Modeling and Simulation of Electromagnetic Conducted Emission

Due to Power Electronics Converters

ABSTRACT
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) refers to the undesired generation of radiated or
conducted energy in electrical systems. High-speed semiconductors are applied in power
electronics converters to improve efficiency. But high frequency switching leads to generation of
interference over a wide range of frequency. EMI is an inevitable problem in modern power
electronic circuits. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), which has recently gained a high
importance, is the solution against electromagnetic interference. The first step of EMC
evaluation is modeling and simulation of EMI to help power electronics designers to have an
estimation of EMC status in their designs. Modeling and simulation of different typical samples
of power electronics converters are studied in this paper in point of view of EMC. Simulation
results demonstrated noncompliance behavior of most common power electronic converters in
terms of EMC.

INTRODUCTION
FAST semiconductor devices make it possible to have high speed and high frequency
switching in power electronics converters. High speed switching helps to reduce weight and
volumes of equipment; however, it causes some unwanted effects such as radio frequency
interference (RFI) emission. Compliance with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations
is a problem for producers to present their products cost effective to the markets. Post
development modifications would be too costly; therefore it is important to take EMC aspects
already in design phase. Modeling and simulation is the most cost effective tool to analyze EMC
consideration before developing the products. Most of the previous studies concerned the low
frequency analysis of power electronics components. However, different types of power
electronics converters are capable to be considered as source of EMI. They could propagate the
EMI in both radiated and conducted forms. Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) is
required for measurement and calculation of interference level. Interference spectrum
measurement at the output of LISN will be introduced as thecriteria of EMC evaluation. National
or international regulations are the references for the evaluation of equipment in point of view of
EMC. This paper studies interference spectrum in radio frequencies range in conducted.
Simulation of four different typical converters is carried out by Pspice/Orcad 9.2 conventional
software. The simulation results have been compared with the regulation limitation, which shows
noncompliance behavior of power electronic converters in EMC point of view.

ELECTRO MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI)

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is sometimes a mere inconvenience, as when it
interferes with commercial television and radio broadcast signals. In other situations however, it
can be dangerous, even life-threatening. For example, some restaurant patrons need to know if
microwave ovens are in use, and airline passengers cannot use their phones or laptop computers
during takeoff or landing.
EMI problems have been increasing with the proliferation of mobile electronic systems,
wireless communication systems, and computer networks. The electromagnetic spectrum is
becoming increasingly crowded.
EMI can be a problem, whether sending data across town or across the room. This
application report examines what can be done to reduce the EMI levels that are created when
sending data from point A to point B. The only way to effectively attack the problem is to
determine all of the sources of EMI, and either develop alternative technologies, which radiate
less interference, or design more effective techniques for existing technologies. Engineers who
have worked on the latter are familiar with the use of EMI gaskets, shielded twisted-pair (STP)
cable, and steel wool. Traditional data transmissions standards, such as BTL, GTL, TIA/EIA-232
(a.k.a RS-232), and TIA/EIA-422 (a.k.a. RS-422) are used widely, as the availability of parts
makes the designers job easier. However, the EMI generated by using these standards can make
the system engineers job more difficult.
A relatively new signaling method, known as low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS),
could solve some of these problems. The EMI generated from LVDS is lower than most common
data transmission standards. There are some limitations to using LVDS, such as its limited
interface (cable length) distance (Figure 1) and relatively low noise thresholds. EMI test results
illustrate the LVDS advantage over existing data transmission standards, including TIA/EIA-232,
TIA/EIA-422, and the standard TTL.

EMI Denial:
When data transmission standards such as TIA/EIA-232 and TIA/EIA-422 were
developed, EMI was hardly the concern that it is today. TIA/EIA-232, the oldest of the physical
interfaces, was first used in Teletype machines. It eventually migrated to computers, where it still
is used as a means of communicating data from a motherboard to peripheral devices like printers
or keyboards. EMI was a concern, but not necessarily a problem. TIA/EIA-232 addressed this
concern by limiting the signal slew rate to 30 V/sec.
As the computer market evolved, the need arose for higher speeds and new data
transmission technologies. TIA/EIA-422 originated in the telecommunications industry as a data

transmission technique for short-haul modems and other applications. It featured a balanced
differential signaling scheme that enabled faster speeds and longer distances than TIA/EIA-232.
But, by todays standards TIA/EIA-422 is power hungry. It is basically a 5-V technology and
TIA/EIA-422 line drivers usually operate with 60 mW of power dissipated in the load. Also, the
5-V rail has thermal implications that designers have to address.

