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Li61_H41
LATIN
GRAMMAR
ALLEN
Hontion
HENRY FROWDE
MACMILLAN AND
CO.
AN ,ELEMENTARY
LATIN
GRAMMAR
M.A.
AUTHOR OF
'
Ninety-seventh Thousand
rigJiis
reserved^
4"? 5
OJ
This Grammar
is
is
The troublesome
many School Grammars is as far
nomenclature
common
as possible avoided
to
hered
The
to.
principal change
is
twofold
its
This
alteration will
to stop,
if
which Tense
Tenses
is
in the
meant.
It
also enables us
The
principle of teaching
{^Mo throughout.
part a practical
..
<.
classified
nearly
once
-
group the
remember.
repetition
adhered
is
aim of the work has been to imacquaintance with Latin Syntax by means of
special
the possible
Conjugation notes
^difficulties;
by frequent
all
to
All or
rules.
are
among them
To
appended explanatory of
each
certain
and
Infinitive,
and Ablative
Absolute.
The
203267
PREFACE,
vi
of Oswestry
sheets
Grammar
School,
who have
He
has also
many
now
in
use, to
which he
points of detail.
and acknowledged
is
in their
proper place.
be thankfully received.
Birmingham,
Jwwd",
1874.
for a Second Edition has furnished an oppormaking some alterations and additions which were
much needed in the Syntax and Appendix. The book is
now fitted for use in all Forms below the highest in Classical
Schools, and the constant references made to higher autho-
tunity of
rities will, if
attended
to,
whilst for
will
The Author
is
be needed.
indebted for
many
useful hints to
Wrexham, and
J.
Pryce-
the
Rev.
a masterly and
the
W.
critical
F. Moulton, D.D.,
1877.
Head Master of
CONTENTS.
PAGE
The Noun
Substantives
.........6
3
4
8
Adjectives
9
13
Comparison of Adjectives
Pronouns
16
The Verb
The Verb 'Sum'
18
20
......
26
30
34
38
42
46
50
in
54
.58
.62
.67
68
74
75
78
Particles
81
Catechism of Syntax
84
Appendix
Table of Verbs
105
Rules of Gender
118
CONTENTS.
viii
PAGE
122
Abbreviations
-133
137
.138
.141
.143
.144
145
.........
Laws of Quantity
Parsing Forms
149
151
153
191
Pronunciation of Latin
192
By
RUDIMENTA LATINA,
mentary Exercises,
8vo. cloth^
in
one volume.
2s.
Seventh Edition.
Second Edition,
Oxford
Clarendon
Press.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
ALPHABET AND PARTS OP SPEECH.
I.
The
Alphabet.
English, without
W.
The
Divisions of Letters.
2.
(1)
(2)
Vowels a,
Consonants
:
e,
3.
Diphthongs.
4.
Quantity of Syllables.
These
The
sign
are, ae (se),
that
-
o, u, y.
i,
oe
(oe),
and au^
is,
indicates a long,
a short, and
a doubtful syllable.
Parts of Speech.
5.
heads, namely
Adjective,
(i)
and Pronoun
(2)
The Verb
(3)
The
Particle, including
The Noun-Substantive
things
as,
m agister,
The Noun-Adjective
is
the
name of any
a master, mensa, a
person or
table.
and
ei,
in
LATIN GRAMMAR.
The Pro-noun
jective, as,
The Verb
The Ad-verb
amor,
is
/ am
added
to
love;
Preposition
put
is
hue
before
ad urbem,
he comes
to
scripsit
Nouns,
shew
to
or a
loved.
The
condition^ as,
hoiv^
is
ille,
that they
Nouns,
as,
inter oves,
The Conjunction
The
6.
Latin.
Interjection
The
an exclamation,
is
Article.
Tfiere
is
no
as,
heu, alas!
or the war.
THE NOUN.
7.
Number.
as,
magister, a master ;
as,
the Plural,
magistri, masters.
8.
as, vir,
(3)
But
dog.
in
in English)
many
Common,
many being
Feminine,
as,
Masculine,
mensa, a
table.
as,,
all
as, canis,
Neuter
(as
Cases.
There are
Nominative, Voca-
means of
In English
prepositions, as,
SUBSTANTIVES.
-15.]
man, Dative,
Genitive, of a
from
a man.
But
a man. Ablative,
to
by, with,
or
be explained
directly
Flexion.
10.
The
Oblique Cases.
The Stem
Stem.
mains unaltered in
mur
vall-is,
12.
a valley ;
Flexion.
of a Noun which
both Numbers;
that part
is
and
the Cases
in
vail in
all
in
as,
to
a valley
vall-i, to
re-
; vall-es, valleys,
to the
This
Noun
13.
at
mens-a or any
Declension.
by looking
declined, that
is,
the different
ways
in
which
SUBSTANTIVES.
14.
five
The
five Declensions.
the 2nd in
-i
the
5th in -ei.
THE FIRST
15.
Nominative,
Gender.
licola,
DECIiElSrSION'.
Feminine
in -a.
Publicola, or designations of
men,
as,
as,
Pub-
poeta, a poet^
LATIN GRAMMAR.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Mensa, a
]Mens-ae,
table,
Voc.
Mens-a,
Acc.
Mens-am, a
table,
table.
Gen.
Mens-ae, of a
Dat.
Mens-ae,
Abl.
Mens-a,
by^ ivith,
Mens-as,
tables,
table.
or from a
Mens -is,
ox for tables,
to
Mens-is,
with,
by,
from
table.
or
tables.
16.
Nominative.
Gender,
in -us, -fer,
Voc.
Mur-e,
Acc.
Mur-um, a
and -um.
Neuter.
Mur-i, walls,
ivall.
Mur-i,
wall.
Mur-os,
zvall.
Dat.
walls,
zvalls,
Mur-orum, of zvalls.
Mur-is,
Mur-is,
from
wall.
SINGULAR.
to
ox for zvalls,
by,
zvith,
or
zvalls.
PLURAL.
Magister, a master.
-um
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Murus,
Nom.
tables.
]\Iens-arum, of tables.
table.
or for a
to
tables,
Mens-ae,
Magistr-i, masters.
Voc.
Magister,
Acc.
Magistr-um, a master.
Magistr-os,
Gen.
Magistr-i, a master's, ox of a
Magistr-orum, of mas-
master,
Magistr-i,
master.
masters
7?iasters.
ters,
[ters,
Dat.
Magistr-o,
or for a master,
Abl.
to
from
master.
Note.
The
Ablative of
(ab), by,frof?i,
cum,
etc.,
Nouns denoting
masters.
zm'th, etc.
SUBSTANTIVES.
-i6.]
Some Nouns
it,
as,
e before -r through
SINGULAR.
Nom.
Puer, a boy,
Voc.
Puer,
Acc.
Puer-um, a
PLURAL.
Puer-i, boys,
Puer-i,
boy,
Puer-is,
from a
Puer-is\
with,
or
and
from
boy.
'
puer
'
compounds of
are declined,
gero,
gener,
I carry, and
fero,
Bell-i,
war.
of war,
Abl.
^^-2^, wars, OX
from
wars.
-ius,
-ium
The Nominative,
of
often contract
filii
Accusative, and
all
the Genitive
a son. Gen.
Owars.
Bell-orum, of wars.
Bell-is, to or for wars.
war.
Note on
armiger^.
as,
PLURAL.
Dat.
number, and
by,
boys.
I bear,
SINGULAR.
boys,
Puer-orum, of boys.
to or for boys.
boy.
or /or a boy,
Puer-o,
Like
Puer-os, boys.
boy.
Dat.
to
all
puer, a boy.
the
-ii
end
in -a.
Nouns
Second Declension.
in
filius,
ingeni.
Virgil.
Voc.
fili,
God.
See
i6,
Note.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
17.
The Gender
native,
and
is
also various.
rules of
variously.
p. 126.
Nouns
I.
in -um.
Masculine or Feminine.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
0 judge.
Abl.
to
Judic-um, 0/judges.
or for a judge.
Judic-e^
Z^////,
Judic-ibus,
to
or_/;w// Judic-ibus \
of forjudges.
by,
ivith,
or
from judges.
a judge.
Law.
0 judges.
or
]\i^\c-qs, judges.
]vi^\Q,-Q^ Judges,
SINGULAR.
Lion.
Flower,
Soldier.
Flos.
Miles.
Flor-em.
Milit-em.
N.V.
Lex.
Leo.
Acc.
Leg-em.
Leon-em.
Gen.
-is.
-is.
-is.
-is.
Dat.
-i.
-i.
-i.
-i.
Abl.
-e.
-e.
-e.
-e.
PLURAL.
N.V. A. Lcg-es.
Gen.
-um.
Lcdn-es.
-um.
-ibus.
Flor-es.
INIilit-es.
-um.
ibiis.
Sec
,,
-um.
-ibus.
16, Note.
SUBSTANTIVES.
17-]
2.
Neuter,
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
0 work.
Oper-a, works, or
works.
Oper-um, of works.
Oper-i, lo ox for a work. Oper-ibus, io or for works.
Oper-e, by, with, orfrom Oper-ibus, by, with, orfrom
Oper-is, of a work.
a work.
works.
SINGULAR.
Song,
Head.
Carmen.
Caput.
iter.
Carmin-is.
Caplt-is.
Itiner-is.
Shore.
N.V.A. Litus
Gen.
Litor-is.
fourney.
Dat.
-i.
-1.
-1.
Abl.
-e.
-e.
-e.
N.V.A. Litor-a.
Carmin-a.
PLURAL.
-um.
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
-ibiis.
-ibus.
-ibus.
Vallis,
Gen.
Vall-is,
Dat. Vall-i,
Abl.
of a
to
0 valley.
valley.
valley.
ox for a valley.
-ibus.
Masculine or Feminine,
valley, or
Acc. Vall-em, a
-um.
in -ium.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
N.V.
Itiner-a.
-um.
Nouns
I.
Capit-a.
-um.
Vall-es, valleys, or
Vall-es, or
0 valleys.
-is, valleys.
Vall-ium, of valleys.
Vall-ibus,
to
ox for valleys.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
N.V. Nubes, a
x\cc.
cloud, or
Nub-em, a
Nub-i,
Abl.
Nub-e,
0 cloud.
Nub-es,
cloud.
Nub-ibus,
Nub-ibus,
a cloud.
2.
the sea, or
Gen.
Isl^iX-ls,
Dat.
Mar-i,
to
Abl.
Mar-i,
from
Neuter,
PLURAL.
by, with,
of
sea.
Mar-ia, seas, or
Mar-ium,
the sea.
the sea.
seas.
j-^m.
Mar-ibus,
or frof?i
by, with,
seas.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
N.A.V. Cubile, a
Gen.
cloudr.
by, with, ox
clouds.
SINGULAR.
N.A.V. Mare,
clouds,
-is, clouds.
Nub-ium, of clouds.
to or for
or for a cloud.
to
clouds, or
Nub-es, or
cloud.
Gen. Nub-is, of a
Dat.
or
bed,
bed
Cubil-ia, beds, or
beds.
Cubil-ium, of beds.
Cubil-is, of a bed.
Dat.
Cubil-ibiis,
Abl.
bed.
Nominative.
Gender,
beds.
in
SINGULAR.
N.V. Gradiis, a
step,
Ago. Grad-um, a
or
step.
Gen. Grad-us, of a
Abl.
or for beds.
18.
Dat.
to
step.
step,
Grad-Hs,
steps,
Grad-us,
steps.
or
steps.
(irad-uum, of steps.
step,
steps.
ADJECTIVES.
-31.]
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
N.A. Genu, a
Voc. Genu,
knee,
Gen-ua,
knees,
knee.
Gen-ua,
Gen. Gen-US, of a
from a
Note,
by, with,
or
Gen-ibus,
THE FIFTH
19.
Feminine, except
in the Singular,
as,
genubus.
DECLElSrSTOW.
Nominative,
Gender,
by, with,
to, for,
or from knees.
knee,
The
knees,
Gen-uum, of knees.
knee.
dies,
in -es.
a day, which
is
Common
SINGULAR.
day,
Di-es, days, or
days,
Di-es, days,
Di-erum, of days,
Di-ebus, to or for
Dat. Di-ei,
to
or for a day.
Di-ebus,
days.
ADJECTIVES.
20.
having flexions
sions,
and the
Declension, of
21.
Second Class
Nouns
like
those
Substantive.
Adjectives of
as,
bonus, bona,
of the First.
LATIN GRAMMAR,
lO
SINGULAR.
M.
PLURAL.
N.
F.
Nom. Bonus,
M.
-iim.
-g,,
XT
^
Voc.
13
Bon-e,
-a,
Acc.
Bon-um,
-am,
-um.
-um.
Gen. Bon-i,
-ae,
-i.
Dat.
Bon-o,
-ae,
Abl.
Bon-o,
-a,
Noie.
some
to
r
J
-o.
-o.
Adjectives
belong
When
Bon-i,
F.
N.
-ae,'
-a.
Bon-os,
-as,
-S..
Bon-orum,
-arum, -orum.
'
/
^
\
f n o
all Genders).
Bon-is (of
^
Substantive,
the Substantive
is
bonus
as,
rex, a
word
omitted, the
good king.
must be
7?ia7i
good vmi
as,
boni,
bona, good
things^ goods.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
M.
F.
N.V. Niger,
nigr-a, nigr-iim.
Nigr-um,
Gen. Nigr-i,
Acc.
-S*.
-um.
Nigr-os,
-as,
-a.
-ae,
-i.
Nigr-orum,
-arvim,
-orum.
Dat.
Nigr-o,
-ae,
Nigr-o,
-a,
-o.
-o.
Some
N.
-ae,
-am,
Abl.
Note,
F.
Nigr-i,
M.
N.
...
Acc.
F.
PLURAL.
M.
F.
N.
Tcncr-i,
-ae,
-a.
Tcncr-os,
-as,
N.
-um.
cncr-um, -am, -um.
Gen. Tcncr-i,
Dat. Tcner-o,
-a,
-ae,
-i.
-ae,
-o.
-a,
-o.
Abl.
Tcncr-o,
tenerum, tender.
SINGULAR.
N.V. Tener,
\
iw.
Genders).
all
M.
Nigr-is (of
^
cncr-is (of
all
friigifcr
(jondcrs).
miser; com-
and sometimes
dexter ^
Torn, free, rough, miserable; horn-bearing, fruH-bcaritig
hand.
^
on the right
ADJECTIVES.
-22.]
2 2.
the
II
called Adjectives of
gloomy; melior,
better;
felix,
happy; ingens,
M. F.
N,
Tristis,
triste.
triste.
Trist-es,
Acc. Trist-em,
trist-ia.
Gen.
Trist-is.
Trist-ium.
Dat.
Trist-i.
Trist-ibus.
Abl.
Trist-i.
N.V. Melior,
melii-s.!
ACc. Melior-em,
mehus.-l
Gen.
Melior-is,
Dat.
Melior-i.
Abl.
Melior-e.
N.V.
Felix.
melior-^.
Melior-es,
Melior-um.
Melior-ibus.
}
Felic-es,
Acc. Felic-em,
Gen.
felix.
Felic-ium.
Dat.
Felic-i.
Abl.
Fe\ic-i (rarely
N.V.
Ingens.
Felic-ibus.
Ingent-ium.
Ingent-is.
Dat.
Ingent-i.
Abl.
Ingent-e (or
-\).
Ingent-ibus.
Feminine form
M.
in the
F.
N.V. Acer,
acr-is,
Acc. Acr-em,
Gen.
D.A.
ingent-i^.
Ingent-es,
ingens }
Gen.
Some
felic-ia.
Felic-is.
Acc. Ingent-em,,
vast.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
M. F.
N.V.
Adjectives of
Two Terminations,
Nominative Singular,
N.
M. F.
N.
acr-e.
Acr-es,
acr-ia.
acr-e.
Acr-es,
acr-ia.
Acr-is.
Acr-ium.
Acr-i.
Acr-ibus.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
11
[ 22-
for the
as,
celere.
unus, one;
alius,
-um.
-a,
Un-um
-am,
-um.
Gen. Un-ius (of all Genders).
Acc.
Abl.
Un-i (of
Un-o,
Nom.
Acc.
all
PLURAL.
M.
F.
N.
Un-i,
-ae,
-a.
Un-os,
-as,
-a.
Un-orum,
-arum.
-orum.
N.
F.
Nom. Unus,
and
in -ius,
SINGULAR.
M.
Dat.
pede-
Celer keeps
Genders).
Un-is
(of
Genders).
all
-a,
-o.
Alius,
-a,
-ud.
Ali-i,
-ae,
Ali-um,
-am,
-ud.
Ali-os,
-as,
Ali-orum,
-arum,
Genders).
all
Dat.
AIM
Abl.
Ali-o,
-a,
Nom.
Uter,
utr-a,
Acc.
Utr-um,
(of
j-Ali-is (of
Gen. Utr-ius
Abl.
Utr-o,
The
utr-uni.
-um.
Utr-i (of
all
Genders).
Utr-i,
-ao,
Utr-os,
-as,
Utr-orum,
-arum,
-a.
-orum.
Genders).
j.Utr-is (of
-a,
all
Genders).
-o.
Adjectives which
Dat. are
all
-o.
-am,
Dat.
-orum.
Genders).
all
make
-i
in
Unus,
with
of
alius, another^
tivo,
the sufiix
ADJECTIVES,
-25-]
I3
But
alter
keeps
Unus
when
is
Noun which
it
agrees with a
ing in the Plural from the Singular, as, una castra, one camp,
unae
The Numerals
tres, three,
PLURAL.
PLURAL.
F.
N.
M.F.
N.
Nom. Duo,
duae,
duo.
Tres,
tria.
Acc.
Du-os or duo,
Du-orum,
D.Ab. Du-obus,
du-as,
duo.
Tres,
tria.
Gen.
du-arum,
du-orum.
Tr-ium.
du-abus,
du-obus.
Tri-bus.
M.
p.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
24.
Rule
25.
parative
is
for
Comparison of Adjectives.
The Com-i
or -is of
The
-i
Superlative
is
Positive.
durior, harder,
Superlative.
durissimus,
hardest,
or ^ery hard,
Brevis, short, G. brevis,
Audax,
hold,
G. audacis,
brevior, shorter,
audacior, holder,
brevissimus, shortest,
or 'very short,
audacissimus, boldest,
or
1
'very bold.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
14
[ 26-
Exceptions.
26.
Com-
Positive
by adding -rimus,
pulchri,
pulcherrimus,
lative
-us preceded by a
in the
-is
of the Genitive
easy, facillimus.
Other Ad-
jectives in -ilis
(c)
facilis,
namely
humilis, loivly,
by changing
their Superlative
-ilis,
gracilis, slender,
dissimilis, imlike,
difiicilis, difficult,
Super-
beautiful,
similis, like,
easy,
foim
Six Adjectives in
yjiosi
as,
Vozvel.
If a
is
generally
made
qu
precedes, as
antiquus,
Except when
antiquior,
ancient,
anti-
quissimus.
(^/)
and
Superlative,
as,
in the
malevol-us,
Com-
spiiful,
pared
Irregular Comparison.
irregularly, as
Positive.
Bonus, good.
Comparative.
melior,
Superlative.
optimus.
Malus, bad,
pejor,
pessimus.
Magnus,
major,
maximus.
Parvus, small.
minor.
mininuis.
Multus,
plus.
j)lurinHis.
ncquior,
nequissimus.
f^reat,
7?iuc/i,
Nc(|uam, worthless.
com-
ADJECTIVES.
-28.]
T5
Positive.
Senex,
Superlative,
[natu maximus].
senior,
old^
]viwtms, young,
junior,
[natu minimus],
dexterior,
dextimus.
Sinister,
sinisterior.
07t
the
left,
sinistimus.
Sacer, sacred,
S Urdus,
sacerrimus.
surdior
deaf.
Comparative.
Superlative.
exterus, outward,
exterior,
extremus mid
Infra, beneath,
inferus,
inferior,
extimus.
infimus and
Tmus.
Supra, aho've,
superus, high,
superior,
Post, after,
posterior,
Preposition.
Extra,
outside,
loqju,
supremus and
summus.
postremus and
postumus.
Preposition.
Superlative.
citerior,
citimus.
di^imoxiless good),
deterrimus.
Intra, withifi,
interior,
intimus.
Prae, before,
prior {former),
primus
Prope, near,
propior,
proximus.
Ultra, beyond,
ulterior,
ultimus
28.
{first),
{last),
Adjectives usually
in the Superlative, as
Digne, worthily,
dignius,
dignissime.
Gravlter, heavily,
gravius,
gravissime.
Andacter,
audacius,
audacissime.
boldly,
LATIN GRAMMAR.
i6
PRONOUNS.
29.
Pronouns are
and
ative,
and tu,
/,
Personal Pronouns.
30.
eg6,
Of
(8) Indefinite.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Ego,
/.
Acc.
Me, me,
Gen.
JNIei,
Dat.
Mlhl,
Abl.
0/ me.
io
are
//lou
or for
7?ie.
Nos,
w'e,
Nos,
us.
Nostrum
or Nostri, 0/ us.
Nobis,
or for us.
to
Nobis \
by, with,
oxfrorn
us.
Yos>,ye ox you.
Acc.
Te,
thee ox you.
Yos, you.
Gen.
Vestrum
or Vestri, ofyou.
Dat.
Vobis,
or for you.
Abl.
Te\
by, with,
or froin thee
to
ox you.
Note.
and
is,
The
Reflexive Pronoun.
31.
itself,
Nom.
(wanting).
Acc.
Se or sese, himself
Gen.
Sui,
of himself
he, she,
it.
Reflexive
Pronoun
Dat.
Abl.
Se^ or sese,
32.
are
by,
Possessive Pronouns.
///;',
The
Possessive Pronouns
07v?t, its
is
or themselves.
Sec
16,
Note\
and
222.
oivn,
like
PRONOUNS.
-34.]
bonus; noster,
17
our,
like pulcher.
Meus
JVofe.
mi
in the
have no Vocative.
Demonstrative Pronouns.
33.
has
The Demonstrative
SINGULAR.
M.
PLURAL.
M.
N.
F.
F.
N.
hae,
haec.
Nom.
Hie,
Acc.
Hunc, hanc,
Hos,*
has,
haec.
Hujus (of all Genders). Horum,
harum,
horum.
Huic (of all Genders).
His (of all Genders).
Hoc,
hac,
hoc. I
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
Hi,
hoc.
hoc.
haec,
Nom.
Is,
ea,
id.
li (ei),
eae,
ea.
Acc.
Eum,
earn,
id.
Eos,
eas,
ea.
Eorum,
earum.
eorum.
is
or eis (of
all
Genders).
Nom.
Ille,
ilia,
illud.
Illi,
illae,
Acc.
Ilium,
illam,
illud.
Illos,
illas,
ilia,
Gen.
Illorum,
illarum,
illorum.
Dat.
Abl.
Illi
(of
all
Genders).
Genders).
Illis
Illo,
ilia,
Iste
is
/h's
are
Definitive
idem,
the same,
I
declined like
F.
and
The
or that other,
Definitive
Pronouns
self
PLURAL.
M.
N.
eadem, idem.
A. Eiindem, eandem, idem.
G. Ejusdem (of all Genders).
D. Eldem (of all Genders).
eadem,
ille.
Pronouns.
and ipse,
N. Idem,
A. Eodem,
Genders).
SINGULAR.
M.
all
illo.
Hie means
IVo/e,
(of
ilia,
eodem
F.
N.
eadem.
easdem,
Eosdem,
eadem.
Eorundem, earundem, eorundem.
iTdem,
eaedem,
LATIN GRAMMAR.
i8
Ipse
is
the Neuter
M.
Qui,
Nom.
The
Gen.
Dat.
r
quae,
is
qui,
Quos,
quas,
Quorum,
quarum,
Nom.
is
F.
-u
q"^^-
form
is
The
Interrogative Pro-
in the
Neuter.
If
it
makes quid
instead
it
Indefinite Pronoun.
37.
Nom.
quorum.
'-tew
all
quod
N.
quae.
quae.
Genders)^
^
qui.
quae,
qui,
M.
Qui,
Interrogative Pronoun.
36.
noun
Abl.(Q^"^'
iQui,
The
Indefinite
Pronoun
is
like qui,
except that
it
Pronoun
Relative
PLURAL.
N.
F.
quod.
Quern, quam, quod.
Cujus (of all Genders).
Cui (of all Genders).
Acc.
If
in
or which.
SINGULAR.
of
makes ipsum
it
Acc.
Relative Pronoun.
35.
who
Nom. and
34-
makes quid
qua
or
quae
in
Neuter Plural
qua
or quae.
quae
qui,
is
(or
except
See also
in the
quod
instead of
166.
THE VERB.
38.
amo, /
39.
Voice.
love ;
in
is
Transitive
directly to
Intransitive or Neuter
amo
in
te,
some
/ love
which the
as,
loved.
thee.
/ mn
in
/ sfaniL
what
is
THE VERB,
-45-]
called the
stood, or
40.
19
a stand
is
as, statur, // is
made.
/ exhort,
Moods.
There
four
are
Moods, the
Indicative,
The
three con-
42.
Verb
Tenses.
first
Infinite.
Aorist,
and Plu-
p. 67.)
Number and
and Third.
