Chandrayaan - India's Mission Moon - Shanepedia

9/13/2016
CHANDRAYAAN|INDIASMISSIONMOON|SHANEPEDiA
shanepedia
AShanepediaInitiative
CHANDRAYAAN|INDIASMISSIONMOON
CHANDRAYAAN
(hps://shanepedia.les.wordpress.com/2013/02/tech1.jpg)
TheMoonMissionI
THEMOONwiththehistoryoftheearlysolarsystemetchedonitbeckonsmankindfromtime
immemorial to admire its marvels and discover its secrets. Understanding the moon provides a
pathwaytounraveltheearlyevolutionofthesolarsystemandthatoftheplanetearth.Through
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theages,theMoon,ourclosestcelestialbodyhasarousedcuriosityinourmindmuchmorethan
https://shanepedia.wordpress.com/outoftheworld/chandrayaaniindiasfirstmissionmoon/
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theages,theMoon,ourclosestcelestialbodyhasarousedcuriosityinourmindmuchmorethan
anyotherobjectsinthesky.ThisledtoscienticstudyoftheMoon,drivenbyhumandesireand
questforknowledge.
Thisisalsoreectedintheancientverse.
WhatdoesChandrayaanmean?
A:InSanskritChandrameansmoonandyaanmeancraftorvehicle.SoChandrayaanliterally
meansMooncraftorLunarvehicle.
Explorationofthemoongotaboostwiththeadventofthespaceageandthedecadesofsixties
and seventies saw a myriad of successful unmanned and manned missions to moon. This was
followedbyahiatusofaboutoneandahalfdecade.Duringthisperiodwerenedourknowledge
abouttheoriginandevolutionofthemoonanditsplaceasalinktounderstandtheearlyhistory
oftheSolarSystemandoftheearth.
(hp://www.ickr.com/photos/35077273@N06/4312923500)
THEMOON
However, new questions about lunar evolution also emerged and new possibilities of using the
moon as a platform for further exploration of the solar system and beyond were formulated.
Moonagainbecametheprimetargetforexplorationandanewrenaissanceofrejuvenatedinterest
dawned.Allthemajorspacefaringnationsoftheworldstartedplanningmissionstoexplorethe
moonandalsotoutilizemoonasapotentialbaseforspaceexploration.
Whatisthetemperatureonthemoon?
ThemoonundergoesextremesintemperaturethesideoftheMoonreceivingsunlight
becomesscorchinghotatabout130C,andfreezingcoldat180Conthenightside.
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IsthereanyLifeonmoon?
SofarnoneofthelunarmissionshavedetectedanysignatureofpresenceoflifeontheMoon.
WhydoweseeonlyonesideoftheMoon?
AstheMoonorbits,italwayspresentsthesamesidetowardstheEarth.Thisissobecause
EarthsgravityhasslowedtheMoonsrotationsothatitjustmatchesthetimeittakestogo
aroundtheEarth.SotheMoontakesthesameamountoftimetorevolvearoundtheEarthasit
takestorotatearounditsspinaxis.
(hp://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_Around_Fresh_Moon_Crater.jpg)
ImagesshowaveryyounglunarcrateronthesideofthemoonthatfacesawayfromEarth,as
viewedbyNASAsMoonMineralogyMapperontheIndianSpaceResearchOrganizations
Chandrayaan1spacecraft.Onleftisanimageshowingbrightnessatshorterinfrared
wavelengths.Onright,thedistributionofwaterrichminerals(lightblue)isshownaroundasmall
crater.Bothwaterandhydroxylrichmaterialswerefoundtobeassociatedwithmaterialejected
fromthecrater
(hp://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg)
LogoofIndianSpaceResearchOrganisation
INDIASFIRSTMISSIONTOMOON
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CHANDRAYAANI
TheideaofundertakinganIndianscienticmissiontoMoonwasinitiallymootedinameetingof
theIndianAcademyofSciencesin1999thatwasfollowedupbydiscussionsintheAstronautical
Society of India in 2000. Based on the recommendations made by the learned members of these
forums, a National Lunar Mission Task Force was constituted by the Indian Space Research
Organisation(ISRO).LeadingIndianscientistsandtechnologistsparticipatedinthedeliberations
oftheTaskForcethatprovidedanassessmentonthefeasibilityofanIndianMissiontotheMoon
aswellasdweltonthefocusofsuchamissionanditspossibleconguration.