Preventing equipment from emitting noise is called suppression of emission.

Emission means to emit noise from equipment. Preventing equipment from being affected
by noise is called immunization against noise. Immunity means the extent to which
equipment is resistant to noise without malfunctioning (degradation of performance) or being
damaged. Though EMS (electromagnetic susceptibility), which refers to the susceptibility of
equipment to noise, is also used, immunity is generally used as an antonym of emission.
EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) means equipments or systems capability to
prevent the equipment or system from emitting unacceptable noise externally and from
malfunctioning due to noise. EMI (electromagnetic interference) means decline in the
performance of equipment, transmission channels, or systems due to noise (electromagnetic
disturbance) when the EMC is unsatisfactory.

Noise regulations are enforced in many countries. Since most of +these regulations have
become laws, equipment that does not comply with the regulations cannot be sold in the country.
Though most of the previous regulations were intended to prevent noise emission, there is an
increasing number of regulations dealing with noise immunity.These regulations state that the
equipment should not degrade perfirmance due to noise.

CONVERTERS
Introduction:
Single phase uncontrolled rectifiers are extensively used in a number of power electronic
based converters. In most cases they are used to provide an intermediate unregulated dc voltage
source which is further processed to obtain a regulated dc or ac output. They have, in general,
been proved to be efficient and robust power stages. However, they suffer from a few
disadvantages. The main among them is their inability to control the output dc voltage / current
magnitude when the input ac voltage and load parameters remain fixed. They are also
unidirectional in the sense that they allow electrical power to flow from the ac side to the dc side
only. These two disadvantages are the direct consequences of using power diodes in these
converters which can block voltage only in one direction. As will be shown in this module, these
two disadvantages are overcome if the diodes are replaced by thyristors, the resulting converters
are called fully controlled converters.
Thyristors are semi controlled devices which can be turned ON by applying a current
pulse at its gate terminal at a desired instance. However, they cannot be turned off from the gate
terminals. Therefore, the fully controlled converter continues to exhibit load dependent output
voltage / current waveforms as in the case of their uncontrolled counterpart. However, since the
thyristor can block forward voltage, the output voltage / current magnitude can be controlled by
controlling the turn on instants of the thyristors. Working principle of thyristors based single
phase fully controlled converters will be explained first in the case of a single thyristor half wave
rectifier circuit supplying an R or R-L load. However, such converters are rarely used in practice.
Full bridge is the most popular configuration used with single phase fully controlled
rectifiers. Analysis and performance of this rectifier supplying an R-L-E load (which may
represent a dc motor) will be studied in detail in this lesson.

AC-DC CONVERTER:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction, a
process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power
supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum
tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.
A device which performs the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is known as
an inverter.
When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive portion
of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is merely one of
usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC. Almost all
rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently converting
AC to DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor
rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper(I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.
BOOST CONVERTER
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a power converter with an output DC voltage
greater than its input DC voltage. It is a class of switching-mode power supply
(SMPS) containing at least two semiconductor switches (a diode and a transistor) and at least
one energy storage element. Filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination
with inductors) are normally added to the output of the converter to reduce output voltage ripple.

Power can also come from DC sources such as batteries, solar panels, rectifiers and DC
generators. A process that changes one DC voltage to a different DC voltage is called DC to DC
conversion. A boost converter is a DC to DC converter with an output voltage greater than the
source voltage. A boost converter is sometimes called a step-up converter since it steps up the
source voltage. Since power (P = VI or P = UI in Europe) must be conserved, the output current
is lower than the source current.
A boost converter may also be referred to as a 'Joule thief'. This term is usually used only
with very low power battery applications, and is aimed at the ability of a boost converter to 'steal'
the remaining energy in a battery. This energy would otherwise be wasted since a normal load
wouldn't be able to handle the battery's low voltage.*

This energy would otherwise remain untapped because in most low-frequency

applications, currents will not flow through a load without a significant difference of
potential between the two poles of the source (voltage.)

Block Diagram
The basic building blocks of a boost converter circuit are shown in Fig.