Infin.
the Infin.
advise.
the Infin.
the Infin.
Mood,
Mood,
Infinitive.
Perfect Indie,
Supine,
amavi,
amatum.
monitum.
Amo,
amare,
2nd Conj.
Moneo,
monere,
monui,
3rd Conj.
Rego,
regere,
rexi,
rectum,
4th Conj.
Audio,
audire,
audivi.
auditum.
I St
Conj.
c 2
m 46-
LATIN GRAMMAR,
20
VerD
OUIII, J!jSo6,
47.
J?
Vll,
/C'
6/c.
DclOic
fui, to be.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
T ttiu.
S, sum,
es,
Present
Tense.
Thou
est,
estis.
Ye
sunt.
They
eris,
Simple
Tense.
ai't.
[See also
is.
P. sum us, We
S. ero,
Future-
He
erit.
are.
are.
be.
Thoti ivilt
will
be.
be,
P. erimus, We shall
eritis,
Ye
will
I have
fuisti,
Pp:rfect
Tense.
fuit,
been,
has been.
P. fuimus, We have
Ye have
fuistis.
be.
been.
Thou hast
He
be.
be.
S. fui
6i.]
are.
Z shall
He
been,
been.
/ shall
FuturePerfkct
Tense.
fucrit,
have been.
have been.
will have been,
Thou
fucris.
OLflcr
is
it
He
ivilt
Ye
fucrint.
been.
AUXILIARY VERB
-47']
'SUM,'
INDICATIVE MOOD
21
(continued).
Historic Tenses.
eram I was.
eras, Thou wast.
kS*.
Imperfect
Tense.
erat,
S.
He
eratis,
Ve
erant,
They were.
fui,
fuit,
P.
were.
I was.
fuisti,
AORIST
Tense.
was.
eramus We were.
Thou wast.
He
iJuas.
PF^ were.
fiiimus
Ve
were.
fuerunt or fuere, They were.
fuisti s,
I had been.
Thou hadst been.
He had been.
S. fueram,
fueras,
Pluperfect
Tense.
fuerat,
P. fueramus, We had
fueratis,
fuerant,
been.
Ye had been.
They had been.
Note.
the
Plural.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
%2
SUBJUNCTIVE
or
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
S. sim,
Present
Tense.
/ may
may I be.
or
be,
sis,
sit,
He may
or
be,
may
he
be.
be, or may we
Ve may be, or may ye be,
Thty may be, or may they
P. sTmus, We may
sitis,
sint,
be.
But often
translated
as a
Present
Indicative.
be.
FutureSimple
Tense.
-S'.
P.
futurus
sis
or esses,
futurus
sit
or esset.
futuri
simus or essemus.
-.9.
Tense.
fuerit,
have
been.
fueris,
Perfect
/ may
fuerim,
He may
have
been.
fuerint,
Or,
more
No
lOn^^lisli Iraiislalion
been.
been..
But often
translated
as a
Perfect or
Aorist
Indicative.
which
will be of
47-]
SUBJUWCTIVE MOOD
23
(continued).
Historic Tenses.
S.
Imperfect
But often
translated
as an
be,
Tense.
Imperfect
or Aorist
Indicative.
essem,
and fuissem.
AORIST
Tense.
See
iS*.
205, 206.
fuissem,
I should ox
fuisses.
fuisset,
Pluperfect
might
Tense.
>
Another form of
forent.
the Imperfect
is
But often
translated
as a
Pluperfect
Indicative.
LATIN GRAMMAR,
24
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Sing. 2 Pers. es, he ihou, esto,
Present
Tense.
Plur.
I.
The forms
must
he.
3 Pers.
Note
must he.
must he.
ihoti
esto, he
3 Pers.
he.
some-
VERB INFINITE.
Present and
T
Imperfect,
\
>
Infinitive
Perfect and
Mood.
Pluperfect,
Future,
esse,
'
to he.
r^-
fuisse, to
fore or futiirus
esse,
Participle.
Future,
have
heeih
1 to
J
futurus, ahout to
he ahout
to he.
he.
Like
sum
are
SUM.^
25
declined
its
com-
Dounds,
/ am absent.
I am present,
desum, / am wanting.
insum, / am in.
I am in the way.
/ am set over.
prosum, I am of use.
subsum, / am under.
supersum, / am surviving.
absum,
obsum,
adsum,
inter sum,
I am present.
praesum,
before
Perfect,
e,
as
be
fully
Prosum
it.
Possum
[for potis
sum],
p. 68).
Participles,
absens and
praesens.
EXAMPLES.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Perfect.
Imperfect.
ab-sum.
de-fui.
in-eram.
ab-es.
de-fuisti.
in-eras.
de-fuit.
in-erat.
ab-est.
ab-sumus.
de-fuimus.
in-eramus.
ab-estis.
de-fuistis.
in-eratis.
ab-sunt.
de-fuer-unt, or -ere.
in-erant.
Subjunctive Mood.
?.
to
Absum
proc^-essem.
ob-sim.
prae-fuerim.
ob-sis.
prae-fueris.
pro^Z-esses.
ob-sit.
prae-fuerit.
pro^Z-esset.
ob-simus.
prae-fuerimus.
pro^Z-essemus.
ob-sitis.
prae-fueritis.
pro^Z-essetis.
ob-sint.
prae-fuerint.
prOiZ-essent.
LATIN GRAMMAR,
2,6
48.
[48.
Active Voice.
First Conjugation.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
-S.
am-at,
Present
Tense.
am
am-o, / /ove,
am-as, T/iou
He
loving, or do love.
lovest,
loves, is lovifig,
P. am-amus, We
or does
are loving, or do
love,
love.
love.
love.
am-ant, They
S.
FutureSimple
Tf:nse.
am-abo,
are loving, or do
love,
/ shall love.
P. am-abtous, We shall
am-abltis,
Ve
S. amav-i,
/ have
amav-isti,
Perfect
Tense.
cllllu,V-lL,
loved.
p. amav-imus, We have
S. amav-ero,
aniav-cris,
Tense.
loved.
KWtU,
Ve have
amav-erunt or
FuturePerfect
love.
Thou hast
IJC
amav-istis,
aniav-crit,
love.
will love.
-ere,
loved.
loved.
They have
loved.
/ shall
have loved.
have loved.
ivill have loved.
Thou
He
P. ainav-erimus.
amav-eritis,
luilt
We
Ve
amav-crint, 7hey
ivill
have
loved.
love.
4^.]
INDICATIVE MOOD
27
{continued).
Historic Tenses.
S,
Imperfect
Tense.
am-abam,
/ loved,
amav-isti,
amav-it,
Thou
He
or did
loved}
amav-eram,
love.
CIC,
etc.
lLc_y
LVUcu,
/ had loved,
See also
etc.
or didst
or did love,
P, amav-imus, We loved,
amav-istis, Ye loved.
S,
Tense.
lovedst,
loved,
dllldV-Cl UliL Uf
Pluperfect
loving, or
AORIST
Tense.
I was
64.
love,
LATIN GRAMMAR.
28
SUBJUNCTIVE
or
COWJUWCTIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
-S.
Present
Tense.
P. am-emus, We may
love,
Present
Ye may love.
am-ent, They may love.
am-etis,
S. amav-erim,
Perfect
Tense.
Indicative.
I may
amav-eris,
Thou mayst
amav-erit,
He may
P. amav-enmus, We may
amav-eritis,
amav-erint,
But often
translated
as a
'
Ye may
They may
But often
translated
have
as a
loved. Perfect or
Aorist
Indicative.
Historic Tenses.
Imperfect
Tense.
S, amav-issem,
amav-isses,
amav-isset,
Pluperfect
Tense.
But
Thou
should
He
or might
P. amav-issemus, We
amav-issetis,
Ye
amav-issent,
They
have
loved.
often
translated
as a
Pluperfect
Indicative.
The
Aorist Subjunctive
is
See
rendered variously
205, 206.
48.]
29
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
S, 2 Pers. am-a, love thou, am-ato, thou must love,
am-ato, he must love.
3 Pers.
Present
Tense.
P,
2 Pers.
3 Pers.
VERB
USTFINITE.
Present and
Imperfect,
^^"^[^^
|
loving.')
Infinitive
Mood.
Perfect and
Pluperfect
Future,
^^^^"^^^^j
^^^^
loved.
amaturus
esse, to be about to
love.
Gerunds.
\
L
Participles.
am-andi, of loving.
Dat. Abl.,
am-ando, for or by
in
Supines.
<i
I
am-andum,
Accusative,
Genitive,
-um
am-atum,
loving.
i7i
order
loving.
to love,
in -u
am-atu, in loving.
Present,
^
Perfect,
Future,
ingens).
like
LATIN GRAMMAR.
549.
Active Voice.
Second Conjugation.
IISTDICATIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
S.
Present
Tense.
P. mon-emus, We
mon-etis,
Ye
advise,
advise,
S,
FutureSimple
Tense.
I shall
mon-ebo,
advise.
TTinn-pViif
P. mon-ebimus,
"79)1
We
Ye
mon-ebitis,
JJ n^I'7)i\p
shall advise,
will advise.
/ have
monu-isti,
He
monu-it,
Tense.
P. monu-imus,
monu-istis,
FuturePerfect
Tense.
advised,
has advised,
We
have advised.
Ye have
monu-erunt or
S.
advised,
Thou hast
Perfect
advise.
-ere,
advised.
Ye will have
advised,
advised.
49.]
MOOD
UsTDICATIVE
(continued).
Historic Tenses.
S.
Imperfect
Tense.
P, mon-ebamus, We were advising,
mon-ebatis, Ve were advising.
mon-ebant, They were advising.
S, monu-i,
/ advised or
monu-isti,
monu-it,
AORIST
Tense.
Thou
He
advised,
P. monu-imus, We
monu-istis,
Ve
monu-erunt or
S.
Pluperfect
Tense.
monu-eram,
did advise.
advisedst, etc.
advised.
advised.
-ere,
They advised.
/ had advised.
P. monu-eramus, We had
advised,
Ve had advised,
monu-erant, They had advised.
monu-eratis,
31
LATIN GRAMMAR.
SUBJUNCTIVE
or
49
CON^JUNCTIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
-S*.
mon-eat,
Present
Tense.
He may
advise.
P. mon-eamus, We may
advise,
Ye may advise,
mon-eant, They may advise.
mon-eatis,
S.
Perfect
Tense.
monu-erim,
monu-erint, They
Historic Tenses.
S. mon-ereai,
Imperfect
Tense.
Pluperfect
Tense.
49-]
33
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
mon-e, advise
3 Pers.
2 Pers.
S. 2 Pers.
c/3
thou,
Z;
P.
mon-ento, ihey
3 Pers.
viust advise.
are
moneat,
let
him
advise, etc.
VERB INFINITE.
Present and
T
Imperfect,
^^^"^^^^
^'^^
j-
Infinitive
Perfect and
Mood.
Pluperfect,
Future,
^^ve advised.
mon-iturus esse,
to
be about to
advise.
Gerunds.
Supines.
Accusative,
Genitive,
mon-endum,
Dat. Abl.,
mon-endo, for or by
in
| in
-um
mon-itum,
-u
mon-itu, in advising.
Present,
mon-ens,
Perfect,
I
advising.
in order to advise.
advising
(declined
Hke ingens).
Participles.
advising.
mon-endi, of advising.
Future,
LATIN GRAMMAR.
34
50.
Third Conjugation.
Active Voice,
indicative mood.
Primary Tenses.
/ rule, am
S. reg-o,
Present
Tense.
reg-is,
Thou
reg-it,
He
Ye
or does rule.
They
reg-unt,
rules, is ruling,
P. reg-imus, We
reg-itis,
ruling, or do rule,
rulest,
rule,
I shall rule.
S. reg-am,
reg-es,
FutureSimple
Thou
reg-et,
He
Tense.
P. reg-emus,
reg-etis,
wilt rule,
will rule,
We
Ye
shall rule,
will rule.
S. rex-i,
/ have
rex-isti,
Perfect
Tense.
rex-it,
ruled,
Thou hast
He
P. rex-imus, We have
Ye have
rex-istis,
ruled,
has ruled,
ruled.
ruled,
S, rex-ero,
/ shall have
Tense.
rex-erit,
ruled,
rex-eris.
FuturePerfect
He
ruled,
rex-erint.
ruled.
50.]
INDICATIVE MOOD
35
{continued).
Historic Tenses.
S, reg-ebam,
reg-ebas.
Imperfect
Tense.
reg-ebat.
/ ruled or
rex-isti,
AORIST
Tense.
Thou
He
rex-it,
ruled.
P. rex-imus, We
rex-istis,
did rule,
ruledst, etc.
Ye
ruled.
ruled.
/ had ruled.
Thou hadst ruled.
He had ruled.
S. rex-eram,
rex-eras,
Pluperfect
Tense.
rex-erat.
P. rex-eramus, We had
rex-eratis,
rex-erant.
ruled.
Ye had ruled.
They had ruled.
Note on verbs in -io. Certain Verbs of the Third Conjugation end in -io in the First Person Present Indicative,
as capio, / take, facio,, / make, fugio, / fly, etc.
These
retain the i except before i, final e, and short er, as Pres.
Indie, fugz'-o, fug-is, fug-it, fug-imus, fug-!tis, fugz-unt
Future Indie, fug^-am Pres. Imperative, fug-e ; Imperf.
;
Subj. fugerem
LATIN GRAMMAR.
SUBJUNCTIVE
or
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
I may
S. reg-am,
Present
He may
may I rule.
or
rule,
Thou mayst
reg-as,
rule,
may he rule.
P. reg-amus, We may rule, or may we rule
reg-atis, Ye may rule, or may ye rule.
reg-ant, They may rule, or may they rule.
reg-at,
Tense.
/ may
S. rex-erim,
rex-erit,
Tense.
or
have ruled.
rex-eris,
Perfect
rule,
He may
ruled.
have ruled.
ruled.
rex-eritis,
rex-erint,
Historic Tenses.
/ should or
S. reg-erem,
reg-eres,
Imperfect
Tense.
reg-eret,
etc.
Pluperfect
Tense.
uiighi rule.
rex-isset,
I should or
etc.
Te?ise.
The
Aorist Subjunctive
See
is
rendered variously
205, 206.
50.]
37
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
must rule,
must rule.
Present
reg-ito, he
3 Pers.
Tense.
P,
must rule,
3 Pers.
him
rule, etc.
VERB
IWFIlSriTE.
-n
Present and
T
Imperfect,
Infinitive
Perfect and
Mood.
-r,
Pluperfect,
Future,
Accusative,
Genitive,
lDat. Abl.
r
Gerunds.
Supines.
Participles.
^
'
the act
rex-isse,
.7have
to
77
ruled.
rect-urus esse,
to be
about to rule.
reg-endum, ruling,
reg-endi, of ruling,
reg-endo,y^r or by ruling,
to rule,
rect-u, in ruling,
Present,
^
Perfect,
ingens).
(wanting, see 302.)
rect-urus, about to rule.
\
\
.
'
rect-um, in order
I!"-"'"
i m -u
of ruling').
J
i
^i
the sense of
Future,
LATIN GRAMMAR.
38
^51.
Fourth Conjugation.
[ 5l-
Active Voice.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
I hear am
S, aud-10,
Thou
aud-is,
aud-it,
Present
Tense.
He
hearing, or do hear.
hears, etc.
\hear,
P, aud-Imus, We hear,
Ve
aud-itis,
hear,
/ shall hear,
S. aud-iam,
FutureSimple
Tense.
aud-ies,
Thou
aud-iet,
He
We
P. aud-iemus,
Ye
aud-ietis,
ivilt
hear,
will hear.
shall hear,
will hear.
S. audiv-i,
/ have
audiv-isti,
Perfect
Tense.
audiv-it,
He
/ shall
Thou
audiv-eris,
Tense.
has heard.
S. audiv-ero,
FuturePerfect
heard.
audiv-erit,
He
P. audiv-erimus,
have heard,
We
audiv-eritis,
Ye will have
audiv-erint,
heard.
51.]
MOOD
INDICATIVi]
VOICE.
{continued).
Historic Tenses.
S, aud-iebam,
aud-iebas,
Imperfect
Tense.
aud-iebat,
/ heard or
did hear.
AORIST
Tense.
audiv-it,
He
heard,
P, audiv-imus, We heard,
Ye heard.
audiv-erunt or -ere, They heard.
audiv-istis,
/ had heard,
Thou hadst heard,
He had heard,
S, audiv-eram,
audiv-eras,
Pluperfect
Tense.
audiv-erat,
Ye had heard.
had heard.
audiv-erant, They
'
LATIN GRAMMAR.
SUBJUNCTIVE
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
or
Primary Tenses.
/ 7nay
S, aud-iam,
Present
Tense.
aud-iat,
He may
may I hear,
hear, or
may
he hear.
/ may
S. audiv-erim,
Perfect
audiv-erit,
have heard.
audiv-eris,
Tense.
hear, or
Thou mayst
aud-ias,
He may
have heard,
audiv-eritis,
audiv-erint,
Historic Tenses.
S. aud-irem,
aud-ires,
Imperfect
Tense.
aud-iret,
/ should or
etc.
Pluperfect
Tense.
might hear,
audiv-isset,
/ should or
etc.
The
Aorist Subjunctive
audivisse?n.
is
See
rendered variously
205, 206.
51.]
VOICE.
4I
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
S.
aud-ito, he
3 Pers.
P.
must hear,
must hear,
2 Pers.
must hear.
3 Pers.
him
hear, etc.
VERB INFINITE.
aud-ire, to hear (or hearing in
Present and
of
*the
act of hearing').
Perfect and
Pluperfect,
Future,
sense
the
Imperfect,
auditurus esse,
to
he about to
hear.
Accusative,
Genitive,
Dat. Abl.,
Gerunds.
e,
Supines.
Participles.
m -um,
'
aud-iendum, hearing.
aud-iendi, of hearing.
aud-iendo,yd?r or by hearing.
aud-itum, in
order
to
hear.
in -u,
aud-itu, in hearing.
Present,
p^^^^^^^
Future,
LATIN GRAMMAR.
42
52.
[ 52-
Passive Voice.
First Conjugation.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
S. am-or,
Present
Tense.
P. am-amur, We are
loved,
Future-
Simple
Tense.
He
be loved.
will be loved.
P. am-abimur, We shall
be loved.
am-atus
am-atus
Perfect
Tense
es,
I have
been loved,
Thou hast
He
est,
been loved,
has been
loved,
been loved,
am-atus
am-atus
FuturePerfect
^,
eris,
erit,
/ shall have
beeji loved.
He
ivill
been loved.
have been
loved,
Tense.
or
fui, etc.
{yx^xo^ etc.
53.]
INDICATIVE MOOD
43
{continued).
Historic Tenses.
Imperfect
Tense.
/ was
loved.
loved,
being loved^ or
AoRIST
Tense.
I was
S. am-abar,
loved,
Pluperfect
Tense.
eram ^, / had
been loved.
fui, etc.
or fueram, etc.
[etc.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
44
SUBJUNCTIVE
or
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
S. am-er,
Present
Tense.
S.
Perfect
Tense.
amati
amati
sitis,
sint.
been loved.
Historic
S. am-arer,
Imperfect
Tense.
amatus essem
^,
been loved.
Pluperfect
Tense.
amatus
amatus
esses,
esset.
He
'
or fuerim, etc.
or fuissem, etc.
5^.]
45
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
S. 2 Pers. am-are, be thoii loved, am-ator, thoii must
he loved.
am-ator, he must be
3 Pers.
loved.
P.
2 Pers.
am-amini,
be ye loved.
3 Pers.
be loved.
Note I. The forms amator, amator, amantor are sometimes reckoned as Future Imperatives.
Note 2. The Present Subjunctive is often used in a
Present Imperative sense, as amer, let me be loved, ameris,
be thou loved, ametur, let him be loved, etc.
VERB
IWFIITITE.
Present and
T
Imperfect,
Infinitive
Mood.
am-ari,
Future,
to be loved.
oVX^to
fuisse,
amatum
iri,
to be
have been
loved.
about
to be
loved.
Present,
The meaning
(wanting)..
^whilst being loved'
may be rendered
by dum with Present Indicative, as,
Participles.
dum
amatur.
Perfect,
amatus,
Future,
Gerundive,
(wanting.)
having been
loved.
loved.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
46
[53-
Passive Voice.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
S. mon-eor,
/ a77i
advised, or
am
being ad-
Present
Tense.
[vised.
/ shall
be advised.
[vised.
tUTURE-
He
mon-ebitur,
Simple
Tense.
be ad-
will be advised.
Perfect
Tense.
monitus
monitus
FuturePerfect
^,
/ shall have
been advised.
eris,
erit.
He
been advised.
Tense.
or
fiii,
etc.
f^^gj.^^
53-]
INDICATIVE MOOD
(continuei).
Historic Tenses.
S, mon-ebar,
/ was
being advised^ or
advised,
/ was
\_advised.
Imperfect
Tense.
AORIST
Tense.
Pluperfect
Tense.
advised,
or
fui, etc.
or fueram, etc.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
SUBJUNCTIVE
[ 53-
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
or
Primary Tenses.
/ may
S. mon-ear,
be advised, or
may I
be
advised.
Present
Tense.
be advised,
[etc.
monitus
monitus
Perfect
sis,
sit,
^,
/ may
He may
Tense.
moniti
moniti
sitis,
sint,
been advised.
Historic Tenses.
S. mon-erer,
advised, etc.
Imperfect
Tense.
mon-eretur,
He
S. monitus essem^,
monitus
be advised.
esses,
been
advised.
Pluperfect
Tense.
would
monitus
esset.
advised.
Future-Simple Tense.
A oris t
Tense.
and monitus
*
essem.
See
or fuerim, etc.
sim, monerer,
205, 206.
^
or fuissem, etc.
53-J
49
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Sing, 2 Pers. mon-ere, be thou advised, mon-etor,
thou must be advised.
Present
3 Pers.
Tense.
Nofe
are some-
iVo/e 2.
VERB INFINITE.
'Present AND
Imperfect,
Infinitive
advised
to be
3
Mood.
Future,
momtum
iri, to
be about to be
advised.
Present,
(wanting).^
The meaning
being
ad-
may be
dered by dum
ren-
whilst
vised^
with
Present Indicative,
as, dum monetur.
Participles.
Perfect,
Future,
Gerundive,
(wanting).
vised.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
^ 54.
Third Conjugation.
Passive Voice.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
S. reg-or,
/ am
ruled, or
reg-eris or -ere,
Present
reg-itur,
Tense.
He
being ruled,
ruled, etc.
is ruled.
Ye
reg-imini,
am
Thou art
P. reg-imur, We are
ruled.
are ruled.
/ shall
he ruled.
reg-eris or -ere,
r UTURE-
reg-etur,
SlMPLE
He
P. reg-emur, We shall
Tense
be ruled.
sum
I have
beeft ruled.
He
rectus est,
Perfect
Tense.
P.
recti
recti
recti
FuturePerfect
P.
Tense.
eris,
rectus
erit,
fui, etc.
He
recti erimus,
recti erunt,
or
/ shall
^,
rectus
recti eritis,
S. rectus ero
been ruled.
We
Ye
54
or fuero, etc.
ruled.
54-]
51
1
INDICATIVE MOOD
(continued).
Historic Tenses.
reg-ebar,
5*.
He was
reg-ebatur,
Imperfect
Tense.
being ruled.
sum ^, / was
ruled,
rectus es,
AORIST
Tense.
rectus
P,
recti
We were
sumus,
recti estis,
Ye were
recti sunt,
They were
S. rectus
ruled,
ruled,
ruled.
rectus eras,
Pluperfect
Tense.
rectus
P.
recti
recti erant.
or
eramus,
recti eratis,
fui, etc.
E 2
or fueram, etc.
[etc.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
52
[ 54.
SUBJUNCTIVE
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
or
Primary Tenses.
or may I be 7'uled.
Thou maysi be ruled, etc.
reg-atur, He may be ruled,
P. reg-amur, We may be ruled,
iS.
reg-ar,
?jiay be ruled,
reg-aris or -are,
Present
Tense.
Vp
rpo*-ii mini
S. rectus sim
Perfect
Tense.
P.
rectus
sis,
rectus
sit,
^,
vulpn
fjinv hp
reg-antur, They
may
/ ?nay
be ruled.
recti simus,
recti sitis,
recti sint,
Historic Tenses.
S, reg-erer,
/ should or
might be
ruled,
Thou wouldsi be
He would be ruled,
reg-ereris or -erere,
Imperfect
Tense.
reg-eretur,
[etc.
essem
rectus esses,
rectus esset,
Pluperfect
Tense.
ruled,
P.
recti
'\
I should have
been ruled.
essemus,
We
recti essetis,
Ye would have
recti essent.
been ruled.
'
or fuerim, etc.
or fuissem, etc.
54-]
53
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
S. 2 Pers. reg-ere, be thou ruled, reg-itor, thou
must
be ruled.
-P^i'S-
reg-itor, he
must be
ruled.
P.
3 Pers.
Note
I.
The forms
regitor, regitor,
VERB
II^"FINITE.
Present and
Imperfect,
Infinitive
Perfect and
Mood.
y^-'^^
")
to be ruled.
rectus esse or
Pluperfect, /
fuisse,
Future,
rectum iri,
to
have been
ruled.
to be
about
to be
ruled.
r
Present,
(wanting).