The task force recommended that given the technical expertise of ISRO it will be extreme
worthwhile to plan an Indian Mission to the Moon. It also provided specic inputs such as the
primary scientic objectives of such a mission, plausible instruments to meet these objectives,
launchandspacecrafttechnologiesthatneedtobedevelopedandsuggestedtheneedforseing
up of a Deep Space Network (DSN) station in India for communication with the lunar orbiting
spacecraft.Theteamalsoprovidedaprovisionalbudgetaryestimate.
(hp://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_carrier_rockets.svg)
ComparisonofIndiancarrierrockets.Lefttoright:SLV,ASLV,PSLV,GSLV,GSLVIII
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The Study Report of the Task Team was discussed in April 2003 by a peer group of about 100
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The Study Report of the Task Team was discussed in April 2003 by a peer group of about 100
eminentIndianscientistsrepresentingvariouseldsofplanetary&spacesciences,earthsciences,
physics,chemistry,astronomy,astrophysicsandengineeringandcommunicationsciences.After
detaileddiscussions,itwasunanimouslyrecommendedthatIndiashouldundertaketheMission
to Moon, particularly in view of the renowned international interest on moon with several
exciting missions planned for the new millennium. In addition, such a mission will provide the
neededthrusttobasicscienceandengineeringresearchinthecountryincludingnewchallenges
to ISRO to go beyond the Geostationary orbit. Further, such a project will also help bringing in
young talents to the arena of fundamental research. The Academia, in particular, the university
scientistswouldalsondparticipationinsuchaprojectintellectuallyrewarding.
Subsequently,GovernmentofIndiaapprovedISROsproposalfortherstIndianMoonMission,
calledChandrayaan1inNovember2003.
OnNovember14,IndiasucceededinlandingaspaceprobeonthesurfaceoftheMoon.Theprobe
waslaunchedfromanorbiter,Chandrayaan1(Sanskritfor
(hp://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/imagenes_exopol/exopolZZZZZZT_01.jpg)moonvehicle),
circling100kmabovetheMoonthathadreachedlunarorbitonNovember8.
Launched by the Indian Space Research Organization on October 22, Chandrayaan1 marked
IndiasrsteorttoreachtheMoon.Indiajoinsasmallgroupofnationsthathavereachedthe
moon,andoneofonlythreenationscurrentlywithorbitersaroundit.
Chandrayaan1willremaininorbitfortwoyearsinordertoconductacomprehensivegeological
surveyoftheMoonssurface.
It has already begun supplying high resolution images (hp://www.isro.org/pslv
c11/photos/moon_images.htm) of the Moons surface which excites those seeking independent
vericationofwhatexactlyisontheMoonssurface.
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Oneinterestingaspectofthismissionisthatalargemajorityofthepeopleworldwideareeagerly
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Oneinterestingaspectofthismissionisthatalargemajorityofthepeopleworldwideareeagerly
waiting to examine the collections of datas and images captured by Chandrayans mission to
verifytheearliermoonlandingprojects.
Asthemoonlandingcontroversyisstillevidentafter40yearssincemanrstlandedonmoon.
OnJuly20th,1969ourliveschangedforever.Thiswasnotduetoanydisastrouseventthattook
place here on Earth, but an amazing event that took place in the heavens, when the rst man
walked on that wondrous thing people had gazed at and wondered about for centuries the
moon. Our world was changing at that time in leaps and bounds. It was a time of endless
possibilities.Manypeoplethinkofthisasamoonlandinghoaxortherstmanonthemoonhoax.
Inspiteofalltheevidencetothecontrary,somepeoplestillbelievethatthelandingofamanon
themoonwasatrickoftelevision.
Thespacecraft
landingonMoon?
ChandrayaanIisanorbiterwhichwillrevolvearoundthemooninacircularorbitandtakehigh
resolution pictures of lunar surface. It will however carry a 30 kg probe that will penetrate the
lunarsurface
Howlongitwilltaketoreachthemoon?
A:Thejourneytomoonwilltakearound5andahalfday.
HowclosetoMoonwillChandrayaan1comewhileorbitingtheMoon?
Chandrayaan1spacecraftwillbeina100kmpolarorbitaroundtheMoon.
Q:Howlongitrevolvearoundthemoon?
A:Over2years
Q:Whichisthenodalagencyforthismission?
A:IndianSpaceResearchOrganization(ISRO)isspearheadingthiseort.Premierresearch
institutesofIndialikeTataInstituteofFundamentalResearch(Mumbai),RamanResearch
Institute(Bangalore),PhysicalResearchLaboratoryareinvolvedindevelopingvariouspayloads
thatwillbeusedonboardthespacecraft.
Howheavyorlightisthesatellite?
A: The remote sensing satellite will weigh 1304 kg. The initial orbit mass is 590 kg and the dry
massis504kg.Thesatellitewillbecubeshapedmeasuring1.5monsides.