Magneti
c

Voltage
Source

Switch
Control

Fig. Block diagram

Switching
Element

Output
Rectifier
and

The voltage source provides the input DC voltage to the switch control, and to the magnetic field
storage element. The switch control directs the action of the switching element, while the output
rectifier and filter deliver an acceptable DC voltage to the output.
Operating principle
The key principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of an inductor to resist
changes in current. When being charged it acts as a load and absorbs energy (somewhat like a
resistor), when being discharged, it acts as an energy source (somewhat like a battery). The
voltage it produces during the discharge phase is related to the rate of change of current, and not
to the original charging voltage, thus allowing different input and output voltages.

Fig: Boost converter schematic

Fig. The two configurations of a boost converter, depending on the state of the switch S.

The basic principle of a Boost converter consists of 2 distinct states (see figure ):

in the On-state, the switch S (see figure) is closed, resulting in an increase in the inductor
current;

In the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor current is
through the flyback diode D, the capacitor C and the load R. This result in transferring the
energy accumulated during the On-state into the capacitor.

The input current is the same as the inductor current as can be seen in figure. So it is not
discontinuous as in the buck converter and the requirements on the input filter are relaxed
compared to a buck converter.
Continuous mode
When a boost converter operates in continuous mode, the current through the inductor (IL) never
falls to zero. Figure shows the typical waveforms of currents and voltages in a converter
operating in this mode. The output voltage can be calculated as follows, in the case of an ideal
converter (i.e. using components with an ideal behavior) operating in steady conditions:

Fig: Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in continuous mode.
During the On-state, the switch S is closed, which makes the input voltage (Vi) appear across the
inductor, which causes a change in current (IL) flowing through the inductor during a time period
(t) by the formula:

At the end of the On-state, the increase of IL is therefore:

D is the duty cycle. It represents the fraction of the commutation period T during which the
switch is on. Therefore D ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always on).
During the Off-state, the switch S is open, so the inductor current flows through the load.
If we consider zero voltage drop in the diode, and a capacitor large enough for its voltage to
remain constant, the evolution of IL is:

Therefore, the variation of IL during the Off-period is:

As we consider that the converter operates in steady-state conditions, the amount of

energy stored in each of its components has to be the same at the beginning and at the end of a
commutation cycle. In particular, the energy stored in the inductor is given by:

So, the inductor current has to be the same at the start and end of the commutation cycle. This
means the overall change in the current (the sum of the changes) is zero:

Substituting

and

by their expressions yields:

This can be written as:

Which in turns reveals the duty cycle to be

From the above expression it can be seen that the output voltage is always higher than the input
voltage (as the duty cycle goes from 0 to 1), and that it increases with D, theoretically to infinity
as D approaches 1. This is why this converter is sometimes referred to as a step-up converter.
Discontinuous mode
In some cases, the amount of energy required by the load is small enough to be
transferred in a time smaller than the whole commutation period. In this case, the current through
the inductor falls to zero during part of the period. The only difference in the principle described
above is that the inductor is completely discharged at the end of the commutation cycle (see
waveforms in figure ). Although slight, the difference has a strong effect on the output voltage
equation. It can be calculated as follows:

Fig: Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in discontinuous mode.

As the inductor current at the beginning of the cycle is zero, its maximum value
t = DT) is

During the off-period, IL falls to zero after T:

Using the two previous equations, is:

(at

The load current Io is equal to the average diode current (ID). As can be seen on figure 4, the
diode current is equal to the inductor current during the off-state. Therefore the output current
can be written as:

Replacing ILmax and by their respective expressions yields:

Therefore, the output voltage gain can be written as flow:

Compared to the expression of the output voltage for the continuous mode, this expression is
much more complicated. Furthermore, in discontinuous operation, the output voltage gain not
only depends on the duty cycle, but also on the inductor value, the input voltage, the switching
frequency, and the output current.
APPLICATIONS:
Battery powered systems often stack cells in series to achieve higher voltage. However,
sufficient stacking of cells is not possible in many high voltage applications due to lack of space.
Boost converters can increase the voltage and reduce the number of cells. Two battery-powered
applications that use boost converters are hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and lighting systems.
The NHW20 model Toyota Prius HEV uses a 500 V motor. Without a boost converter,
the Prius would need nearly 417 cells to power the motor. However, a Prius actually uses only
168 cells and boosts the battery voltage from 202 V to 500 V. Boost converters also power
devices at smaller scale applications, such as portable lighting systems. A white LED typically
requires 3.3 V to emit light, and a boost converter can step up the voltage from a single 1.5 V

alkaline cell to power the lamp. Boost converters can also produce higher voltages to
operate cold cathode fluorescent tubes (CCFL) in devices such as LCD backlights and
some flashlights.

