, the narrow and deep interpass groove must be widened
and rounded off by grinding.
Keywords: surfacing, non-metallic inclusions, strong remelting of the base metal, hot cracking
Pri debelostenskem ulitku iz nelegirane jeklene litine z veliko vsebnostjo nekovinskih vklju~kov, navarjenem po postopku
varjenja pod pra{kom (EPP), so bile v navarjeni `ilavi vmesni plasti iz nelegiranega jekla v prvem sloju oziroma blizu linije
spajanja ob robu pripravljenega utora ugotovljene vro~e razpoke. Vzrok je bila neprimerna tehnika navarjanja "varek do varka",
kar je imelo za posledico mo~no pretaljevanje osnovnega materiala in zato mo~no onesna`enje zvarne kopeli z nekovinskimi
vklju~ki. Kemijska sestava vklju~kov ka`e tudi na nepazljivost ali na tehnolo{ke te`ave med navarjanjem, saj so nekateri
vklju~ki na osnovi varilske `lindre. Nujno je zagotoviti ~im manj{e prime{anje osnovnega materiala, dobro odstraniti varilsko
`lindro in pred varjenjem naslednjega varka po potrebi z bru{enjem raz{iriti in zaobliti nastale ozke in globoke medvarkovne
`lebove.
Klju~ne besede: navarjanje, nekovinski vklju~ki, mo~no pretaljevanje osnovnega materiala, pokljivost v vro~em

1 INTRODUCTION
Cracks and ruptures always form due to an excessive
tensile-stress concentration at the places of their
nucleation due to different causes. One possible cause is
the global overload of the construction. When dealing
with calculated acceptable loads, an important role is
played by the local-construction fatigue-notch factors
and local metallurgical factors of the metal (segregation,
intercrystalline impurities and brittle phases, coarse
non-metallic inclusions such as slag inclusions and
remains of the moulding sand, etc.). Constructional
faults and metallurgical defects cause an occurrence and
propagation of cracks at the stresses lower than the
materials tensile strength or even the yield strength (the
latter is characteristic of fatigue cracks). In this case, the
construction overloading does not equal the material
overloading. Due to unfamiliar metallurgical negative
factors, the material overloading cannot be reliably stress
determined, timed or calculated.
Among the metallurgically caused cracks there are
also intercrystalline hot cracks (crystallization, liquation
and polygonization cracks) that form during welding at
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 48 (2014) 1, 149154

high temperatures (in steels at T > 800 C 1). Hot cracks

are a consequence of a weld and heat-affected-zone
shrinkage during cooling, which, in connection with a
rigid, cold surrounding environment, causes tensile
stresses in the weld range.15 If the deformation capacity
of the metal at high temperatures during weld cooling is
not sufficient, hot cracks appear because of its inability
to withstand the tensile stresses at critical places (usually
at the grain boundaries, contaminated with low-melting
phases or eutectics of the sulphide, phosphide, carbide,
boride and oxide types).15 Along with the impurities
(sulphur, phosphorus), the steel alloy elements of carbon,
boron, niobium, nickel15, titanium, zirconium and
copper5 also increase the possibility of a hot-crack
formation and, due to the possible diffusion-originated
segregations on grain boundaries, chromium, manganese
and silicon also have this effect.1,2,5 Intercrystalline
segregations of sulphur, phosphorus and oxygen (oxide
films) can be a consequence of non-optimum metallurgical reactions in the weld pool, but they may also occur
in welds when the base material contaminated with
non-metallic inclusions is remelted.1,2 Galaxite-oxide
149