'
The meaning
whilst being ruled'
may
be rendered
Participles.
dum
regitur.
Perfect,
Future,
Gerundive,
(wanting).
LATIN GRAMMAR,
54
^55.
[ 55.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
/ am
S. aud-ior,
heard or
aud-Itur,
Present
Tense.
He
is
am
Thou art
aud-Iris or -Ire,
being heard.
heard, etc.
heard,
Ve
aud-imini,
are heard.
/ shall
be heard.
Thou wilt
aud-ieris or -iere^
Future-
aud-ietur,
Simple
Tense.
He
P. aud-iemur, We shall
Ve
aud-iemini,
be heard.
will be heard.
be heard.
will be heard.
sum ^, / have
been heard.
Thou hast
been heard.
auditus es,
auditus
Perfect
Tense.
P.
auditi
est,
auditi estis,
Ve have
auditi sunt,
They have
S. auditus ero
FuturePerfect
^,
auditus
eris,
auditus
erit,
been heard.
beeji
/ shall have
heard.
been heard.
Thou
He
Tense.
auditi eritis,
auditi erunt.
or
fui, etc.
Ve
or fuSro, etc.
55']
INDICATIVE MOOD
VOICE,
(continued).
Historic Tenses.
S. aud-iebar,
Imperfect
Tense.
aud-iebatur,
He was
being heard.
I was heard.
Thou wast heard,
auditus est, He was heard,
S. auditiis
sum
auditus es,
AORTST
Tense.
P.
auditi estis,
dLXLllLLlo CI ctlll
auditus eras.
Pluperfect
Tense.
auditus erat,
P.
auditi
J.
auditi eratis,
auditi
1
or
fui, etc.
or fueram, etc.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
SUBJUNCTIVE
[ 55-
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
or
Primary Tenses.
/ may
S. aud-iar,
be hea7'd, or 7?iay
Thou mayst
aud-iaris or -iare,
aud-iatur,
Present
He may
aud-iantur,
Perfect
be heard,
Ve may be heard.
They may be heard.
aud-iamini,
S. auditus
heard,
be heard,
P. aud-iamur, We may
Tense.
I be
be heard,
sim \
auditus
sis,
auditus
sit,
He may
Tense.
auditi
sitis.
auditi sint,
Ye may have
been heard.
Historic Tenses.
S. aud-irer,
I should or
inight be heard.
Thou moulds/
He would be heard.
aud-ireris or -irere.
Imperfect
Tense.
aud-iretur,
P. aud-iremur, We should
aud-iremini,
Fe
auditus esses,
auditus esset,
Pluperfect
Tense.
P,
[etc.
be heard.
ivould be heard.
aud-irentur, They
S. auditus essem^,
be heard,
would
be heard.
I should have
been heard.
auditi essetis,
auditi essent,
auditi essemus,
or fugrim, etc.
or fuissem, etc.
550
VOICE.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
S, 2 Pers. aud-ire, be thou heard, aud-Itor, ihou must
be heard,
3 Pers.
Present
aud-itor, he viust be
heard.
Tense.
P.
2 Pers.
aud-immi, be ye heard.
aud-iuntor, they must
3 Pers.
be heard.
Nok I. The forms auditor, auditor, audiuntor, are sometimes reckoned as Future Imperatives.
Nole 2. The Present Subjunctive is often used in a
Present Imperative sense, as, audiar, lei me be heard,
audiaris, be ihou heard, audiatur, let
VERB
T-
Imperfect,
Mood.
be heard, etc.
IWFIK-ITE.
Present and
Infinitive
him
j -
z.
aud-iri, to be heard.
Pluperfect,
Future,
fuisse,
auditum
iri,
to be
to
have been
heard.
about
to be
heard.
Present,
(wanting).
^
The meaning
whilst being heard''
may
be rendered
Participles.
Perfect,
Future,
Gerundive,
(wanting).
aud-iendus, thatmust be heard.
58
in
O
H
<
O
O
LATIN GRAMMAR,
56.J
cj
c3
/-
-Q rQ
lOj ><U ICU
^-^
S S 6
!ci
irt
irt
loJ
io3
los
i<v lo;
irt
IC^
loJ
^^^
,1
IC^
ci
cS
C/5
^t/)
'P
'-Ti
'-P
lai
loJ
irt
^^^
c/T
ci
n
rqj
3
?3 P
^
I
o
loJ ic3 loJ
t/2
(/)
:=!
^ ^ ^ "H
113
i
C3
i f
eg
C3
ri
S o O
H-
^
1
?i
LATIN GRAMMAR.
6o
[ 56.
P 3
C C!
CJ W
cj
1^
C3
(U
loj i(U
EH
5 ^ C
;3 ^
2
s a s I
?3
.a;,a;,a;,a.
irt lOJ jqj
1!^
B S 5
icu
a; i(u
>-.
)-H
jT
inj i<u >iu {P,
oj
t/)
O
O
Id
PI
S O 5
o
o
!>
>
M
EH
<u
<u
t/5
C/5
<u
*n *M
'r1
1(1)
i-i
^-1
>-i
l-i
2^
^ ^
103 i<u
i_i
IrH
r2
q3
>i)
ii:3
i"fl3
>-l
>icj \<v
J-H
lL
5<jj
,1:^
s a s a
l<U
^ G ^
iS
!<L)
PQ
&
02
tAl
t/5
ICU
O)
<U
>-i
-i
>_
5(U
ici i(U
a
e
(u
a*^
oj
c/3
^
ji;
a a
(u
a;
cj
|C3
lOJ >cu
\ri
o o o ^
G s
cj
;^ .1^
(L>
fuisse.
esse
Jr ()
monendus.
ntus
Itus
1C3
1(1;
)r-l
If-H
us
audiendus.
amaiidus.
regendus.
1<
itus
'
a ^ g
{ 1
dive
<
Gerun
tor,
:or,
or,
:or,
a7id
InH
Per/.
Pluperf.
monitum
auditum
amatum
rectum
)1
'
<
fcT"
Jif
o
o o O
ICS ia>
it^
mon-eri.
monitus.
am-ari.
Future
aud-iri.
amatus.
auditus.
rectus,
^'^
2^
ICS
t t
l(U >(U
i^H
\1 |
<
<
Perfect
Pres.
and
Imperf.
u.
ito.
to.
nto.
u.
u.
ito.
C G C
u.
;i
monu-isse.
moniturus.
amav-isse.
itum,
audiv-isse.
amaturus.
auditurus.
monit-um,
recturus.
rex-isse.
amat-um,
rect-um,
at5te,
etote,
itote,
) 11
itote,
11
aud
^
a
and
esse.
Pluperf
esse.
esse..
esse.
o o
g g g s
o"
moniturus
amaturus
auditurus
recturus
Active
o o o
'
)1
<
.in
.in
mon-en
reg-ens aud-ien
irt
am-are
ICS
iqj ><U
mon-er
am-ans
reg-ere aud-ire
{ |
and
1 I[
Pres.
future
<
Prese?it
Imperf.
S ? ^
sisi
G
<U
y
G
d K
<U
<ij
3
a
i-i
Gerunds
Infinitive
p-t
Mood.
Participles.
cu
AND
Supines.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
57
^57.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Primary Tenses.
S. ut-or,
/ use, am
ut-eris or -ere,
Present
Tense.
ut-itur,
He
usesl, etc.
uses,
P. ut-imur. We
use,
Ve
use.
ut-imini,
using, or do use.
Thou
FutureSimple
Tense.
ut-etur,
use.
He
Thou wilt
Perfect
P.
use,
ut-emini.
Ye will
ut-entur,
They will
usus
usus
use.
use.
sum ^, / have
used.
Thou hast
used,
es.
est,
use,
will use.
P. ut-emur, We shall
S. usus
Tense.
I shall
ut-eris or -ere,
He
has used,
usi estis.
S. usus ero
FuturePerfect
Tense.
usus
usus
eris.
erit.
usi erunt.
or
used,
He
fui,
etc.
Ye
used,
I shall have
used,
used.
or fuSro, etc.
57-]
INDICATIVE MOOD
63
{continued).
Historic Tenses.
/ was
S. ut-ebar,
using, or
usus
usus
AORIST
Tense.
P.
usi
Pluperfect
sum ^ / used.
es,
Thou
est,
He
sumus, We
Ye
usi sunt,
They
eram
usedst.
used.
usi estis,
S. usus
used.
used.
used.
I had used.
usi erant,
or
using, elc.
usiftg.
Tense.
He was
ut-ebatur,
Imperfect
Tense.
/ used.
Thou wast
ut-ebaris or -ebare,
fui, etc.
used.
Ve had used.
They had used.
^
or fuSram, etc.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
64
SUBJUNCTIVE
[ 57.
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
or
Primary Tenses.
S. ut-ar,
/ m(ry use^
Present
ut-atur,
or
He may
ut-antur,
S. usus sim
Perfect
^,
/ 7?iay
He
?Jiay
P. usi simus, We
Tense.
usi
sitis,
usi sint,
have used,
sis,
sit,
use,
Ve may use,
They may use.
ut-amini,
usus
usus
use.
use, etc.
use,
P. ut-amur, We may
Tense.
Thou mayst
ut-aris or -are,
used,
have used,
have used,
77iay
Historic Tenses.
S. ut-erer,
/ should or
7Jiighl use.
Thou
would use.
ut-ereris or -erere,
Imperfect
Tense.
ut-eretur,
He
P. ut-eremur, We should
ut-eremini,
Ve would
ut-erentur, They
use,
use,
would
use.
S. usus
Pluperfect
Tense.
P.
usi
essemus.
usi essetis,
usi essent.
We
Future-Simple TeTise,
Usurus sim or essem.
Aorist TeTise.
Rendered variously by usus si77i, uterer, and
usus essem.
See 205, 206.
*
or fuerim, etc.
or fuissem, etc.
57-]
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
S.
P.
ut-itor, he
3 Pers.
2 Pers.
must
use.
3 Pers.
is
used in a
often
VERB INFINITE.
T>
Present AND.
Imperfect,
ut-i, to
Infinitive
Mood.
Pluperfect,
G-erunds.
Supines.
esse, or.
luisse,
^^^^
about
Future,
usurus esse,
Accusative,
Genitive,
ut-endi,
Dat. Abl.,
in
-um,
| in -u,
to be
ut-endum, using.
of using.
usum,
usu,
in order to use,
to use.
;^^-P
f^!
in using.
Present,
ut-ens,
Perfect,
usus,
Future,
Gerundive,
usurus,
ingens).
Participles.
having used.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
66
[ 57-
vereri
partiri,
short er, as
pati-or.
Indic. Pres.
pat-lmury2?r pati-imur.
pat-imini for pati-imini.
L
Imper. Pres.
SuBj. Imperf.
Inf. Pres.
pati-untur.
Note on the Verbs orior and potior. The Verbs orior and
potior belong to the Fourth Conjugation of Deponents,
but in some tenses they have forms borrowed from the
Third, as,
r
Indic. Pres.
\
I
2 p. S.
3 p. S.
I
p. PI.
Part. Fut.
Indic Pres.
oritur.
orlmur.
orlturus.
S.
potltur or potitur.
PI.
potimur or potimur.
S.
poterer or potirer.
potereris or potlreris.
S.
SuBj. Imperf.
oreris.
S.
poteretur or potiretur.
PI.
poteremur or potiremur.
PI.
poteremini or potlremini.
<
O
n-l
<U
S
^5
F 2
67
LATIN GRAMMAR.
68
59.
I.
Possum
[potis-sum],
to be able.
Indicative Mood.
possum, p6t-es, pot-est, pos-sumus, pot-estis, pos-siint.
Present,
FuT. Simp, pot-ero, -eris, -erit, -enmus, -entis, -erunt.
potu-i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt or -ere.
Perfect.
FuT. Perf. potu-ero, -eris,- erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint.
Imperfect, pot-eram, -eras, -erat, -eramus, -eratis, -erant.
Same in form as Perfect.
AoRiST.
potu-eram, -eras, -erat, -eramus, -eratis, -erant.
Pluperf.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present,
Perfect,
Imperfect,
Pluperf.
pos-sim,
-sis, -sit,
potu-erim,
pos-sem,
-sTmus,
-eris, -erit,
-ses, -set,
potu-issem,
-sitis,
-erimus,
-semus,
-sint.
-eritis, -erint.
-setis, -sent.
Infinitive
Mood.
posse.
rVolo,
2.
'
to <wish^ be qjuiUlng,
be unwilling.
to qvish rather, prefer.
Indicative Mood.
f
Present.
\ nolo, nonvis,
'
FuT. Simp.
^
vol-
nol-
(.
mal-
am,
is
-es, -et,
-emus,
-etis,
-ent
^59-]
volunolu-
malu-
Perfect.
'
malu-
vol-
f\.ORiST.
c
<
i,
-isti, -it,
-imus,
-istis,
-erunt or -ere.
<
[mperfect.< nol'
mal-
Pluperf.
volunolu-
FuT. Perf.
-enmus,
-entis, -erint.
^
*
Same
in
volunolu-
form
as Perfect,
'
malu-
vel-
69
'\
-eratis, -erant.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
Perfect.
<
nol-
malmal
volunolu-
'
malu-
veil-
<
-itis, -int.
em,
-es, -et,
-emus,
-etis, -ent.
mall-
Pluperf.
-Tmus,
-is, -it,
lMPERFECT.) noil^
im,
volunolu-
-issetis, -issent.
malu-
Imperative Mood.
(
S.
Pers. noli,
Pers.
2
3
Present.
P.
*
nolTto.
2
3
Note,
nolTto.
'
'
Injanitive
Mood.
velle.
<
nolle.
'
malle.
voluisse.
noluisse.
maluisse.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
70
Gerunds.
<
'
volen-dum,
nolen-dum,
-di, -do.
malen-dum,
-di, -do.
Supines.
(wanting).
Pres. Participles.
volens.
nolens.
3.
Fero,
-di,
-do.
to bear.
Indicative Mood.
Present,
f^ro, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt.
FuT. Simp, fer-am, -es, -et, -emus, -etis, -ent.
Perfect,
tul-i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt or -ere.
FuT. Perf. tul-ero, -eris, -erit, -enmus, -entis, -erint.
Imperfect, fere-bam, -bas, -bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant.
AoRiST.
Same in form as Perfect.
Pluperf.
tul-eram, -eras, -erat, -eramus, -eratis, -erant.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present,
fer-am, -as, -at, -amus, -atis, -ant.
Perfect,
tul-erim, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint.
Imperfect, fer-rem, -res, -ret, -remus, -retis, -rent.
Pluperf.
tul-issem, -isses, -isset, -issemus, -issetis, -issent.
Imperative Mood.
S. 2 Pers. fer,
ferto.
Pers.
ferto.
Present.
P.
Infinitive
Mood.
ferre.
tul-isse.
Future.
Gerunds.
feren-dum,
Supines.
latum, latu.
laturus esse.
Pres. Participle.
ferens.
FuT. Participle.
laturus.
-di,
-do.
59-]
4.
71
to be borne.
Indicative Mood,
Present.
FuT. Simp.
Perfect.
FuT. Perf.
Imperfect.
lat-us
sum,
-ebaris
fer-ebar,
sumus,
es, est, -i
estis, sunt,
erimus,
-i
-ebare,
or
eritis,
erunt.
-ebatur,
-ebamur,
-ebamini, -ebantur.
AORIST.
Same
Pluperf.
in
form
as Perfect,
-i
eramus,
eratis. erant.
Subjunctive Mood,
Present.
[Perfect.
Imperfect,
Pluperf.
lat-us sim,
sis, sit, -i
sTmus,
sitis, sint.
-i
Imperative Mood.
(
S.
2
3
Present.
P.
2
3
Pers. ferre,
Pers.
fertor.
fertor.
Pers. ferimini.
fe run tor.
Pers.
Mood.
Infinitive
ferri.
latus esse.
Future.
latum
Perf. Participle,
latus.
Gerundive.
ferendus.
5.
Eo,
to
iri.
go.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
00, is, it, Tmus, itis, eunt.
FuT. Simp. T-bo, -bis, -bit, -bimus, -bitis, -bunt.
Tv-i, -isti, -it, -Tmus, -istis, -erunt or -ere.
Perfect.
FuT. Perf. iv-ero, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -crint.
Imperfect. T-bam, -bas, -bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
72
AoRiST.
Same
Pluperf.
in
form
59
as Perfect.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present,
e-am, -as, -at, -amus, -atis, -ant.
Perfect,
iv-erim, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis -erint.
Imperfect. I-rem, -res, -ret, -remus, -retis, -rent.
Pluperf.
iv-issem, -isses, -isset, -issemus, -issetis, -issent.
Imperative Mood.
(
S.
2
3
Present.
P.
2
3
Pers.
Pers.
T,
Pers.
Pers.
ite, Ttote.
Infinitive
ito.
Ito.
eunto.
Mood.
ire.
ivisse.
Future.
Gerunds.
eun-dum,
Supines.
itum,
Pres. Participle.
FuT. Participle.
iens.
6.
iturus esse,
Fio,
to
-di, -do.
itu.
[Gen.
eiint-is.]
iturus.
be made, to become.
Indicative Mood.
Present,
fio, fis, fit, (fimus), (fitis), fiunt.
FuT. Simp, fi-am, -es, -et, -emus, -etis, -ent.
Perfect,
fact-us sum, es, est, -i sumus, estis, sunt.
FuT. Perf. fact-us ero, eris, erit, -i erimus, eritis, erunt.
Imperfect, fi-ebam, -ebas, -ebat, -ebamus, -ebatis, -ebant.
AoRiST.
Same in form as Perfect.
Pluperf.
fact-us eram, eras, erat, -i eramus, eratis, erant.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present,
fi-am, -as, -at, -amus, -atis, -ant.
Perfect,
fact-us sim, sis, sit, -i sTmus, sitis, sint.
Imperfect, fi-erem, -eres, -eret, -cremus, -eretis, -erent.
Pluperf.
fact-us essem, esses, esset, -i essemus, cssetis, essent.
59-]
73
Imperative Mood.
Present.
S.
P.
Mood.
Infinitive
Note,
factus esse,
Future.
factum
factus.
Gerundive.
faciendus.
Fio
The Verb
'
etc.
etc.
essem,
etc.
esses,
esset,
am
is
able,
Inf,
Supine,
Perf.
Possum, posse,
potui,
to be able.
Volo,
Nolo,
velle.
volui.
nolle.
nolui.
be qjuilling.
be unwilling.
to iijish rather.
to
to
Malo,
Fero,
malle,
malui,
ferre.
tuli.
4.
Feror,
ferri,
latus sum,
5-
Eo,
Ire,
Tvi or
6.
Flo,
fieri,
factus sum,
like
3.
or
edere or esse.
Table of the
7.
Infin. Pres.
Ind, Pres.
8.
or
*eo,'
Imperative.
Queo, /
make.
2.
to
Imperf.
iri.
is
SuBj. Pres.
I.
fieri.
Perf. Participle.
Indic. Pres.
8.
Pers. fi.
Pers. fite.
Ti,
latum.
to bear.
itum.
to go.
to be borne.
to
be
become.
made or
to eat.
esum,
quitum, to be able.
nequitum, to he unable.
LATIN GRAMMAR,
74
60.
Use of-ne.
made
Interrogative
Indicative
(i.e.
made
by adding
as,
I love ?
etc.
I love?
etc.
The
Position of -ne.
tached to
usually
am at,
added
we sometimes
-ne
Particle
is
word
to the first
It
is
puerne
Use of
When
num.
the answer
is
an Interrogative sentence.
Verb in
the
etc.,
no'
is
expected
num
as,
num
amat, he does
When
Use of nonne.
nonne is used in a
or, / love, do I not ?
Double Questions.
first
expected
not love?
or
'
'
is
nonne amo, do I
If the
yes
answer *yes'
the
question, as,
lii)cr.'*
Are you
Literally 'Whether are you a slave or a free man?' ])ut the lui<;lish
Interrogative whether is now seldom used in direct (juestions. It appears
more frequently in older English, as, Mark ii. 9, Whether is it easier to
say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins be forgiven thee or to say, Arise,
and take up thy bed and walk ?
'
'
NOTES ON THE CONJUGATIONS.
-63.]
The
of what sort?
quantus, how great?
why?
cur,
qualis,
.
which of two ?
ft
uter,
ft
quis,
who ?
c^oi, how many ?
quam, how ?
num, whether ?
'
q}iomodiO,
ut,
how ?
whether?
-ne,
order?
unde, whence ?
ubi,
75
how ?
an, or whether ?
where ?
quando, when ?
it
'
according to the
the termination of the Participle will vary
amata
est,
est,
amatum
62.
He
has been
She has
est,
These are
63.
called Impersonal
amo, may be
translated
list
as,
licet,
it
it
is
for their
permitted
Verbs\
Present Indicative.
loved,
been loved,
Impersonal Verbs.
in the 3rd
of, as,
love,
Present Indicative,
I am
is
loving, or
given in
78.
as
do love,
LATIN GRAMMAR.
76
The
sign do
phasis
is
required, but
is
it
as,
non amo, /
do not love ;
amone,
I love ?
as
which
is
65.
The
Aorist Indicative.
affirmatively, except
/ did not
non amavi,
sign did
seldom used
is
for the
it
con-
as
love, etc.
many
translations.
do love,
when
ordinate sentences.
English by since
Thus,
it
love,
I am
quum amem
is
expressed in
I love.
re-
the
when I had
68.
Tenses.
Thus,
quum
heard.
from them,
letter
mean when I
have, etc.
may
v being
omitted,
e. g.
-7l
Conj.
I.
Amasti/^?r amavisti
Conj.
2.
Conj.
3.
N6runt_/^?r noverunt
Conj.
4.
is
also
a form
77
amassent/?r amavissent.
n6sti/^?r novisti.
v,
This form
audivi.
is
also
found
in certain
have Perfect in
which
This contraction
Nofe,
Verbs of
etc.,
is
We
69.
was used
for
-i,
as,
dropped,
as,
(c)
forms
these
were
The
audibo, audibor.
replaced
as,
by forms
audiam, audiar.
as,
as,
Scio,
I know,
71.
has only
scito,
never
sci,
for Imperative.
'-re' for
'-ris.'
The
use of -re for -ris as the termination of the 2nd Pers. Sing, in
the Passive Voice
is
common
it
in
all
Make^
might be mistaken
as,
amare.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
78
The
Gerundive in '-undus/
72.
gerundives of the
when
precedes, as potiundus,
capiundus.
The Future
may be coupled with all the Tenses of the
Verb sum, and thus a new Active Conjugation, called the
73.
Active Participle
Periphrastic,
to
is
do a thing or
amaturus sum,
amaturus eram,
And
on throughout
so
'
sum
'
to
e. g.
the tenses.
Tenses of
it,
may be coupled
with the
tion, as,
loved,
certain
{a)
Aio,
Indie. Pres.
/ say
or affirm.
Aio,
Imperf. Ai-ebam,
Subj. Pres.
{b)
^%
aiunt.
S-it,
-ebas,
-ebat,
alas,
aiat,
-ebamus,
-ebatis,
-ebant.
aiant.
Inquam, I say.
Indie. Pres.
Inquam,
Imperf. Inquiebat.
Fut.
Imperat. Pres.
inquYs,
inquYt,
inquKmus, inquYtis,
inquYes,
inquYet.
inquS,
inquYto,
inquYte.
inqiiYiml
75.]
Coepi,
(c)
and
/lave begun, or
odi,
parts of the
Tense,
Verb which
most
Pluperf.
coeperam.
Fut. Perf.
coepero.
coeperim.
Subj. Perf.
coepissem.
Pluperf.
and Pluperf.
coepisse.
Note,
osus,
e. g.
Indie. Perf.
Inf. Perf.
memini, / remember,
begin,
79
and a Fut.
also
Memini,
Fari^
and
to speak,
fare,
speak
Nominative), fatus,
and Supine
[e)
The
with
thou,
Gerunds
fandus,
speak,
fantem (no
fandi,
fando,
fatu.
following Imperatives
Ave
Apage,
75.
/ shall
Participles
Infin. avere.
Infin. salvere.
apagite, begone.
Many Verbs
Derived Verbs.
end
Inceptive Verbs
signify
I grow
Desiderative Verbs
and end
do a thing,' and
warm, grow warfn
to begin to
be
to
signify
(from edo).
begin
'
to desire to
wish
to
eat,
or
do a thing/
ain
hungry
LATIN GRAMMAR.
8o
(c)
Frequentative Verbs
drive),
signify
and
sing),
do a thing
to
-ito, as,
fre-
and clamito
(froir
I shout).
clamo,
id)
-to,
[ 76-
Diminutive Verbs
signify
'
to
do a
thing,'
little
anc
end
Conjugation
if
Transitive,
and
to the
[from fraus,
Second
deceit'],
Intransitive,
if
albere, to be white
Semi-Deponent
76.
fide,
(or
ausus sum;
audeo,
as,
soleo,
sum.
solitus
fisus
fido,
77.
These
Quasi-Passive
(or
Neutral
Verbs.
Passive)
and
They
fio
are
in the 3rd
may be
Per/.
called Unipersonals.
Itifin.
or Hcltum est,
Kbere,
it pleases.