Howmuchthismissioncosts?
A:ThetotalmissioncostisRs.380Crore
Q:AreothercountriespartneredIndiainthismission?
A:Yes.NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)ofUSA,EuropeanSpaceAgency
(ESA)andBulgarianAerospaceAgencyarepartneredIndiainthismission.
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Howisthespacecraftpowered?
Thespacecraftismainlypoweredbyitssolararray,whichincludesonesolarpanelcovering
atotalareaof2.15x1.8squaremeters,generating750Wpower.Thepanelsaremadeof
materialsratedtowithstandextremetemperatures~110Cto180C.Thepowerproduced
bythesolararrayisstoredinaLithiumionbaery,andthendistributedfromthebaeryto
thespacecraftsubsystems.Thepowersystemisdesignedtosupportvariousphasesofthe
mission.Thepowerwillsupplementthemissionwithequaleciencyinbothnoon/midnight
anddawn/duskorbits.Thepowersystemconsistsofpowergeneration,energystorageand
powerconditioningelements.LiIonbaerypowersthespacecraftduringeclipseoperations.
Powerelectronicssystemcontrolsthesolararraypowertosupplytheloadandchargethe
baeries.
Thespacecraftforlunarmissioniscuboidinshapewitheachsideapproximately1.50metres.It
accommodates eleven science payloads. The 3axis stabilised spacecraft uses two star sensors,
gyrosandfourreactionwheels.
Acantedsinglesidedsolararraywillprovidetherequiredpowerduringallphasesofthe
mission.Thisdeployablesolararrayconsistingofasinglepanelgenerates700Wofpeakpower.
Thesolararrayalongwithyokewasstowedonthesouthdeckofthespacecraftinthelaunch
phase.Duringeclipse,thespacecraftwaspoweredbylithiumion(Liion)baeries.After
deployment,thesolarpanelplanewascantedby30tothespacecraftpitchaxis.
ThespacecraftemploysanXband,0.7mdiameterparabolicantennaforpayloaddata
transmission.Theantennaemploysadualgimbalmechanismtotracktheearthstationwhenthe
spacecraftisinlunarorbit.
Thespacecraftusesabipropellantintegratedpropulsionsystemtoreachthelunarorbitaswellas
orbitandaitudemaintenancewhileorbitingthemoon.Thepropulsionsystemcarriesthe
requiredpropellantforamissionlifeoftwoyears,withadequatemargin.
Thetelemetry,trackingandcommandcommunicationisinSbandfrequency.Thescientic
payloaddatatransmissionisinXbandfrequency.
Thespacecrafthasthreesolidstaterecorders(SSRs)onboardtorecorddatafromvarious
payloads.SSR1willstoresciencepayloaddataandhascapabilityofstoring32GBdata.SSR2will
storesciencepayloaddataalongwithspacecraftaitudeinformation(gyroandstarsensor),
satellitehousekeepingandotherauxiliarydata.ThestoragecapacityofSSR2is8GB.M3(moon
mineralogymapper)payloadhasanindependentSSRwith10GBcapacity.
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(hps://shanepedia.les.wordpress.com/2013/03/pslvc11onlaunchpad.jpg)
PSLVLaunchpad
TheChandrayaan1missionisaimedathighresolutionremotesensingofthemooninvisible,
nearinfrared,lowenergyXrayandhighenergyXrayregions.