B. ZORC et al.: INFLUENCE OF NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS ON THE FORMATION OF HOT CRACKS ...

films (Al2O3.MnO) are often found at the crystal

boundaries of the welds made from unalloyed
low-carbon steels using the SAW process.1,2 The steels
most susceptible to hot cracking are austenitic stainless
steels.
This article presents the findings of a case investigation of hot cracking in the built-up tough, soft layers
(an interlayer at hard facing) of a thick-walled cast (a
diameter of 4500 mm, a thickness from 60 mm to 110
mm) from unalloyed cast steel with a high content of
non-metallic inclusions.
2 EXAMINATION
The chemical analyses of the base material, interlayer
welds and the first built-up layer (quantometer Thermo
Electron Corporation ARL 3460) were made, as well as
a chemical analysis and electron microscopy of nonmetallic inclusions (scanning electron microscope JEOL
JSM-5610 with an EDX spectrometer), macroscopy
(grinding with sandpaper up to # 800, etching with
Adlers reagent), optical microscopy (grinding with
sandpaper up to # 4000, polishing with diamond paste of
# 2 m, etching with 2 % nital), hardness measurements,
HV (device: GNEHM Hrteprfer Swiss Max 300) and
the measurements of the impact toughness with ISO-V
and DVM test specimens (impact testing machine
AIT-300 EN). The tensile strength and yield strength
could not be determined due to a lack of the material.

locally very high and it is clear that they solidified from

the liquid phase. The pointy angular inclusions are
probably the non-molten residue of the moulding sand.
The non-metallic inclusions are sulphides and oxides.
The sulphides (the examples with the chemical composition in mass fractions, w/%: Fe = 52.6; Mn = 23.7; Cr =
1.5; S = 22.2 or Fe = 5.3; Mn = 44.4; Cr = 2.3; S = 48.0)
are light grey (Figure 1c, mark No. 1). The oxides are
darker (Figure 1c, mark Nos. 2, 3, 4) and mostly based
on iron (w/%): Fe = 95.397.2; O = 1.43.9; Ca + Cr +
Mn + Si 1.0). In the oxide inclusions, slightly higher
contents of sulphur and phosphorus were also found
(w/%): S = 0.170.34; P = 0.21).
Due to a combined effect of carbon and a high
number of inclusions, the impact toughness of the cast
steel is poor. Its susceptibility to the hot-crack formation
depends on the chemical composition of steel and it is
determined by calculating the index of the hot-crack
susceptibility, UCS. When welding the CMn steels with
the SAW process, the following equation is used911:

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Base-material analysis
The base material, on which the layers of soft steel
are built-up, is a cast steel with the following chemical
composition (the middle value of three analyses) in mass
fractions, w/%: C = 0.30; Si = 0.37; Mn = 0.62; P =
0.023; S = 0.019; Cr = 0.16; Ni = 0.27; Cu = 0.18; Al =
0.0017. The chemical composition corresponds to grade
6535 (ASTM A27) with the highest allowed carbon
content,6,7 being comparable with GS-45 according to
DIN 1681 (see also 8) or 1.0446 (EN 10027-2). The
cast-steel hardness is 175 HV (the average of seven
measurements), which is characteristic for a normalized
condition with a polygonal ferrite-pearlite microstructure
(Figure 1a) and the standard requirements.6,7 The impact
toughness of the cast steel is lower (DVM: 1726 J) than
the minimum required standard value (DVM: 27 J).
A considerable quantity of non-metallic inclusions is
mostly present in the microstructure of ferrite (Figure
1a) due to their effect on the nucleation of ferrite during
the cooling of austenite from the normalization temperature. The non-metallic inclusions are unevenly distributed in the matrix, having round and angular shapes and
different sizes, as stringers of isolated particles, uneven
lines (Figures 1b and 1c) and rosette shapes. The lineand rosette-shaped inclusions are large, their quantity is
150

Figure 1: Microstructural characteristics of the cast-steel base material: a) normalized ferrite-pearlite microstructure with non-metallic
inclusions (dark dots in the ferrite); b), c) unevenly arranged inclusions of various shapes (unetched)
Slika 1: Mikrostrukturne zna~ilnosti navarjene jeklene litine: a) normalizirana feritno-perlitna mikrostruktura z nekovinskimi vklju~ki
(temne pike v feritu); b), c) neenakomerno razporejeni vklju~ki razli~nih oblik (nejedkano)
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 48 (2014) 1, 149154

B. ZORC et al.: INFLUENCE OF NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS ON THE FORMATION OF HOT CRACKS ...

UCS = 230.C + 190.S + 75.P + 45.Nb 12.3.Si

5.4.Mn 1

(1)