Hcere,
it is
llquere,
it is clear.
Hcet,
licuit
liquet,
Kcuit,
mlseret,
lawful.
moves
it
to
pity.
oportet,
oportuit,
oportere,
it
behoves or
is necessary.
plget,
p'^guit
Dare,
Am
trust, rejoice^
heate?i, ajji
for
or pigltum est,
am
sale,
pigere,
accustomed.
am put up to auction,
am
// troubles.
banished,
am
made.
PARTICLES.
-82.]
Pres.
8l
Per/.
jnfin,
paemtet,
paenltuit,
ipudet,
pudiiit or
taedet,
79.
puditum
meaning
it delights,
Pres.
it
shames.
it
wearies.
repents.
it
pudere,
in
est,
paenitere,
with
Per/.
as, juvo,
many
assist,
others,
e.
which has
g.
Infin,
accedit.
accessit.
accedere.
it is
accldit.
accidit,
accidere,
it
added.
happens.
constat,
constitit,
constare.
it is
convenit.
convenit.
convenire.
it suits.
well known.
decet,
decuit.
decere,
it
dedecet,
dedecuit.
dedecere.
it
misbecomes.
fit,
factum
fieri.
it
comes
est.
becomes or beseems.
to
pass.
80.
rains, fulminat,
Intransitive
Voice,
jive
as, sto,
Hence
nade.
stand, statur, //
statur a
as,
me =
2'/
is
is
stood by
in the Pas-
stood or a stand
is
me=il startd.
PARTICLES.
81.
or
ler,
)is,
Adverbs. These may express Place, Time, ManNumber, as, eo, thither, tunc, then, sapienter, wisely,
twice.
From
less
are formed
commonly)
lUbito, suddenly,
From
Most Adverbs
Thus,
-o]
-e,
and
from
subitus, sudden.
-is, -ns,
-x. Sec,
LATIN GRAMMAR.
82
are
formed Adverbs in
or
-iter
-ter,
Adjectives
verbially, as
and
-us
in
horrendum
There
libens, willing.
and
as separatim, separately;
dulce
sounding horribly;
stridens,
is
is
Ad-
-is
This
from
from
Participles,
from
hence ;
from
who
qui,
For a
Prepositions.
83.
see III
These
Conjunctions.
and 162
(d).
list
28
318-363.
are of two kinds, viz.
(i.)
They
of the Verb.
{a)
Copulative,
et,
are,
and not.
(h) Disjunctive, aut, vel, -ve, either;
(c) Adversative, scd,
sive,
whether,
at,
hut.
Note. Sentences linked together by the above Conjunctions are called
Coordinate Sentences.
(ii.)
Subordinative,
Clauses
Those marked
which
The
94).
*
introduce
chief kinds
are
Subordinate
as
follow.
Subjunctive.
Masculine and Feminine Adjectives are also used Adverbially, as, invitus {or invita) Romam migravit, he (or she) has unwillingly removed to
^
Rome,
PARTICLES,
-85-]
Ut*, in order
Final.
lest,
in
order that
order that
Consecutive.
Temporal.
quo*, in order
that,
83
thai, iie*,
quominus*, quin*,
not,
in
not.
Ut*, so
Quum,
that,
ubi,
quin*, that
ut,
when;
not.
donee,
dum,
Causal.
si7ice;
Conditional.
Si,
if
nisi,
if not, unless
dum*, dum-
quum*,
ut,
Etsi,
licet*,
quamquam,
quamvis*,
although.
Comparative.
si*, as
if as though.
Interjections.
85.
hail;
grief, as,
ecce, lo
and
calling or
summoning,
astonishment,
as heus, ho J
as,
as,
io,
en or
86-
A SHORT CATECHISM
OF
LATIN SYNTAX.
Elementary Rules for Construing.
86.
Q.
sentence
A.
How
and then
87.
Verb do
that
happens
to
be
in
the sentence.'^
The
A, No.
Verb of
Finite
the Sentence
is
never to be
qui, quae,
tion, as,
although, etc.
88.
Q,
A. The Subject
is
is
Thus
said.
Caesar writes,
hence Caesar
Note.
89.
A.
It
That which
Q.
is,
How
is
'
the Subject'
it
is
in
the
as a rule, a
Caesar
scribit,
do we
sentence
is
is
Noun
in the
Nominative
Case.'-^
If
^ Under
the head of * Nouns' are also included words or phrases
equivalent to Nouns, e. g. an Infinitive Mood, an Accusative and Infinitive, an Adjective used Substantively, or a whole clause introduced by a
Conjunction.
2 The Subject of an Infinitive Mood is put in the Accusative.
See
112.
-9^2.]
there
no Nominative expressed,
is
/, thou,
he,
the Subject
she,
is
we, you,
it,
90.
How many
A. Three, namely
The
(a)
Statement,
Caesar
as,
scribit,
Caesar
is
writing,
The
(h)
Question,
Scribitne Caesar?
as,
Is Caesar
writing ?
The Command
(c)
Write,
Caesar ;
write.
Q.
91.
What
A.
is
Ohliqud)
Statement, Question, or
Caesarem
Ait
Scribatne
Caesar
is
scrib^re.
writing
no importance
In the
first
Object of
ait;
He
Caesar nostra
to
nihil
is
interest,
the
as,
writing.
Whether
of no importance to us, or
us whether Caesar is writing.
is
it is
of
A.
Q.
What
is
Complex Sentence?
manner
that
one clause
is
Prin-
said to
vcrl)
is
LATIN GRAMMAR.
86
93-
Q.
93.
clauses.
added
Noun
a
Q.
94.
How
some word,
clauses
Relative,
are
On
The inan
who??i
by
the
quern video,
see is good,
as,
haec
fecit,
or by a
ut lauda-
95-
A.
He
either
qui,
est.
introduced
Subordinative Conjunction,
retur,
usually either
A. Subordinate
bonus
Command
in order to explain
(a)
Name the
We
Note.
than
we
could not in Latin say rex aiidi^ or reges aud/V, any more
(b)
The
der,
its
or the kings
is
hearing,
Substantive in Gen-
as,
Opus perfectum
est.
Participles and
Adjectives.
love
boys.
The work
est.
is
accomplished.
That work
Adjectival Pronouns
is
accomplished.
99-]
(c)
The
Relative
Antecedent
quae
grows
to
own
its
in the garden
is
What
which
high.
The
tree
which
I see
is
high.
Copulative Verbs.
What
97. Q'
its
but
clause, as^
On
Q,
Arbor,
96.
qui,
in
Case belongs
in
Arbor,
87
is
I am
thinkings calling,
I am
called, fio,
made,
etc.
Verbs?
A. They take the same Case
before them,
dies
as,
after
fit
them
On
What
98. Q,
is
it,
99.
A.
Q.
(a)
its
Name
The
Apposition.
its
meaning
to
is
said to be in Apposition to
kind
is
meaning,
first
as,
The second
is
erat
Marius
the prophetess.
first
comes
of
as,
they have
meant by Apposition?
as
first
by a Copulative Verb,
est,
as,
consul.
Marius
ivas
made
consul.
is
LATIN GRAMMAR.
88
(c)
The
third
is
in the
//iiri/wig, calling\
or makings as,
consulem
Marium
creaverunt,
Marim
made
They
consul.
Note.
Grammarians
100.
What
Q.
A.
It
must be
it
is
Apposition
Noun
in
in the
which
to
refers.
Time
when\,
A, Duration of Time
annos
is
he lived
vixit,
many years ;
prima luce
first
102.
Q.
as,
multos
a Point of
Time
surgit, he rises at
dawn,
How
is to
a place expressed?
town or small
island,^
when
the
Preposition
is
omitted, as.
Ad portam
Romam
103. Q.
eo,
eo,
/ go
I go
to
to the gate.
But,
Rome.
How is from
a place expressed?
as
the Preposition
is
omitted, as,
Except also domum, home, rus, the coimtry, and foras, out of doors;
ibo, / will go home ; rus ibo, I luill go into the country ; foras
/ will go out of doors.
Or domo, from home ; rwre, from the country; humo, from the ground.
domum
ibo,
when
-107.]
Ex
He
Roma
104.
profectus
Q.
A. By ad,
How
in,
is
He
est,
set outfroin
89
camp.
But,
Rome.
at a place expressed?
apud,
etc.,
Ad
105. Q.
A.
He
fluvium constitit,
Cortonae mansit.
An
What
is
He
ends
the
like
Number
where
it
Ablative,
of the
ends
at a place.'
except in the
106.
Q.
First
vixit,
He has
words domi, at
survives in the
doors,
It
Singular
But,
remained at Cortona.
humi, on
vesperi,
in
the
the
ground,
evening,
ruri,
belli,
ho??ie,
at
in
foris,
out of
the country,
the
war,
and
107.
Q,
How
is
as,
Duo
millia
passuum
progreditur.
He
as,
Hiberna duobus millibus passuum aberant. The winterquarters were two miles distant.
Note. Measures in the Genitive, as, fossa diicentorum pedum, a trench
200 feet long, may be classed as Genitives of Quality. For Ablatives of
Measure, as multo major, etc., see 121 (g).
On
LATIN GRAMMAR.
go
io8.
A.
[ loS~i
The
Accusative
properly the
is
Object.
109.
A.
What
Q.
The
is
Video taurum,
I see
as,
bull.
Duram
servit servitutem,
The
{b)
He
serves a
hard
as,
servitude,
generally
is
Quid
refert.
What
does it matter ?
The
by the sign
ivith respect to
to
or as
is
translated
to, as,
his shoulders.
<
The
Accusative
of Exclamation,
without an Interjection,
Me
miserum
Unhappy me
The
or
used with
as.
Alas for
the faith
.113.]
III. Q.
What
A Ante, apud,
.
Circum,
ad, adversus,
And
unto these,
if
motion be intended,
112. Q,
Explain
the
see 318-347.
and
Accusative
con-
Infinitive
struction.
A,
The
is
used as Subject of
The
that,
and
then
construe
begin with
the
Accusative
the
word
as
Caesarem amare
loves.
as,
constat, //
is
well
known
that Caesar
know
Verb^)
Object)
When
that
means
the
by Accusative and
fact that
is
usually translated
Infinitive, as,
it
He
LATIN GRAMMAR.
9^
Hoc
113.
by ut with Subjunctive,
fecit ut
Caesar might
it
trans
is
as,
He
be forced to return,
est ut
was forced
return,
114.
Q,
What Verbs
teaching,
and
me.
The Accusative
Note
On
A. The Dative
is
The
Note.
116.
Q.
Object
A,
(a)
Transitive
Verbs,
Direct
Object, as,
Plaudunt
{c)
Verbs,
histrioni.
est.
He
is friendly to
me.
^'^^
i-^'l
their
J^.nghsh
L-at^in
I hurt,'
&c.
Fabius,
Adjectives, as,
Mihi amicus
'
to
as,
translation
to
117.]
A.
Q.
17.
(a)
What
The
vus
Commodi
vel
Praedia
coluit,
aliis
non
sibi,
He
cultivated
farms for
isadvantage.
(p)
The
Ethic Dative
the
person
particular attention
call
indicated.
It
admits
of
many
'
agit,
Quid
tibi vis,
The
(c)
tion of habeo,
father;
The
{d)
/ have,
as, est
mihi pater,
you have a
/ have
is
quam
tibi,
(in
in -bilis, as.
no one.
Wars abhorred
By
brother,
by mothers.
thee.
(e)
The Dative
of Purpose,
as,
for
the purpose
of writing
creati,
the laws.
Decemvirs created
LATIN GRAMMAR,
94
express by a Nominative,
Ea
118.
A,
impedimento
res
erat,
the Dative?
sum
compounds of
(^h)
Bene^ male,
Ad,
as,
Q.
[ 117.
except
possum.
with
satis, re^
{c) I.
give,
3.
4-
Note
and
2.
5.
With
6.
7.
vacare, displicere,
resist,
and
indulgere^.
'
'
persuadeor,' but
is
persuaded
to
'
Lme
4.
plnceo or
libet.
pay
3.
5.
Have
'
literally, it
do.
leisure for
2.
Persuadeo
obecito.
to
persuadetur mihi
me.
displease.
6.
Be a
slave to
attention to.
7. Medeor ; faveo ; noceo ; resisto or repugtio
tonmiafid, permit, hurt, please, heal.
he married
;
indulge,
-1:^1.]
On
120.
The
A,
95
Ablative
is
of Verbs or Nouns,
like
meaning
an Adverb, especially as
Examples
with which.
Place whence,
a.
Athens
h.
as,
are,
Athenis
redit.
He
from
returns
( 103).
Place where,
as, terra
marique.
By
land and
sea.
c.
I.
as,
gladio pugnare,
to
fight
with a sword,
121.
A,
Q.
What
from
.^^
desist
the attack,
Born of a most
noble father,
{c)
emit.
(e)
Time
amount at which),
He
as,
hortum
tribus talentis
talents.
This
(/) Respect,
as, aetate
(g) Measure,
as,
tribus millibus
passuum
abcst,
He is
Com-
much greater.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
96
(k) Matter
which,
7m'//i
with a
Adjective
sapientia,
{k)
Manner how
as,
parvo contentus,
as,
by
in
of,
agreement),
man of the
Cause,
(I)
(ni)
own
uses, a,
summa
b, c
may be
to Place where,
is
caused
fecit,
accord.
senectute mortuus
as,
Of the above
vir
Injury
injuria,
fit
Note.
as,
utmost wisdom.
He
cojitejited
little.
with
[ 121-
est,
He
referred
and
more or
less closely
A, 7, k, I to Instrument.
Agent by whom,
a or ab,)
position
est,
as,
What
Q.
A.
And
123.
A.
Q.
What
is
construction formed of a
agreement
Bello orto,
Caesar
Noun and
Participle in
Caesar profectus
est,
War
having
arisen^
set out.
-128.]
124. Q,
97
the Ablative?
A. Fungor, fruor, utor, vescor, potior, dignor, supersedeo^ and Verbs of wanting, being full, enriching, or depriving.
Note.
125. Q.
What
^. Dignus, indignus, fretus, extorris, liber ^, and Adjectives which signify wanting, being full, ejiriching, or depriving.
126.
Q.
A Opus
What
and usus
On
127.
A, The Genitive
is
an Adjective.
of
It is also
Nouns and
Adjectives,
and
as
the
Indirect
is
a Genitive dependent on
whence
The
'
the love
of God,
(where
God
is
i.e.
the Subject
Objective Genitive
Perform, enjoy,
use,
eat,
is
who
Amor
God
Dei,
has for us
loves).
a Genidve dependent on
get possession
of,
deem worthy,
desist
from.
want, be in want.
[Dignus and indignus
Worthy, unworthy, relyi?ig on, banished, free.
ometimes take a genitive, as, magnorum indignus avorum, unworthy of
Fill, fill, be in
ly
*
great ancestors'].
Need, use.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
98
128.
love
129.
A,
is
is
Amor
Dei
we have for
Got
directed, as,
i.e.
{a) Genitive
of
Possessor or Author,
the
hort
as,
pater Bruti, tk
father xf Brutus.
(h) Partition
a whole
Noun
dependent on a
is
of that whole),
as,
magna
Noun
par
the braves^
(c) Definition
honos consulatus,
cadus
signifying
signifying a
vini,
the
as.
a cask of wine.
summae
vir
sapientiae,
man of
the
utmost
wisdom.
Note
Note
I.
Quality
2.
The above
{e)
is
also expressed
Object of Substantives,
as,
of
the enemy.
as,
praise.
he accuses
me of
he reynemhers
treason ;
[lit.
me
datae
majestatis accusat,
fidei reminiscitur,
given,
(h) Respect or
Cause (usually
in
imitation of Greek
rI32.]
99
131. Q.
est
In both these
a Genitive?
with
potior,
interest,
Verbs
certain
and
signifying
refert;
want,
together
as,
egeo,
indigeo.^
SVb/f.
(pative
Reminiscor, obliviscor, memini, and recorder also take an Acand potior an Ablative.
(2)
Verbs of
me
accusat,
He
accuses
me of theft.
Q.
What
Verbs
is
The Unipersonals
A.
except
Abire
me
all
and
liquet,
take an Infinitive
Mood,
as,
/ ought to go away.
/ am permitted to go away.
oportet,
Abire mihi
Note
licet, libet,
licet,
t,
I.
as, licet
*
Remember, forget, remember, remember, pity, pity, get possession of,
akes a difference, it concerns, be in want, be in want.
it
LATIN GRAMMAR.
TOO
go
to
or, ut
Accusative,
T e pugnare
Q'
expedmit for nu
is
aivay.
133-
abeam, //
the
as,
juvat.
What
refert
juvat, delectat,
fallit,
fugit,^
take ar
as,
You
delight in fighting.
the construction
is
after
interest anc
ar
ut Clause.
Nec
of importance
to
On
134. Q.
A.
It
as,
is,
What
Caesar nor
to
the Infinitive
Nominative,
est
neither
is
Mood?
Dormire
is
may
be
as,
jucundum,
to sleep is
pleasant^ or sleeping
is pleasant,
or Accusative, as,
Cupio dormire,
135-
Q'
What
/ wish
are the
to sleep.
Gerunds?
in
-do Dative
01
Ablative.
* Jt becomes or beseems, 77iisbecomes,
delights, delights, escapes
escapes one's notice.
//
is
importance
of imporlaiice
to.
to
or viahes a difference
to,
it
oiie's notice^
coficerns or
is
OJ
I39-]
136.
Q,
What
-um
I go
to
play),
horrendum
Supine
Infinitive, the
lOI
in
Verbs of
after
i.
horrible in
e.
the telling.
137.
Q.
How
is
A, By the Supine in
Passive of eo,
occisum
killed ;
Caesarem, 1
iri
literally,
a going, occisum
On
138.
Q.
the
Can
/ am
be
that there
is
credo
to kill,
Caesarem Caesar.
believe,
iri
credo
Caesar will
the
Accusative Case
A. Sometimes \
believe that
Infinitive
as,
as,
take
an
Object
in
the
is
is
we
usually say,
amor
the love
of
exercend^?^^
virtut/>.
when
Especially
llud videndi,
z^/Z/A
LATIN GRAMMAR,
i02
140.
How
Q.
word
the
is
[ 140-j
;//^/^/
amandum
by the forms
dum
we must
est,
est,
we must
advise, etc.,
love,
monen-
Can amandum
141. Q.
Object after
God
love
A, No;
Amandus
say,
But
est
Deum, We must
est
after
of the Object
Dative, a Dative
cendum
Amandum
we must
loved.
as,
it,
used,
is
We must spare
est hostibus.
as.
he
the
Par-,
our emmies.
Fungor, fruor, utor, vescor, and potior, which govern an Abhave both Gerund and Gerundive hence we may say, utendum
est aetate, we must make use of our age, or, utenda est aetas, (the latter
form very rare).
Note.
lative,
In what case
142. Q.
whom
a thing
A. In the Dative,
as,
is
is
the Agent, or
livt7tg
person by
Canendum
est poetae,
sing
[literally,
the
it is
to
Dative,
Credendum
as,
mean
est a poeta.
believe.
Note. This
to prevent
is
ambiguity
143. Q.
What
qui
A. Qui,
in
is
Mood
of the Verb
after
its
simple sense of
who or which,
order
that,
But
or
if
there
such
is
that,
He
implied in
it
takes
takes the
ivho sins
it
the
is
since, in
Subjunc-
tive, as,
-146.]
Fou
IC3
man.
He
sends cavalry
lay
to
Non
What
144. Q.
A.
is
He
since or
quum
perfect
Quum
Quum
ita
Since these
sint.
things are so ;
afraid.
although^
junctive
to be
quum?
Quum, meaning
man
is riot the
takes a Sub-
if
Tense
otherwise
it
I was
at Athens.
Athens,
145. 0-
What
A. Ut, meaning
ut vales.
or so
Edimus
Tam
Scarcely
is
as,
How
meaning
that, tak-^s
ut vivamus,
a Subjunctive,
We
eat that
as,
in order that,
as,
we may
live,
God
is so
powerful
146.
Q.
7iot
How
translated
A, In order that
and
not
.v^
that
not by
ne
so that
7iot
by ut non.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
104
On
147.
What
Q.
[ I47-9.
is
What
148. Q.
is
by Historic.
{a)
Affirmat,
Examples
He
declares or
or
would have
is
se
affirmabit,
declaring
scripsisse,
scribere,
fuisse.
^
writing,
is
Oblique Statement,
affirmavit,
he writes
are
writteji.
had
imuld
written,
would have
write,
ivritten.
{b)
Oblique Question.
sit,
quid scripturus
scribat,
quid
scripserit,
fuerit.
am
asking,
writes or is writing,
scripsisset,
/ was
esset,
I asked, I had
quid scriptura
asked,
writing,
she
quid scriptura
asking,
what
she
fuisset.
she wrote or
would
write,
was
what
APPENDIX.
A TABLE OF VERBS, SHEWING THE PRESENT,
AND
INFINITIVE, PERFECT,
Note.
Some Verbs,
as lavo,
*5^*
Forms enclosed
in
round brackets,
Infinitive.
Regular Form,
Exceptions
{a)
as,
order of the
earliest in
referred.
First Conjugation.
149.
Present.
-are,
amo,
as.
SUPINE.
amare,
Supine,
Perfect.
-atum.
amatum.
-avi,
amavic
in Perfect,
-itum or -turn
in Supine.
Meaning.
Pres.
Inf.
Perf.
Supine,
1.
crepo,
crepui,
cubo,
cubiii,
crepitum,
cubitum,
creak,
2.
crepare,
cubare,
3.
domo,
domare,
domui,
tatne.
4.
eneco,
enecare,
domitum,
enectum,
enecui,
(
explicui,
5.
explico,
explicare,|g^j;,i^-^i^
6.
fricare,
fricui,
7.
fnco,
mico,
micare,
micui,
8.
seco,
9.
o.
sono,
tono,
:i.
veto.
secare,
sonare,
tonare,
vetare,
The
So nearly
secui,
sonui,
tonui,
vetui,
explicitum,
explicatum,
frictum,
lie
do^n.
k'lll^.
1
rub.
glitter^
sectum,
sonitum,
tonitum,
vetitum.
cut,
sound.
thunder.
forbid.
-ui.
in Supine.
-avi or
LATIN GRAMMAR,
io6
(b)
Pres.
Supine,
(jutum),
r lautum,
< lotum,
L lavatum,
juvo,
juvare,
juvi,
lavo,
J lavare,
lavi,
2.
lavere,
(<:)
(lavavi),
poto,
3.
potare,
Meaning.
Perf.
1.
-turn in Supine.
in Perfect,
Inf.
potavi,
potatum,
\ potum,
drink.
J
1.
do,
dare,
dedi,
datum,
gi've,
2.
sto,
stare,
steti,
statum,
stand
Second Conjugation.
150.
Pres.
Supine,
Perf.
Inf.
Regular Form,
-eo,
-ere,
-ui,
-itum.
as.
moneo,
monere,
monui.
monitum.
Exceptions
{a)
-sum
in
Supine.
Pres.
Inf.
Perf.
2.
censeo.
doceo.
censere.
docere.
censui.
docui.
3.
misceo.
miscere.
miscui,
4-
retineo.
torreo.
retinere,
retinui
censum,
doctum,
mixtum, [
{ mistum, J
retentum,
torrere.
torrui.
tostum.
I.
5.
(6)
aboleo,
abolere,
adoleo,
'ladolesco,
adolere,
adolescere,
Supine,
(-ui) in Perf.,
abolu^'
Meaning.
reckon y think,
teach,
mix,
retain
^.
parch.
abolitum,
;adoIevi,-j_
tadolui
abolish.
{enlarge,
gro^ *.
*
That is, having the first consonant of the Present, together with a vowel,
prefixed to the Perfect Tense, as do, de-d\.
In the Perfects of compound
Verbs the initial consonants of the Verb, not of the Preposition, appear as the
adolevi), 0
grow
(inlrans.).
APPENDIX,
-I50.]
Pres.
Perf.
Inf.
3.
conTveo,
4.
deleo,
107
avink.
tconixi, J
delere,
delevi,
ferveo,
J
^*\fervo,
fervere,
fervere,
ferbui,
fervi,
6. fleo,
flere,
flevi,
fletum,
implere,
nere,
pavere,
implevi,
impletum,
netum,
7.
8.
9.
impleo,
neo,
paveo,
{/)
Those having
algeo,
algere,
alsi,
ardeo,
augeo,
ardere,
augere,
arsi,
rfulgeo,
fulgere,
7.
8.
9.
10.
boil.
-si in Perf.,
2.
^Ifulgo,
6. frigeo,
tabsorbui, J
(absorptum),
make
bigger.
glitter.
be cold.
(frixi),
haesi,
haesum,
stick.
indulsi,
(indultum),
indulge.
haerere,
indulgere,
jubere,
jussi
jussum,
command.
maneo,
manere,
mansi,
mansum,
remainja^ait,
mourn.
luxi,
(luctum),
mulcere,
mulsi,
mulsum,
13.
mulgeo,
mulgere,
mulsi,
ridere,
risi,
risum,
suadere,
torquere,
suasi,
torsi,
suasum,
tortum,
tersi,
tersum,
14. rideo,
suadeo,
16. torqueo,
rtergeo,
''Itergo,
turgeo,
19. urgeo,
(d)
tergere, \
tergere, J
turgere,
urgere,
Those having
(mulsum),
tmulctum,
laugh,
aduise.
t^ist.
ivijpe.
ursi,
urge.