Scienticpayloads
Theindigenouslydevelopedpayloadsare:
1. Terrainmapping stereo camera in the panchromatic band, having 5m spatial resolution and
20kmswath
2.Hyperspectralimagingcameraoperatinginthe400950nmbandwithaspectralresolutionof
15nmandspatialresolutionof80metreswithaswathof20km
3.Lunarlaserranginginstrumentwithheightresolutionofabout10metres
4.HighenergyXrayspectrometerusingcadmiumzinctelluride(CdZnTe)detectorinthe30250
keVenergyregionwithspatialresolutionof40km
5. Moon impact probe as piggyback on the main orbiter of the Chandrayaan1 spacecraft which
impactedonthesurfaceofthemoon
TheimportedpayloadsonboardChandrayaan1are:
1.Chandrayaan1XrayspectrometerthroughESAacollaborationbetweenRutherford
AppletonLaboratory,theUKandISROSatelliteCentre,ISRO.Partofthispayloadwas
redesignedbytheISROtosuitscienticobjectivesofChandrayaan1
2.Nearinfraredspectrometer(SIR2)fromMaxPlankInstitute,Lindau,Germany,throughESA
3.SubkeVatomreectinganalyserthroughESA,fromSwedishInstituteofSpacePhysics,
Sweden,andSpacePhysicsLaboratory,VikramSarabhaiSpaceCentre,ISRO.Thedataprocessing
unitofthispayloadwasdesignedanddevelopedbytheISRO,whileSwedishInstituteofSpace
Physicsdevelopedthepayload
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4.RadiationdosemonitorfromBulgarianAcademyofSciences
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4.RadiationdosemonitorfromBulgarianAcademyofSciences
5.Miniaturesyntheticapertureradar(MiniSAR)fromAppliedPhysicsLaboratory,JohnsHopkins
University,andNavalAirWarfareCentre,USA,throughNASA
6.MoonmineralogymapperfromBrownUniversityandJetPropulsionLaboratory,USA,
throughNASA
Spaceprobe
A space probe is a scientic space exploration mission in which a robotic spacecraft leaves the
gravitywelloftheearthandapproachesthemoonorentersinterplanetaryorinterstellarspace;
approximately twenty are currently existant. The space agencies of the USSR (now Russia and
Ukraine),theUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnion,JapanandChinahaveintheaggregatelaunched
probestoseveralplanetsandmoonsofthesolarsystemaswellastoanumberofasteroidsand
comets.
Aspaceprobedestinedforaplanetorotherastronomicalbodycanbeclassiedasayby,
impactor,orbiterorlandermission.Historically,ybymissionsprovedeasiesttoaccomplish,
asthesedidnotrequiretheprecisenavigationneededforanimpact,northeadditional
propulsiontoconductamanoeuvretoentertheorbit.Uponlandingsomelandershavereleased
rovers,whichtravelacrossthesurfaceoftheastronomicalbodyuponwhichtheyhavelanded.
Onceaprobehasleftthevicinityoftheearth,itstrajectoryislikelytotakeitalonganorbit
aroundthesunsimilartotheearthsorbit.Toreachanotherplanet,theconceptuallysimplest
meansistoexecuteaHohmanntransferorbitmanoeuvre.
Morecomplextechniques,suchasgravitationalslingshots,canbemoreecient,thoughthese
mayrequiretheprobetospendmoretimeintransit.Atechniqueusingverylilepropulsion,but
possiblyrequiringaconsiderableamountoftime,istofollowatrajectoryontheinterplanetary
transportnetwork.
IstherewatericepresentontheMoon?
ThecometsandmeteoritescontinuouslybombardthesurfaceoftheMoon.Manyofthese
objectscontainwaterandasaresultoftheirimpactmayleavewatermoleculesonthelunar
surface.Solarwindhydrogenbombardingthelunarsurfacecontinuouslymayalsoleadto
productionofwatermoleculethroughinteractionwithoxygenpresentinthelunarsoils.Dueto
solarheatingmuchofthiswaterevaporateandlostintospaceveryfast.However,thecurrent
hypothesisisthatsomeofthewatermoleculesmayreachareasthatarepermanentlyshadowed
fromsunlightandgetstrappedandsignicanttracesofwater/watericemaybepresentinsuch
regionsoftheMoon.
Duetotheveryslighttilt(~1.5)oftheMoonsaxis,someofthedeepcratersparticularly
nearthepolarregionsneverreceiveanylightfromtheSuntheyarepermanentlyshadowed
andcanactaspermanenttrapofwatermoleculesandinsuchcratersscientistsexpecttond
waterinfrozenform,ifitisthereatall.
TheRadarreectivityexperimentsperformedbyClementinehintedatthepossibilityof
existenceoflargeamountsofwaterfrozenonthesepermanentlyshadowedregionsofthe
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existenceoflargeamountsofwaterfrozenonthesepermanentlyshadowedregionsofthe
moon.
LunarProspectorsneutronspectrometerdetectedburstsofslowneutronsoverthemoons
poles,suggestingpresenceofhydrogenatomsandhencepossiblepresenceofwater/ice.
However,theseexperimentscouldnotdecisivelyconrmthepresenceofwater/iceonmoon,
whichstillremainsamystery.
IfthereiswatericepresentontheMoonthenwewouldnothavetotransportwaterfromEarth
totheMoon,whichwouldbeextremelyexpensive.Butinsteadwillbeabletorelyonlunarice.
Thisisimportantforacosteectivelunarhabitation.