C, S, etc. chemical elements (w/%)

Note: at w(C) < 0.08 % the value of 0.08 is used in the
equation
In general, the steels with UCS < 10 are well resistant
to hot cracking, while those with UCS > 30 are poorly
resistant. The hot cracking of fillet welds can occur at
UCS > 20 and the hot cracking of butt joints at UCS > 25
depending on the shape of the weld pool.11 Even though
equation (1) was only tested with the steel-carbon
content of up to w(C) 0.23 % (this does not mean that
the equation cannot be applied to higher-carbon contents), it was also used with the investigated cast steel for
the purpose of a comparison with the added filler
material. The result of the calculation shows that, due to
its chemical composition, the analysed remelted cast
steel has a strong tendency to hot-crack formation (UCS
65.5). A high content of oxides additionally increases
the susceptibility of cast steel to hot cracking (the typical
temperature at the centre of the weld pool T =
20002500 C 3, since the melting point of the most
known oxides occurring in the metallurgy of iron and
steel is TL < 2000 C 12). The oxide inclusions are
admixed to the weld pool and solidified at the transcrystal boundaries.
3.2 Analysis of the built-up tough interlayers
Before hard facing in the preheated state (Tp = (240
10) C) and with a controlled interpass temperature
(Tmw = 230300 C), welding current I = 450550 A,
voltage U = 2530 V and welding speed v = 2530
cm/min, the interlayers were built up on the cast steel
surface that was prepared by turning. The SAW process
with the wire S2 (EN 756) and the agglomerated welding
powder SA FB 1 55 AC HP 5 (EN 760) was used.
According to reference13, the chemical composition (in
vol. fractions, j/%) of the powder (the fluoride-based
type) was: (CaO + MgO) = 40, CaF2 = 25, (Al2O3 +
MnO) = 20, (SiO2 + TiO2) = 15. When used with the S2
wire and appropriate welding parameters, this welding
powder ensures the welds with the yield strength Ry >
330 N/mm2, the tensile strength Rm = 450550 N/mm2,
the impact toughness at room temperature ISO-V >

Figure 2: Microstructure of a built-up interlayer: a) the welded state,

b) the normalized multi-pass region with non-metallic inclusions
(arrows)
Slika 2: Mikrostruktura navarjene vmesne plasti: a) varjeno stanje, b)
normalizirano medvarkovno podro~je z nekovinskimi vklju~ki
(pu{~ice)

160 J, and the following deposited-metal chemical

composition (w/%): C = 0.06; Si = 0.20; Mn = 0.90.13
The actual chemical composition of the interlayer welds
away from the base material was (w/%): C = 0.05; Si =
0.12; Mn = 0.81; P = 0.017; S = 0.005; Cr = 0.047; Al =
0.011 and the impact toughness of the interlayer at room
temperature (ISO-V: 190203 J) justified the use of the
appropriate welding materials. The interlayer consists of
low-carbon steel with a typical microstructure of the
used materials and welding technology. Because of the

Figure 3: Cross-section through the part of a soft built-up interlayer (b. m. base material, s. i. soft interlayear, h. w. hard surfacing metal)
Slika 3: Pre~ni prerez skozi del navarjene mehke plasti (b. m. osnovni material, s. i. mehka vmesna plast, h. w. trdi navar)
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 48 (2014) 1, 149154