BUCK CONVERTER
A buck converter is a step-down DC to DC converter. Its design is similar to the stepup boost converter, and like the boost converter it is a switched-mode power supply that uses two
switches (a transistor and a diode), an inductor and a capacitor.
The simplest way to reduce a DC voltage is to use a voltage divider circuit, but voltage
dividers waste energy, since they operate by bleeding off excess power as heat; also, output
voltage isn't regulated (varies with input voltage). Buck converters, on the other hand, can be
remarkably efficient (easily up to 95% for integrated circuits) and self-regulating, making them
useful for tasks such as converting the 1224 V typical battery voltage in a laptop down to the
few volts needed by the processor.

Theory of operation

Fig: Buck converter circuit diagram.

Fig: The two circuit configurations of a buck converter: On-state, when the switch is closed, and
Off-state, when the switch is open.

Fig: Naming conventions of the components, voltages and current of the buck converter.

Fig: Evolution of the voltages and currents with time in an ideal buck converter operating in
continuous mode.

The operation of the buck converter is fairly simple, with an inductor and two switches (usually
a transistor and a diode) that control the inductor. It alternates between connecting the inductor to
source voltage to store energy in the inductor and discharging the inductor into the load.
Continuous mode
A buck converter operates in continuous mode if the current through the inductor (I L) never
falls to zero during the commutation cycle. In this mode, the operating principle is described by
the chronogram in figure:

When the switch pictured above is closed (On-state, top of figure 2), the voltage across
the inductor is VL = Vi Vo. The current through the inductor rises linearly. As the diode
is reverse-biased by the voltage source V, no current flows through it;

When the switch is opened (off state, bottom of figure 2), the diode is forward biased.
The voltage across the inductor is VL = Vo(neglecting diode drop). Current IL decreases.

The energy stored in inductor L is

Therefore, it can be seen that the energy stored in L increases during On-time (as I L increases)
and then decreases during the Off-state. L is used to transfer energy from the input to the output
of the converter.
The rate of change of IL can be calculated from:

With VL equal to Vi Vo during the On-state and to Vo during the Off-state. Therefore, the
increase in current during the On-state is given by:

Identically, the decrease in current during the Off-state is given by:

If we assume that the converter operates in steady state, the energy stored in each component at
the end of a commutation cycle T is equal to that at the beginning of the cycle. That means that
the current IL is the same at t=0 and at t=T (see figure 4). Therefore,
So we can write from the above equations:

It is worth noting that the above integrations can be done graphically: In figure 4,
proportional to the area of the yellow surface, and

is

to the area of the orange surface, as

these surfaces are defined by the inductor voltage (red) curve. As these surfaces are simple
rectangles, their areas can be found easily:

for the yellow rectangle

and Votoff for the orange one. For steady state operation, these areas must be equal.
As can be seen on figure 4,

and

. D is a scalar called the duty cycle with a

value between 0 and 1. This yields

From this equation, it can be seen that the output voltage of the converter varies linearly with the
duty cycle for a given input voltage. As the duty cycle D is equal to the ratio between t On and the

period T, it cannot be more than 1. Therefore,

. This is why this converter is referred to

as step-down converter.
So, for example, stepping 12 V down to 3 V (output voltage equal to a fourth of the input
voltage) would require a duty cycle of 25%, in our theoretically ideal circuit.
Discontinuous mode
In some cases, the amount of energy required by the load is small enough to be
transferred in a time lower than the whole commutation period. In this case, the current through
the inductor falls to zero during part of the period. The only difference in the principle described
above is that the inductor is completely discharged at the end of the commutation cycle. This has,
however, some effect on the previous equations.

Fig: Evolution of the voltages and currents with time in an ideal buck converter operating in
discontinuous mode.