-i in Perf.,
cavere,
cavi,
favere,
favi,
-turn or
-sum
cautum,
fautum,
3.
fovere,
fovi,
fotum,
moveo,
movere,
movi,
motum,
5.
voveo,
vovere,
vovi,
votum,
all
milk.
tursi,
4.
So
soothe.
s^ell,
caveo,
faveo,
foveo,
be on fire,
fulsi,
lugere,
2.
s^uuallonju up'^,
be cold,
arsum,
auctum,
auxi,
fulgere, J
frigere,
or -turn in Supine.
mulceo,
1.
spin,
be afraid.
-sum
12.
18.
fill'-
haereo,
indulgeo,
jubeo,
11. lugeo,
15.
destroy,
pavi,
absorbeo, absorbere,
4.
deletum,
nevi,
I.
3.
Meaning.
Supine.
fconivi, \
compounds of pleo/
*
pounded form.
2
So all compounds of sorbeo,
to fill,
which
is
in Supine.
beware.
fanjour.
cherish.
'VOW.
never found
in
an unconi-
LATIN GRAMMAR.
io8
Pres.
6.
7.
sedeo,
9. video,
sedere,
videre,
8.
(e)
sedi,
vidi,
mordeo,
pendeo,
spondeo,
tondeo.
mordere,
pendere,
spondere,
tondere.
Meaning.
Supine.
Perf.
Inf.
[ 150-
pransum,
responsum,
dine.
sessum,
visum,
sit'^,
Perf.,
answer ^,
see,
-sum
in
Supine.
momordi,
morsum,
bite,
pependi,
spopondi,
pensum,
sponsum,
tonsum,
be suspended.
promise.
totondi,
shear.
audere,
gaudere,
ausus sum,
soleo,
solere.
solitus
The
dare,
gavisus sum,
rejoice,
sum,
be accustomed.
(g)
Supine
151.
No
Third Conjugation.
regular form.
rieties
The
principal va-
{a)
Perfects
only a double
\lSlote,
is
Meaning.
Supine,
Pres.
Inf.
allTcio,
allicere,
allexi,
allectum,
entice
aspicio,
carpo,
cingo,
aspicere,
carpere,
cingere,
aspexi,
carpsi,
behold^,
pluck,
cinxi,
aspectum,
carptum,
cinctum,
como,
comere.
compsi,
comptum.
^.
surround,
adorn.
compounds of spondeo,
So
The compounds,
all
Perf.
to promise.
except circumsedeo and supersedeo,
make
-sideo,
li,
So
So
all
all
lacio, to entice.
APPENDIX.
Pres.
Inf.
Perf.
lOQ
Supine.
IVTcfining
6.
7*
8.
9-
JO.
dlco,
dicere,
dixi.
dictum.
duco,
ducere.
duxi.
ductum.
say. tell.
emungo,
emungere. emunxi.
emunctum.
extingiio,
extinguere, extinxi,
extinctum.
extiTi^uts h
fingo,
fingere.
ttlDCTlt
roast.
ti4/
^.
frigere.
(frixi).
fictum.
frictum.
gerere.
gessi,^
gestum.
infligere.
inflixi.
inflictum.
junxi.
nupsi.
pinxi.
planxi.
nuptum,
UC f/lUiiieCl
pingo,
21. plango,
jungere.
ninguere,
nubere.
pingere.
plangere.
pictum.
planctum,
promo,
promere.
prompsi.
promptum.
dra^iv out.
regere,
repere.
scalpere,
sculpere.
scribere.
stringere.
struere.
sugere.
rexi.
rectum.
(reptum).
scalptum,
sculptum,
sumere.
texi.
traho.
tegere.
tinguere.
trahere,
unguo.
unguere,
unxi.
urere,
vehere,
vivere,
ussi,
i*
14. frigo,
gero,
16. infligo,
T
jungo,
8.
(ninguo),
nubo,
rego,
24. repo,
fscalpo,
isculpo,
26. scribo,
.
stringo,
28. struo,
29. sugo.
30.
sumo.
3T. tego.
32. tinguo,
34.
35. uro.
36. veho,
37. VIVO,
The
So
,finxi,
(ninxi),
repsi,
scalpsi.
sculpsi,
junctum,
.
ly
u/i.
injiict
STIG^IV
engra've.
J
write
struxi.
suxi.
suctum.
suck.
sumpsi.
sumptum.
take.
tectum,
tinctum,
tractum.
couer
tinxi,
traxi.
ep.
VI H<jC
strinxi.
'I
scriptum.
strictum,
structum,
scripsi.
join.
(JUL C ^jC .
build.
draw.
anoint.
vexi,
unctum,
ustum,
vectum.
vixi,
victum.
li've.
burn.
carry.
all
or
Supine.
profligo,
all compounds of the unused Verb fligo, to smite, except
which is of the 1st Conjugation.
* Not found except as Impersonal ninguit, it snows, ninxit, etc.
5 Lit. put on a bridal veil, and always, therefore, used of a luoinmi.
Pergo,
^ The compounds make -rigo, -rexi, -rectum, as dirigo, direct.
and
proceed, and surgo, rise, are for perrigo, surrigo (per rego, sub-rego),
^
So
rout,
make
..
LATIN GRAMMAR.
TIO
{h)
Those having
-si in Perf.,
3-
4-
divido,
5*
evadOj
2.
dividere,
divisi.
di visum.
evadcrCj
evasi.
V.
shake
IX,
J%x
Jlo^.
laesi,
flexum.
fluxum,
laesum,
lusi,
UdLIiII,
play.
flecterCj
flexi.
8.
fluo,
fluere,
fluxi.
9.
laedo,
laedere,
ludcrCj
bend.
hurt.
mergsrej
mersi,
IIlt;rbUIll,
plunge
12. niitto,
mitterej
misi,
missunij
send.
13- necto,
nectere,
nexum,
hind.
14. pecto,
pectere,
pexi,
15- pidULUJj
jJlciULlcl
T\ 1
i yj
plectere,
1 1.
niergOj
plecto,
plectere,
premo,
premere,
19. rado,
20. rodo,
21. spargo,
22. trudo,
(r)
llcXUl, J
18.
rnexi,
rasi,
sparsi,
triisi.
A5.
disco,
discere,
didici,
fallere.
fefelli,
3*
6. fallo,
7.
pango,
pangere.
cecidi.
cecTdi,
cecini.
cucurri.
pepigi,
So
So
The compounds,
all
scrape.
gna<iv.
sprinkle
as,
-sum
in Supine.
casum,
caesum.
cantum,
cursum,
fall.
falsum,
deceiue.
cut^ kill.
sing.
run.
\
/
pactum.
J fasten,
t
recludo, -Sre,
-si,
make
bar
gain.
-sum,
opeji.
^\
thrust.
learn.
/pegi,
all
punish,
press ^,
cadere,
caedere,
canere,
currere.
plait.
pressum,
rasum,
rosum.
sparsum,
trusum,
rosi,
cado.
caedo,
cano,
curro,
I.
2.
t ICllJ
uiCA mil.
comb.
T^lQIICIITn
pidUbUlll,
pressi,
radere,
rodere,
spargere,
trudere,
Those having
pexum,
0 1 1 CI
diuide.
V ClDLllil,
11 A.Lllil
flectOj
lO. liidOj
Meaning.
go^ yield.
shut .
clausum.
concussum,
iigere,
o.
in Supine.
Supine.
Perf.
Tnf.
Pres.
cessi,
ced6rej
cedo,
clausi,
claudere,
claudo,
concutio. concutere, concussi.
-sum
[ 151-
in use.
express.
^
APPENDIX.
151.]
Pres.
Inf.
Perf.
Supine,
8.
parco,
parcere,
peperci,
9.
par 10,
parere,
peperi,
10. pello,
11.
pendo,
bring forth,
pulsiim,
pendere,
perdere,
pependi,
pensum,
^eigh.
perdidi,
perditum,
lose, destroy
pungo,
pungere,
15. resisto,
16. sisto,
resistere,
restiti,
sistere,
(steti),
17. tango,
tangere,
tetigi,
tendo,
tendere,
t^tendi.
19. tollo,
tollere,
20. tundo,
tundere.
(d)
pepuli,
poposci,
pupugi,
18.
Meaning,
spare,
pellere,
poscere,
14.
parsum,
paritum,
Ipartum,
perdo,
13. posco,
12.
Ill
Those having
dri've,
punctum,
restitum,
(statum),
tactum,
/ tensum, \
1 tentum, /
prick
resist
^.
place, stop,
touch,
stretch,
lift,
take a^juay^.
beat, pound.
-i in Perf.,
-turn
in Supine.
I.
attingo.
attingere,
attigi.
attactiim.
touch
2.
ago^
egi,
actum.
act, drive.
3.
bibo,
bibitum,
drink.
agere,
bibere,
capere,
cap 10
cepi,
contendo. contendere, contendi.
emo^,
emere,
emi.
5.
6.
demand,
bibi,
captum,
take.
contentum, strive
emptum.
^.
^.
buy.
'
or Supine.
^
-egi,
as accipio, receive.
So all compounds
of tendo, to stretch. Extendo, extend,
shew, and some others, have -sum as well as -tum in the Supine.
ostendo,
make
LATIN GRAMMAR.
TI2
8.
9*
1
0.
^,
frango ^,
f11 p"i n
impingOj
1 1
facere,
feci,
frangere,
fregi,
impactum.
strike upon
thro^v.
lectum,
choose, read.
relictum.
lea've^.
lambo,
lambere.
Iambi,
legere,
legi,
refellere.
retelli.
16.
rumpo,
{e)
I.
2.
3-
4.
5.
lick.
refute.
relinquere, reliqui,
rumpere.
rupi.
ruptum,
hurst through.
vincere,
vici.
victum.
cojiquer.
Those having
-i in Perf.,
-sum
in Supine.
accensum,
set on fire
contunsum,
bruise^.
contundo, contundere, contudi, /
\ contusum, 1
defensum,
defendo. defendere. defendi.
defend^
edere.
edi.
esum,
eat.
edo.
excusum.
excudere. excudi,
excudo,
hammer out
accendo.
accendere. accendi,
facessere,
facessi,
facessTtum,
findere,
fldi.
fissum.
clea've.
fodi.
fiidi,
fossum.
fusum,
dig.
fundo.
fodere,
fundere,
mando.
mandere,
mandi,
mansum,
che<iv.
IT. occido,
occTderc,
occTdere,
occTdi,
occasum.
occTsum,
fall^\
6. facesso,
7.
findo,
8. fodio,
9.
10.
do.
break.
j actum.
leci.
lego
17. vinco,
Meaning.
make^
iiTipingere, imDesri.
I 3.
14. refello,
15. relinquo,
factum.
fractum.
fugitum,
jacere,
12.
^,
Supine.
Perf.
Inf.
Pres.
7, facio
12. occTdo,
occTdi,
execute.
pour.
kill '\
and Supine
make
-lectum.
-lexi,
APPENDIX.
151.]
Pres.
pando,
13.
14. percello,
Perf.
Inf.
Supine.
pandere,
pandi,
percellere,
perculi,
perculsum,
strike
prehensum,
seize.
climb.
17. scando^,
18. scindo,
scandere,
scindere,
scandi,
repulsum,
scansum,
scidi,
scissum,
19. sido,
20. succurro,
sidere,
sTdi.
succurrere, succurri,
suspendo, suspendere, suspend!,
21.
22. vello,
vellere,
23. verro,
verrere,
vertere,
verri,
vTsere,
vTsi,
24. verto,
25. viso,
^yu|s/
verti,
1.
accumbo, accumbere,
alo,
alere,
alui,
3.
colo,
colere,
colui,
succursum,
suspensum,
succour^.
suspend^,
vulsum,
pluck,
versum,
versum,
visum,
s^weep,
njisit.
in Supine,
sit
cultum,
.
culti'vate.
fj/wp"
concinere,
concmui,
(concentumj,<|
consulo,
consulere,
consiilui,
consultum,
elicere,
elicui,
elicitum,
elicit,
8.
excello,
excellere,
excellui,
excel
9.
fremo,
fremere,
fremui,
excelsum,
fremitum,
frendere,
(frendui),{fress^i^,
11. furo,
furere,
(furui),
in
^^^e
elicio,
roar,
gemere,
gemui,
gemitum,
groan,
13. gigno,
gignere,
genui,
genitum,
beget.
sum,
har-
consult,
gemo,
12.
restrain.
at meat
nourish.
concino,
10. frendo,
turn.
-sum
{alturn^'
compesco, compescere,compescui,
.
cut.
settle,
accubitum,
acciibui,
do^n.
repel^.
in Perf., -turn or
2.
Meaning,
fpansum, \
Ipassum, /
cubaic).
impel.
1
LATIN GRAMMAR.
114
Meaning.
Supine,
Perf.
Inf
X res.
[ 151-
reap.
metOj
15. molo,
molere,
molui,
molitimij
grind*
16. occulo,
occulere,
occultum,
positum,
puty place*
rapere,
occului,
posui,
rapui,
raptunij
sei%e.
serere,
serui,
sertum,
se^.
stertere,
(stertui)
snore.
textum,
ynake a noise*
^ea've.
tremble*
vomitum,
'vomit*
14.
17-
ponere,
pono,
18. rapio
^,
19. sero,
20. sterto,
hide.
21.
22. texo,
texere,
texui,
23. tremo,
tremere,
tremui,
vomo,
vomere,
vomui,
24.
{g)
I.
4
5.
6.
7.
abolesco,
ctl
CCd3U,
abolescere,
adsciscere,
arcessere.
cernere,
in Perf.,
(aboil turn),
adscivi,
civiov^ X L u. 11 1
arcessivi,
n T*p v^ooiU
p QQTf" n
ai
Liiii,
crevi,
cerno,
cognosce, cognoscere, cognovi.
crevi.
cresco.
crescere.
cupio,
cupere,
cupivi,
8. incesso.
9- lino.
incessere.
-turn in Supine.
abolevi,
cretum.
cognitum.
cretum.
cupitum,
linere,
Llivi,
\
/
litum.
10. nosco.
noscere,
novi,
notum.
II. pasco,
pavi.
15. riido,
pascere,
petere.
quaerere.
quiescere.
rudere,
16. scisco.
sciscere.
sclvi,
17. sero.
serere.
sevi.
18. sino,
sinere.
sTvi,
19. sperno.
20. sterno,
spernere.
sternere,
sprevi,
pastum,
pStitum,
quaesitum,
quietum.
(ruditum).
scitum,
satum.
(situm),
spretum.
stratum,
12. peto,
13.
14.
quaero
qmesco.
petivi,
quaeslvi.
quievi,
rudlvi,
stravi,
^
ti/yyiyyinfi
U/HifUJIl *
ii
discern*
kno^ ^*
gro^*
desire*
attack*
incesslvi.
flevi,
decay*
smear*
J become ac'
\ quainted <with.
feed*
seek*
ask*
rest*
bray*
ratify*
SOfW.
allo^*
despise*
tbro^w down*
in pieces.
^ So capesso, take in hand^ and lacesso, provoke.
Arcesso and lacesso
sometimes have -iri for -i in Present Infinitive Passive. Arcesso is some-
APPENDIX.
-152.]
21
2 2.
"5
Pres.
Inf.
Perf.
Supine.
suesco,
suescere,
terere,
suevi,
suetum,
trivi,
tritum,
tero,
Meaning.
be accustomed.
rub,
Those ending in -uo in Present Indicative First Person Singular, which [with the exception of some already mentioned,
(b)
1.
2.
solvere,
volvere,
solvo,
volvo,
solutum,
volutum,
solvi,
volvi,
loose,
pay,
roll.
way
Few
in -ui, as,
Of the exceptions
scisco, suesco,
1.
2.
3.
illucescere,
4. illucesco,
5.
illuxi,
inveterasco, inveterascere,inveteravi,
{k)
The Semi-Deponent,
compounds confido,
Perfects confidi and
152.,
gronju light.
gro^
has Perfect
fido, trust,
trust confidently,
and
fisus
The
diflTido, mistrust,
and
diffisus
have
sum.
Supine.
Perf.
Inf.
Regular Form,
-10,
-ire,
-ivi,
as,
audio,
audlre,
audlvi,
Exceptions
old.
sum.
-itum.
auditum.
Inf.
Supine.
Perf.
1.
eo.
Ire,
Ivi (ii),
2.
sepelio,
sepelTre,
sepelTvi,
The compounds
usually
make
ii
in
Supine.
I
Ttum,
sepultum,
Perf.
VGneo,
Meaning.
go^,
bury.
am for
sale,
has no
LATIN GRAMMAR.
Il6
Those having
(I?)
Pres.
-tum
-i in Perf.,
reperlre,
reperi,
vemo,
venire,
veni,
(f)
Those having
confercio, confercire,
2.
feno,
3-
fulcio,
haurio,
5. sancio,
4*
find.
ferire,
fulcTre,
fulsi,
hausi,
sarcire,
sarsi,
7. sentio,
sentTre,
sensi,
8. saepio,
saepire,
saepsi,
9. vincio,
vincTre,
vinxi,
-sum
in Supine.
press together
strike
lultum,
prop.
sanctum,
sartum.
sensum.
saeptum.
vinctum,
decree.
nmcit^
HI
UjJ
U^iM iJ'h
sanxi,
6. sarcio,
or
contertum,
confersi,
haurire,
sancTre,
ascertain.
VPTrfllTTl
I.
Meaning.
compertunTi,
in Supine.
Supine.
Perf.
Inf.
mend.
feel.
fence round.
bind.
amicio,
amicire,
2.
aperio,
operTo,
aperire,
{amlxi''
'
3.
4. salio^,
operire,
aperui,
operui,
apertum,
opertum,
co'ver,
salire,
salui,
(saltum),
leap.
unco'ver^ open,
153.
Deponent Verbs.
{a) Deponents
(J))
Pres.
Meaning.
Perf. Part.
Tnf.
1.
fateor*,
fateri,
fassus,
2.
misereor,
misereri,
miseritus or misertus,
3.
reor,
reri,
ratus,
compounds of
ackno^uoledge,
think,
So
all
Inf. in -eri
and Supine
of this Verb.
^
-silio, -silire,
-silui
or
-silii,
-sultum,
as, rt^slHo,
to leap back.
*
APPENDIX.
-153.]
(r)
117
Pres.
Inf.
Perf. Part.
1.
adipiscor,
2.
3.
expergiscor,
adipisci,
Meaning,
adeptus,
obtain'^.
de'vise.
expergisci,
experrectus,
anvake.
Trasci,
Tratus,
become a7igry.
nanciscor,
nascor,
nancisci,
nasci,
nactus or nanctus,
obtain,
natus,
be born,
7. oblTviscor,
4. Trascor,
5.
6.
oblTvisci,
oblitus,
paciscor,
9. pascor,
10. proficiscor,
pacisci,
pactus,
pastus,
profectus,
11. reminiscor,
reminisci,
8.
pasci,
proficisci,
12. vescor,
vesci,
13. ulciscor,
ulcisci,
forget.
bargain,
feed,
march.
remember.
eat,
set out,
ultus,
a'venge.
amplecti,
amplexus,
embrace,
15. fruor,
16. fungor,
frui,
enjoy.
fungi,
17. gradior^,
18. labor,
gradi,
gressus,
labi,
19. loquor,
loqui,
lapsus,
locutus,
20. morior,
mori,
mortuus,
die,
21. nitor,
nlti,
nisus or nixns,
passus,
questus,
secutus,
usus,
strive.
The
14.
others are
amplector,
22. patTor'"^,
pati,
23. queror,
queri,
24.
sequor
25. utor,
sequi,
uti,
perform,
march.
glide,
speak,
allo^.
complain.
suffer,
follow,
use,
make
Inf. in -iri,
1.
assentiri,
assensus,
assent.
2.
experlri,
expertus,
make
metiri,
mensus,
measure.
assentior,
experior,
3. metior,
4. opperTor,
5. ordior,
6.
orior,
opperTri,
oppertus,
^ait for.
ordTri,
orsus,
begin.
orlri,
ortus,
rise.
compounds of
So
'
all
trial of.
;^
LATIN GRAMMAR.
[T54-
{a)
General Rules.
154.
Indeelinables we call
Neuter Gender, one and all.
Note, For exceptions see Madvig
[b)
I.
Common
2.
2 8-3 J.
4.
9.
155.
(^7)
First Declension.
Masculine.
{b)
Second Declension,
Exceptions
-us.]
Line
2.
8. chief, bjirgess,
exile;
11.
-um, Neuter.
workman;
5.
husba?id or
ox or cow,
Some
Masculine
inhabitant
young man
-er,
I.
2.
citizen,
-us and
ivifc
lo. author
other words, as hospes, guest or host, miles, soldier, hostis, ene??iy, etc.,
their meaning may be of either sex, arc sometimes, hut rarely,
Feminine.
(Copied by permission from the Public Schools Latin Primer.)
which from
APPENDIX,
-155.]
3.
domus [Fourth
4.
5.
Then come
6.
as well as Second^],
Third Declension,
Case.
{c)
of
119
Gender
^.
Nom.
\
Exceptions
-er.]
I.
Cadaver, and
2.
With
3.
To
One
4.
-or.]
linter
*.
I.
With
3.
I.
2.
3.
-es, increasing.]
Feminine,
2.
2.
-OS.]
is
I.
-o.]
iter,
i.
2.
3.
'
that
Declensions, except
is declined like both the Second and Fourth
Hence the
avoids the endings, -me, -mu, -mi [in Plural], and -mis.
Domus*
it
memorial
2
3
3.
house ;
Line
^ Line
6 Line
^ Line
*
line,
Vulgus
Line i.
6.
I.
I.
i.
1,
common
people, poison.
2.
LATIN GRAMMAR,
120
Exceptions
[ 155.
I.
Males are
2.
ligo, vespertilio,
3.
4.
Note. Besides ternio and quaternio, all names of numbers, as unio, binio,
scnio, etc., are Masculine.
Optio, an adjutant, is, by meaning!
Masculine.
Margo, edge, is common.
quinio,
-is.]
2.
I.
3.
Amnis,
4.
Callis
5.
6.
7.
^,
8. Glis, natalis,
and
canalis,
-as.]
X.]
I.
2.
Are Masculina
Most are Male
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
i.
ing.]
Line
2.
Neuter vas *.
e plus x,
Save nex, supellex, forfex, lex.
Common imbrex, and obex,
Pumex, cortex, and silex.
Three are Masculine in -ix,
Fornix, phoenix, and calix ^
Two are Masculine in -es,
Verres and acTnaces^
in
i.
Calli?, cinis,
Line
hill;
3.
and
staff,
the
nail, chronicle;
10. stone,
8.
dust, cinder;
ploughshare;
12.
haunch;
13.
Line
i.
as [a
Roman
Line
2.
Line
2.
adamant, elephant;
2.
vase.
[But vas,
Masc]
bark, flint-stone
^
coin],
6. arch,
phoenix, cup.
boar, scimitar.
3. tile, bolt;
4. pumice-stone,
APPENDIX.
155.]
preceded by
-s
i.
a Consonant.]
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Neuters end
Exceptions
121
and
-n,
-1,
-t.
-ur.]
in -ur,
Furfur, turtur, vultur, fur
I.
I.
-us.]
2.
'^.
in
-us
-1.]
-n.]
{d)
I.
Masculines
2.
Sal
I.
Males
2.
Fourth Declension.
Exceptions
sol
and
pugil*.
in
-US, Masculine
-u. Neuter.
-us.]
I.
2.
3.
{e)
in -1 are mugil,
and consul,
Feminine are
trees in -us,
which
is
Common
^
Line
1.
fountain, mountain;
4. third
2.
part ;
confluence
6. east,
west
7.
3.
steel,
pincnrs
8. stock, fat.
^
^
Line
Line
2.
2.
age, safety
^
Line
Line
Line
l.
l.
2.
122
LATIN GRAMMAR,
[156-
First Declension.
Nouns
Feminine
-e, as,
clension.
N.
Aeneas,
AtrTdes,
V.
Aenea,
Acc.
G.
Aenean
Atride [a or a, rare],
Atriden [or -am],
Atridae,
Atridae,
Atride [or -a].
[or -am],
Aeneae,
Aeneae,
Aenea.
p
Ab.
De-
Circe,
Circe,
Circen,
The
in -as.
Hence
157.
Second Declension.
Nouns
in
clension.
N. V.
Acc.
Delon
S^"aV
u.
Ab.
Delo.
Delos,
Androgeos,
[or
-um],
S^^''
Androgeon
[o or ona],
Androgei [or
Androgeo.
-o],
De-
Pelion,
Pelion,
Pclii,
Pelio.
Pleias,
^
daughter of Pleione.
APPENDIX.
-158.]
123
{b) Vir,
out.
vir-i,
and so through-
N. V.
Sing.
Plur.
Gen.
D. Abl.
Deus,
Deum,
Dei,
Deo,
Di
Deos,
Deum
Acc.
\or dii],
[or
deorum],
Dis [or
diis].
-um
pf
{a)
The
158.
Third Declension.
this
rious,
The
-A.
poema,
poem
-C.
lac,
milk,
-E.
rete,
net.
ret-is.