151

B. ZORC et al.: INFLUENCE OF NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS ON THE FORMATION OF HOT CRACKS ...

multi-pass welds, the coarse columnar grains (pro-eutectoid ferrite at the grain boundaries, a fine acicular
ferrite-carbide aggregate inside the grains, Figure 2a)
and the reheated zones (a normalized ferrite-perlite
microstructure, Figures 2b and 2c) exist in the deposited
layers.
Based on the results of the chemical analysis and the
high impact toughness, it can be concluded that the used
welding parameters were appropriate. All the weld metal
is well resistant to hot cracking, since, according to the
measured values of the chemical elements, the index of
the hot-crack susceptibility UCS 13.8 is low. A problem arises when a significant quantity of the weld metal
is contaminated with the base material with a high content of non-metallic inclusions and with a high content of
carbon.
3.3 Analysis of the region with a built-up interlayer
The interlayer with a thickness of approximately 15
mm consisted of multilayers with a distinct wavy fusion
boundary between the first layer and base material
(Figure 3), revealing the "bead-to-bead" build-up welding technique with a minimum overlapping of the neighbouring beads. The very deep bead penetration into the
base material (Figure 4a) caused a large admixture of
the base material into the first built-up layer and the
chemical composition of the first layer was (w/%): C =
0.180.23; Si = 0.230.27; Mn = 0.730.76; P =
0.0230.024; S = 0.0190.021. The first beads, thus,
consist of approximately 6075 % of the base material.
In the heat-affected zone (HAZ) the lines between individual beads reveal the leaning towards the outer edge of

the groove (in each layer shown in Figure 3 they occur

from left to right). During the build-up welding there
were some technological difficulties. In the central part
of the macroscopic pattern, an area of an uneven weld
laying and unequal bead dimensions is visible (Figure 3,
a dashed ellipse), which is a sign of grinding and redeposition in this region.
Larger cracks, visible to the naked eye, exist in the
built-up layers (Figure 4a). Their visible length in the
transverse surfacing weld is up to 3 mm (this does not
mean that some cracks in the built-up interlayer are not
longer). In the base material, the HAZ cracks are of a
microscopic size (Figure 4b). Even though the UCS index
of the welds is small, the interlayers are more susceptible
to the crack formation as a consequence of the solidification and growth of the columnar grains from the melt,
due to which the impurities and low-melting phases
segregate on the longitudinal boundaries of the columnar
grains.
In the HAZ of the base material, the shape of the
cracks depends on the shape of the non-metallic inclusions, for example, the shape of a rosette (Figure 4b).
This is a clear indication of a melting of the non-metallic
inclusions. These hot cracks are of the liquation type.
Due to the non-metallic inclusions in the fusion-line
region, a crack in the HAZ may propagate into a bead
(Figure 4b). If a non-metallic inclusion is near the
fusion line, this does not necessarily result in the melting
of this inclusion and a crack formation in the HAZ.
Liquation cracks only form when the melting point of an
inclusion is sufficiently low with respect to the melting
point of the base material. Such inclusions in steels are

Figure 4: Hot cracks in the built-up interlayer and the base-material HAZ: a) cracks in the edge beads of the built-up interlayer, b) cluster of
inclusions with the cracks in the base-material HAZ, c) cracks on the boundaries of the columnar grains in the welds
Slika 4: Vro~e razpoke v navaru vmesne plasti in TVC osnovnega materiala: a) razpoke v robnih varkih navarjene vmesne plasti, b) gnezdo
vklju~kov z razpokami v TVC osnovnega materiala, c) razpoke na mejah transkristalnih zrn v navaru

152

Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 48 (2014) 1, 149154

B. ZORC et al.: INFLUENCE OF NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS ON THE FORMATION OF HOT CRACKS ...

FeO (TL = 1377 C) and some complex oxides, for

example FeO SiO2 (TL = 1217 C).12 The inclusion in
Figure 1b did not melt because of a high melting point
and though its position was next to the joining line, the
liquation crack did not form. However, when the same
inclusion is admixed into the weld pool, it melts due to
high temperatures and can cause a solidification crack in
the weld.
Cold cracks in the HAZ that would be a consequence
of a brittle microstructure with a high hardness were not
found. The possibility of a cold-crack formation is
minimal despite a higher content of the carbon and a
great thickness of the base material due to a multi-pass
build-up in the preheated state and a sufficiently high
interpass temperature (the low critical cooling time
needed for the formation of 100 % martensite in cast
steel GS-45 is tcr < 5 s)8; its absence in the microstructure
is proven with a relatively low hardness of the HAZ
(220270 HV).
Microscopic examinations have shown that, despite a
large admixture of the base material, the first beads are
already very pure in comparison with the base material
(Figure 1b). Due to the functioning of the basic-type
welding powder and the intensive melt movement during
welding, a large portion of non-metallic inclusions is displaced in the slag. Inconveniently arranged intercrystalline non-metallic inclusions do not necessarily lead to
a formation of solidification cracks. If the stress state is
favourable, the cracks do not occur.
The cracks are only found in the welds on the edge of
the prepared groove (Figure 4a). As the internal stresses
depend on the weld shape, the formation of hot cracks in
the beads on the boundary of the groove is logical due to
the mutual position of the previous beads and the edge of
the welding groove which causes the situation, typical
for but welds. A great stiffness due to a great thickness
of the welded material causes huge transverse tensile
stresses in these edge welds during cooling. In the
synergy with the admixed base molten material with a
large number of non-metallic inclusions and a high susceptibility to hot-crack formation, this creates the perfect
conditions for the formation of hot cracks. With a 60 %