We still consider that the converter operates in steady state. Therefore, the energy in the
inductor is the same at the beginning and at the end of the cycle (in the case of discontinuous

mode, it is zero). This means that the average value of the inductor voltage (V L) is zero; i.e., that
the area of the yellow and orange rectangles in figure are the same. This yield:

So the value of is:

The output current delivered to the load (Io) is constant; as we consider that the output capacitor
is large enough to maintain a constant voltage across its terminals during a commutation cycle.
This implies that the current flowing through the capacitor has a zero average value. Therefore,
we have:

Where

is the average value of the inductor current. As can be seen in figure, the

inductor current waveform has a triangular shape. Therefore, the average value of I L can be
sorted out geometrically as follow:

The inductor current is zero at the beginning and rises during ton up to ILmax. That means
that ILmax is equal to:

Substituting the value of ILmax in the previous equation leads to:

And substituting by the expression given above yield:

This latter expression can be written as:

It can be seen that the output voltage of a buck converter operating in discontinuous mode is
much more complicated than its counterpart of the continuous mode. Furthermore, the output
voltage is now a function not only of the input voltage (V i) and the duty cycle D, but also of the
inductor value (L), the commutation period (T) and the output current (Io).
CUK CONVERTER
The buck, boost and buck-boost converters all transferred energy between input and
output using the inductor, analysis is based of voltage balance across the inductor. The CUK
converter uses capacitive energy transfer and analysis is based on current balance of the
capacitor. The circuit in Fig. below(CUK converter) is derived from DUALITY principle on the
buck-boost converter.

CUK Converter

If we assume that the current through the inductors is essentially ripple free we can
examine the charge balance for the capacitor C1. For the transistor ON the circuit becomes

CUK "ON-STATE"

and the current in C1 is IL1. When the transistor is OFF, the diode conducts and the current in C1
becomes IL2.

CUK "OFF-STATE"
Since the steady state assumes no net capacitor voltage rise ,the net current is zero

(24)
which implies

.. (25)
The inductor currents match the input and output currents, thus using the power conservation
rule

(26)
Thus the voltage ratio is the same as the buck-boost converter. The advantage of the CUK
converter is that the input and output inductors create a smooth current at both sides of the
converter while the buck, boost and buck-boost have at least one side with pulsed current.

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB/ SIMLINK

Introduction
This chapter gives main idea about introduction to matlab,simulink, advantages of
matlab, tool for model based design,tool for simulation,tool for analysis,creating a simple model
and adding blocks to window. The most important feature of MATLAB is its programming
capability, which is very easy to learn and use, and which allows user developed functions.
MATLAB
The name matlab stands for matrix laboratory. Matlab was originally written to provide
easy access to matrix software developed by the linpack and eispack projects. Today, matlab
engines incorporate the lapack and blas libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for
matrix computation.
MATLAB, developed by math works Inc, is a software package for performance
numerical computation and visualization. The combination of analysis capabilities, flexibility,
reliability and powerful graphics makes MATLAB the premier software package for electrical
engineers. MATLAB provides an interactive environment with hundreds of reliable and accurate
built in mathematical functions. These functions provide solution to a broad range of
mathematical problems including matrix algebra, complex arithmetic, linear systems, differential
equations, signal processing, optimization non-linear systems and many other types of scientific
computations. The most important feature of MATLAB is its programming capability, which is
very easy to learn and use, and which allows user developed functions there are several option
toolboxes written for special applications such as signal processing, control system design,
system identification, statistics, neural net works, fuzzy logic, symbolic computations.
Matlab is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and
solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and
computation

Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data analysis,
exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application development,
including graphical user interface building.
Matlab is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those
with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in
a scalar no interactive language such as C or Fortran.
Matlab has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, matlab is the tool of choice for highproductivity research, development, and analysis.
Matlab features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very
important to most users of matlab, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of matlab functions (M-files) that extend
the matlab environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are
available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets,
simulation, and many others.
The matlab system consists of five main parts:
Development Environment. This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use matlab
functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the matlab
desktop and Command Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for
viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path.
The matlab Mathematical Function Library. This is a vast collection of computational
algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to
more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast
Fourier transforms.