Scienticobjectives
The Chandrayaan1 mission is aimed at highresolution remote sensing of the moon in visible,
nearinfrared,lowenergyXrayandhighenergyXrayregions.Specically,theobjectivesare:
1.Toprepareathreedimensionalatlas(withahighspatialandaltituderesolutionof510metres)
ofbothnearandfarsidesofthemoon
2.Toconductchemicalandmineralogicalmappingoftheentirelunarsurfacefordistributionof
elements such as magnesium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, iron and titanium with a spatial
resolutionofabout25kmandhighatomicnumberelementssuchasradon,uraniumandthorium
withaspatialresolutionofabout20km
Simultaneousphotogeologicalandchemicalmappingwillenableidenticationofdierent
geologicalunits,whichwilltesttheearlyevolutionaryhistoryofthemoonandhelpin
determiningthenatureandstratigraphyofthelunarcrust.
Probe
One of those most excited by the Chandrayaan1 mission is Richard C. Hoagland
(hp://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_autor_hoagland.htm) who has spent decades
analyzing NASA images of the Moon and Mars. In his 2008 book,Dark Mission
(hp://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/luna/luna_darkmission.htm), Hoagland claimed that NASA,
through the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, has systematically covered up or altered satellite imagery
datapointingtotheexistenceofextraterrestrialartifactsonbothMarsandtheMoon.
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(hps://shanepedia.les.wordpress.com/2013/03/ch61.jpg)
Launching
HefurthermorepointedoutthatNASAissubservienttotheU.S.DepartmentofDefense(DOD)due
to
the
national
security
provisions
found
in
NASAs
Charter
(hp://www.nasa.gov/oces/ogc/about/space_act1.html).
I contacted Richard C. Hoagland to get his opinion about the Chandrayaan1 mission and its
signicanceforhisthesisthatextraterrestrialartifactscanbefoundthere.
He prefaced his response to my questions by pointing to PresidentElect Barack Obamas
statementonOctober22(hp://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=26772)wherethelaer
observed:
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With Indias launch of its rst unmanned lunar spacecraft following closely on the heels of Chinas
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With Indias launch of its rst unmanned lunar spacecraft following closely on the heels of Chinas
rstspacewalk,weareremindedjusthowurgentlytheUnitedStatesmustrevitalizeitsspaceprogram
ifwearetoremaintheundisputedleaderinspace,science,andtechnology.
WhatfollowsareRichardHoaglandsresponses(R.H.)tomyquestions(M.S.).
12/20
M.S.: Have you any thoughts on how long the NASADOD inspired cover up of extraterrestrial
9/13/2016
M.S.: Have you any thoughts on how long the NASADOD inspired cover up of extraterrestrial
artifactscancontinuewithIndiaandothernationsplacingorbitersaroundthemoonandprobesonit?
R.H.:IfObama(andthosebehindhim)istrulyinterestedinthenewIndianMoonmission,ashis
very public statement strongly implies (McCain made no such public statement, nor did Bush), then
Obamamustalsosuspect(orknow!)thewhyforIndiaengaginginthistotallynoneconomicmajor
domestic expenditure. And, why it is planning on further, far more expensive future lunar missions
withtheRussians!
So, whether the NASADOD coverup of alien artifacts will continue during the Obama
Administration would seem, in part, to involve Obamas personal knowledge of why the Indians are
goingtotheMoonandhisrelated,futureplansforsomekindofanewrelationshipwithRussia
(Putin).
Shortanswer:Ithinkwenallyhaveashotatsomerealdisclosurehereiffornootherreasonthan,
the more that other international players are involved (even if theyre all controlled by one central
source the Families (hp://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/sociopol_globalelite.htm))
themoreopportunityforseriousnewdataleaksplanned,orotherwise.
M.S.:HowsuccessfulwilltheIndiansbeincomingupwithanindependentdatabaseonwhatsonthe
moonssurface?
MoonImpactor
R.H.:TheChandrayaanmissionisequippedwithsensitive,stateofthearthighresolutionequipment
cameras,radar,andauniqueinstrumentdesignedtospecicallyrecordinstancesofTLP(transient
lunarphenomenonbright,minuteslonglightsthathavebeenappearingonthelunarsurfacefor
hundredsofyears)closeupfromlunarorbit.
13/20
We at Enterprise, based on the NASA images, believe that these longreported lights are actually
9/13/2016
We at Enterprise, based on the NASA images, believe that these longreported lights are actually
bright, irregular solar reections from the surviving glass ruins on the Moon seen in those NASA
images!
We actually have some quite striking examples in the NASA database of such reections from the
glass!
Ifthatisso,thefactthattheIndianshavespecicallysentaninstrumentintolunarorbittostudyand
recordthislongstandingmysteriousphenomenon,couldbeinterpretedasstrongforeshadowingoftheir
plans to ultimately, publicly, reveal the source of those reections once they have their own TLP
data:ancientglassruinsontheMoon!