admixture of the base material, the resistance of the first

beads to hot cracking is still very low (UCS = 39,
calculated from the measured chemical composition; if
the index is calculated with the indexes of the base material and added material according to the rule of mixtures,
it is a bit higher, UCS = 44.8).
The crack orientation is the same as the direction of
the transcrystalline growth; the cracks are situated at the
grain boundaries (Figure 4c) and they are wide and
open. The formation of the cracks is closely related to
the presence of non-metallic inclusions at the grain
boundaries prolonging the crack line in several places.
Longitudinal inclusions are also present in the normalized HAZ between individual beads (Figures 2b and
2c). Due to the normalization of this region, it seems that
the non-metallic inclusions were not related to the
columnar microstructure of the built-in material.
However, a comparison shows that their direction is
identical to the longitudinal direction of the columnar
grains.
The non-metallic inclusions on the columnar grain
boundaries are of very different types: iron oxides
(w/%): Fe = 93.495.5; Mn = 0.91.4; O = 2.34.1; Ca +
Si < 1) with slightly increased contents of sulphur and
phosphorus (w/%): S = 0.340.37; P = 0.240.39), iron
oxi-phosphides (w/%): Fe = 92.696.0; O = 0.51.1; P =
1.01.25; Si = 0.43.1; Mn, Cr, Ca: < 1,0) and more
complex inclusions of oxi-sulphide (w/%): Mn = 37.0;
Fe = 30.8; Si = 6.4; Al = 5.3; Ti = 1.3; S = 16.3; O = 1.9;
Cr + Mg 1.0) and oxi-phosphide (w/%): Mn = 31.7;
Fe = 10.4; Ca = 28.7; Si = 16.7; Mg = 2.8; Al = 1.2; K =
1.2; P = 2.9; O = 3.5; Ti + S < 1.0). An inclusion of the
oxi-phosphide type with numerous small surrounding
inclusions and an EDX spectrogram are shown in Figure
5 (point of measurement No. 4). Their chemical composition proves that the complex inclusions originate from
the welding powder, indicating that the welding-slagbased inclusions exist in the welds, too. These can be a
consequence of an inadequate welding technology and
the related uncontrolled motion of the weld pool or of
the remelting of the slag residue from the previously
welded beads. The susceptibility of the weld pool to the
formation of hot cracks is, thus, additionally increased
by the liquid-slag residues. The metal matrix near the
inclusion (points of analysis Nos. 1, 2, 3, Figure 5) has
an increased content of sulphur (w/%): S = 0.130.28),
which is probably related to the grain-boundary segregation of sulphur during solidification.
4 CONCLUSIONS

Figure 5: Complex longitudinal non-metallic inclusion in the soft

interlayer weld (polished)
Slika 5: Kompleksni trakasti nekovinski vklju~ek v navaru mehke
plasti (polirano)
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 48 (2014) 1, 149154

Low-carbon steel was built up on unalloyed cast steel

1.0446 (EN 10027-2) with the highest allowed content of
carbon and a high content of non-metallic, sulphide and
oxide inclusions. The cast-steel melt was, thus, very
susceptible to hot cracking. Individual microscopic
liquation cracks are present in the HAZ. They are related
153