The matlab Language. This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow
statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It
allows both "programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs,
and "programming in the large" to create large and complex application programs.
Matlab has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as
annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and
three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It
also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as
well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your matlab applications.
The matlab Application Program Interface (API). This is a library that allows you to
write C and Fortran programs that interact with matlab. It includes facilities for calling routines
from matlab (dynamic linking), calling matlab as a computational engine, and for reading and
writing MAT-files.
Advantages of MATLAB
MATLAB has many advantages compared to conventional computer languages for technical
problem solving. Among them are:
1. Ease of use
2. Platform independence
3. Predefined functions
4. Device independent plotting
5. Graphical user interface
\

SIMULINK:
Introduction:
Simulink is a software add-on to matlab which is a mathematical tool developed by The
Math works,(http://www.mathworks.com) a company based in Natick. Matlab is powered by
extensive numerical analysis capability. Simulink is a tool used to visually program a dynamic
system (those governed by Differential equations) and look at results. Any logic circuit, or
control system for a dynamic system can be built by using standard building blocks available in
Simulink Libraries. Various toolboxes for different techniques, such as Fuzzy Logic, Neural
Networks, dsp, Statistics etc. are available with Simulink, which enhance the processing power
of the tool. The main advantage is the availability of templates / building blocks, which avoid the
necessity of typing code for small mathematical processes.
Simulink enables you to pose a question about a system, model it, and see what happens.
With Simulink, you can easily build models from scratch, or take an existing model and add to it.
Thousands of engineers around the world use Simulink to model and solve real problems in a
variety of industries.
Concept of signal and logic flow:
In Simulink, data/information from various blocks are sent to another block by lines
connecting the relevant blocks. Signals can be generated and fed into blocks dynamic /
static).Data can be fed into functions. Data can then be dumped into sinks, which could be
scopes, displays or could be saved to a file. Data can be connected from one block to another,
can be branched, multiplexed etc. In simulation, data is processed and transferred only at
Discrete times, since all computers are discrete systems. Thus, a simulation time step (otherwise
called an integration time step) is essential, and the selection of that step is determined by the
fastest dynamics in the simulated system.

Fig 4.1 Simulink library browser

Connecting blocks:

fig 4.2 Connectung blocks

To connect blocks, left-click and drag the mouse from the output of one block to the input of
another block.

Sources and sinks:

The sources library contains the sources of data/signals that one would use in a dynamic
system simulation. One may want to use a constant input, a sinusoidal wave, a step, a repeating
sequence such as a pulse train, a ramp etc. One may want to test disturbance effects, and can use
the random signal generator to simulate noise. The clock may be used to create a time index for
plotting purposes. The ground could be used to connect to any unused port, to avoid warning
messages indicating unconnected ports.
The sinks are blocks where signals are terminated or ultimately used. In most cases, we
would want to store the resulting data in a file, or a matrix of variables. The data could be
displayed or even stored to a file. the stop block could be used to stop the simulation if the input
to that block (the signal being sunk) is non-zero. Figure 3 shows the available blocks in the
sources and sinks libraries. Unused signals must be terminated, to prevent warnings about
unconnected signals.

fig 4.3 Sources and sinks

Continuous and discrete systems:

All dynamic systems can be analyzed as continuous or discrete time systems. Simulink
allows you to represent these systems using transfer functions, integration blocks, delay blocks
etc.

fig 4.4 continous and descrete systems

Non-linear operators:
A main advantage of using tools such as Simulink is the ability to simulate non-linear
systems and arrive at results without having to solve analytically. It is very difficult to arrive at
an analytical solution for a system having non-linearities such as saturation, signup function,
limited slew rates etc. In Simulation, since systems are analyzed using iterations, non-linearities
are not a hindrance. One such could be a saturation block, to indicate a physical limitation on a
parameter, such as a voltage signal to a motor etc. Manual switches are useful when trying
simulations with different cases. Switches are the logical equivalent of if-then statements in
programming.

fig 4.5 simulink blocks

Mathematical operations:
Mathematical operators such as products, sum, logical operations such as and, or, etc.
.can be programmed along with the signal flow. Matrix multiplication becomes easy with the

matrix gain block. Trigonometric functions such as sin or tan inverse (at an) are also available.
Relational operators such as equal to, greater than etc. can also be used in logic circuits

fig 4.6 Simulink math blocks

SIGNALS & DATA TRANSFER:

In complicated block diagrams, there may arise the need to transfer data from one portion
to another portion of the block. They may be in different subsystems. That signal could be
dumped into a goto block, which is used to send signals from one subsystem to another.
Multiplexing helps us remove clutter due to excessive connectors, and makes
matrix(column/row) visualization easier.

fig 4.7 signals and systems

Making subsystems
Drag a subsystem from the Simulink Library Browser and place it in the parent block
where you would like to hide the code. The type of subsystem depends on the purpose of the
block. In general one will use the standard subsystem but other subsystems can be chosen. For
instance, the subsystem can be a triggered block, which is enabled only when a trigger signal is
received.
Open (double click) the subsystem and create input / output PORTS, which transfer
signals into and out of the subsystem. The input and output ports are created by dragging them
from the Sources and Sinks directories respectively. When ports are created in the subsystem,

they automatically create ports on the external (parent) block. This allows for connecting the
appropriate signals from the parent block to the subsystem.
Setting simulation parameters:
Running a simulation in the computer always requires a numerical technique to solve a
differential equation. The system can be simulated as a continuous system or a discrete system
based on the blocks inside. The simulation start and stop time can be specified. In case of
variable step size, the smallest and largest step size can be specified. A Fixed step size is
recommended and it allows for indexing time to a precise number of points, thus controlling the
size of the data vector. Simulation step size must be decided based on the dynamics of the
system. A thermal process may warrant a step size of a few seconds, but a DC motor in the
system may be quite fast and may require a step size of a few milliseconds.

SOURCE, PATH AND VICTIM OF EMI

Undesired voltage or current is called interference and their cause is called interference
source. In this paper high-speed converters are the source of interference. Interference
propagated by radiation in area around of an interference source or by conduction through
common cabling or wiring connections. In this study power electronics conducted emission is
considered only. Equipment such as computers, receivers, amplifiers, industrial controllers, etc
that are exposed to interference corruption are called victims. The common connections of
elements, source lines and cabling provide paths for conducted noise or interference.
Electromagnetic conducted interference has two components as differential mode and common
mode.
Diferential mode conducted interference:
This mode is related to the noise that is imposed between different lines of a test circuit
by a noise source. Deduced current path is shown in Fig. 1 [10]. The interference source, path
impedances, differential mode current and load impedance are also shown in Fig 1.

Common mode conducted interference

Noise or interference could appear and impose between the lines, cables or connections
and common ground that is called common mode interference. Any leakage current between load
and common ground could be modeled by interference voltage source. Fig. 2 demonstrates the
common mode interference source, currents, 'cml and Icno and the related current paths. The
power electronics converters perform as noise source between lines of the supply network. In
this study differential mode of conducted interference is particularly important and discussion
will be continued considering this mode only.

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY REGULATION

Application of electrical equipment especially static power electronic converters in
different equipment is increasing more and more. As mentioned before, power electronics
converters are considered as an important source of electromagnetic interference and have
corrupting effects on the electric networks. High level of pollution reduces the quality of power
resulting from various disturbances in electric networks. On the other side some residential,
commercial and especially medical consumers are so sensitive to power system disturbances
including voltage and frequency variations. The best solution to reduce corruption and improve
power quality is complying national or international EMC regulations. CISPR, IEC, FCC and
VDE are among the most famous organizations from Europe, USA and Germany who are

responsible for determining and publishing the most important EMC regulations. IEC and VDE
requirement and limitation on conducted emission are shown in Fig. 3. and Fig. 4 [7], [10].
For different groups of consumers different classes of regulations could be complied.
Class A for common consumers and class B with more hard limitations for special consumers are
separated in Fig. 3. and Fig. 4. Frequency range of limitation is different for IEC and VDE that
are 150 kHz up to 30 MHz and 10 kHz up to 30 MHz respectively. Compliance of regulations is
evaluated by comparison of measured or calculated conducted interference level in the
mentioned frequency range with the stated requirements in regulations. In united European
community compliance of regulation is mandatory and products must have certified label to
show covering of requirements.

ELECTROMAGNETIC CONDUCTED INTERFERENCE MEASUREMENT

Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN):
LISN is an industrial element offered by standards to place between the supply and power
electronics converter including load as an interface to make it possible measuring the conducted
interference [7]. The stated situation is shown in Fig. 5 [6]. LISN should have the following
characteristics to satisfymeasurement conditions [6].
1-Providing a low impedance path to transfer power from source to power electronics converter
and load.
2-Providing a low impedance path from interference source, here power electronics converter, to
measurement port.