(hp://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper_left.jpg)
LeftsideoftheMoonMineralogyMapperthatwaslocatedontheChandrayaan1lunarorbiter.
M.S.:HowdoyouanticipateNASA/DODtryingtoinuencewhattheIndiansputupforthepublicon
theirfuturemoondatabase?
R.H.:
the
Indian
government
signed
a
memo
of
understanding
(hp://www.isro.gov.in/pressrelease/May09_2006.htm) with NASA some years ago, over this Indian
Moon Mission [ ]. As a result, there are a couple of NASA experiments ying on the Chandraayan
mission, in addition to the Indian experiments, with JPL scientists involved. However, if the Indian
governmentisplanningtorevealthegoodstu,IdontbelieveNASAwillholdmuchinuencein
theirlargerpolicyobjectives.
Again,italldependsonagreementsmuchhigherupthefoodchain,andhowmuchchangeObama
(andthefolksbehindhim)REALLYaresupportingintherunupto2012.
M.S.:DoyouconsiderIndiaasapossiblecontenderforinformingtheworldaboutartifactsonthemoon
throughsatelliteimagery?
R.H.: Denitely, yes. The Indian Vedas preserve remarkable hints of the ancient, sweeping, hightech
historyofallhumanityfromthedistanterawhenboththeMoonandMars(andmanyotherbodiesin
the solar system) were once inhabited by our own great, great, great ancestors. If there is to be
disclosure of these long hidden truths, there would be no more ing messenger than India if
theyareallowedtomakethempublicbyothergeopoliticalforcesactingonthematthistime.
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Obamas curious, public singling out of Indias new Moon mission weeks before he was in any
9/13/2016
Obamas curious, public singling out of Indias new Moon mission weeks before he was in any
position to do anything about it is a very intriguing sign of what could happen in the coming
months.
M.S.: Finally, do you anticipate that those behind the secrecy are fully aware of India disclosing the
truthaboutwhatsonthemoonssurfaceandmaytrytopreemptsuchacontingencyinordernotto
loseallcredibility.
R.H.:ThatagainleadsusbacktoObamaspublicreactionvisavistheIndianChandraayanMission,
evenBEFOREhewaselected.Imcautiouslyoptimisticatthispointthatchangeiscoming.Whowill
initiateit(us,outoffearoflossoffaceortheIndians)istotallyupforgrabsagain,ifitoccursat
all.
(hp://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chandrayaan1.jpg)
ListofmanmadeobjectsontheMoon
AllowingIndiatodoithasacertainlogicbehindit.ItwouldgiveNASAamuchneededplausible
deniability in terms of its own, decadeslong NASA data and the coverup; the Indians just had
beer, newer equipment which allowed scientic proof of what was merely hinted at on NASAs
~40yearoldimages!
Aswithallotherultimatelypoliticaldecisions,thenaldecisionwouldseemtodependonhowdumb
theythinktherestofusreallyaretobuythistypeofIndianrevelation.Ifitcomes.
Chandrayaanbeamsback40,000imagesin75days
Chandrayaan1hastransmiedmorethan40,000imagesofdierenttypessinceitslaunchon
October22,2008,whichmanyinISRObelieveisquitearecordcomparedtothelunarightsof
othernations.ISROocialsestimatedthatifmorethan40,000imageshavebeentransmiedby
Chandrayaanscamerasin75days,itworkedouttonearly535imagesbeingsentdaily.They
arersttransmiedtoIndianDeepSpaceNetworkatByalalunearBengaluru,fromwherethey
areashedtoISROstelemetry,trackingandcommandnetworkatBengaluru.
Someoftheseimageshavearesolutionofuptovemetresprovidingasharpandclearpictureof
themoonssurface.Incomparison,manyimagessentbysomeoftheothermissionshada100
metreresolution.
OnNovember26,Theindigenousterrainmappingcamera,whichwasrstactivatedonoctober15/20
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OnNovember26,Theindigenousterrainmappingcamera,whichwasrstactivatedonoctober
29,2008,tookshotsofpeaksalongwithcraters.ThiscameasasurprisetoISROocialsbecause
themoonconsistsmostlyofcraters.