-I..
animal,
animal.
animal-is.
sal,
salt,
sal-is.
mel,
honey.
mell-is.
exul,
exile.
exul-is.
-N.
carmen,
song.
carmin-is.
-0.
iatro,
robber,
oratio,
speech.
Macedo,
homo.
Macedonian,
man.
>)
hirundo,
Carthago,
s^walloau,
?)
Carthage,
>)
caro,
-AR.
-ER.
calcar,
Gen. poemat-is.
lact-is.
latron-is.
?;
spur,
Caesar,
Caesar^
corn.
career,^
prison,
pater,
iter.
father.
journey,
ver.
spring.
>>
homin-is.
hirundin-is.
Carthagin-is.
carn-is.
calcar-is.
Caesar-is.
farr-is.
carcer-is.
patr-is.
itTner-is.
vOr-is.
From
faber," smith,
oration-is.
Macedon-is.
flesh,
far.
fol-
LATIN GRAMMAR.
124
-OR.
-UR.
labor,
labour,
arbor,
tree.
[ iS^.'
Gen.
labor-is.
arbor-is.
cord-is.
cor,
heart.
fnlp-iir
licrhtnino'.
robur.
strength.
robor-is.
fur.
thief.
.,
fOr-is.
cTvitas,
state.
,,
fulgur-is.
civitat-is.
anat-is.
-JIjO.
as.
as
mas.
ynale.
mar-is.
vas.
surety.
vad-is.
vas,>
uase.
nubes.
merces,
cloud.
pes.
,,
vas-is.
nub-is.
pay,
merced-is.
JOOt,
hos tage
ped-is.
CGres,
Ceres,
,,
Gerer-is,
aes.
copper.
,,
aer-is.
seges.
quies,
miles,
cornfield,
,,
seget-is.
,,
quiet-is.
soldier,
milit-is.
avis,
hit- /I
uiru.
av-is.
rest,
tigris.
tiger.
Is^pis,
stone.
sanguis,
bl ood,
sanguin-is.
ciner-is.
,,
cinis.
ash.
2"lis
UUl
semis.
half-an-as.
lis,
lanjusuit.
-OR
-T7R
\di L.U1I1/,
,,
tigr-is, tigrid-is.
lapid-is.
f/lUliJC,
semiss-is.
,
lit-is.
guardian.
sacerdos,
priest.
OS,
mouth.
OS,
bone.
opus.
corpus.
^ork,
,,
oper-is.
body.
,,
corpor-is.
palus.
marsh,
,,
T\cr>nc
pcL.
US,
beast
,,
sacerdot-is.
6r-is.
OSS-is.
r\ilnri_ic
pdlULl-lD.
pecud~is,pecor~is.
tellus.
earth.
virtus.
'virtue.
virtiit-is.
sus.
sowo.
su-is.
telliar-is.
-BS.
urbs.
city.
urb-is.
-MS.
-NS.
hiems.
winter.
hiem-is.
frons.
frons,
leaf,
forehead,
frond-is.
front-is.
APPENDIX.
Gen.
stirps,
stem
princeps,
auceps,
chief.
-B.S.
pars,
part,
-T.
caput.
head,
-AX.
pax,
peace.
fax.
torch.
J)
r>rllpv
thuTTib
>)
nex.
death,
lex,
la<w.
herd,
-PS.
grex.
senex.
-IX.
jj
aucup-is.
birdcatcher.
old
stirp-is.
princTp-is.
part-is.
capTt-is.
pac-is.
fac-is.
poUic-is.
nec-is.
leg-is.
))
man.
>>
greg-is.
sen-is.
salic-is.
salix.
<ivillo<w.
radix.
root,
strix,
screech-o^l.
)>
radic-is.
strig-is.
mv-is.
nix.
sno<iv.
-ox.
vox,
nox,
'voice,
night.
noct-is.
-ux.
nux,
nut,
nuc-is.
lux.
light,
liic-is.
conjux,
^ife,
conjug-is.
arx,
citadel
arc-is.
-RX.
J)
(^) List of
v5c-is.
in Accusative,
and
-i
in
Ab-
,tive.
1.
6.
(f)
List of
in Accusative,
and -e or
in Ablative.
1.
2.
Sementis,
3.
4.
-em
'vel
-im
^.
cucumber,
force, hoarseness, basin, thirst, cough; 2. mustard,
charybdis, tiger, plough-tail;
3. enclosure, hemp, axe; 4.
and Proper Names in -is, 6. as Syrtis, Tiber, Thames.
2 Line i. rope, stern, tower, ship; 2. seed-sowing, flesh-scraper, and key;
Line
l.
irpenter's rule;
.
-em
or -im, whichever
you
prefer.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
1^6
(d) List of
lative in -e or
{e)
tristis,
[158-!'
-em but
in
Ab'
-i.
1.
Amnis, anguis,
2.
Givis, ignis,
3.
avis, bilis,
imber,
finis,
4.
\
Nouns which were originally Adjectives
and make Acc. -em, Abl. -i, as, Atheniensis
All
in -is follov
[sc.
'homo']
'
Names,
acer.'
Nouns of this class when they become Propei
as Juvenalis, Martialis, have only -e in Abl.
(/) Neuters in
-e,
-al,
make
calcar, spur,
-i in
(b)
1.
2.
Nouns
make -um,
bee,
and
except,
Monosyllabic Nouns of which the stem ends in two Consonants, as, dens, tooth, dent-. Gen. PI. dent-ium.
I. Glis, mas, mus, lis,
2.
3.
4.
3.
Neuters
4.
Nouns
5.
increasing
Compes, palus *
penates,
Nix, strix, faux, vis,
Servitus*, arid optimates*.
in -as.
I.
2.
we
sol,
class
and vas^
without.
APPENDIX.
-l6l.]
(^) Greek Nouns of
make Acc. -em or -a,
Acc. aerem
Greek Nouns in
aer,
this
as,
127
The
or aera.
Acc.
PI. usually
ends
in -a,s.
Orpheus
is
thus declined
Nom. Orpheus,
Acc.
Orpheu,
Voc.
-is
Orpheum
Gen. Orphei or
D.
Orpheo,
Ab. Orpheo.
or -ea,
-eos,
spit
160.
partus, birth;
portus,
Fourth. Declension.
is
-ei, -ei,
Fifth Declension.
The
-e of the Genitive ^ei is said to be long when preceded by a vowel, as faciei rei and fidli are perhaps doubtful,
but the form is altogether rare.
(/a)
all.
161.
Adjectives.
(Ji)
'felix'
3ver
-e,
il
-ium
in
Gen. Plural.
1.
'
Line
i.
poor,
grown
LATIN GRAMMAR.
128
The
2.
Vigil, uber,
[i6x-i in
Ablative Sing.
immemor^.
Note. Celer, swift, hebes, blmit, and teres, s??ioothly-rounded, are not found
Celeres, the body-guard of the Roman kings, has Gen.
in the Gen. Plural.
Vetus, old, has Neut. Plural Vetera.
Plural Celerum.
is
SINGULAR.
N. V. A.
Gen.
Dat.
Ab.
PLURAL.
N.
M. F.
N.
plus.
plures.
plura.
M. F.
plurium.
pluris.
pluribus.
(plure)
pluribus.
pluris hoc,
Pluris is only found as an expression of value
inquam, mihi eris, you (will be the more njalued by me, I replied,
Complures, se^veral, has Neut. complura, rarely compluria.
:
etc.,
the
162.
Comparison of Adjectives.
The
following instances of irregular Comparison, in addition to those given in 27, are to be noticed.
N.B. Square
brackets, as [egentior], denote that the degree of Comparison is
borrowed from some word of equivalent meaning round brackets,
as (piissimus), denote that the word is rare in Classical Latin.
{a)
maturus,
maturior,
ripe,
egenus, needy,
providus, prouident,
'
maturissimus.
maturrimus.
[egentior],
[providentior],
[egentissimus].
[providentissimus].
dives, rich,
divitior,
divitissimus.
(dis), rich,
ditior,
vetus, old,
(potis, able).,
[a)/cu,
s^i/t^,
frugi, 'virtuous.
Line
I.
ditissimus.
[vetustior]
\ (veterior)
\
'
potior, preferable,
ocior,
frugalior.
veterrimus.
2.
potissimus.
ocissimus.
frugalissimus.
APPENDIX,
129
rusticior,
fa}sus,fa/sey
falsissimus.
novus, ne^,
novissimus.
mcMtus, famous,
inclitissimus.
There are
I"
pius, dutiful,
magis
strenuus,
strenuior,
pius,
<
L
acti've.
maxime
pius.
(piissimus).
(pientissimus).
strenuissimus.
is
poor.
Note.
The
-ficus, -volus,
26,
and compounds of ars, mens, and cor, as iners, inactive, demens, mad,
vecors foolish, which are compared regularly, as, inertior, dementior, etc.
(4),
(3)
I.
2.
gradus
^,
melius,
pejus,
magnopere, greatly,
parum, too little,
multum, much,
magis,
diu,
intus, within,
nuper,
saepe, often,
satis, enough,
secus, otherwise,
*
Line
i.
maxime.
minime.
plurimum.
less,
plus,
diutissime.
intime.
diiitius,
interius,
nuperrime.
lately,
[prae, before\,
prope, near,
iO
minus,
optTme.
pessime.
prius,
primum.
propius,
saepius,
proxime.
setius,
saepissime.
satius,
2.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
{a)
163.
The
[ 163.
N. V.
N. V.
Bos, ox,
or bubus.
N. V.
familiae,
familias, filius
familias, etc.
N. V. Acc.
N. V.
N. V.
(^) Heteroclite
are of
jugerum, aci^e,
jugeri,butPl.Gen.jugerum(3rdDecl.),
D. Abl. jugeribus (rarely jugeris).
requietis, but Acc. requietem and rerequies,
rest,
Deck).
Many
Note,
Nouns,
163, c.
(2)
as,
p^nus.
p^nus,
penum,
-i, 2,
Gen. penoris,
penus,
peni,
2,
4,
3,
V
J
pro'visions,
APPENDIX,
Gen.
plebis, 3,
plebes,
plebis, 3,
plebei, 5,
praesepe,
praesepes,
praesepium,
praesepis,
praesepis,
praesepii,
tapes,
tapetis, 3,
tapeti, 2,
plebs,
plebes,
tapete,
tapetum,
tapetis,
the
3,
manger.
3,
2,
3,
Gen. vesperae,
vespera,
vesper,
vesper,
common people.
carpet.
i,
Acc. vesperum,
2,
Abl. vespere, or
-i, 3,
evening.
carbasus,
caelum,
frenum,
f.,
m.
hea'ven,
caeli,
n.,
bit.
freni, m.,
a jest,
place,
and loca, n.
and ostrea, n.
Pergama, n.
rastri, m., and rastra, n.
sibili, m., and sibila, n.
jocus, m.,
locus, m.,
ostrea,
can'vas,
n.,
Pergamus, m.,
rastrum, n.,
sibilus, m.,
Tartarus, m.,
The
m.,
ostreae,
n.
loci,
oyster.
f.,
and frena,
Pergamus,
harrow,
hissing.
Tartarus,
Tartara,
f.,
n.
no Sing, except
Dalneum, a private bath, pi. balnea; and, on the other hand,
^pulae, a private banquet, has no Sing, except epulum, a public
Note,
PI. balneae,
a public
bath, has
mtertainment,
Nouns
are
found only
in
in
the
Note.
1
Round
brackets, as
(verber), denote
classical Latin.
that the
word
is
not found
LATIN GRAMMAR,
Sponte, by impulse noctu, by night, jussu, by order, injussu, cjoithfound in Abl. Sing., and have
,
no
plural.
no plural,
impetis, impete, no pL, from (impes), uiolence,
sordem, sorde, full pL, from {soy des), Jilt h.
veprem, vepre, full pi., from (vepres), bramble.
fors, chance, Abl. forte,
(vicis),
change.
vis
(h))
{Nom.^, vim,
Some have
vi, 'violence.
PL vTres,
dapem,
dicion-em,
(y)
pL,
in the Singular.
Names
in Latin.
See Madvig,
Lat. Gr. 51.
The following are a few
inter alia
1. Artus, ilia, majdres,
3. Towns, as Veii
2, Casses, manes, and primores,
4. Festi'vals, as Saturnalia \
:
4.
Line
I. Littibs,
Saturnalia.
fafiks, ancestors;
2.
fiet,
ghost, chief
men;
3. Veii;
-1 64.]
APPENDIX.
(/) List of
their
meaning
in the Plural:
P.
Aedes, a temple,
Aedes, a house,
Impedimentuni, hindrance.
Impedimenta, baggage.
S.
S.
Auxilium,
P.
S.
Career, prison.
Garceres, starting place,
P.
help.
Ludus. play.
S.
Gastrum,ybr^.
P.
Castra, camp.
Lustra, dens^
S.
Co^m, plenty.
lairs.
P.
Copiae,ybrrd'j.
Opera, labour.
Operae, ^ork-people.
S.
Finis, end.
Opem
P.
Fines, boundaries.
S.
Sal, salt.
P.
Sales, avit.
[Acc.], help.
() Cardinal,
as,
The
first
three Car-
dinals have
four,
(J))
Ordinal,
as,
(d) Multiplicati've,
as,
two
apiece.
threefold,
(e) Ad'verbial
Numerals,
as,
semel, once,
bis, twice,
(g)
given
in
LATIN GRAMMAR.
134
3.^
-M
'
(U
flj
ri,S:>
5-
.S^
s -
5-1
[ 164.
O ^
l'^
5"\
rj
^ '5 ^ 5^ 5- -a 1^
1 ij g. ^ s I
<U
o g
2
p
c/2
13
CD
W C
r-
.a +j
iZi
,0
^^
?3
CO
2S ^
^ c5
J- JO)
CX,
5g 5^
CD
CT*
Cr
t/)
S g
rr-K
'
^^
'"^
cq
_J ^d T"!
C o
c/3
-a
ili
cu
p p
in^
-rJ
if)
'k^
> >
rv^^
1^
i5
^ S
i
2 p
S3
!
o S
)0
5P
t :3.p
S o
)p
)o
joi
2^
^
g >
I-
P c o
APPENDIX.
i64.]
Cr CT
c/3
c/)
cAi
<u
C O O
-^3
CO
,^
3:^
c/)
c/3
O C
CD
CD
5::^
c/5
^3
rl
bX3
CD
,
CD
^ o a
TO
.,1
is
a o S
O C O U
CT*
6 S
CD
^ ^
t:
CD
-r^
S
^3 'So
a>
QJ
as
c2
c/3
.5
4-
CT
CA)
(/)
O (D
O C O
CD
CD
5^
4-
CT"
^3?
.S bClcd
led
12
S!
E2
'i'
CD .S3
<D
a a ^
^ CD
'^n
.boicd
.a 'g -^'2
c c
cr'
o
o
On^
u
u
0000000
OOOOOOOOmOOO
0000000
ro-^iOvot^OO
O O O O O
M M
a\
<N
ro
U-)
vo
cx)
C7N
O^
n
o
U
U
o
o
n
n
u
u
u
u
LATIN GRAMMAR.
136
{a)
165.
[ 165-
Cardinal Numerals.
et quadringenti
tria, etc.,
'
viginti
unum,
or,
milit^w et viginti
(^)
unum
We
et viginti
milites,
misimus
unum
[i.e.
milit^-j].
Ordinal Numerals.
first
and second
secund^
'
APPENDIX,
-16;.]
(c)
Distributive Numerals.
'
The
Relative Pronoun,
The
Interrogative Pronoun,
The
Indefinite Pronoun,
| Q^f quae
qjuho
or ^uhicb.
'
''quod ^ }
^1
{ gif^^ae:
}
These duplicate forms of the Interrogative and IndeThe first is the Substanfinite should be carefully remembered.
ti'val Form, as, Quis hoc fecit? IVho did this? Si quis hoc faciat,
If any one should do this ; the second is the Adjectiual, used when
some Substantive is introduced agreeing with the Pronoun, as.
Qui puer hoc fecit? IVhat boy did this? Si qui puer hoc faciat. If
The same distinction is preserved in
any boy should do this \
many of the following Compounds.
Note,
Quidam, a
certain per-
The Compounds.
167.
Quivis,
*^
I
any
Quilibet,
yon
J
*
These
by beginners.
si qtiis
(
]
distinctions
'
please.
|
writers, e.g.
Subst.
quoddani, Adj.
son.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
138
Quicunque,
whoso-
Quisquis,
ever.
is
Quisquis,
Quisque, each.
Unusquisque, each
167-
Sing. N.
Acc.
Abl.
Note. Quisquis
otie.
unumquodque, Adj.
Aliquis, some.
Subst.
j
Quisquam,
a?iy
one at
^
Quisquam,
quidquam or quicquam.
{^11
Note.
Quisquam
is
generally a Substantive
the Adjective
is
at all.
Ecquis, ecqua,
ecquae or
bcqui,
^
-a,
ecquid,
ecquod,
Interro2;ative-Indefinite
Pronoun,
The
168.
{b)
Note.
Some
APPENDIX.
-i69.]
(b)
little
Note,
book,
-leus
colt,
<willo^-bed,
(4)
from
salix.
-arium denotes
from arma.
(5) -ile denotes a place ^here animals are kept,
sheepfold,
from
as, ovile,
ovis.
or -as,
as,
These
bonus.
(2) -ia, as, audacia, boldness, the quality of the audax.
the justus.
(3) -itia, as, justitia,ywj//V<?, the quality of
quality of the fortis.
(4) -tudo, as, fortitudo, bra'very, the
(a) from Verbs,
169. Derived Adjectives are formed,
Substantives, (c) from Adverbs and Prepositions.
(b)
from
LATIN GRAMMAR,
140
These
The
following
(1)
ciples,
irascor.
offightings
from pugno.
(3) -idus, chiefly from Intransitive Verbs, denotes actitnty^
as, fervidus, globing, from ferveo.
(4) -ilis and -bilis denote capacity^ and are generally used
Passively, as, docilis, teachable, from doceo; mobilis (for
But some are used
movibilis), mo'vable, from moveo.
Actively, as, terribilis, terrible (i. e. capable of terrifying)
from terreo.
(5) -tivus denotes a state resulting
from
(6) -tilis and -silis have the force of Perfect Passive Participles, as, sectilis, cut, from seco
pensilis, hung up, from
;
pendo.
{b)
These
-nus,
as,
quernus,
oa/ien,
from quercus.
Note.
These terminations may, however, express of or belonging to, when the Noun from which they are derived is
not a Noun of Matter, as, virgineus, maternus.
(2) The chief terminations expressing /w// o/*are
:
The
long-eared,
from
numerous.
1.
2.
3.
APPENDIX,
fidelis,
faithful,
from
fides;
hostilis,
hostile,
from
hostis.
Note.
4.
The
canine,
5.
lestis,
6.
(r)
tions,
from
canis.
-ter or -tis,
as,
heauenly,
from caelum.
few Adjectives are derived from Adverbs and Preposidiuturnus, lasting, from diu
posterus, next, from
as,
post.
The
75.
number
171.
In dating
{a) The ist, 5th, and 13th were denoted by the Ablatives,
Kalendis, Nonis, Idibus, with the name of the month added in
But in
agreement, as Kalendis lanuariis, the ist of January.
March, May, July, and October, Nonis and Idibus stood for 7th
and 1 5th respectively.
(^) The day before the Kalends, Nones, or Ides, was denoted
by the Adverb pridie, the day before, used like a Preposition
LATIN GRAMMAR.
171-
(c) All other days were denoted by reckoning back from the
next ensuing Kalends, Nones, or Ides. The reckoning included
not only the day reckoned from but the day reckoned to ; thus
the 30th of December was called the third not the second day
before the Kalends of January. The form for expressing the
date thus found is as follows
Ante diem tertium Kalendas Januarias, the loth of December,
Ante diem octavum Idus Januarias, the 6th of January.
Ante diem quartum Nonas Martias, the \th of March.
Ante diem duodevicesimum Kalendas Maias, the 14th of April.
172. A short form for expressing the above dates is as
:
follows
APPENDIX,
-175.]
H3
parts.
Assis
1
T2 of an as =
Uncia
Sextans
_3_
Quadrans
Triens
12
Quincunx
Semis
Septunx
Bes
T2
Dodrans
1%
Dextans
Deunx
2
3
3
ounce.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2 ounces.
=10
=11
i 1
T2
TdTWj used hi bequeathing property,
<whole estate;
an as
12
Heres ex
etc., heir to
Interest.
Romans
Hence,
asses
usurae =-1 as per cent, per mensem = 12 per cent, per annum
deunces usurae =1^ of an as per cent, per mensem = 11 per cent,
per annum, and so on.
Instead of asses usurae we sometimes
find the phrase centesimae usurae, or simply centesimae, i. e.
hundredth parts of the principal paid monthly, or 1 2 per cent,
per annum. Binae centesimae = 24 per cent.
Note. For the phrase fenus unciarium see Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities.
175. The Sestertius, or nummus sestertius, was a coin of the
value of 2 asses, being rather more than twopence of our money
before the reign of Augustus, and rather less than that sum afterwards. It is denoted by the symbol HS. (i.e. L(ibra) L(ibra)
S(emis), or perhaps IlS(emis), 2\ pounds).
The sum of 1000 Sestertii was called Sestertium, roughly
This also was denoted
equivalent to about 8 English money.
by the symbol HS.
The expression for a million sestertii was decies centena millia
sestertium (for -orum) for 1,100,000 sestertii, undecies centena
millia sestertium, etc. The words centena millia are often understood hence, decies sestertium, a million; millies HS., a hundred
;
millions^ etc.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
144
175-
In order to distinguish HS. meaning sestertii from HS. meansestertii, a line is sometimes written over the subjoined
ing
Thus,
numeral.
HS.MD. =
i5oo
sestertii,
but
HS.MD.=
i5oo
i.
e.
as
ABBREVIATIONS.
Proper Names.
176.
Aulus.
Gains, Gains.
N.
Numerius.
P.
Publius.
D.
K.
Decimus.
L.
LiTicius.
or Sex. Sextus.
Servius
Ser.
Spiirius.
Sp.
M.
Marcus.
Manius.
A.
C, G.
Gn ,Gn. Gnaeus, Gnaeus.
Quintus.
S.,
Kaeso.
T.
Titus.
Ti.
Tiberius
men
etc.,
as
name
of his
former gens with the termination -a/^z/s), assumed by C. Octavius after being
adopted by C. Julius Caesar, whose praenomen, nomen and cognomen he
also assumed, and became known as Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus.
177.
Miscellaneous.
P. G.
P. R.
S. G.
Patres conscripti.
S.
S.
Salutem.
Salutem
F.
Filius.
HS.
Sesterti-us,
Imp.
Imperator.
Id.
Idus.
Kal.
Kalendae.
Non.
Nonae.
P. D.
Populus Romanus.
Senatiis consultum.
plurimam
um.
Romanus.
Si vales bene
S.V.B.E.E.V.
Ego
est,
valeo.
APPENDIX.
-i8o.]
Uncial
letters.
Cursi've letters.
Letters.
Capitals.
Small letters.
The letters c
q), g, h; t, d;
The letters m, n.
Liquids.
The letters r.
Spirants.
The letters f, h,j, s, 'v.
Double Letters. The letters
%,
Gutturals,
The throat sounds, viz.
Dentals,
The teeth sounds, viz. d, j, I,
Mutes,
Nasals.
b,f(y).
/,
Labials,
179.
b,
n,
^> J?
x.
^>
^*
m/f^nj,
Syllables, etc.
180.
end
Nouns.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
146
181.
181-
Verbs.
= Indefinite).
When
gnosco.
Apocope.
Syntactical Figures.
183.
'
APPENDIX.
-1 84.]
in
'
184.
Prosody.
A name
carmma.
only, as.
Res
Note
I.
est
The
sollici
ti
||
plena
ti
moris a
mor
||
may
last
syllable of a verse
Pronoun.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
148
184-
delnde.
Diaeresis,
Resolution of one vowel into two, or of a diphthong
into two vowels, as, evoliiisse for evolvTsse, aquaiVor aquae.
-1 85.]
APPENDIX.
149
LAWS OF QUANTITY.
General Rules.
185.
{a)
Words
Words
Exceptions.
in b, d,
1,
and
t,
(^)
word,
is
Exceptions,
(a)
quae
the same
Diana
h, in
possje
(c) the
negabam
doubtful, as unius,
illius,
(d) the
but short in
alterius, utrius,
sometimes
is
solius, totius.
Exception.
word,
is
is
Exceptions.
Note
when
Prae
(d)
I.
Bijugus, quadrijugus.
the next
word
Talis
Note
2.
am
or tene
at nec
final
sit
mihi
cura
med
eri
||.
word
be-
ginning with sc, sm, sp, sq, st, x, or z, except smaragdus, Scamander,
Xanthus, Zacynthus.
Virgil has lengthened such a vowel once, perhaps, in
muros||, lEn. ix. 37, but this
the doubtful reading date
tel^
scandite
is a licence which must never be imitated.
Avoid the position altogether.
|
( 178)
when followed by
(/) Derived words usually follow the quantity of their primiperlego from lego, legere, but ablego from lego, legare.