B. ZORC et al.: INFLUENCE OF NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS ON THE FORMATION OF HOT CRACKS ...

to the sulphide and oxide inclusions. The liquation

cracks in the cast-steel HAZ present a smaller problem.
The cracks of a few millimetres in the individual beads
of the built-up interlayer are more critical.
The use of the "bead-to-bead" build-up technique
resulted in a large admixture (6075 %) of impure cast
steel and, thus, the first built-up layer was greatly contaminated with the non-metallic inclusions. In the synergy
with the generated high tensile stresses, this resulted in a
formation of typical crystallization cracks in the built-up
layers along the base material.
The cracks are directly connected to the non-metallic
inclusions of the oxide, sulpho-oxide and oxi-phosphide
types on the longitudinal grain boundaries of the columnar grains. The non-metallic inclusions are mostly due to
the remelting of cast steel, while some (mainly those
with a complex chemical composition) are due to the
welding slag. Their chemical composition is similar to
the welding-powder composition (Ca, K, Mg, Al and
higher amounts of Si and Mn; some of these elements
are not present in the base material or pure welds, while
others appear in small amounts). This reveals either local
difficulties during the build-up and uncontrolled, strong
and turbulent motion of the weld pool or a poor removal
of the welding slag from the narrower and deeper
grooves between the beads. In practice, there is a strong,
but wrong conviction that because of a powerful electric
arc the welding slag is easily removed from a narrow
weld groove. This could be one of the reasons for the
presence of complex slag inclusions in individual welds.
Hot cracks do not form if the melting volume of the
cast steel with non-metallic inclusions is small. This
indicates a build up with a sufficient overlapping of the
neighbouring beads, ensuring the minimum thickness of
the base-material remelt (when using the SAW procedure
with a wire electrode, the remelting thickness of the base

154

material can be thinner than 2 mm). The joining line

achieved in this way is practically straight and parallel
with the base-material surface. The sufficient overlapping of the neighbouring beads also prevents a formation of narrow and deep grooves between the beads, in
which the welding slag may be caught and not removed
from the weld pool completely by the deposition of the
following bead. However, if these narrow and deep
grooves do occur in some places, they must be ground
into sufficiently wide and rounded grooves prior to
welding other beads so that the liquid slag rises to the
surface of the weld pool.
5 REFERENCES
1

I. Hrivk, Zvariteno oceli (Serbian translation-Ljubomir Nedeljkovi}), Zavarljivost ~elika, IRO Gra|evinska knjiga, Beograd 1982,
3138
2
I. Hrivk, Theory of weldability of metals and alloys, Elsevier,
Amsterdam 1992, 6163, 108116
3
ASM Handbook, Vol 6: Welding, Brazing and Soldering, ASM
International, Materials Park, 2000, 4554, 8896
4
D. Radaj, Welding residual stresses and distortion, Rev. ed., DVS
Verlag GmbH, Dsseldorf 2003, 281282
5
R. Castro, J. J. de Cadenet, Welding metalurgy of stainless and heatresisting steels, Cambridge University Press, London 1974, 95106
6
M. Blair, T. L. Stevens, Steel Castings Handbook, 6th ed., ASM
International, Materials Park, 1995, 197
7
Standard ASTM A27/A27M-13
8
P. Seyffarth, B. Meyer, A. Scharff, Groer Atlas Schwei-ZTUSchaubilder, DVS Verlag GmbH, Dsseldorf 1992, 140141
9
J. Lancaster, Handbook of structural welding, Abington Publishing,
Cambridge 1997, 7278
10
Standard EN 1011-2:2001, Annex E
11
FAQ: How can I minimize the risk of solidification cracking in SAW
Welds? TWI 2012, http://www.twi.co.uk/ tehnical-knowledge/faqs/
12
Metalur{ki priro~nik (Handbook of metalurgy), Tehni{ka zalo`ba
Slovenije, Ljubljana 1972, 510511
13
Elektrode Jesenice, d. o. o., Welding consumables, Jesenice 2006, R5

Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 48 (2014) 1, 149154