Atfirst,Chandrayaan1reachedahighlyellipticalorbit.Afterencirclingtheearthforawhile,the
spacecraftwastakenintotwomoreellipticalorbitswhoseapogeeswerestillhigherat37,000km
and73,000km,respectively.Thisallwasdoneataveryprecisemomentbyfiringthespacecrafts
liquidapogeemotor(LAM)whenthespacecraftwasnearperigee.Subsequently,theLAMwas
firedtotakethespacecrafttoahighorbitwhoseapogeeliedatabout387,000km.Whenthe
Chandrayaan1reachedthevicinityofthemoon,thespacecraftwasorientedinaparticularway
anditsLAMwasfiredagaintoslowdownthespacecraftsufficientlytoenablethegravityofthe
moontoacquireitintoanellipticalorbit.
About20daysfromthedateoflaunch,Chandrayaan1wasintherequiredmoonorbit.Whenthe
orbitalheightofChandrayaan1wasloweredtoitsintended100kmheightfromthelunarsurface,
theMIPwasejectedfromChandrayaan1attheearliestontothelunarsurfaceinachosenarea.
Chandrayaan1:TheJourney
ThelaunchofChandrayaan1tookplaceat6:22amIndianStandardTime(00:52UT)onOctober
22, 2008fromtheSecond Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre,SHAR,Sriharikotainthe
NelloredistrictofAndhraPradeshstate.Sriharikotaissituatedatadistanceofabout80kmtothe
NorthofChennai.
Chandrayaan1 spacecraft began its journey from Earth onboard Indias Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicle(PSLVC11)andrstreachedahighlyellipticalInitialOrbit(IO).IntheInitialOrbit,the
perigee (nearest point to Earth) was about 255 km and apogee (farthest point from the Earth) is
about22,860km.
AftercirclingtheEarthinitsInitialOrbitforawhile,Chandrayaan1spacecraftwastakentove
more elliptical orbits whose apogees were progressively higher a 37,900 km, 74,715 km, 164,600
km, 267,000 km and 380,000 km respectively. This was done by ring the spacecrafts Liquid
ApogeeMotor(LAM)atopportunemomentswhenthespacecraftwasnearperigee.Duringthis
phaseofthemission,theTerrainMappingCamera(TMC),whichisoneoftheelevenpayloadsof
Chandrayaan1carriedbyspacecraft,wassuccessfullyswitchedONandittookthepicturesofthe
Earth and Moon. Additionally, Radiation Dose Monitor (RADOM), another payload of
Chandrayaan1,wasalsoswitchedON.
AsitapproachedtheapogeeofitsnalEarthBoundOrbitat380,000km,thespacecraftpassedat
adistanceofabout500kmfromtheMoononNovember8,2008sinceMoonhadarrivedtherein
itsjourneyroundtheEarth.
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Atthattime,thespacecraftsLAMwasagainred.Thissloweddownthespacecraftsucientlyto
9/13/2016
Atthattime,thespacecraftsLAMwasagainred.Thissloweddownthespacecraftsucientlyto
enablethegravityofthemoontocaptureitintoanellipticalorbitwhoseperiselene(nearestpoint
tothemoonssurface)wasat504kmandwhoseaposelene(farthestpointtothemoonssurface)
wasat7,502km.
Followingthis,theheightofthespacecraftsorbitaroundthemoonwasreducedinfoursteps.As
aresultofthis,theperiselenewasreducedfrom504kmto200km,andthento182kmandnally
to 100 km while the aposelene was reduced from 7,502 km to 255 km and then to 183 km and
nally to 100 km. Thus, Chandrayaan1 spacecraft reached its intended operational lunar polar
orbitofabout100kmheightfromthemoonssurfaceonNovember12,2008.Afterthis,TMCsent
excellentimagesofthelunarsurface.
OnNovember14,2008,theMoonImpactProbe(MIP),carryingthepaintingofIndiantricoloron
its sides, was separated from the spacecraft and after a 25 minute journey, impacted the lunar
surfaceneartheSouthpolarregionofthemoonataround
20:31 Indian Standard Time (15:01 UT). Following this, the switching ON of the remaining nine
payloadsbegan.BymidDecember2008,allthepayloadshadbeenswitchedonandtested.
CHANDRAYAANII
MoonMission
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9/13/2016
MoonMission
WhatistheaimofChandrayaan2mission?
The mission aims to understand the chemical composition of Moon by analyzing the soil/rocks.
ThemissionwillalsoanalyzetheMoonatmosphere.
As the Rs 425crore muchawaited second Indian moon mission, Chandrayaan2, tentatively
slated for lift o in 2014, is gradually taking shape at various laboratories and workshops
throughoutthecountry,scientistsandengineersconnectedwiththisprestigiousprogrammeare
rmthatsomeofthemistakesofthepreviouslunarightshouldnotberepeated
Abriefdescriptionoftheproject
Chandrayaan2 will consist of the spacecraft and a landing platform with the moon rover. The
platformwiththeroverwilldetachitselfoafterthespacecraftreachesitsorbitabovethemoon,
andlandonlunar.Amotorizedroverwillbereleasedonthemoonssurfacefromthelander.The
location for the lander will be identied using data from Chandrayaan1
(hp://www.chandrayaani.com/index.html)payload(MoonImpactProbe).