There are however many exceptions to this rule.
tives, as
tiili,
scidi.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
{h) Dissyllabic
Exceptions.
Pro
composition
in
is
sisto,
statum from
sto.
Re
{k)
in
composition
is
Exceptions,
retulit.
(a)
186.
Final Syllables.
final syllables
O, U, C,
AS, ES, OS, must lengthened be.
Final A,
I,
(1) Exceptions to a long are ita, quia, eja, and Nominative, Vocative, and
Accusative Cases (except Vocatives of Greek Nouns in -as).
Greek Vocatives and Datives, as
(2) Exceptions to i long are nisi, quasi
Alexi. Palladt; and the doubtful vowels mihi, tibi, sibi, ubi, ibi. Compounds
of ubi, except ubique, are short, as ubivis.
(3) Exceptions to o long are cito, ego, modo, quomodo, duo, homo. The
o of the First Person Singular of Verbs is said to be common, but except in
scio, nescio, volo, putd, it is almost always found long.
(4) Exceptions to c long are fac, nec, donee, hic.
(5) Exceptions to as long are anas, vas (vadis), and most Greek Cases of
the 3rd Declension in -as.
(6) Exceptions to es long are penes, es (from sum) and its compounds,
and -es of the 3rd Declension increasing short as seges. But aries, abies,
;
Greek words
in -OS, as epos.
(Z*)
final syllables
B, D, L, R, N, and T,
IS and US nor place deny
;
To
in
YS and
Y.
(1) Exceptions to e short are the final e of 5th Decl., as die, and Adverbs
derived therefrom, as hodie, quare ; 2nd Sing. Imperative of 2nd Conj., as
mone
Greek nouns
in -rjp.
in -us
its
and
-er;
compounds;
APPENDIX,
-191.]
(4) Exceptions to ti short are en, n5n, quin, and Greek words in -rjv or -oov,
Nouns of 3rd Decl.
(5) Exceptions to is short are Dat. and Abl. Plural
;
in -is
is
PI. in -itis,^as
(itis)
audis.
2nd
Pers.
The 2nd
of Tenses which
Sing,
doubtful, as amaveris,
(6) Exceptions to us short are all the cases of 4th Decl. except Norn, and
Voc. Sing. Nouns of 3rd Decl. in -us i?icreasing long, as servitus Greek
Nouns in -ovs, Lat. -us, as Panthus.
;
PARSING FORMS.
Substantive.
from
{state
Gender,
Number,
is
187.
a Substantive,
^hat
here
it
makes
in
Case.
Account
for the Case, by reference to the explanations given in the Syntax
for example, if the word be in the Genitive Case, state what kind
of Genitive it is, and on what word it is dependent.
the Geniti'ue),
188. Adjective.
an Adjective of
Terminations, from
,
Number,
Case, agreeing with
Gender,
If it be a Comparative or Superlative Adjective, state
Note,
the fact, and give the Positive; thus, Migniori is an Adjective
of two Terminations, from dignior, the Comparative of dignus,
etc' If it be a Numeral or Quasi-numeral, state the fact.
is
Pronoun, from
Account for the Case,
is
Gender,
Case.
ber,
Num-
as with Substantives.
Gender,
be a Relative
Pronoun, or a Demonstrative used as a Personal Pronoun, account
for the Case, as with Substantives.
is
Pronoun, from
Number,
191.
is
If
it
Verb.
{here gi've the chief parts
Verb, from
Number,
Tense,
Mood,^
its Nominative
If an Infinitive, omit Number, Person, and Agreement.
For an Impersonal Verb, omit Person and Agreement, and after
the word 'Number' add the words 'used Impersonally.'
Voice,
of the Verb),
Person,^ agreeing with
Account
for the
Or
Person,
Mood,
if a
Subjunctive.
Number,
Tense,
Mood,
Voice.
LATIN GRAMMAR,
152
192.
[ 192-9.]
Participle.
is from
, the
{here state the 7ense and Foice) Par{here gi've the chief parts of the Ferb)^
ticiple of the Verb
Number,
Case, agreeing with
Gender,
Note. If a Gerundive, omit Tense and Voice. In parsing the
forms amandum est, monendum est, etc., there is no agreement
with any Substantive; therefore, after the word 'Case' add the
words Neuter Gerundive Construction, implying necessity.'
'
193.
Gerund or Supine.
194.
Particles.
is
had
last written.
Tum,
senex,
in a
Trans. Vb.
recitavit.
SUPPLEMENTARY RULES
AND
EXAMPLES.
Note on the Subjunctive.
196.
The
The
Rule.
197. The uses of the Subjunctive may conveniently be classified according as they occur in Principal Clauses of Oratio Recta, in Subordinate
Clauses of Oratio Recta, in Principal Clauses of Oratio Obliqua, and in
() Potential Use,
Note.
is
translated
by
Some
07ie
may
say.
Nearly
all
am I to
do
(d)
Optative Use
199.
Subordinate Clauses are introduced either by the Relative, qui, quae, quod,
or by Conjunctions.
The Mood in such Clauses is not always Subjunctive,
but when it is, it is usually explained grammatically as being governed by
the Relative or Conjunction, though the expression is not strictly correct,
the real reason for the Mood being that it refers to a supposed case rather
LATIN GRAMMAR.
154
[ 199-
than an actual fact, e. g. Paetus omnes libros, quos frater siiiis reliqiiisset,
mihi donavit, Paetiis has give?i me all the books which his brother left him,
(For a more complete
i.e. which his brother, as he believed, had left.
account of the Relative in its simple sense of who or which followed by
Of Subordinate Clauses introduced
a Subjunctive see Madvig 368, 369.)
Final
are,
by that or in order
Latin by ut, that, ne, lest, quo (before Comparatives), that,
riot.
qui
ut, and quominus, qain, in order that
(b) Consecutive (indicating a residt), expressed in English by that,
also
after a preceding so or siich, and in Latin by ut after talis, tarn, etc.
?iot, and qui = talis ut.
by quin, so that
(c) Temporal (indicating titne), expressed in English by when, etc.,
and in Latin by quum, ut, ubi, and other Temporal Conjunctions already
(a)
that^ lest,
and
mentioned in 84.
(d) Causal, expressed in English by since, as, or because, and in Latin
by quum, quia, quod, and other Causal Conjunctions mentioned in 84.
{e) Conditional, expressed in English by if or unless, and in Latin by
si, nisi, and other Conditional Conjunctions mentioned in
84.
(/) Concessive, expressed in English by although, and in Latin by
etsi, quanquam, etc.
See 84.
yg) Comparative, expressed in English by as if or as though, and in
Latin by tanquam, quasi, etc.
See 84.
200.
In Principal Clauses of
Oratio Obliqua.
//
Rule.
Hence
sio7ially
or believing, and are usually expressed by the Injifiitive, but occaut with Subju7ictive after certain hiipersonals, e.g.
by
Evenit, contingit,
fit.
refcrt,
interest.
Rule.
at.
( 60, p.
or Object of a Verb.
ject
Nate.
rule respecting
'
'
APPENDIX,
-202.]
155
To
ask or wish,
command,
contrive,
tibi
ne
Rule.
'
202.
whole Speech containing Statements, Questions, and Commands intermingled is sometimes reported Obliquely, being dependent on the words
dixit, dicit, or their equivalents expressed or understood.
the Ififinitive,
The
junctive
Example
put
in
and,
Subor-
lastly, all
Direct.
Deinde dux,
hostium,*
exclamavit,
Arcem
*
'
statim
Statemefits are
amittamus
p7irpose
stormitig
citadel immediately.
the
Who
enemy's
will
go
Am
Wake up!
or your slave?
haste ! Get ready your arms,
Make
lest tve
lose
war
Which
my's citadel immediately.
of his comrades luould go luith him 7
Were they waiting until the enemy
vohmtarily gave up their arms ?
Oblique.
Was
LATIN GRAMMAR.
156
obtulisset,
fors
202-
Expergiscerentur, festinarent,
arma pararent, ne occasionem
quam nunc
had
war.
Note.
when
it
'
Additional Notes on
204.
general rule for Sequence of Tenses,
The Rule
in
148,
The
that Primary
is
Historic.
Infinitive
Moods.
Remember
that
what
aiebat se
verum
205.
The
dixisse.
difl[iculty
He
said that he
had spoken
the truth.
in
ait se
verum
dixisse,
He
is
as,
verum
dicere.
He
Often however the rule given in 205 will not apply; e.g.
{a) By a laxity in P^nglish usage the Aorist is often used where a PluThus, we find such sentences as A said that B
perfect ought to stand.
In all such
told him so and so,' where told of course means had told.
cases, where the action takes place before that of the governing verb, a Pluperfect must be used after a Historic I'cnse.
206.
APPENDIX.
fact rather than a supposed case.
It is especially frequent after ut Consecutive
thus, he was so prudent that he avoided these thitigs * might be
translated tarn prudens erat ut haec vitaret, or tarn prudens erat ut haec
vitaverit
the former would mean he was so prudent as to avoid,' &c., the
latter *he was so prudent that he did actually avoid.'
(c) A Pluperfect is often used in Subordinate Clauses of Oratio Obliqua,
where an Imperfect would stand if it were Oratio Recta thus, si flumen
transiret, hostem vinceret, if he crossed the river he would conquer the
enemy becomes, in the Oblique form, putavit se, si flumen transiisset, hostem
esse victurum.
*
'
Indicative.
we
suffer from in
common.
208.
After a Historic Present, i.e. a Present used for an Aorist,
like our says he * for said he,* the Tenses in Subordinate or Dependent
Sentences sometimes follow the mle, sometimes the se?tse, as, though so
great a defeat had been sustained, the general nevertheless exhorts the
'
'
'
soldiers not to
lose heart,'
milites hortatur ne
animo
quum
tanta
dux tamen
deficiant or deficerent.
*jf* The following Examples, as far as 290, follow the order of the
Rules of Syntax, pp. 84-104, which they are intended both to illustrate
and supplement.
The numbering of the paragraphs is made with a view
to facilitating reference, and has nothing to do with the Syntax Rules.
Phrases and words requiring special notice in the Examples are printed in
italics without any reference being necessarily intended to the particular
rule of Syntax which the example illustrates.
209.
The
Galli
urbem oppugnant.
the city.
They announce
Gallos
tiant.
Cur
Galli
nescio.
urbem oppugnent
Nescio qualis
sit
Milo.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
158
I
kno^
what
not
sort of
man
Milo ^as.
I
Milo ^as.
is
happy.
I
Caesar
will
come.
come.
It is well
will
(See
(See
est.
Negat
se
beatum
esse.
Haud
sit.
known
that Caesar
come.
They
Beat us
happy.
He
2 12.
205.)
He
211.
^lo-
205.)
not
k7jeqju
Caesarem venturum
esse con-
stat.
would
come.
Caesarem venturum
esse dice-
bant.
he wise or foolish?
wish to know whether he
213.
We
is
Is
wise or foolish.
We (ivish to
know whether he
^as wise or foolish.
We avished to know whether
he
qjuas
214.
wise or foolish.
Marcus has
is
to re-
turn.
not to
return.
215. The
Marcus
rediit.
Marco persuasum
est ut redeat
and 205).
Marco persuasum est ut rediret ( 200, c, and 205).
Marco persuasum est ?ie re( 200,
r,
diret.
soldiers
had taken
the town.
asked whether the soldiers
had taken the town.
We
Utrum
Milites
oppidum ceperant.
Militesne oppidum
quaesivimus.
cepisscnt
216. Part
APPENDIX.
-22,0.]
mox ad portas
erunt.
Me certiorem fecerunt Caesareni
et Crassum niox ad portas futuros esse.
Caesar etCrassus
the gates.
If the
1.
Singular Verb,
as,
or
it
more
But,
takes a
Note 2. If the Conjunctions be Disjunctive, as, ?iec 7iec, utru7n an, sive
sive, velvel, autaut, etc., the Verb usually follows the Number and
Person of the nearest Noun, as, nec Caesar nec legati \\oc fecerunt; nec
legati nec vos hoc fecistis.
Tu
Te
218.
will
be accused.
Et
t-^o
beati fuimus.
Et
me et te
et
et
Marcus accusabimini.
Marcum accusatum
iri
credimus.
Rule. If the Persons in a Composite Subject are different, the Verb follows the prior Person ; the First Person being considered prior to the Second,
and the Second to the Third.
Note.
There is often a tendency, however, to make the' Verb agree with
the Noun jiearest to it, as, ego et Cicero mens flagitabit. In such cases the
Verb is said to be attracted to the Person of the nearest Noun.
Rex
219.
et regina
Ignis, aqua,
mortui sunt,
ferrum sunt
utilis-
sima.
useful.
Rule. If the Genders in a Composite Subject are different, the rules for
Adjective in Agreement are as follows
living things, the Adjective is put in the
(1) If the Nouns are names
Plural and follows the worthier Ge?ider; the Masculine being considered
luorthier than the Feminine, and the Feminine worthier than the Neuter.
(2) If the Nouns are names of thi?igs not living, the Adjective is put in
:
Note.
Here again, however, is to be noticed the tendency to attract the
Adjective into agreement with the nearest Noun, as, animus et consilium et
sententia civitatis posita est in legibus, the spirit and purpose and feeling of a
station
is
220.
expressed in
The
spiracy
its
laws.
headed.
Note.
constructio
the notion of
men
LATIN GRAMMAR.
i6o
22 1. The
quarrels of lovers
are the renewal of love.
Est
Note.
*
Words
is
Amantium
Number of
(See 95,
tio est.
the nearest
Arborem, quae
The
ExercTtus,
ii.
Cf.
sc. I.
c.)
the tree
which grew in our garden.
The tree which I loved so much
has been cut dow^n.
2 22.
Noun.
Macbeth, act
gives.''
in
horto nostro
crescebat, succTderunt.
Arbor,
quam
bam, succisa
cum
tantopere diligeest.
quem Hannibal
se-
Rule. The Preposition cum, when used with the Personal Pronouns,
and sometimes when used with the Relative, is enclitic ( 179), as, mecum,
tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum, quocum, quibuscum.
It is said
that Scipio
command-
We, who
223.
does
will
punish him
who
this.
mittimus.
Ego
posuimus.
Rule.
it.
225.
is
Omnes
mei, of me.
226.
227.
with
omnium
est
primum.
Thebes, which
capital of Boeotia.
The
is
is
the
A PPENDIX,
-231.]
i6i
the Relative
Greek,
the city
boy whose
228.
Servius Tullius.
Here Servio
Tullio,
is
yours.
name was
Puer
nomen
fuit.
in
Apposition to nomen,
is
229.
made
Osiris
was the
first
who
ploughs.
It is
who made
ploughs.
the most beautiful
flowers he had.
Lucullus was the richest person
He
gave
me
living at
Rome.
Eorum
qui
tum Romae
habita-
Osiris primus
to the Relative in Latin, as they appear to do in English.
erat qui aratra fecit would mean, Osiris, who made ploughs, was the first
*
'
man, without denoting in what respect he was first,' and by no means imAfter Superlatives, some
of ploughs.
it was in the making
rendering similar to that given in the last two of the above examples
must be adopted. 'Flores pulcherrimos, quos habuit' would simply mean,
very beautiful fiowers, which he had; and 'Lucullus ditissimus erat qui tum
Romae habitabat would mean, Lncullns, who was then livirig at Rome, was
(For he sent back all the books he had say libros,
a very rich person.
quos habuit, remisit omnes,' rather than 'omnes libros, quos habuit, remisit.')
'
plying that
'
'
'
'
filius fuit.
king.
231. It
learned.
is
said that
Galba was
Galba doctus
fuisse dicitui
It
LATIN GRAMMAR,
l62
232. The
town was
Oppidum
called
232-
vocatum
Corioli
est
Corioli.
They
called the
town
Corioli.
He marched
towards Capua, a
city which had lately revolted.
defecerat.
An
Appositive Noun having a Relative Clause immediately dependent on it, as in the last of the above examples, is sometimes attracted mto
So, the phrase a thing which is always quae
the Case of the Relative.
res, quam rem, etc.
Rule.
'
233. I
sul.
wish to be
It is a glorious
made con-
thing to be
'
Consul
made
fieri
cupio.
magnif icum
est.
mere complement of
fieri,
Consul^-;?? fieri
consul.
Note.
In the last
follows the Case of the unexpressed Subject of that Verb, viz. the Accusative ( Sg, footnote 2).
I am not permitted to
be neglectful.
Mihi non
234.
sative
is
Madvig. 393,
c.
Obs.
3.
235.Priamreignedmanyyears.
Jl report was spread that Priam
had now reigned many years.
He
before Christ.
We
killed
is
also
good Latin.
inter-
Note.
This Ablative is used to express (i) at what time, as above, (2)
within what time, as, paucis diebus proficiscar, I shall set out in a few days,
(3) how long ago, as tribus abhinc annis mortuus est, he died three years ago.
Ad with
in the direction
of
Romam
liam redii.
ad Brundisium
vi~
et in Ita-
flexit iter.
means towards^
APPENDIX.
'243-]
238. Dionysius
(lub^rn
expelled
163
at
Corinth.
It
is
Memoriae traditum
when
Ab
Note.
interior of or
from
When
239.
at
or small islands
Gergovia discessit. Ab
passuum a Roma abesse.
redierunt.
or ex with towns
is
denotes either
Cypro
discessit
Rome
Romae
love
from
as, tria
Tibur, Tibure
the
Caesar a
niillia
Romam
amo.
Horatius dixit se
Tibure
Romam
Romae
Tibur,
amare.
Rome.
Accusative Case.
no,
(See
240.
Note.
a, h. )
Ludum
insolentem ludere.
241.
is
allied to
maximam partem
in the above
immaterial whether we call
of Limitation or a Neuter Adjective used
Limitation,
It is
Adverbially.
(See
no,
c.)
Os humerosque dco
242.
similis.
Note.
The Accusatives here and in similar instances, many of
occur in Virgil, as, perque pedes trajectus lora tumentes, having
passed through his swelling feet, inutile ferrum cingitur. he girds
useless sword, etc., are not Accusatives of Respect, but are the Direct
i
which
thongs
on his
Object
LATIN GRAMMAR.
164
243-
244.
its
The Verbs
My
245.
my
mother taught
remember
The
No^e.
is
my
that
me my
taught
tive
me
Mater mea me
literas docuit.
letters.
mother
Matrem meam me
do-
literas
cere memini.
letters.
construction of
Infini-
to be noticed.
tuum
ne
celes, or
celare noli.
cela-
veris.
But do not,
no
See 378.
cela.
Dative Case.
(See 116 and 117, a.)
He owed
247.
his life to
me.
retulit.
life
They
To
If
you
your
consult
me
will consult
Note, Caelo
is
Dative of motioti
to^ for
Rule.
Genitive.
Communis,
So also
Si
me
ad caelum
Hoc
and par.
nium hoc
a poetical usage.
mihi tecum
Commune
commune
animantium
est.
om-
est.
affinis
sulam ( 298).
C^iiid mihi tecum
It clamor caelo.
interests.
What
may
APPENDIX.
-^55-]
249.
[See
315, ^.].
Solvendo
esse,
Haec curae
252.
sunt nobis,
the army.
The
Note.
after
253.
Predicative Dative
as nobis
and exercitui
Whom
did
it,
it
may
in the
Gui bono
benefit?
fuit?
Note.
Only Adjectives of quantity, as magnus, quantus, tantus, etc., are
Hence cui in the above example is an
used with the Predicative Dative.
Indirect Object, not an Adjective in agreement with bono.
254.
Gassandrae
vati
nunquani crc-
ditum
It is well
est ( 119).
Gassandrae vati nunquam cre-
lieved.
Ablative Case.
(See 120, 121).
He
255.
loco
position.
Note. Except in the case of towns and small islands, almost the only
Ablatives of Place where used in Prose are loco, locis, dextra, laeva, medio,
terra marique, and Nouns in the Ablative having totus or medius in agreeHence the English in when used of
ment (Roby's Lat. Gr. 11 70).
place should usually be expressed in Latin by the Preposition in with
Ablative.
is
all
sorts of
Nouns.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
i66
256.
256-
dictatura se abdicavit.
(See 121, a.)
Dixit nescio quis Sullam dietatura se abdicasse.
Fortasse roges cur Sulla dietatura se abdicaverit.
Caesar
Somebody
for-
There
are
some who
believe
Sulla
felicior
Crasso erat.
(See 121, c.)
Sunt qui credant Caesarem
feliciorem Crasso fuisse,
Crasso
esset,
Puto
They
live
on meat.
mortem dedecore
levi-
orem.
vivunt ( 121,
The
Ablative of Comparison is used (i) for quam with Nominative, as felicior Crasso for felicior quam Crassus, (2) for quam with
Accusative, as feliciorem Crasso for feliciorem quam Crassum, hut not for
quam with aiiy other Case. Thus we could not say frumento magis carne
vivunt for they live more on corn than on meat.
Rule.
'
'
258.
Tanti
eris
aliis
quanti
tibi
fueris ( 298).
yourself.
The
otio
permu-
take in exchange.
thing for which
260.
T:he
its
The
richer he
is,
the
Quo
plus discit.
APPENDIX.
-^63.]
Ait
the
Note
he
The quo
therefore takes
The
261.
its
sun
many
is
times
The
was
city
the
more
easily
&c.
Dimidio major.
(See 123.)
Urbe
262.
qjuas
Emperor.
est
Christus.
because my father
and mother ordered me.
If you appease the gods, you will
did this
Caesar ex Gallia
capta,
discessit.
Haec, patre
et
matre jubent-
ibus, feci.
Dis
placatis,
periculum
vitabis.
He
home and
left
set out
Domo
for
In
relicta in
Italiam pro-
fectus est.
Italy.
the
consulship
of Gnaeus
sulibus.
Now
courage, O
263.
there
is
there need of
Aeneas;
demand
now
demand
is
Why
is
Nunc
viribus usus.
for strength.
Nunc
viribus
for strength.
need of haste.
there need of haste?'
said he.
He
126.)
is
There
asked
why
of haste.
Properato opus
'
Cur,' inquit,
est?'
Cur properato
'
est.
properato opus
sivit.
know
is
less
often found.
should be hiown.
Usus
is
consuuctcd
LATIN GRAMMAR,
i68
Genitive Case.
(See 127-131).
My
264.
Your care
Rule.
Mea
for
Tua
me.
Meus,
265.
cura tui.
cura mei.
praise.
They
he
say
eager
<ivas
for
money.
fuisse
ferunt.
peritus,
267.
He
it
libertatis fuit.
Madvig (417
Genitive of Definition.
a Genitive of Purpose.
Where
in
the world?
folly that,
Regiumimperiumconservandae
Ubi gentium?
Eo
stultitiae venit, ut
&c.
&c.
Note.
Genitives dependent on Adverbs of Place, as quo, eo, ubi, &c.
or of time, as, nunc, tunc, &c., are best referred to the head of Partition.
268.
Abstineto irarum.
in
Horace.
Thes
269.
Me
Me
general,
done
think/
'
that
this?'
replied
the
ought to have
proficisci oportuit.
Hand
out.
*Do you
proficisci oportet.
scio
an
me
proficisci
oporteat.
Putasne,'
*
me
imperator
inquit
hoc facere oportuisse ?
*
APPENDIX.
-277-]
270.
your
pity
Me
folly.
You
He
contented with
his lot
paenitet.
ashamed to do this.
Theyrepent of havingdone this.
How happens it that no one
lives
tuae miseret.
stiiltitiae
Te culparum
We are
271.
169
Tua
It is
pacem,
interest
lum
illius
bel-
bellum
sit).
Note.
Mea, tuii, &c., are explained (1) as remains of an Acc. Fern. Sing.,
the original expression being inter meam rem est, tuam rem fert, &c.,
(2) as
Abl. Fem. Sing, with ellipse of re.
See also Roby's Lat. Gr.
1285.
272.
note 2),
is
refert.
Infinitive
273.
Hoc
wish to go away.
The Infinitive added
b,
Mood.
Abire cupio.
Note.
to complete the sense after such Verbs as
wishy begin, be able, &c. (Madvig, 389), may be called the Complementary
It
is
also
known
as
Prolative
Infinitive.
(Pub. Sch. Lat. Gr. 180).
274.
well.
am
Gaudeo te valere,
quod vales.
or
gaudco
Note.
Quod with Indicative is used instead of Accusative and Infinitive
(1) with Verbs expressing some emotion of the mind, as gaudeo, doleo, &c.,
See Madvig, 398, b.
(2) with certain Impersonals.
275.
Then
rum
vultus plebeii.
from
Note.
What! am
my
Me-ne incepto
to shrink
settled purpose
The Exclamatory
(2)
of
desisterc!
Infinitive
is
Perpeti
is
all
things.
to think
of your doing
Audax omnia
For
this,'
&c.
perpeti.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
278-
The Gerund of
Rule.
takes
its
case after
it.
279.
something.
For the sake
of
seeing
the
city.
With
Ad urbem tuendam
(tie'ver
ad
urbem tuendww).
city.
Rule. With Transitive Verbs {a) the Genitive Gerund often takes an
Object in the Accusative, especially when ambiguity, (as noticed in 138,
footnote), or awkwardness of sound, as magnarww statuan/7 videndar?/m, is
to be avoided, {h) the Dative and Ablative less frequently have an Object,
and (c) the Accusative with Preposition 7iever has one.