LISN topology:
The common topology for LISN is shown in Fig. 6 [7]. LISN elements quantity based on
the common topology are classified as shown in Table I [7].

Variation of level of signal at the output of LISN versus frequency is the spectrum of
interference. The electromagnetic compatibility of a device can be evaluated by comparison of
its interference spectrum with the standard limitations. The level of signal at the output of LISN
in frequency range 10 kHz up to 30 MHz or 150 kHz up to 30 MHz is criteria of compatibility
and should be under the standard limitations. In practical situations, the LISN output is
connected to a spectrum analyzer and interference measurement is carried out. But for modeling
and simulation purposes, the LISN output spectrum must be calculated using appropriate
software.

SIMULATION OF EMI DUE TO POWER

ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS
Pspice/Orcad 9.2 is verified and conventional software for electrical and electronic
circuits simulations [9]. This software is used to analyze and calculate the conducted interference
spectrum in this study. Non ideal behavior of resistances, capacitors and inductors are taken into
account in the simulations [11]. The simulation results are presented in the following sections.
AC/DC Converter EMI simulation:
Three-phase thyristor controlled bridge rectifiers have wide industrial applications [12].
Sample of such equipment including source, LISN, converter and load in accordance with
the block placement of Fig. 5. is shown in Fig. 8. in the last page of this paper. Common and
typical parameters of the simulated circuit are presented in appendix. Fig. 9 shows the simulation
results, which is the variation of V(A5) at LISN output versus frequency.

Converting the results to dBtv make it possible to compare them with standard
requirements. It is seen that for this sample the level of conducted interference due to converter
is not tolerable by the regulations in Fig. 3. and Fig 4. As a consequence this converter with the
mentioned parameters does not comply the regulations. It is possible to repeat the simulation
with other parameters, in rare of them the performance may improve and in most of the others
the results may become worse.
The second category of power electronic converters considered for EMI simulation is
three phase thyristor controlled AC/AC converters. Typical sample of this converter is shown in
Fig. 10 [12]. The parameters are presented in appendix. Favorite result is the spectrum of V(A5)
as the conducted interference at the output of LISN. Fig. 11. Shows the favorite results.
Comparison the calculated or simulated results for this special sample with limitations of
standards stated noncompliance.

DC/DC Converter EMI simulation:

In this study conducted electromagnetic interference due to the operation of a fixed
frequency buck DC/DC converter is simulated [12]. The applied method could be generalized to
other type of DC/DC converters with any switching controllers. Typical diagram of Fig. 12.
shows the converter and the required parameters are given in appendix. Fig. 13. shows LISN
spectrum output.

Though high frequency switching improves the efficiency of the converter [12] but from
Fig. 13. destructive effect on EMC is considerable. The level of interference is more than
standard limitations. Simulation results states not only noncompliance but also inconsistency
with regulations.
DC/AC Converter EMI simulation:
It is not necessary to explain about wide application of DC/AC converters in different
industries [12]. Simulation of three-phase pulse width modulated (PWM) DC/AC converter is a
time consuming process by Pspice/Orcad 9.2 [9] and needs a huge memory, so single phase of

this type of converter has been simulated based on the circuit diagram of Fig. 14. and related
parameters in appendix. Fig. 15. shows the spectrum of LISN output.

The noncompliance is obvious. The simulation could be easily generalized to three phase DC/AC
converters with any controlling strategy.

CONCLUSION
Appearance of electromagnetic interference due to the operation of fast semiconductor
devices in power electronics converter is introduced in this paper. Radiated and conducted
interference coupling are introduced as two major types of electromagnetic interference where
conducted type is studied in this paper. Compatibility regulations and techniques of conducted
interference measurement were explained. LISN as an important part of measuring process
besides its topology, parameters and impedance were described. Sample of four different types of
common power electronic converters were considered and their EMI were simulated using
common verified and conventional Pspice/Orcad 9.2 software. The most important point of this
study is that none of the mentioned converters comply with the EMC standard regulations. It is
necessary to present hardware and software mechanisms to reduce the level of interference to the
standard level.