The rover will weigh between 30 kg and 100 kg, depending on whether it is to do a semihard
landing or soft landing. The rover will have an operating lifespan of a month. It will run
predominantly on solar power. ISRO may extend the rovers life by two or three months by
conguring the vehicle and its instruments including a baery backup to go into a lowpower
mode, with the rover waking up when sunlight streams through. When the sunlight comes, the
solarpoweredbaerycellswillberechargedandtheequipmentwillbeswitchedononebyone
fortherovertofunctionforanothertwoweeks.Thebaerieswillberechargedeverytwoweeks.
TheroverwillcollectrockandsoilsamplesforchemicalanalysisandsenddatatoChandrayaan
2,whichwilltransmitthedatatoEarth.
WhenisthelaunchofChandrayaanII?
Chandrayaan2 will be launched on Indias Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
around2013timeframe.Themissionisexpectedtohaveanoperationallifeofabout2years.
WhatisthecostofChandrayaan2mission?
TheChandrayaan2isexpectedtocostaroundRs.425Crore(US$90million)
Lunarmissionmilestones:
TherstleapinLunarobservationwasmadebyGalileoGalileiwhousedhisnewinvention,
thetelescopetoobservemountainsandcratersonthelunarsurface.
18/20
thetelescopetoobservemountainsandcratersonthelunarsurface.
9/13/2016
TherstmanmadeobjecttoreachtheMoonwastheunmannedSovietprobeLuna2in
September1959.Luna9wastherstprobetosoftlandontheMooninFebruary1966and
transmitpicturesfromthelunarsurface.TherstroboticlunarrovertolandontheMoonwas
theSovietLunokhod1inNovember1970.
HumansrstlandedontheMoononJuly20,1969.Therstmantowalkonthelunarsurface
wasNeilArmstrong,commanderoftheAmericanmissionApollo11.Thelastmantowalkon
theMoonwasinDecember1972byEugeneCernanduringApollo17mission.
MoonsampleshavebeenbroughtbacktoEarthbythreeRussianLunamissions(16,20,and24)
andtheUSApollomissions11,12and14through17.
TheEuropeanSpaceAgencyhaslaunchedEuropeanspacecraftSMART1onSeptember27,
2003toexploretheMoon,surveythelunarenvironmentandcreateanXraymapoftheMoon.
JapanhaslaunchedthelunarorbiterKaguya(Selene)onSeptember14,2007forobservingthe
distributionofelementsandmineralsonthelunarsurface,studyoflunartopography,surface
composition,magneticeldandlunarandsolarterrestrialenvironment.Chinahaslauncheda
lunarprobecalledChangeonOctober24,2007tomaplunarsurface,measurecontentand
densityoflunarsoilandexploretheenvironmentoftheMoon.
IndiaplanstolaunchalunarorbiterChandrayaan1forsimultaneousphotogeological
mineralogicalandchemicalmappingofthelunarsurface.TheLunarReconnaissanceOrbiter
(LRO)ofUSAisdesignedtomapthesurfaceoftheMoonandCharacterisefuturelandingsites
intermsofterrainroughness,usableresources,andradiationenvironmentwiththeultimate
goaloffacilitatingthereturnofhumanstotheMoon.
Relatedarticles
Chandrayaan2:Indiatogoitalone(hp://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan2
indiatogoitalone/article4329844.ece)(thehindu.com)
UpdatesonISROsMarsOrbiterMission:veinstrumentstobedeliveredinMarch
(hp://www.planetary.org/blogs/emilylakdawalla/2013/01040907isromars
update.html)(planetary.org)
ISROlinesupSARALforFebruary,restoredGSLVforApril(hp://www.thehindu.com/sci
tech/science/isrolinesupsaralforfebruaryrestoredgslvfor
april/article4317062.ece)(thehindu.com)
(hps://shanepedia.les.wordpress.com/2012/11/shanepedia_logo.jpg)
AShanepediaCompilation
hps://shanepedia.wordpress.com(hps://shanepedia.wordpress.com/)
Shanepedia.archives@gmail.com
Alongwiththanksandcomplimentstothesourcesfortheshareddata
CreativeCommonsCopyrightShanepedia2012
19/20
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CreativeCommonsCopyrightShanepedia2012
4responses
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KlinikastomatologicznaKatowicesays:
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