In these latter cases
the Gerundive construction, as explained in 138, is used.
We must speak.
We had to speak.
We must speak these things.
280.
He
Eumenem
gave up Eumenes
281.
to his relatives to be buried.
He
caused a bridge to be
ever the Arar.
Qui,
endum
Pontem
made
(jiot
est).
propinquis
est,'
sepeli-
tradidit.
in
Arare
faciendum
curavit.
Quum, and
Ut.
(See 143).
made
pity
this
The
He
283.
will
send ambas-
The
that,
and
is
known
as
'
is
Qui
nem inimlcum
*
Qui Causal.*
Legatos,
It is
qui
feceris.
often strengthened
pacem
petant,
mittet.
peterent,
misit.
APPENDIX.
284. You are not such a man
as not to know what you are.
Non
171
tu
es
is
quid
qui,
sis,
nescias.
The
talis,
'
quam, as, aetate provectior est quam qui diu vivat, he is too
old to live long, (4) after Interrogative, Indefinite and other Pronouns and
paratives with
est
timeat,
te
who
there
is
as,
quis
or understood, as,
sunt
Almost
qui credant, there are some who believe.
Subordinate clauses are to be referred to this head.
There
285.
can do
Who
is
is
no one but
7iot
Quis
Nihil
tam
is
prevents
our
doing
this.
Note
I.
Quin
facere
difficile est
quin per-
f ici possit.
so.
Nothing
hoc
is
is
quin
est
it
see
not immortal.
case
possit.
this.
There
Nemo
all
habeat.
Nihil obstat quin {or
hoc faciamus.
quominus)
stands (l) for the Nominative, qui non, quae non, quod non,
above examples, (2) for the Ablative qui non, how
tiot
Note
'
(See 144.)
286.
287.
will
When summer
returns
go home.
288. Caesar seeing the enemy
off their guard suddenly attacked them.
we
Quae quum
Quae quum
city
consu-
sulere volui.
Qiium redierit aestas
ibimus
Caesar,
con-
domum
298).
quum
videret,
eos
hostcs incautos
subito adorlus
est.
ita sint, te
lere volo.
is
LATIN GRAMMAR,
290-
feceris, ita
metes
(See 145.)
290. As
you reap.
you sow, so
shall
Ut sementem
(298).
Ut
valerent interrogavimus.
Se and Suus.
291.
if
Bru-
Fabius
Cato cum
They have
Nee Catonem
sibi
res ejus
redditurum
filio
( 298).
aspexerunt.
292.
yours or mine
Num
followed by an
omitted in these double questions,
Notes.
-No
Meumne
Num meum
Scire
volo
is
is
<
rare.
as,
an tuum est
hoc ?
meum
utrum
,
^
>
meumne
num meum
Utrum,
-ne,
num,
an
tuum
hoc
are
sit.
sometimes
silent?
is
293.
I
Rule.
in
Incertum
facturus
est
an sine
vi
hoc
sit.
pulsion.
Rule.
question
After Verbs of
is
often
APPENDIX,
-297-]
*
1/3
{a)
He would
He
said that
With Verbs
Active Voice.
Amaret.
love.
he would
love.
no Supine and consequently no Future Infinitive [which is formed from the Supine] the phrase, fore ut or futurnm
esse ut,' with Imperf. Subjunctive is used, as,
I hoped the boys would learn,'
Speravi fore [or futurum esse] ut pueri discerent.'
that have
'
'
'
'
'
It
Amaturusne
incertum
esset
erat.
Amavisset.
Dixit se amaturum
fuisse.
loved.
Supine,
'
futurum
fuisse
ut,'
It
is
An amaturus
have loved.
296.
{a)
He
fuerit
in
dubio
est.
Passive Voice.
He
would be loved.
said that he would be loved.
Supine,
'
Amaretur.
amatum
Dixit se
fore ut
'
or
'
iri.
futurum esse
ut,*
with Sub-
would be used.
junctive,
be loved,' or,
*
futurum
esset
'
'It
ably resort to some contrivance for avoiding this ambiguity, such as changing
the construction from a Passive to an Active form, &c.
(b)
He
He
said
been loved.
Amatus
esset.
Quod.
297. They accused Socrates,
on the ground of his corrupting the youth, but in reality
because he had become suspected by those in power.
to
killing
quod
accusarunt,
juventuteni corrumperet, re
tamen ipsa quia in suspicionem magistratibus venerat.
Socratem
Marcum
capitis
quod patrem
damnarunt
occidissct.
LATIN GRAMMAR,
174
The
Rule.
297-
Dux pugnam
detrectavit, non
quod timeret, sed quia cunc-
tari voluit.
when
it
expresses (i)
an alleged reason, as in the first two of the above examples, (2) after the
Negative Adverb, a supposed or possible reason, a reason which might be
The true
the true one, but is not necessarily so, as in the last example.
reason in such cases is usually expressed by quia or quod with Indicative.
Future Time.
298.
He
said
were
do it if I am
he would do it
will
able.
if
he
Faciam,
Dixit
si
potero.
se, si posset,
facturum.
able.
When
Quum
He
In
summa
turre stabat.
Se in
summa
Eum
in
summa
gcirunt,
CaptTvi per
centur.
mediam urbem
Captivos per
ductum
iri
dii-
mediam urbem
nuntiatur.
highest
APPENDIX.
^75
To.
Kule. To with Nouns is nearly always the sign of the Dative,
except when it implies motion to
with Verbs it is usually the sign of the
Infinitive, except when it means in order to.
300.
This
He
He
be useful to me.
send presents to me.
wished to kill Marcus.
Hoc
will
mihi utile
Munera ad me
will
Marcum
erit.
mittet.
occTdere voluit.
homines ut
occTderent.
2. Misit homines qui
^i. Misit
Marcum
Marcum
occiderent ( 283).
3. Misit homines Marcum oc-
He
sent
men
to kill
4.
Marcus.
Marcum
occidendum ( 279).
5. Misit homines Marcum occidendi causa ( 279).
Misit homines Marci occidendi causa ( 138).
7. Misit homines Marcum oc6.
cTsum
An
English
( 136).
may
be (i) a Verb-Noun
meaning the act of hilling, or (2) an Adverbial phrase meaning iti order to
hill.
But in Latin the Infinitive is only a Verb-Noun, and is never used
Adverbially except by the poets.
Such a sentence, therefore, as misit
homines Marcum occidere^ could only mean he sent men the act of hilling
Marcus,' which is absurd.
Remember then that the Infinitive should
Note.
Infinitive,
e.
g.
to
hill,
'
'
301.
command you
to
ifi
Latin.'
do
Impero
tibi ut
hoc
facias,
this.
I
advise
you
not to
do
this.
They
He
est ut iret.
We
asked him to go
with us to the Forum.
Rule.
down
Oravimus
Forum
By ut translate Infinitive
With ash and wish, command,
ut
nobiscum
descenderet.
contriue,
Volo,
jubeo,
rather than an ut
veto,
Clause.
is
conor,
sino,
After Verbs
LATIN GRAMMAR.
l^6
Having.
The
302.
therefore,
Rules,
be used,
(a)
If a
to suit the
sense,
should
it
as,
Dux
ita
locutus consedit.
quum with
Dux, quum
Having
if
Pluperfect
as,
con-
dixisset,
ita
sedit.
Quum
honourably so
many years he is worthy of
the utmost praise.
lived
is
Primary Tense,
as,
erit,
(c) If the Verb is Transitive and has an Object, an elegant rendering can
be made by means of the Ablative Absolute, as,
Romam
rediit (redibit).
Rome.
Note
person
Hostibus
I.
victis
who conquered
Note
Ceno,
2.
woman),
havirig
Note.
Beware of regarding
as absolute a Substantive,
'
In the
men'
with Participle in
of the above
first
(i. e.
it.
Of.
304.
He
Ad
of Cyprus.
/ almost think he will
island of Cyprus.
sail
Hand
to the
Here are
Cyprum
to
navigabit.
scio an ad insulam
prum navigaturus
insulam
Cy-
sit.
as,
the city of Rome,' &c., of is merely
be noticed the English expressions all 0/,'
'
'
APPENDIX.
--309.]
177
since the
o/whom'
it is
used partitively.
He talks
306.
makes
0/in
/"battles,
De
and
light 0/ danger.
the
307.
use
first cslsq
To
culum parvi
= concerning
in the
second
Templum
facit.
it
auro spoliare.
gold.
Of
Is
The.
Qui
308.
(or
milites
There
Note.
translation
in
Non
remember
the
Quantam
bravery he
shewed.
He
Servum
quam) virtutem
{or
praestiterit
memini.
misit,
fidelissimum.
Existimatio,
habuit.
quern
quam
habuit
insigncm
Without.
309.
He
is qjuithout
wisdom.
Sapientia caret.
Note.
'
Without
'
'
Gerund
LATIN GRAMMAR.
178
310.
^-without
310-
Nunquam eum
rem.
laughing.
He made
Ne uno quidem
interfecto, urbs
capta est.
Non amplius morati proficiscuntur.
being punished,
without study-
ing.
ing.
nisi Uteris
discas.
Note.
'
quin
'
;
'
without
subsequently learning.'
Instead
311.
te eo.
Rome.
debuit.
of.
Pro
go instead of you.
in-
quum
Rome.
attacking
Capuam
Hannibal
recessit,
Romam
oppugnare
neque Romam
debuisset {or
oppugnavit).
Tantum abest ut
honorem cu-
him.
Too.
312.
The
The way
shoe
is
is
too
narrow.
the
foot.
command
Nothing was
too
old to
of armies.
too
arduous for
him to undertake.
est
or,
Via
angustior est.
Calceus major est quam pro
pede.
Marcus multo provectior aetate
fuit quam ut [or, quam qui]
exercitibus praeesset.
Nihil tam arduum fuit quin is
suscTperet.
As many men,
many
Quot homines,
tot sententiae.
opinions.
He is such as he has ever been.
semper
313.
so
fuit.
APPENDIX.
-314.]
179
Non tam
that.
such was
Cato,
found out
his
sagacity,
this.
{or
is
sagacitate),
hoc
as regards you.
or,
As
qua erat
deprehendit.
Quae tua est temperantia.
Quod ad te attinet.
your temperance.
As far as you are concerned,
Such
far as
He
raises
know.
Quod
as
Quam maxim as
great forces as
possible.
As soon
comparat
The
as.
of
or,
potest copTas
copias quam
maximas comparat.
Simul atque. Idem qui.
Ea erat milTtum virtus, ut to-
/^j.
.Sz/f^
sciam.
the
'
tum diem
pugnarent.
Some, Any.
ask.
in another.
have any
partes) fugiunt.
quis hoc dicat.
Ne
this.
quid ingenii in me
Sunt qui patent.
Erant qui putarcnt.
Ecquis ita putat ?
ability.
Si
est.
Rules,
is
(a).
'
little
it is
nonnihil, and,
when used of
quantity, aliquantum.
Any
(c)
num
quis
'
instead of 'that nobody,* in Final Clauses, the Latins said 'lest anybody,' no
quis.
But in Co?isecntive Clauses ' that nobody is ut nemo. In Connnands,
'
For
in
and no one'
Cununands ncu
LATIN GRAMMAR.
i8o
315-
'
The Demonstrative
ate them.''
is
seldom
cupiuiil^j alii
sper-
making
(a) by
Some covet
it
alii
nunt.
spise them.
Note,
as,
Divitias
if
Alii
ducem
toriam
culpare,
vic-
alii
ei gratiilari ( 275).
tory.
{h)
by making
Participle
tences, as,
and
of,
est.
316.
that
Either
those of.
The
fleet
of the
Romans joined
Sociorum
classi classis
norum conjuncta
Roma-
est.
The fleet
Romans
of the
joined
Sociorum
juncta
classi
Romana
The
keels
are
much
flatter
ships.
Carinae
quam
con-
est.
aliquanto
classis
is
to
planiores
nostrarum
navium
sunt.
Ways
Hostes adortus
profligavit.
Pontem incensum
delevit.
bridge.
Hie
edficere
casus gladium
conanti dextrani moratur ma-
num.
Leonidas superatus cedere
men
noliiit.
ta-
APPENDIX.
-322.]
i8i
Xerxes
Asiam
Roma
Graecis
victus
in
rcfugit.
cxpulsus Athenas
ibit.
feci.
vised me.
Much
like one
^ho fears.
Multum
similis
metuenti.
Only the commoner uses are here given. For a further account consult any
good Dictionary, Roby's Lat. Gr. 1800-2 192, or the Publ. Sch. Lat. Or.
70-72.
(See III.)
Ante, before, as, ante muros, before the walls, ante lucem, before
318.
dawn. Often used as an Adverb, previously.
Apud,
319.
at,
near, and
To
in.
sunt.
Apud
Note.
We
He
320.
wrote a
From
Non apud
Ad,
to,
towards,
at,
invenimus.
(Poet.)
Litteras ad
letter to him.
the country
stretches toqjuards the North.
The defeat at Cannae.
About (almost) 40 years old.
this
se est.
point
Inde
ad
vergit.
How
you.
Around the
city walls.
to
(in
friendly sense),
Adversus ea respondit.
Adversus te contendam.
Circum, around,
about.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
iSa
323.
Belgae dwell
o?i this
side the
side^ as
Belgae
[3^3"
cis
Rheniim
incolunt, the
Rhenus.
o?i
the opposite
side,
One
site
To
Hujus
oppo-
is
325.
Extra,
326.
modum, beyond
unum
insulae
latus est
contra Galliam.
Contra regem conjurare.
Gaul.
conspire against a king.
sense,
amongst the
its.
measure.
Infra, below, befieath, as, terra infra caelum est, earth is below
327.
the heave?!, id infra grammatici officium est, That is beneath the business of
a grammarian.
328.
Mount Jura
is
between
Sequani and Helvetii.
Mons
the
nefarie
sunt.
flagitioseque
condemned on a charge of
assassiiia-
Reciprocal
rendered by
Intra, within,
329.
The
facta
Juxta, 7iear,
330.
in like manner.
as, intra
next
city.
to.
humana
fides
colatur.
Ob,
331.
(rarely) before,
before his
Mors ob
eyes.
On
of.
est.
Memorem
Junonis ob iram.
of Juno.
332.
Penes,
in the
333.
temple.
Pone, behind
Used
power
is
in
of,
as,
me
my power.
(rare), as,
Castor''s
APPENDIX,
-341 ]
334.
You were
Post, behind,
Often used
after.
Tu
of sedge.
Six years after the capture of
as
183
Adverb, behind, afterwards.
Veii.
Next day he
past the
camp of
contrary
to,
addition
in
to,
Caesar.
things happened to me
beyond my hopes.
He arrived contrary to everyone's expectation.
They brought ten men each
besides themselves to the conference.
They have no clothing except
Many
omnium
opinionem
Praeter
pervenit.
Denos praeter
se ad colloquium
adduxerunt.
praeter
Vestitus,
non
pelles,
habent.
skins.
337.
We
Propter,
down
near
sedimus.
statue,
On
of
Plato's
sat
was not
338.
ripe.
He who acts
himself.
339-
bv another acts by
Secundum,
live according to
340.
more.
Supra,
along, next
me
Versus, towards,
as,
to,
according
to.
Secundum flumen.
Secundum te nihil
Used
at
est
mihi
amicius solitudine.
Secundum naturam
nature.
above, beyond.
per
facit
se.
'
To
of.
Per undas.
Per multos annos.
Qui facit per alium
also as
vivcre.
LATIN GRAMMAR,
184
342.
Ultra, beyond,
343.
Trans,
344.
In
as, ultra
that place.
with Accusative,
/;//o, to,
They make an
In fines
incursion i?ito
the territories of the Remi.
He puts the enemy to flight.
Hostes
Pax
J/ter the
342-
manner of
Remorum
to,
against.
incursionem
faciunt.
in fugam
biennium
in
dat.
facta.
Servilem in modum.
In me convertite ferrum.
slaves.
against me.
Other phrases are, in multam noctem, deep into the night ; in horas,
fro7n hour to hour; in ^oiitiwm, for the future ; treceni numnii in capita,
300 sesterces for each person.
Note.
To
up
to,
yoke.
They come
About
up
the wall.
to
nightfall.
347.
Accusative, beneath,
as,
(See 122.)
348.
by
= hy
agency
How
Note.
of,
on the side
of.
(Quantum mutatus ab
illo
Hcc-
tore!
Gallia ab Sequanis
Sequani.
Rhcnum
at-
tingit.
on one's side
hoc
me
in the rear.
like
349.
Absque,
absque
te foret, if
it
351.
They
set forth
ritories.
from
among
of,
their ter-
coram populo
loqui,
to
concernuig.
Dc
speak in
APPENDIX.
-358.]
He
the wall.
The other
instances
of this
185
De muro
se projecit.
kind.
marble.
They
Templum
niveo de
factum.
De pace agunt.
marmore
Note.
Other phrases are, de nocte, by night; de tertia vigih'a, at the third
watch; de more, according to custom; de integro, afresh; de improviso,
unexpectedly ; de industria, on purpose.
352.
Caesar.
in the presence
of
Cum, with, (l) in the sense of together with, as, vagamur egentes
354.
conjugibus et liberis, we are wandering in poverty with our wives and
children; Romani cum GaUis contendunt, the Romans coiitend with the
Gauls ; (2) denoting manner, as, cum celeritate venit, he came with speed.
cum
Ex, E,
355.
He
He
of,
Ex
Ex
aedibus currit.
Asia rediit.
Gotta ex consulatu
fectus in Galliam.
est
pro-
Note
to
statue
When
made
the
alarmed
on
0/*
bronze.
had grown
state
of the
account
debt.
In accordance ivith a decree of
the Senate.
Note
Other phrases
2.
are, e re,
356.
357*
Abl., as,
whole
commota
Ex
senatusconsulto.
as, sine
Tenus,
as
far
as, is
Ariminum.
The camp
walls.
alieno
civitas.
estate.
Sine, without,
tenus, as far as
as,
Quum
is
u\
behalf
of,
instead
of
LATIN GRAMMAR,
l86
Hac
[35^-
tiata.
To
I
I
and hearths.
go instead of you.
have brought him up as my
fight for altars
will
own
aris et focis
Ego
Hunc
pro
meo
pugnare.
filio
359.
to
Pro
one's ability.
Prae,
compared
before,
with,
He
in
In
with Ablative,
shew, exhibit.
In urbe
the city.
Other phrases
fiumine, a bridge over a
Note.
parte.
to.
se ferre, to
in, on,
virili
owing
They
of.
est.
are,
in
aere
alieno esse, to be
i?i
Sub
362.
Priamo
debt;
pons
in
river.
eduxi.
son.
According
He
He
Pro
as,
multa
super
rogitans, ashing
testudine,
u?ider a
Miscellaneous.
364.
young men
forgot that
was
Dum
obsequor adolescentibus
esse oblitus sum.
me senem
old.
Rule. Dum, in the sense of whilst, is usually found with the Present
rather than the Imperfect Indicative in describing past events.
Madv. 336,
Obs. 2.
365.
366.
remains to you
Quantum
supSrest
roboris
adhuc
tibi
APPENDIX.
-372.]
T87
He
367.
Roma
invitus discessit.
unwillingly.
Note. It is constantly necessary, particularly in poetry, to translate a Latin
The use of matutinus, vespertinus, nocAdjective by an English Adverb.
turnus, for in the morning, in the evening, at night, etc., is especially
frequent.
Not even
368.
kill
a king
may
men uncondemned.
Indemnatos occidere ne
quidem licet.
regi
Rule. The words ne quidem, not even, are never written together but
always have the word or words emphasized by quidem written between them.
Non solum
stellas
Non modo
quidem
alTenis
sed ne suis
militibus pepercit.
370.
was owing
to
Cato
Per Catonem
capitis
stetit
is
qudminus
damnarer.
Poenis
is
The Romans
371.
w^ere su-
more
money.
Pompey, and Grassus.
vic-
toria stetit.
Literally, stood to
blood.
used for
Romani quum
much
especially in
Caesar,
372.
Pompcuis, Crassus;
Caesar,
or, Caesar, et Pompeius, ct
Grassus.
Grassus cum Icgionc scptima proximus Occanuin hicmabat.
P.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
i88
He
373.
than wise.
The wiser a
he is.
is
more prudent
man
is
the happier
quam
Prudentior
Qiio
sapientior est.
sapientior eo beatior
quisque sapientissimus
qiiis
Ut
or
373-
ita beatissimus.
More than
Note.
six
Quam
374.
is
hundred
fell.
entrust you
q.vith
the
command.
Imperium
tibi
committo
[or
permitto].
boy.
They were
375.
delighted
Eos
epistola tua
summo
gaudio
affecit.
376.
No'e.
He
is
Mortuus
dead.
est.
The
'
must be Pluperfect
in Latin.
begin to love.
I begin to repent of the deed.
I ceased to love.
1 ceased to be ashamed of my
poverty.
377.
Amare
coepi.
Paenitere
Amare
me
facti coepit.
desii.
Paupertatis
me
pudere
dcsiit.
Note.
Certain Verbs, as possum, coepi, debeo, desino, soleo, are used
Personally or Impersonally according to the nature of their Complementary
Verbs ( 273).
Coepi and desino sometimes take a Passive form when their
Complementary Verb
The
city
is
began to be besieged.
Urbs
as.
Fac redeas.
Ne
locutus
sis.
It
is
These
do {or
379.
cult to
Hacc
factu
diflicilia
Leonem domare
sunt,
difficile est.
APPENDIX,
-387-]
Note.
The Supine in -u is Passive in its signification, and does not
govern a Case. As a rule, avoid using it unless it can be rendered in English
a Present Infinitive Passive.
See also Madvig, 412.
by
Lo, Priam
380.
Lo, four altars
En Priamus
En qiiattuor
Most
Note.
aras
may
He hopes to come.
promises to come.
381.
He
Rule.
He
382.
promised to come.
Promisit se venturum.
Note.
for
venturum
esse.
383.
your time.
Rule.
absumas].
When
licet,
He
384.
Ne
pities
Rule.
necesse
is
est,
sometimes omitted
no one.
From nemo
Nullius miseretur.
let
me never
see
Nemin/s or ntmme.
Use
Many
385.
great disadvant-
nemine.
Multa
et
magna incommoda.
ages.
'
386.
to his
He
has leisure
philosophy.
for
studying
It is all
come.
387.
fear he will 7iot come.
feared he ^vould come.
feared he would not come.
I
fear he
q.vill
In suam quisque
urbem
redie-
runt.
Philosophiae vacat.
Vercor ne vcniat.
(or nc non) vcniat.
Vereor
Verebar ne veniret.
Verebar ut {or ne non) vcnirct.
LATIN GRAMMAR.
190
3^8.
Nihil habeo
Whether
389.
true or false,
this
news
shall set
quod incfisem
se-
nectutem.
Non est cur te timeam.
is
out at
dawn.
Utrum
Whether
incertum
is
est.
Utrum
conquered.
Note.
it is
Whether introducing a
'
s ippositiofi
He
390.
is
the world.
all
sive
when
accused
OptTmus
of theft.
The
Interrogative
pleasantest days
shortest.
are
al-
My
orbe
furti
civis
(Latin Letter.)
391.
quisque
in toto
accusatur.
ways the
is
utrum.
dear Marcus,
Believe me,
Your
affectionate brother,
Qiiintus.
Quintus Marco
S.
D.P.
V. B. E. E. V.
Sunmia festinatione scribebam, carissime frater, quod
Hue heri perveni, et quae in oppido
in eo erat ut tabellarius proficisceretur.
digna visu sunt plcraquc inspexi, sed neque raptim scribenti tot tantaque
acdificia satis describere licet, neque enim operae pretium est id facere conari,
quod te ipsum intra paucos dies adforc arbitror, quae res me vchementer
S.
delcctat.
a. d. xv.
Vale.
APPENDIX.
-393-]
191
Where
(a)
the condition
state
is
assumed
The
is.
to be
a fact, and
usual formula
199
e)
may
we wish
to
is
Si
Where
{b)
and we wish to
be,
1.
(ei
2.
298.)
facias, pecces.
Si
haec
(ei
ravra
If you ^ere
'to
sin,
Where
{c)
The
the condition
is
assumed
formulas are
1.
Si
2.
393.
haec
facias, peccare.
te, si
haec
| "^^^^^-^^ }
Ait
I.
2.
Aiebat
Aiebat
te, si
te, si
peccaturum
esse.
esse.
fuisse.
Si
been doing)
this,
LATIN GRAMMAR,
[ 394.
PRONUNCIATION OF LATINS
394.
(1)
Vowels.
like the
e like
au
French
more
e,
oui,
(3) Consonants.
in perry,
not as in
pert.
s was almost always sharp [as the s of sin]
in a few words
where the s comes between two vowels, as rosa, musa, wiser, it
;
perhaps as
qu as in English.
Originally these rules were founded on the Syllabus of Latin pronunciation (Deighton and Bell, Cambridge
Parker, Oxford), drawn up in
1873 at the request of Head Masters of Schools. They have now been
altered in order to admit some of the views propounded in Roby*s I.atin
Grannnar, 29 Sj. The (]ucstion is still ojicn to so mucli doubt and
uncertainty that the reader who desires detailed information must consult
the works above mentioned, and other treatises on the subject.
'